In accordance to EN 1993-1-1(2005)
1 description
A/ The portal frame is the main structural element of the
building.
The frame is designed for the following loads
Wind loads
Wind loads can be positive as on AB or negative (suction)as on BC,CD and DE. Roof loads are
positive and up to down direction
B/ If The joints at B,C and D are not rigid,they will open up and the frame will be unstable
C/ 1) Vertical loading on the frame results in A and E tending to be pushed outwards.if the foundation
cannot resist this horizontal push,outward movement will occur,and the frame will l oose structural
strength
2) Wind subjects the portal frame to uplift forces(the roof tends to fly-off)like an
overturning forces on the sides and ends of the building,
plane wing,to
These destabilizing forces are resisted essentially by the weight of the building,and in this regard,the
foundations contribute significantly to this weight. Generally speaking it is a fact that portal frame
buildings of this kind are light weight structures, and as such they tend to collapse sideward and
upwards rather than do wnwards. The effect of wind on a light building cannot be overemphasized.
The destabilization it causes is a major design consideration, and in this context, foundations can be
regarded as the buildings anchors
D/ the rafter of the portal frame is a slender structural element,and it is restrained it will buckled when
loaded.
In a braced roof this restraint is provided by the purlins acting together with a braced bay.The purlins
provide the restraining force for the rafters,and the braced bay acts as a buttress wich absorbs these
purlin restraining forces.
While this system is effective in restraining the top flange of the rafter I-beam,the bottom flange
remains relatively unrestrained, and to achieve the requisite restraint,short lengths of angle iron are
connected at intervals between the bottom flange of the I-beam and the purlins.This simple and
necessary anti-buckling feature is sometimes neglected in the design of the portal frames.
E/
A building frame subjected to wind forces along its length will tend to collapse as shown above ,while a
building with a braced side bay as shown below will be stable,since the braced bay will functions as a
buttress to resist the wind forces, and transform them to the foundations
b = 70 m
Bay width d= 25 m
Spacing
s= 7 m
Height
h= 7.5 m
Roof slope
= 5
Purlin
spacing
sp=1.5 m
Cladding
rail
spacing
Sp=2.0m
Articulated purlin
purlin
cladding rail
column
= 5
7.5m
6.41m
25.0m
Int ernal portal frame
2.2 Loads
2.2.1 Permanent loads
Self-weight of the beam
Roofing with purlins
For an internal frame
G= 0.35 KN/m 2
G=0.35*7=2.45 KN/m
G=-2.45 KN/m
=5
6.406 m
7.5 m
25.0 m
Q=0.5*7=3.5 KN/m
-3.74 (J)
-6.55 (G)
-3.74 (H)
-3.74 (I)
-8.88(F)
92.0 (F1 etF2 )
w1
-2.34 (E)
+2.34(D)
1.5
11
1.5
11
These actions are very small in ccomparison with the wind actions on vertical walls(0.5% to 1.3%). In
this case they will be neglected for calculations.
IR h
will be
S IC
h
s
This simplification ,justified by the presence of the haunchs ,conduct to increase the moment at C and
decrease moments at B and D.It will be compensated by the simplification applied to purlin
calculations,wich act in opposite sens.
C
s
IR
f=1.09
h=6.41
HA
VA
VE
I h
stiffness.of .rafter
R
stiffness.of .comumn
S IC
M dM
ds 0
ABCDE EI dH
Displacement 1 in AB column.
