WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
T1 : Solution
Figure (ii) shows in I.L.D. for the bending moment of C.
Height of the I.L.D. at C =
a (l a )
l
3 4 12
=
units
7
7
12
+ 80 1.37 kNm
7
= +452.46 kNm
Max. ve B.M. at C.
For this condition the loads should be placed as shown in figure (iv)
Max. ve B.M. at C.
12
+ 80 1.26 kNm
= 200
7
= 443.66 kNm
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3m
3 m 12
4m
2m
1.26
12
7
(I)
1.37
D
Mc
E (ii)
6
7
200 80
A
B
0.8
m
Position of loads for max positive BM at C
E (iii)
200 80
D
0.8
m
E (iv)
C
A
T2 : Solution
The reactions Va, Vb and the reacting moment Ma for the positions of the unit load on the RHS of C and LHS
of C are shown in figure.
When the unit load is on RHS of C distant x from C.
For this position of the unit load.
For B.M. at C to be zero,
Vb 4 1x = 0
x
4
Vb =
Va = 1
Ma =
x
4
x
10 1(6 + x)
4
3
x6
2
When the unit load is on LHS of C distant x from C.
For this position of the unit load.
Vb = 0, Va = 1 and Ma = 1(6 + x)
Influence line diagram for Vb
When the unit load is on RHS of C distant x from C,
Ma =
Vb = l
x
4
When x = 0, Va = 1, When x = 4, Va = 0
When the unit load is on LHS of C, Va = 1
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Ma =
x
10 1(6 + x)
4
Ma =
3
x6
2
Sd = 1
x
4
Md =
x
x
6 1(2 + x) = 2
4
2
1
4 1 = 40 kN
2
= 20 6 1 + 4 1
2
= 40 kN
Maximum Bending Moment Ma at A due to live load
See I.L.D. for Ma
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For maximum value of Ma, the live load should cover the whole beam.
Ma(max) = Rate of loading area of ILD covered by the live load
= 20
1
10 6 = 600 kNm
2
= 20 2 1 + 4 1 = +80 kN
2
1
6 2 = +120 kNm
2
1
Vb
Ma
1
Va
+
D
6
Sd
1
A
D
Md
C
C
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Arches
T1 : Solution
10t
C
D
yd
5m
VA
VB
8m
24 m
VB =
10 x 5 x
=
24 12
VA = 10
5 x 120 5 x
=
12
12
or
5x
12 = H 5
12
H = x
Let 10 t is acting on the left side of point D.
Taking moments about D, the point 8 m from the left support
120 5 x
8 Hy 10 (8 x) = 0
12
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...(1)
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But
yd =
or
yd =
4y c
l
x (l x ) =
45
8 16
24 24
40
m
9
x = 0
Now, assuming 10 t is acting on the right side of point D.
120 5 x
40
8x
10 (x 8) = 0
12
9
x = 9
i.e. load of 10t must be located at a distance of 9 m from the support.
B.M. under the load
M = Hy VA 9
H = 9t, y =
VA =
45
9 15 = 4.69 m
24 24
120 5 9
= 6.25 t
12
T2 : Solution
A two hinged parabolic arch carrying a central concentrated load of 100 kN is as shown in figure.
Now, from equation of equilibrium Fy =0
VA + VB = 100 kN
Fx = 0
HA = HB
...(i)
...(ii)
MB = 0
VA 100 100 50 = 0
VA = 50 kN
100 kN
VB=50 kN
By compatability equation
Copyright
y
HA
h= 20 m
VA
l = 100 m
HB
VB
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U
H
= AB = 0
y =
4h
x (l x )
l2
4 20
(100)2
x (100 x ) = 0.008x(100x)
= 0.8x 0.008x2
dy
dx
tan =
4h
(l 2x )
l2
4 20
(100 2x )
(100)2
U
H
50
M S
2
=
0 M H EI
50
dS
(50x Hy )( y) EI
0
50
0 =
50xy
0
50
H =
dS
dS
+ H y 2
EI
EI
dS
50xy EI
0
50
y
0
dS
EI
50
H =
50
(0.8x 0.008x )
2 2
50
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dx
50
0 (0.64x
0 (40x
dx
EI
0.4x3 dx
+ 6.4 10 5 x 4 0.0128x 3 dx
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Workbook
50
x3
x4
40 3 0.4 4
50
x3
x4
5 x
0.64 3 + 6.4 10 5 0.0128 4
1041666.67
= 97.656 kN
10666.67
T3 : Solution
Let Va and Vb be the vertical reactions at the supports A and B. Let H be the horizontal thrust at each
support.
