Significant figures -- consists of all the digits known with certainty plus one final
digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated
Scientific notation -- numbers are written in the form M x 10, where the factor M is
a number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10 and is a whole number
Law of Conservation of Mass -- states that mass is neither created nor destroyed
during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes
Law of Definite Proportions -- the fact that a chemical compound contains the same
elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the
sample or the source of the compound
Atom -- the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of
that element
Nuclear forces -- the short-ranged proton-neutron, proton-proton, and neutronneutron forces that hold particles together
Mass number -- the total number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus
of an isotope
Average atomic mass -- the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally
occurring isotopes of an element
John Dalton -- 1808; an English school teacher who proposed an explanation for the
Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, and the Law of Multiple
Proportions
Joseph John Thompson -- 1897; English physicist who concluded that all cathode
rays are composed of identical negatively charged particles, called electrons and
came up with the "plum pudding" model
Robert A. Millikan -- 1909; American physicist who measured the charge of the
electron
Dalton's Atomic Theory -- All matter is composed of extremely small particles called
atoms
Dalton's Atomic Theory -- Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and
other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other
properties
Frequency -- defined as the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific
time, usually one second
Photoelectric -- effect the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on
the metal
Quantum -- the minimum quantity of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom
Excited state -- a state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in
its ground state
Line-emission spectrum --a diagram or graph that indicates the degree to which a
substance emits radiant energy with respect to wavelength
Orbital -- a 3-D region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an
electron
Ababa principle -- An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it
Hund's Rule -- orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any
orbital is occupied by a second
Moseley -- arranged the periodic table where atomic numbers were the basis of the
order
Lewis structures -- formulas in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inters hell
electrons
Chemical bond -- mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence
electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together
Ionic bonding -- chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between
cations and anions
Covalent bonding -- chemical bonding that results from the sharing of electron pairs
between two atoms
Polar-covalent bond -- the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared
electrons
Molecular formula -- shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single
molecule of a molecular composition
Evaporation -- the process by which particles escape from the surface of a no boiling
liquid and enter the gas state
Capillary action -- the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid
Boiling point -- the temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid
equals the atmospheric pressure
Suspension -- the particles in a solvent are so large that they settle out unless the
mixture is constantly stirred
Unsaturated solution -- a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution
under the existing conditions
Dissociation -- the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves
Spectator ions -- ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in
solution both before and after the reaction
Effects of pressure on gas solubility -- if the pressure of a gas increases, the gas
solubility increases
Binary acid -- an acid that contains only two different elements, one being hydrogen
and the other being one of the more electronegative elements
- Surface area
-increase temperature
-concentration
-catalysts
Parts of KMT
-gas particles are tiny and far apart
-always have elastic collisions
-always in motion
-no forces of attraction
-temperature is proportional to kinetic energy
Acids are
-sour
-react with metals
-pH>7
Bases are
-bitter
-slippery
-pH<7
Neutralization the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water
molecules
Problem:
193 mL of O2 was collected over water on a day when the atmospheric pressure
was 762 mmHg. The temperature of the water was 23.0 o C. How many grams of
oxygen were collected?
Strategy:
Use Dalton's law and the vapor pressure of water at 23.0 o C to correct the pressure
to units of atmospheres.
PT = Poxygen +Pwater
At 23.0 o C the vapor pressure of water is 21.1 mmHg. (This can be found on a
vapor pressure table.)
762 mmHg = Poxygen + 21.1 mmHg
Poxygen = 762 mmHg - 21.1 mmHg
Poxygen =741 mmHg
Use the ideal gas law to find out how many moles of gas were produced:
PV = nRT (remember to put volume in liters and temperature in Kelvin)
(0.975 atm) (.193 L) = n (.0821 L atm / mol K) (298 K)
n = (0.975 atm) (.193 L) / (.0821 L atm / mol K) (298 K)
n = 7.69 X 10-4 mol
Use the number of moles and the molecular weight of oxygen to find out how many
grams of oxygen were collected.