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Equipment
Generating Unit Size selection
Selection of type of Turbine
Main Inlet valve
Governor Performance Requirement
Pressure Oil system equipment
Materials
Rated Voltage
Reactive Power Capacity
Temperature Rise Limit
Damper winding
Flywheel Effect
Online condition monitoring
Field Flashing and Excitation Requirement
GSU Transformer
DC Supply System
Grounding System
Control and Protection
Protection System
EOT Crane
Fire Protection System
HVAC System
Compressed Air System
Powerhouse Lift

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A. Generating Unit Size selection :

Largest Unit Size of Hydro power plant
India 250 MW Koyna, Maharashtra.
World 700 MW Three Gorges (China), Itaipu (Brazil), Longtan (China)
B. Selection of Type of Turbine
Selection depends on:
Low Head
Up to 60m Kaplan
Medium Head 30m to 600m - Francis
High Head
More than 300m Pelton
In overlapping zone, Head Variation, Civil cost, Part Load operation, Maintenance,
Efficiency are considered for selection.
C. Main Inlet Valve
Butterfly Valve Upto 200m Head
Spherical valve More than 200m Head
D. Governor Performance Requirements:
Stability Speed Oscillation does not exceed + 0.15% of rated speed.
Dead time 0.2 Seconds.
Speed dead band 0.02%
Speed regulation 0-10%
E. Pressure Oil system equipment:
Trend is towards using higher Oil Pressure (60Kg/cm2) allows smaller piping,
valves, pressure tanks, servomotor.
For higher oil pressure Piston type accumulator with nitrogen bottles shall be used.
F. Materials:
Runner and Guide Vane 13:4 Cr-Ni
Shaft Forged carbon steel.
The application of plasma nitriding, ceramics and polyuretherane polymer coating by
guns, HVOF coatings are being tried on underwater parts for reducing silt erosion
effect.
G. Rated Voltage
Generator voltage is governed by rated speed, no. of parallel paths and slot current.
To optimize generator cost stator slot current shall be limited to 3000 5000A.
H. Reactive Power Capability
Synchronous condenser capability
KVAr (Overexcited) = (1.40 rated power factor) x Maximum KVA output.
Line charging capability
KVAr (Underexcited) = 0.8 x SCR x (Maximum KVA) / 1.15
I. Temperature Rise limit
For Class F Insulation, Stator Winding : 80C
For Class F Insulation, Field Winding : 90C
Thrust Bearing Metal : 80C
Guide Bearing : 70C
J. Damper Windings
Connected Dampers Continuous between poles and require additional bracing.
Xq/Xd ~ 1.0.
Non connected Dampers Dampers in each pole face are independent of adjacent
poles. - Xq/Xd ~ 1 to 1.5.
K. Fly wheel Effect
H = 1.37xGD2xn2x10-6/Rated KVA.
Value of H
2

 Adequate to limit speed rise

Adequate to meet transient stability requirement imposed by interconnected
electrical system.
Its value must not cause machine natural frequency to be in resonance with
the expected frequency of draft tube surges. Margin of Approx 25% should be
maintained.
L. Online Condition Monitoring
Partial Discharge
Air gap monitoring
Electromagnetic core imperfection Detection (ELCID)
New technique that can access the condition of stator core.
Offline detection device.
Vibration monitoring
Ultrasonic Flow measurement device.
M. Field Flashing and Excitation requirement
Machine Voltage 25% of rated > Rectifiers starts to work.
Machine Voltage 70% of rated > DC supply disconnection starts.
Independent Excitation for Generator with Dynamic Electrical Braking.

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GSU Transformer
Secondary Voltage should be specified considering impedance voltage drop.
Tap Changer Normal Range - + 5%. For 400 KV, Range - -21/2% to 71/2%.
Fire Protection System for Transformer
Mulsifyre Fire Protection System.
Fire Wall if space between transformers < 15m.
Rating of firewall For 3 Hours and capable of withstanding exploding
bushing and surge arrestors.
Wall shall extend 0.31m above top of Tank/ oil conservator and 0.61m
beyond cooling radiators.
Diaphragm type oil sealing in conservator.
Diaphragm shall be able to withstand the vacuum during installation / maintenance
period.
Online Monitoring System
Onload Tap changer Monitoring To monitor temperature / timing
sequence / tap position, Motor Load and current.
DGA / EGA To monitor H2 and CO.
Online Spectroscopy To monitor Methane/ Ethylene/ Ethane.
Bushing Monitor To monitor bushing charging current.
Partial discharge Monitor

DC Supply System
In general Lead Acid Batteries are used.
Normally 10% Design Margin and 25% Aging factor for batteries.
Degree of Protection for enclosure of DCDB: IP-44.
Grounding System
Powerhouse Max. resistance to ground as 1.0ohm.
3

Switchyard Resistance to ground not more than 1.0 ohm.

Special Attention VFC Drives, HV- GIS equipment, Computer Network, High
frequency cameras / Equipment.
Switchyard Mat should extend 1.5-2.0m outside the switchyard fencing.
Q. Control and Protection
R. Protection
Basic Types of Relays used in Protection Scheme are: Overcurrent
Overcurrent with voltage restraint
Directional Overcurrent
Directional Power
Differential Relays
Zero Sequence, Residually connected and Neutral connected ground Fault
relays
Synch Check Relay
Pilot wire
Over voltage, Under voltage, voltage Balance and Reverse Phase relays.
Distance relays
Frequency relays
Temperature and Pressure relays. Etc.
MECHANICAL AUXILIARIES
S. EOT Crane
Slow speed cranes are used.
Remote Radio control System Maximum working Range 40-50m.
Automatically switch off after 15 seconds if system of hardware error occurs.
Amber Indicator lamp (100W) beneath the bridge girder energized when crane in
radio control mode.
Typical frequency for radio control 450 170 MH.
T. Fire Protection System
The following protection measure in addition to Mulsifyer system shall be used:
Portable fire extinguishers.
Foam Type
CO2 Type
U. Ventilation and Air conditioning System
Air conditioning
Conditioned Air 22 to 25C at around 50% R.H.
Window type, Package type or centralized AC plants can be considered.
Capacity and quantity of air are evaluated on the basis of sensible heat &
latent heat from people, equipment and outside air.
Ventilation System
Blowers are provided with 50% additional capacity.
Exhaust fans take out 90% of the inducted air.
Exhaust air shall be collected from upper zones in the powerhouse.
Normally, the numbers of air changes are 2 to 8 per hour.
V. Compressed Air System
LP compressed Air System 7.0 Kg/cm2
HP Compressed Air System - 1.1 times of governor working pressure.
W. Powerhouse Lift
4

Capacity of Passenger Lift Normally 10-16 passengers.

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT
X. HV Switchyard
Cost, Space & Security are deciding factors for selection of GIS or AIS.
Location decided considering
Topographical features, accessibility, public safety, audible noise, electric and
magnetic field effects on human health, soil resistivity& switchyard grounding,
Impact of weather and environmental pollution, convenience of Tower
loactions.
Y. Switching Schemes
Switching Scheme must ensure:
Short circuit capacity, flexible operation, high reliability, Isolation of Bus,
isolation of CBs, Isolation of Bus faults.
Z. Circuit Breakers
For voltage<245KV, common 3-Pole operating mechanism is adopted.
Breakers with surge suppression resistors preferred for voltage > 400KV.
AA.
Isolating Switches