Val1 = Hh1 + Wa
Va = H
h1 Wa
+
l1
l1
Vb = H
h2
l2
Va + Vb = W
But
h h Wa
H 1+ 2+
l1 l2 l1
= W;
h h
a W (l1 a )
H 1 + 2 = W 1 =
l1
l1 l2
l1
H =
W (l1 a )
h h
l1 1 + 2
l1 l2
W l2 (l1 a )
W (l1 a )
;=
h1l1
h1l2 + h2l1
h1
l2
T4 : Solution
M
H
VA
Copyright
yc
B
L/4
L/2
L/4
H
x
VB
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10
4y c
x (L x )
L2
...(i)
Mydx
y dx
...(ii)
Numerator
=
Mydx =
3L/ 4
Mydx =
L/4
4y c 3L / 4
M Lx x 2 dx
L2
L/4
3L/ 4
4yc L 2 x3
M x
=
3 L/ 4
L2
2
11
4y c 9 3 27 3 L3 L3
My cL
=
M L
L
32
192
32
64
L2
24
Denominator
L
2
L
16y 2c L 2
2
4yc
2
y
dx
x (L x ) dx
=
= 2 x (L x ) dx =
4
L
0
0
0 L
L
16y 2c L 2 2
16y 2c 2 x 3 x 5
x4
4
3
+
x
L
x
2Lx
dx
L
2L
+
=
=
(
)
L4 0
4 0
L4 3 5
=
16y 2c L5 L5 L5
16 2
Lyc
+ =
4
30
L 3 5 2
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T1 : Solution
Consider BC as half of the symmetrically loaded span, the figure reduces to,
80 kN
15 kN/m
80 kN
1.5 m
1.5 m
15 kN/m
A
C
4m
2m
2m
4m
80 kN
0.5 m
MFBC
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1.5 m
C
MFCB
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12
MAB = MFAB +
4 EI
2 EI
6 EI
+
4 A
4 B
4 AB
= 20 + 0 +
= 20 +
EI B
0
2
EI B
2
2 EI
4 EI
6 EI
A +
B
4
4
4 AB
= + 20 + 0 + EI B 0
= 20 + EI B
MBA = MFBA +
MBC = MFBC +
= 35 +
EI
2 B
MCB = MFCB
= 5
EI
2 B
EI
2 B
EI
2 B
Equilibrium equation:
MBA + MBC = 0
(20+EI B)+( 35 +
EI
)
2 B
= 0
3
EI B = 15
2
EI B = 10 kN-m
MAB = 20 +
10
= 15 kN-m
2
MBA = 20 + 10 = 30 kN-m
MBC = 35 +
10
= 30 kN-m
2
15 kN/m
A
B
4m
30 kN/m
15 kN/m
RA
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RB
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13
80 kN
10 kN/m
1.5 m
2m
30 kN/m
RB2
RB2 = 80 kN
( Support C cannot given any reaction)
RB = RB1 + RB2 = 33.75 + 80 =113.75 kN
Assuming
and
+
A
SFD
33.75 kN
30 kNm
15 kNm
B
10 kNm
BMD
Beam
KAB : KBC =
4 EI EI 2 1
2
1
:
= : i.e.
and
4
2
2 2
3
3
AB
BA
BC
2/3
1/3
D.F.
CB
C.O.
1/2
F.E.M.
20
20
35
+ 10
+5
15 kNm
+ 30 kNm
30 kNm
10 kNm
Bal.
