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MathematicalSymbols
Listofallmathematicalsymbolsandsignsmeaningandexamples.
Basicmathsymbols
Geometrysymbols
Algebrasymbols
Probability&statisticssymbols
Settheorysymbols
Logicsymbols
Calculus&analysissymbols
Numbersymbols
Greeksymbols
Romannumerals

Basicmathsymbols
Symbol

SymbolName

Meaning/definition

equalssign

equality

notequalsign

inequality

>

strictinequality

greaterthan

<

strictinequality

lessthan

inequality

greaterthanorequalto

inequality

lessthanorequalto

()

parentheses

calculateexpressioninsidefirst

[]

brackets

calculateexpressioninsidefirst

plussign

addition

minussign

subtraction

plusminus

bothplusandminusoperations

minusplus

bothminusandplusoperations

asterisk

multiplication

timessign

multiplication

multiplicationdot

multiplication

divisionsign/obelus

division

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divisionslash

division

horizontalline

division/fraction

mod

modulo

remaindercalculation

period

decimalpoint,decimal
separator

ab

power

exponent

a^b

caret

exponent

squareroot

aa=a

cuberoot

fourthroot

nthroot(radical)

percent

1%=1/100

permille

1=1/1000=0.1%

ppm

permillion

1ppm=1/1000000

ppb

perbillion

1ppb=1/1000000000

ppt

pertrillion

1ppt=1012

a
a

a3a3a=a

a4a4a4a=a

Geometrysymbols
SymbolName

Symbol

Meaning/definition

angle

formedbytworays

measuredangle

sphericalangle

rightangle

=90

degree

1turn=360

arcminute

1=60

arcsecond

1=60

line

infiniteline

linesegment

linefrompointAtopointB

ray

linethatstartfrompointA

arc

arcfrompointAtopointB

perpendicular

perpendicularlines(90angle)

||

parallel

parallellines

congruentto

equivalenceofgeometric
shapesandsize

similarity

sameshapes,notsamesize

triangle

triangleshape

|xy|

distance

distancebetweenpointsxand
y

AB

=3.141592654...

istheratiobetweenthe

piconstant

circumferenceanddiameterofa
circle

rad
grad

radians

radiansangleunit

grads

gradsangleunit

Algebrasymbols
SymbolName

Symbol

Meaning/definition

xvariable

unknownvaluetofind

equivalence

identicalto

equalbydefinition

equalbydefinition

:=

equalbydefinition

equalbydefinition

approximatelyequal

weakapproximation

approximatelyequal

approximation

proportionalto

proportionalto

lemniscate

infinitysymbol

muchlessthan

muchlessthan

muchgreaterthan

muchgreaterthan

()

parentheses

calculateexpressioninsidefirst

[]

brackets

calculateexpressioninsidefirst

{}

braces

set

floorbrackets

roundsnumbertolowerinteger

ceilingbrackets

roundsnumbertoupperinteger

x!

exclamationmark

factorial

|x|

singleverticalbar

absolutevalue

f(x)

functionofx

mapsvaluesofxtof(x)

(fg)

functioncomposition

(fg)(x)=f(g(x))

(a,b)

openinterval

(a,b)={x|a<x<b}

[a,b]

closedinterval

[a,b]={x|axb}

delta

change/difference

discriminant

=b24ac

sigma

summationsumofallvalues
inrangeofseries

sigma

doublesummation

capitalpi

productproductofallvalues
inrangeofseries

econstant/Euler'snumber

e=2.718281828...

EulerMascheroniconstant

=0.527721566...

goldenratio

goldenratioconstant

=3.141592654...

istheratiobetweenthe

piconstant

circumferenceanddiameterofa
circle

LinearAlgebraSymbols
Symbol

SymbolName

Meaning/definition

dot

scalarproduct

cross

vectorproduct

tensorproduct

tensorproductofA
andB

innerproduct

[]

brackets

matrixofnumbers

()

parentheses

matrixofnumbers

|A|

determinant

determinantofmatrix
A

det(A)

determinant

determinantofmatrix
A

doubleverticalbars

norm

AT

transpose

matrixtranspose

Hermitianmatrix

matrixconjugate
transpose

A*

Hermitianmatrix

matrixconjugate
transpose

A1

inversematrix

AA1=I

rank(A)

matrixrank

rankofmatrixA

dim(U)

dimension

dimensionofmatrix
A

AB

||x||

Probabilityandstatisticssymbols
Symbol

SymbolName

Meaning/definition

P(A)

probabilityfunction

probabilityofeventA

P(AB)

probabilityofevents
intersection

probabilitythatofeventsAand
B

P(AB)

probabilityofeventsunion

probabilitythatofeventsAorB

conditionalprobabilityfunction

probabilityofeventAgiven
eventBoccured

P(A|B)
f(x)

probabilitydensityfunction(pdf) P(axb)=f(x)dx

F(x)

cumulativedistributionfunction
(cdf)