In any ordinate point ,y, of the column AB , the moment is M H . y ,then
dM
y and
dH
Hy
1
. y.dy
EI R
EI R
2
Hy dy
0
Displasment 2 in BC rafter
The moment expression at abscissa ,x,is:
x 2 cos2
M H h x sin q
Vx cos
2
dM
h x sin
dH
and
x 2 cos2
2 H h x sin q
Vx cos h x sin dx
2
0
s
HE
1 Hh3
EI R 3
cos
We have
1
EI R
l
and
2s
f
then
s
sin
f 2s
1
5 2
. H . h 2 .s
h. f .s q
l . f .s
hl 2 s
3
12
96
h
IC
5 f 8h
h s
f 2
f
2
IR
h
h
2
h
s
IR h
s IC
ql 2
5 f 8h
2
32 h k 3 f 3h f
Conclusion
M B M D Hh
ql 2
MC
H h f
8
H A HE H
VA VE
ql 2
5 f 8h
2
32 h k 3 f 3h f
ql
2
M B M D Hh
MC
ql 2
H h f
8
H A HE H
ql 2
5 f 8h
2
32 h k 3 f 3h f
VA VE
ql
2
Y
q
C
-
+ B
HA
+ D
VA
VE
qh2
MB
H E .h
2
M D H E .h
HE
5kh 6 2h f
qh2
HE
16 h2 k 3 f 3h f
H A q.h H E
qh2
MC
HE h f
4
qh2
VE VA
2l
Y
C
-
+ B
+ D
HA
VA
HE
VE
MD
qh2
H A .h
2
HA
M B H A .h
5kh 6 2h f
qh2
2
16 h k 3 f 3h f
H E q.h H A
qh2
MC
H A h f
4
qh2
VE VA
2l
Y
C
+
+ B
+
D
q
-
HA
A
VA
HE
VE
Wc,1
Wc,2
wc ,2 2.34KN / m
wc,3 3.74KN / m
W2 wind in long span (internal depressure)
Wc,3
Wc,1
Take
c p ,i 0.3
Wc,2
wc,2 0KN / m
We have choose the max value of G zone for wind calculation but not the better
Wc,1
W3
Wc,2
We take a middle value of the zones G,H and I as described in wind actions to
EN 1991-1-4(2005)
We take also a middle value of the zones A,B and C then we will have
HA ; H E ;VA and VE
2.45*252
5*1.09 8*6.41
H A HE
16.494KN
32 6.412 0.511 3 1.09 3*6.41 1.09
VA VE
2.45* 25
30.625KN
2
2.45*252
MC
16.494 6.41 1.09 67.7 KNm
8
M B M D 16.494*6.41 105.73KNm
actions
case
q(KN/m)
H A(KN)
HE(KN)
VA(KN)
VE(KN)
2.45
16.494
16.494
30.625
30.625
105.73
67.7
105.73
3.5
23.31
23.31
43.75
43.75
149.42
98.62
149.42
W 1 ;W c,1
2.34
11.39
3.61
1.92
1.92
24.933
3.04
23.14
W 1; W c,2
2.34
3.61
11.39
1.92
1.92
23.14
3.04
24.933
W 1 W c,3
3.74
24.9
24.9
46.75
46.75
159.61
105.44
159.61
39.90
17.12
50.59
42.91
207.68
105.44
111.54
Total
W 2 ;W c,1
4.68
22.69
7.21
3.85
3.85
49.93
6.0
46.22
W 2 ;W c,2
W 2 ;W c,3
4.21
28.03
28.03
52.63
52.63 179.67
118.68
179.67
50.72
35.24
56.48
48.78
229.6
124.68
133.45
Total
W 3 ;W c,1
4.68
22.79
7.21
3.85
3.85
49.93
6.0
46.22
W 3 ;W c,2
4.68
7.21
22.79
3.85
3.85
46.22
6.0
49.93
W 3 ;W c,3
46.61
46.61
87.5
87.5
298.77
197.3
298.77
31.03
31.03
87.5
87.5
295.06
185.3
295.06
Total
3 Load combinations
Partial factor
G max 1.35
permanent loads
G min 1.0
permanent loads
Q 1.50
variable loads
When there is more then one variable action acting,requiring the actions to be combined, the
expression is
ULS
g, j
GK , j 0.9 Q ,i QK ,i
i 1
SLS
K, j
0.9 QK ,i
i 1
Reactions (KN)
HA
HE
57.23
VA
MB
MC
MD
57.23
106.97
106.97
366.87
239.33
366.87
useless
53.81
30.59
43.38
31.83
201.66
95.63
57.44
24.28
24.28
89.91
89.91
299.85
186.56
299.85
105 G 1.5W1
43.36
9.19
45.26
33.74
205.79
90.46
61.58
106 G 1.5W2
59.59
36.37
54.09
42.55
238.67
119.32
94.45
107 G 1.5W3
30.05
30.05
100.63
100.63
336.86
210.25
336.86
49.55
8.55
49.72
35.89
231.09
98.4
69.03
41.17
60.32
46.46
270.54
133.03
97.47
33.59
33.59
116.17
116.17
388.37
242.15
388.37
HE
VA
VE
MB
MC
MD
57.23
57.23
106.97
106.97
388.37
239.33
388.37
69.03
41.17
116.17
116.17
366.87
242.15
366.87
4/ Rafter
4.1/Resistance
The maximum moment in:
- Apex connection : M B= M D=-366.87 KNm
- Eave connection : M C=+239.33 KNm
The expression
With
M Rd
M M Rd
W pl . f y
M0
.We have
W pl . f y
M0
then
W pl
M . M 0
fy
58.04
For
366.87
apex connection Wpl 235000
239.33
eave connection Wpl 235000
- In apex connection
Wpl 1561.1cm3
- In eave connection
Wpl 1018.4cm3
The 1.5 IPE360 section is considered as welded beam . the table below show its
characteristics
Caractristiques
gomtriques
Caractristiques
mcaniques
Axe neutre
lastique
Axe neutre