T2 : Solution
A
A
L
Copyright
C
L
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14
and
MAB =
MBA =
MBC =
MCB =
2EI
(2A + B )
L
2EI
(A + 2B )
L
2EI
(2B + 0)
L
2EI
(B )
L
At joint B,
MBA + MBC = 0
or
or
2EI
( A + 2B + 2B ) = 0
L
4B + A = 0
A
0.004
=
radians
4
4
= 0.001 radians
= 0.001 radian (anticlockwise)
or
B =
2 25000
(2 0.004 0.001)
5
= 70 kNm
MAB =
50000
(0.004 0.002)
5
= 20 kNm
= 10000(2 0.001) = 20 kNm
= 10000 0.001 = 10 kNm
MBA =
MBC
MCB
10
70
A
20
20
70 kNm
10 kNm
20 kNm
BMD
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15
T3 : Solution
P
L/2
L/2
Deflected
shape
PR
Let force generated in the spring be R. Complementary strain energy (U*) is given by,
L
U* =
R 2 1 M 2d x
+
2k 2 0 EI
R
M dM
+
dx = 0
k 0 EI dR
(i )
(ii )
Here the term (i) denotes elongation in the elastic prop and term (ii) denotes deflection of beam end C
corresponding to direction of reaction
R x
L
M =
R x P x 2
Now,
0< x<
< x<L
2
x 0 < x < 2
dM
=
dR
x L < x < L
L
2
x0
= x 0< x<L
R
M dM
+
dx = 0
k 0 EI dR
L
[R P ( x L /2)]
R L / 2 Rx
+
x dx + x
x dx = 0
k 0 EI
EI
0
R
R
+
k 3E I
Copyright
+
=0
8 E I 3 8 E I 3 8 2E I 2 4
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16
+
=0
k 24 EI 24 EI 24 EI 16 EI
R RL3 5PL3
+
=0
k 3 EI 48 EI
k =
Given
RL3
3 EI
5PL3
48 EI
1 1
R +
3
5P
48
RL3
EI
EI
L3
R =
when
R =
P
16 3 +
P
4
5
P
=
P
16 + 3
4
4 + 12 = 5
= 12
R
5P
16
kL
= EI
T4 : Solution
The structure is statically indeterminate to one. Taking H as redundant and assuming end B to be ON roller
support, H is given by,
y
H =
AE
L
L
...(i)
x
where
Now,
1 d
2 0 d x
...(ii)
M0 x
d2
=
EI
d x2
M0 x
d
+ C1
=
EI
dx
At
At
L =
=
x = 0, = 0
x = L, = 0
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M0 x 2
+ c1x + c2
2 EI
C2 = 0
C1 =
M0L
2 EI
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M0L2 x
x
1
2 EI L L
Maximum deflection will occur at mid-span i.e. at x = L/2
max =
17
...(iii)
M0L2
(Downwards)
8 EI
...(iv)
M L2 1
2x
d
= 0 1
2 EI L
L
dx
M0L 2 x
1
2 EI
L
...(v)
2L
4 x2 4 x
1
+
L2 L d x
0
M02L2
4 3 2 2
M02L2 4L
L
(
L
)
(
L
)
=
2 L
L+
L
3
8( EI )2 3L2
8( EI )2
M02L2 4
1+ 2
8( EI )2 3
M02L2
24( EI )2
...(vi)
2 3
EA M0 L
H =
L 24( EI )2
BA
BC
CB
CD
CE
Copyright
I 8I
=
5 40
I 5I
=
8 40
I 2I
=
8 16
3 I 2I
=
4 6 16
3 I 3I
=
4 4 16
13 I
40
7I
16
8
13
5
13
2
7
2
7
3
7
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18
(ii)
50 2 32
= 36kNm
52
MBC =
MCB =
B
8 5
13 13
A
24
+36
80
15 82
= 80kNm
12
15 82
= 80 kNm
12
MCD =
MDC =
50 3 2 2
= 24 kNm
52
15 62
= 45kNm
12
15 62
= 45kNm
12
C
2 2
7 7
+80
D
45
C
3
7
45
45
22.5
24
+36
27.08
13.54
0.549
0.372
9.54
(iii)
+80 67.5
3.57 3.57
1.785
0.687
8.46
2.417 2.417
1.2085
0.744
0.464
0.3435
0.098 0.098
1.098
80
+16.92
64.922 64.922
82.71
73.58
5.36
0
3.626
0.1472
0
0
0
0
9.13
15 82
= 120 kNm (sagging)
8
82.71 64.922
Fixed moment at centre = 64.922 +
4 = 73.816 (hogging)
8
Resultant moment at the centre of span BC = 120 73.816 = 46.184 kNm (sagging)
Taking simply supported span CD
Maximum moment = 67.5 kNm (sagging)
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19
73.58
= 36.79 kNm (hogging)
2
Resultant moment at the centre of span CD = 67.5 36.79 = 30.71 kNm (sagging)
46.184 kNm
64.922 kNm
82.71 kNm
73.58 kNm
30.71 kNm
64.922 kNm
C
9.13 kNm
17.2308 kNm
E
A
9.54 kNm
T6 : Solution
There are no external loads acting on the portal frame except the sway force of 100 kN from left to right. So
only the sway analysis will be carried out.
Distribution Factors:
Joint Member Relative Stiffness Total Relative Stiffness Distribution Factor
I
I
=
4 4
4
1 I
I =
3
4 3
4
1 I
I =
3
4 3
5
1 I
I =
4
5 4
BA
B
BC
CB
C
CD
100 kN
7I
12
C
B
3
7
4
7
4
7
3
7
7I
12
100 kN
B B1
C
C1
C2
4m
A
D
4m
3m
D
3m
4m
Let the frame ABCD deflect to the position AB1 C1 D due to the sway force.
Let,
CC1 =
Copyright
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20
In CC1C2,
cos =
CC2
CC1
4
MFAB =
MFBC
6EI BB1
l2
5 =M
FBA
16
6EI
=
4
4
3
6E I C1C2 6E I
24
3
3
5 =M
E
=
=
=
FBC
2
80
16
l
MFCD = MFDC =
5I
4 = 6EI = 24EI
25
20
80
6E
Ratio of fixed end moments for AB, BA, BC, CB, CD and DC
24EI
24EI 24EI 24EI
24EI
24EI
:
::
:
::
:
80
80
80
80
80
80
50 : 50 :: 50 : 50 :: 50 : 50
B
3
7
A
Col.(a)
50
50
C
4
7
3
7
4
7
50
50
50
D
50
25 kN
B
B
50 kNm
50 kNm
A
43.75 kN
50 kNm
25 kN
25 kN
4m
25 kN
50 kNm
25 kN
50 kNm
25 kN
25 kN
25 kN
Vertical reaction at D =
43.75 kN
25 kN
50 + 50
MBC + MCB
= 25 kN
=
4
LBC
( )
50 50
= 25 kN ( ) = 25 kN ( )
4
Horizontal reaction at A =
MAB + MBA
L AB
Horizontal reaction at D =
MCD + MDC VD 3
50 50 25 3
=
4
4
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50 kNm
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Workbook
21
= 43.75() = 43.75 kN ()
Let the sway force S be acting from left to right and then
HA + HD + S = 0
25 43.75 + S = 0
S = 68.75 kN ()
For a sway force of 68.75 kN, the sway moment are as per Col. (a)
For the actual sway force of 100 kN, the corresponding sway moments will be
100
Col. (a) moments
68.75
A
col. (a)
B
50
36.36 kN C
50
72.72 72.72
72.72 kNm
B
63.64 kN
50 50
72.72
63.64 kN
72.72 kNm
36.36
D
50
50
72.72 72.72
36.36 kN
C
63.64 kN
72.72 kNm
72.72 kNm
63.64 kN
36.36 kN
72.72 kNm
36.36 kN
36.36 kN
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
Bending Moment Diagram
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22
36.36 kN
B
63.64 kN
63.64 kN
B
36.36 kN
63.64 kN
63.64 kN
36.36 kN
A
36.36 kN
cos =
4
3
and sin =
5
5
67.272 kN
36.36 kN
T7 : Solution
Fixed end moments
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MfAB =
5 102
= 41.67 kNm
12
MfBA
MfBC
MfCB
MfCD
MfDC
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
=
=
=
=
=
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23
Workbook
EI
L
= 27000 kNm
MBA = MFBA
= 62.5 +
MFAB 3E I
B
+
B
2
l
l
3E I
3E I
0.005
B
B
= 62.5 +
B
l
l
l
l
MBA = 22 + 81000 B
MBC = 41.667 +
= 41.667 +
...(1)
3 (C B )
2E I
2B + C
10
l
2 27000
l
2B + C
3 0.005
10
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
Similarly,
Equilibrium equation
MBA + MBC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
...(A)
...(B)
B = 5.457 104
C = 4.569 105
Final moment values are
66.2
43.36
+
3.676 m
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24
T8 : Solution
Analysing the given beam by slope-deflection method.