plastique
h = 540 mm
hw = 514,6 mm
tw = 8 mm
bf = 170 mm
tf = 12,7 mm
g = 66,21 kg/m
A = 84,35 cm2
Iy = 39105,7 cm4
Wel.y = 1448,4 cm3
Wpl.y = 1668,1 cm3
iy = 21,53 cm
Iz = 1042,1 cm4
Wel.z = 122,6 cm3
Wpl.z = 191,7 cm3
iz = 3,52 cm
It = 32 cm4
Iw = 722861 cm6
q
ql
M x M B x x2
2
2
By integration of the equation
d2y
M
dx 2
EI
We have
l
2
dy
M
1
dx
dx 0 EI
EI
For
1
y
EI
l
2
l
2
ql
q 2
0 B 2 2 x dx
dy
0
we have dx
then
l
2
ql 2 q 3
l ql 3
0 M B .x 4 x 6 x M B . 2 24
dx
ymax
1
384 EI
5ql
48M B .l 2
5*5.95* 25.1
ymax
0.3119m 31.2cm
In this case we must upgrade to IPE 500 and we obtain a limit value but less
because we havent consider the presence of apex
5*5.95* 25.1
ymax
f adm
0.1052m 10.52cm
l
2510
12.55cm
200 200
CARACTERISTIQUES GEOMETRIQUES
h = 500 mm
b = 200 mm
tw = 10,2 mm
tf = 16 mm
r = 21 mm
d = 426 mm
IPE 500
CARACTERISTIQUES MECANIQUES
g = 90,70 kg/m
A = 116,00 cm 2
Iy = 48 200,00 cm 4
Wel.y = 1 928,00 cm 3
Wpl.y = 2 194,00 cm 3
iy = 20,43 cm
Avz = 59,87 cm 2
Iz = 2 142,00 cm 4
Wel.z = 214,20 cm 3
Wpl.z = 335,90 cm 3
iz = 4,31 cm
It = 89,29 cm 4
We remark that IPE 500 is very suffisant to resist under positif and negative bending moment
4.3/Classification
The section is class 1 as a similar (but not the same) verification for the column (see5)
4.4/Buckling resistance
This figure shows different
Lateral torsional buckling check using the simplified assessment methods for
beams with restraints in buildings:
8*1.5m
Lateral restraints
(purlins)
IPE 500
4.19m
Lateral restraints
(bracing system)
3*4.18m
Bracing system
In buildings , members with discrete lateral restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to
lateral-torsional buckling if the length L c between restraints or the resulting equivalent compression
flange slenderness
k L
i
c
f ,z
satisfies:
c ,0
M
M
c , Rd
[6.3.2.4]
y , Ed
Where
M
y,Ed
is the maximum design value of the bending moment within the restraint spacing
k is a slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints, see EN 1993-1-1
c
Table 6.6;
i , is the radius of gyration of the compression flange including 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
fz
c ,0 LT ,0 0.10
LT ,0 0.4
1
E
93.9 and
fy
fy
I f ,z
then
235
N
mm 2
d tw
I z 2* *
3 12
[6.3.2.3]
then
I f ,z
42.6 1.02
2142 2*
*
3 12
1069.74cm4
2
1
d
Af , z A 2* * tw
2
3 then
1
42.6
2
I f , z 116 2*
*1.02 43.52cm
2
3
I f ,z
i f ,z
Af , z
1069.74
4.96cm
43.52
Wy Wpl , y 2194cm3
E
93.9 93.9
fy
1
M c , Rd
Wy f y
M1
2194* 235*103
515.59 KNm
1.0
MB=MEd=366.87 KNm
We consider that the coefficient is the same if the rafter is unrestraint then
M C 239.33
0.65235
M B 366.87
Then KC
1
1
0.647
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33*0.65235
table 6.6
But between restraints in the centre of the rafter where the moment are maximum,
the moment distribution may be considered as constant :K C=1.0
table 6.6
KC LC
1.0*150
0.322
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9
The maximum bending moment is at the origin B of the rafter then the lateral torsional buckling may
be also in the origin
y , Ed
366.87 KNm
M
M
c ,0
c , Rd
0.5*
y , Ed
515.59
0.703
366.59
KC LC
1.0*150
0.322
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9
0.322 0.703
Combination
MB= M
c ,0
M
M
y , Ed
c , Rd
1.35G 1.8W3
388.37 KNm
0.5*
y , Ed
515.59
0.6637
388.37
KC LC
1.0* 418
y , Ed
c ,0
M
M
388.37 KNm
c , Rd
y , Ed
0.5*
515.59
0.6637
388.37
KC LC
1.0*300
0.6441
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9
0.644 0.663
Then the lateral torsional buckling is satisfactory
A detailed procedure to do verification for the rafter is sho wn below as for column
When the above procedure is not satisfactory.