Fixed end Moments
MAB = 0; MBA = 0
MBD =
W 2L
WL
=
8
4
MDB = +
WL
4
3
3
2EI
0 + BA = 0 +
BA
L
L
L
2EI
L
2EI
MBA = MBA +
L
2EI
3
= 0 + L
2BA + 0
L
2BA
L
MBD = MBD +
2EI
2L
EI
2 + 0 +
=
BD
2L
L
WL
2 BD +
2L
4
MDB = MDB +
2EI
2L
3
EI
3
WL
0 + BD + =
BD + +
2L
L
2L
4
C
VA
VD
Fy = 0
VA + VD W = 0
...(iii)
A
M BA
B
M AB
L
VA
M + MBA
VA = AB
VA =
[ MBA = 0]
MAB
L
W
M BD
B
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...(i)
...(ii)
M
D DB
VD
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Workbook
VD =
MDB + MBD + WL
2L
VD =
MDB + WL
2L
25
[ MBD = 0]
M + WL
MAB
+ DB
W=0
L
2L
2EI
L
4EI
L
EI
BA +
L
L
3
EI
BA +
L
L
WL
= WL
BD +
+
2L
4
3
3WL
BD +
=
2L
4
...(iv)
2EI
L
2BA
=0
L
= BA
3
L
3 2
2
4EI
EI
3WL
BD + BA =
BA 3 BA +
2 3
3
L
L
4
EI
4EI BA
3WL
+
( + BA ) = 4
L BD
L
3WL2
4
3WL2
4EI
MBD = 0
EI
L
WL
=0
2 BD +
2L
4
EI
L
3 2
WL
2BD + BA =
2 3
4
BA + 2BD =
Copyright
... (v)
WL2
4EI
...(vi)
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26
and
5 WL2
WL2
and BD =
36 EI
18EI
MAB =
3
2EI
BA
L
L
2
BA 3 BA
3
2EI
L
2EI
BA
L
2EI
5
WL2
L
36
EI
MAB =
5
10
WL =
WL
18
36
MDB =
EI
L
WL
BD +
+
2L
4
EI
L
3 2
WL
BD + BA +
2 3
4
EI
WL
BD + BA ) +
(
L
4
EI
L
7EI
WL
16
WL2
+
=
WL
L
4
36
36EI
MBD =
WL2
5 WL2
WL
18EI + 36 EI +
4
WL
9
5 WL
MAB
5
W
=
=
18
L
L
18
Also,
VA =
VD = W
13
5
W
W =
18
18
5 WL
18
10 WL
36
16
WL
36
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27
W (2L )
WL
2WL
=
=
2
4
4
5WL
WL
16WL
10WL
=
=
18
2
36 2
36
5
W
18
13
W
18
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Trusses
T1 : Solution
40 kN
X
I
30 kN
1.5 m
1.5 m
HA = 30 kN
3m
C
2
3m
D 3m
3m
30 kN
RA
Take a section xx as shown. The resulting free body diagram is as shown below
40 kN
J
P1
30 kN
P2
30 kN
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For reaction RA, take moments about E,
RA (12) + 30 (3)
RA
HA
Also,
Take moments about B,
P1 (3) 30 (3)
P1
P2
29
= 40 (9) + 30 (3)
= 30 kN
= 30 kN
=
=
=
=
0
30 kN = 30 kN (comp)
30 (3) + 30 (3)
60 kN (Tension)
T2 : Solution
w = 5 kN/m
10 m
HB= H
HA = H
B
hc = 7.5 m
h2
RB= wL2
C
O
A
RA= wL1
L1
L2
L = 75 m
2 8 7.5
2 8 hc
1
10
1
L2 = L
= 50 m
= 75 +
2 8 7.5
2 8 hc
(L L1 = 75 25 = 5 0 m)
H =
L2 5(75)2
= 468.75kN
=
8h
8(7.5)
x2
2
5
2
y =
=
x
x
=
2 468.75
187.5
2 H
At x = L1 = 25 m,
At x = L2 = 50 m,
Length of the cable is given by,
h1 = 3.33 m
h2 = 13.33 m
S = L+
2 h12 h22
2 3.332 13.332
+
+ = 75 +
3 L1 L2
3 25
50
= 77.66 m
Cable tension at the two ends,
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TA =
(L1)2 + H 2 =
TB =
(L2 )2 + H 2 =
30
T3 : Solution
Using Unit Load Method
Let Ra and Rf be the vertical reactions at A and F.