NOTA
The real comportement of the rafter is shown in the figure
1 tension flange
7 restraints
2 elastic section
9 Compression flange
5 elastic section
6 plastic hinge
12 elastic section
Annex A
y
- D
S
x
Y aX 2
Wel f y
M0
1928*103 * 235
453.8KNm
1.0
0m
S=12.55
M C=242.15
M D+MC=388.37+242.15=630.52
Then
Y
630.52
4
2
X
157.5
Wel f y
Conclusion
M0
Y 4X 2
1928*103 * 235
453.8 KNm
1.0
F 2 100.4 F 176 0
F 1.78m
5/COLUMN
The verification of the column is carried out for the combination 101 1.35G 1.5Q
Ed
106.97KN
Ed
57.23KN
c
437.6
42.9
tw
10.2
N Ed
106970
44.63
tw f y 10.2* 235
d w d N 426 44.63
0.552 0.50
2d w
2* 426
5.5 (tab5.2)
396
396*1
64.119
13 1 13*0.552 1
42.9 64.119
Until
tf
b t w 2r
tf
2 73.9 4.618
16
5.5 (tab5.2)
9 9*1.0 9
Until
4.618 9.0
So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on the plastic
resistance of the cross-section.
5.2 /Resistance
Verification for shear force
Shear area
AV max A 2bt f t w 2r t f ; hwt w
.6.2.6
V pl , Rd
AV y
6035.2 235
3
3
*103 818.84 KN
M0
1.0
VEd
57.23
0.07 0.5
V pl , Rd 818.84
6.2.8(2)
The effect of the shear force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to axial force
N Pl , Rd
Ed
Af y
M0
11600* 235
*103 2726 KN
1.0
6.2.4
106.97KN
6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.33
0.5hwtw f y
M0
Since
6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.34
106.97 510.56
The effect of the axial force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to bending moment
M pl , Rd
WPl , Rd f y
M0
2194* 235
515.59 KNm
1.0*1000
M Ed
366.87
6.2.5
and
combination 202:G+W1
G+Q
M
x
HA
M x H A.x
IR h
h
s IC
s
k 3 3 3 2
f
h
1 3 2
1
RA
1 3 2
1
RE P RA
1
2
1 3 2
2
P 3 2
1
2
2
VA VE
M B Ph
M C Ph
M D Ph
Ph
l
k 0.511
0.17004
4.10786
RA 0.534P
RE 0.466P
M X 0.534Px
The resultant moment under the two actions is
M X H A x 0.534Px
the internal potential energy of the column is:
1
W
2EI
H A x 0.534Px dx
2
0.56913
0.43087
0.04458
1
W
2EI
H A 0.534P
1
W
2 EI
2
1 3
x
H
0.534
P
A
3
x 2 dx
0
h
h3
2
W
H A 0.534P
6 EI
dW
1.07 3
h HA
P 0
dP
6 EI C
1.07*6.413 *3980.4
1.847cm
6
6*2.1*10 *48200
l
641
2.137cm
300
300
Since
x2
M X H A x q 0.534 Px
2
the internal potential energy of the column is:
2
1
x2
W
H
x
0.534
Px
dx
A
2 EI 0
2
1
W
2 EI
x2
0 H A x q 2 0.534Px dx
h
1 3 1
2
1
x qx H A 0.134 P H A 0.534P 0.05q 2 x 2
2 EI 4
3
1 3 1
2
1
h qh H A 0.134 P H A 0.534 P 0.05q 2 h 2
2 EI 4
3
1
4
3
dW
P 0 0.067qh 0.178H A h
EI
dP
0.067*234*6414 *102 0.178*2340.6*6413
1.345cm
6
2.1*10 *48200
B
M
qx2 /2
q
HA
A
RA
N Ed
M Ed
k yy
1
y N RK
LT M y , RK
M1
6.3.3
equation 6.61
M1
N Ed
M Ed
k zy
1
y N RK
LT M y , RK
M1
equation 6.62
M1
Buckling about yy
CR , y
6.41m
h 500
2.5 1.2
b 200
Ncr , y
EI y
L2cr , y
Af y
N cr , y
table 6.2
210000*48200*104
24313.64 KN
64102 *103
2
11600 * 235
0.335
24313.64 *103
6.3.1.2
y
2
y
2
y
1
0.5703 0.5703 0.335
2
0.9691
Buckling about zz
Ncr , z
z
2 EI z
2
cr , z
Af y
N cr , z
2 *210000*2142*104
6410
1080.5KN
11600* 235
1.5883
1080.5*103
z 0.5 1 z z 0.2 z
2
z
2
z
2
z
1
1.9973 1.9973 1.5883
2
0.3117
1 tension flange
2 plastic stable length
3 elastic section
4 plastic hinge
5 restraints
6 bending moment diagram
7 compression flange
8 plastic with tension flange restraint,
9 elastic with tension flange
Column with restraints by cladding rail
along long span
Annex A
h 500
2.5 2
b 200
Annex A
then C1 1.77
M cr C1
2 EI z
L2cr , LT
2
I w Lcr , LT GI t
Iz
2 EI z
64102 *106
2142*104
2 210000* 2142*104
M cr 1.77
2142
LT
Wpl , y f y
M cr
2194*10 3 * 235
0.8731
676.32*10 6
2
LT 0.5 1 LT LT LT ,0 y
LT
LT ,0 0.4
LT
For 0
2
LT
then
2
LT
Kc
0.75
and
1
0.9663 0.96632 0.75*0.87312
0.6377
1
0.7519
1.33 0.33
coefficient
2
f 1 0.5 1 K c 1 2 LT 0.8
2
f 1 0.5 1 0.7519 1 2 0.8731 0.8 0.8773 1
0.6377
LT ,mod LT
0.7269 1
f
0.8773
K yy Cmy CmLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
1
C yy
annex A
y aLT
1 y aLT
aLT
N Ed
1
N cr , z
N Ed
1
N cr ,T
annex A
1
annex A
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
1 y
N cr , y
1
annex A
Wel , y
1.6 2
1.6 2 2
C yy 1 wy 1 2
Cmy max
Cmy max n pl bLT
w
w
Wpl , y
y
y
Calculation of
106.97
24313.64
y
0.9998
106.97
1 0.9691
24313.64
1
wy
Wpl , y
Wel , y
2194
1.138 1.5
1928
N cr ,T
2 EI w
A
GI t 2
I 0
Lcr ,T
Ncr ,T
11600
2 *2.1*105 *124.9*104 *106
4
80770*89.29*10
50342*104 *103
64102
Ncr ,T 3113.56KN
M cr ,0 C1
2 EI z
L2cr , LT
L2cr , LT GI t
Iw
Iz
2 EI z
M cr ,0 1*
C1=1
2 210000*2142*104 1249000*106
64102 *106
2142*104
382.1KNm
2 210000*2142*104
W pl , y f y
M cr ,0
2194*103 * 235
1.162
382.1*106
0,lim 0.2 C1 4 1
N Ed
N cr , z
106.97
N Ed
1
N cr ,TF
0 0,lim
Calculation of
Cmy
M y , Ed
N Ed
aLT 1
y aLT
1
y aLT
A
366.87*103 11600
20.635
Wel , y
106.97 1928*103
It
89.29
1
0.928
Iw
1249
Calculation of C my,0
y 0
table A2
then
106.97
0.7895
24313.64
N Ed
N cr , y
20.635 *0.928
0.9596
1 20.635 *0.928
aLT
N Ed
1
N cr , z
N Ed
1
N cr ,T
Cm, LT 0.95962
Then
0.928
106.97
106.97
1
1
1080.5 3113.56
0.9457 1
Cm, LT 1
Calculation of C yy
1.6 2
Wel , y
1.6 2 2
C yy 1 wy 1 2
Cmy max
Cmy max n pl bLT
wy
wy
Wpl , y
max max y ; z z
M z , Ed 0 bLT 0
n pl
N Ed
106970
0.03924
N Rk 11600* 235
1.0
M1
1.6
1.6
C yy 1 1.138 1 2
*0.95962 *1.5883
*0.95962 *1.58832 *0.03924 0.978
1.138
1.138
Wel , y
Wpl , y
Since
1928
0.8787
2194
0.978 0.8787 Ok!
Calculation of K yy
K yy Cmy CmLT
K yy 0.9596*1*
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
1
C yy
0.9998
1
0.9853
106.97 0.978
1
24313.64
N Ed
M Ed
k yy
1
y N RK
LT M y , RK
M1
M1
106970
366.87 *106
0.9853*
0.766 1
0.9691*11600* 235
2194*103 * 235
0.9663*
1.0
1.0
OK!
K yz
May be used for the verification of the second formula(not treated for this sheet)
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