Taking moment about A,
Rf 4 = 200 4 1 + 3
Rf = 200 1 + 3 kN
Ra = 200 3
Resolving horizontally,
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31
l (m)
200 3
0
3
0
200 6
200 3
400
6
3
2
200(1+ 3)
0
200 3
(1+ 3)
0
3
200 3
PKl
2400 3
0
4 3
4
4 2
4 3
8
4 3
8
4
3200 3 + 4800
0
2400
2400
Total
4800 6
2400 3
6400
12800 3 + 16000
Vertical deflection of D
=
PK l
AE
(12800
3 + 16000 1000
10000 200
= 19.085 mm
T4 : Solution
Step 1 : Apply external load after removing unit load and find member force.
FH = 0
RA + RA + 60 = 0
FV = 0
HD = 80 kN
FD = 0
RA + 8 + 80 6 = 0
RA = 60 kN
RD = 120 kN
Analysis of Member forces
FV
PBC 80 = 0
PBC = 80 kN
FH
= 0
PBA = 0
FH
= 0
= 0
PAC cos + 60 = 0
60
= 100 kN
6 /10
PAC =
PAC = 100 kN
FV
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= 0
32
8
= +80 kN
10
PAD = 80 kN
FH
= 0
PDC 120 = 0
PDC = 120 kN
Step 2 : Apply unit load at C in vertical direction after removing external load and find out member forces
MD = 0, RA + RC
= 0
FV = 0, HD = 1
MD = 0
RA 8 + 1 6 = 0
R A =
6
= 0.75
8
RD = 0.75
Analysis of Member Forces
Let be the angle between AC and CD.
Member AB and BC will be a zero force member
kBC = 0
kAB = 0
From
From
FV
= 0
kCA sin + 1 = 0
kCA = = 1.25
FH
= 0
From
1.25 3
= 0.75
5
= 0
kCD =
FV
kDA = 1
Increase in length of AD
= L T
= 8 0.6 105 120 m
= 5.76 103 m
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33
Hence
k (kN)
P (kN)
L (m)
AB
BC
CD
DA
CA
0
0
0.75
1
1.25
0
80
120
80
100
6
8
6
8
10
A ( mm
Member
200
200
200
200
150
PkL
AE
(L T)k
0
0
0
0
0
13.5 X 10 m
3
16 X 10 m
5.76 X 10
0
41.67 X 10
= 71.17 X 10
5.76 X 10
PkL
AE + k.L T
1 =
10 kN
5 kN
10
5 2
5
F
5 2
5 kN
2.
Remove the external load and apply unit load at B. [i.e. at support location below.]
Analyse the truss due to this load. The
1 member forces are as shown below.
D
2
1
F
2
1
A
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B
1
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34
Thus
Member
AB
BC
pk
DG
GD
DA
GF
10
DF
5 2
AF
5 2
10
FC
PkL
AE
15l
AE
PkL
RB =
AE
2
k L
AE
k 2l 8l
=
AE AE
15
=1.875 kN
8
AB
BC
1.875
DG
1.875
GD
1.875
DA
+3.125
GF
10
DF
+7.07
AF
4.42
FC
2.65
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Matrix Methods of
Structural Analysis
T1 : Solution
To generate the first column of the flexibility matrix, apply a unit force at coordinate 1.
12
1
=
12E I E I
= 0
11 =
21
31 =
12
0.5
=
24E I
EI
41 = 0
To generate the second column of the flexibility matrix, apply a unit force at coordinate 2.
12 = 0
22 =
123
36
=
48E I E I
32 =
122
9
=
16E I E I
42 = 0
To generate the third column of the flexibility matrix, apply a unit force at coordinate 3.
13 =
12
0.5
=
24E I E I
23 =
122
9
=
16E I E I
12
4
=
3E I E I
43 = 0
All the elements of the fourth column of the flexibility matrix are zero, since the beam remains undeflected
with a unit force is applied at coordinate 4. Hence,
33 =
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36
14 = 24 = 34 = 44 = 0
The required flexibility matrix [] is given by the equation
[] =
0 0.5
1
0
36
9
1
E I 0.5 9
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
T2 : Solution
2
B
3
1
[k] =
k11 k12
k
21 k 22
k 31 k 32
k13
k 23
k 33
4E I
L
6E I
(anticlockwise)
L2
k12 = k21 (As matrix is symmetric and validity of Maxwells reciprocal theorem)
k13 = 0 (as axial deformation wont produce)
k22 =
12E I
L3
( )
[k] =
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4E I
L
6E I
L2
6E I
L2
12E I
L3
AE
L
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37
Flexibility Matrix :
L
EI
L2
2E I
[] =
L2
2E I
L3
3E I
0
AE
T3 : Solution
The two independent displacement components are rotation at B and C. Hence degree of freedom is two.
Let us assign Co-ordinate to the independent displacement components
1
Let us restrain the complete structure and find out the forces developed in the restrained structure in the
Coordinate directions.
MFAB = 30
MFBA = +30
MFBC = 15
MFCB = +15
[] = [k]1 [P]
Let us give unit displacement in Co-ordinate direction (1) without giving any displacement in direction (2)
k11 =
8E I
8
=
E I = 0.8EI
10
l
k21 =
2E I
= 0.2EI
l
Let us give unit displacement along (2) without giving displacement along (1)
k12 = 0.2EI
k22 = 0.4EI
Hence, stiffness matrix is
[k] =
0.8E I
0.2E I
0.2E I
0.4E I
[] =
0.8E I
0.2E I
0.2E I 15
0.4E I 15
[] =
1 10.714
E I 32.143
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38
MAB = MFAB +
MAB = 30 +
MBA = 30 +
2E I
3
2A + B
l
l
2E I 10.714
0 = 32.1 tm
0
10
EI
2E I 2 10.714
+ 0 0 = 25.7 tm
10
EI
MBC = 15 +
2E I 2 10.714 32.143
0 = 25.7 tm
10
EI
EI
MCB = 0
The free body diagram will be as shown below
24t
32.1
12 (32.1 25.7)
10
= 11.36t
12.64t
12t
25.7
25.7
25.7
10
= 3.43t
8.57t
12t
B
12.64 t
19.93 t
5m
5m
3.43 t
5m
5m
T4 : Solution
As the frame cannot sway, rotation at B and C are the unknown displacements.
Let as assign Co-ordinates at (B) and (C) as (1) and (2).
1
2
B
C
All the joints are locked and moments at (1) and (2) are calculated due to external
M1 =
5 3 22 16 4
= 5.6 tm
25
8
M2 = 8 tm
as no external moments are acting at (1) and (2) hence,
[] = [k]1 [P]
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39
k11 =
4E I 8E I
+
= 2.8E
5
4
k21 = E
When unit displacement is given in direction (2) without giving displacement in direction (1) we have.
k12 = E
k22 = 2E
Hence, the stiffness matrix is
[k] =
2.8E I
EI
[] = [k]1[P]
B
C
4.174
EI
6.087
E I
MAB = 3.6 +
Note :
EI
2E I
MFAB =
2E I
4.174
= 1.93 tm
0+
5
E I
5 2 32
52
MBA = 2.4 +
MBC = 8 +
MCB = 8 +
= 3.6 tm
2E I 2 4.174
+ 0 = 5.74 tm
5 EI
2E (2 I ) 2 4.174 6.087
= 5.74 tm
4
EI
EI
4E I 2 6.087 4.174
+
=0
4
EI
E I
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