F(x)=P(Xx)

populationmean

meanofpopulationvalues

E(X)

expectationvalue

expectedvalueofrandom
variableX

E(X|Y)

conditionalexpectation

expectedvalueofrandom
variableXgivenY

var(X)

variance

varianceofrandomvariableX

variance

varianceofpopulationvalues

std(X)

standarddeviation

standarddeviationofrandom
variableX

standarddeviation

standarddeviationvalueof
randomvariableX

median

middlevalueofrandom
variablex

cov(X,Y)

covariance

covarianceofrandomvariables
XandY

corr(X,Y)

correlation

correlationofrandomvariables
XandY

X,Y

correlation

correlationofrandomvariables
XandY

summation

summationsumofallvalues
inrangeofseries

doublesummation

doublesummation

Mo

mode

valuethatoccursmost
frequentlyinpopulation

MR

midrange

MR=(xmax+xmin)/2

Md

samplemedian

halfthepopulationisbelowthis
value

Q1

lower/firstquartile

25%ofpopulationarebelow
thisvalue

Q2

median/secondquartile

50%ofpopulationarebelow
thisvalue=medianofsamples

Q3

upper/thirdquartile

75%ofpopulationarebelow
thisvalue

samplemean

average/arithmeticmean

samplevariance

populationsamplesvariance
estimator

samplestandarddeviation

populationsamplesstandard
deviationestimator

zx

standardscore

zx=(xx)/sx

X~

distributionofX

distributionofrandomvariable
X

N(,2)

normaldistribution

gaussiandistribution

U(a,b)

uniformdistribution

equalprobabilityinrangea,b

exp()

exponentialdistribution

f(x)=ex,x0

gammadistribution

f(x)=cxc1ex/(c),x0

x
s2

gamma(c,)

2(k)

chisquaredistribution

f(x)=xk/21ex/2/(2k/2
(k/2))

F(k1,k2)

Fdistribution

Bin(n,p)

binomialdistribution

f(k)=nCkpk(1p)nk

Poisson()

Poissondistribution

f(k)=ke/k!

geometricdistribution

f(k)=p(1p)k

Geom(p)

HG(N,K,n)
Bern(p)

hypergeometricdistribution

Bernoullidistribution

CombinatoricsSymbols
Symbol

SymbolName

n!

factorial

nPk

Meaning/definition

n!=123...n

permutation

nCk

combination

Settheorysymbols
SymbolName

Symbol

{}

Meaning/definition

set

acollectionofelements

AB

intersection

objectsthatbelongtosetAandsetB

AB

union

objectsthatbelongtosetAorsetB

AB

subset

subsethasfewerelementsorequalto
theset

AB

propersubset/strictsubset

subsethasfewerelementsthantheset

AB

notsubset

leftsetnotasubsetofrightset

AB

superset

setAhasmoreelementsorequaltothe
setB

AB

propersuperset/strictsuperset

setAhasmoreelementsthansetB

AB

notsuperset

setAisnotasupersetofsetB

powerset

allsubsetsofA

powerset

allsubsetsofA

equality

bothsetshavethesamemembers

complement

alltheobjectsthatdonotbelongtosetA

A\B

relativecomplement

objectsthatbelongtoAandnottoB

AB

relativecomplement

objectsthatbelongtoAandnottoB

AB

symmetricdifference

objectsthatbelongtoAorBbutnotto
theirintersection

AB

symmetricdifference

objectsthatbelongtoAorBbutnotto
theirintersection

aA

elementof

setmembership

xA

notelementof

nosetmembership

(a,b)

orderedpair

collectionof2elements

2A
A=B
Ac

AB

cartesianproduct

setofallorderedpairsfromAandB

|A|

cardinality

thenumberofelementsofsetA

#A

cardinality

thenumberofelementsofsetA

alephnull

infinitecardinalityofnaturalnumbersset

alephone

cardinalityofcountableordinalnumbers
set

emptyset

={}

universalset

setofallpossiblevalues

naturalnumbers/wholenumbersset
(withzero)

0={0,1,2,3,4,...}

naturalnumbers/wholenumbersset
(withoutzero)

1={1,2,3,4,5,...}

integernumbersset

={...3,2,1,0,1,2,3,...}

rationalnumbersset

={x|x=a/b,a,b }
={x|<x<}

realnumbersset

={z|z=a+bi,<a<,
<b<}

complexnumbersset

Logicsymbols
Symbol

SymbolName

Meaning/definition

and

and

caret/circumflex

and

&

ampersand

and

plus

or

reversedcaret

or

verticalline

or

x'

singlequote

notnegation

bar

notnegation

not

notnegation

exclamationmark

notnegation

circledplus/oplus

exclusiveorxor

tilde

negation

implies

equivalent

ifandonlyif(iff)

equivalent

ifandonlyif(iff)

forall

thereexists

theredoesnotexists

therefore

because/since

Calculus&analysissymbols
Symbol

SymbolName

Meaning/definition

limit

limitvalueofafunction

epsilon

representsaverysmall
number,nearzero

econstant/Euler'snumber

e=2.718281828...

y'

derivative

derivativeLagrange'snotation

y''

secondderivative

derivativeofderivative

y(n)

nthderivative

ntimesderivation

derivative

derivativeLeibniz'snotation

secondderivative

derivativeofderivative

nthderivative

ntimesderivation

timederivative

derivativebytimeNewton's
notation

timesecondderivative

derivativeofderivative

derivative

derivativeEuler'snotation

secondderivative

derivativeofderivative

partialderivative

integral

oppositetoderivation

doubleintegral

integrationoffunctionof2
variables

tripleintegral

integrationoffunctionof3
variables

closedcontour/lineintegral

closedsurfaceintegral

closedvolumeintegral

[a,b]

closedinterval

[a,b]={x|axb}

(a,b)

openinterval

(a,b)={x|a<x<b}

imaginaryunit

i1

z*

complexconjugate

z=a+biz*=abi

complexconjugate

z=a+biz=abi

nabla/del

gradient/divergenceoperator

Dxy
Dx2y

vector

unitvector

convolution

y(t)=x(t)*h(t)

Laplacetransform

F(s)= {f(t)}

Fouriertransform

X()=

deltafunction

lemniscate

infinitysymbol

x*y

{f(t)}

Numeralsymbols
Name

European

Roman

Hebrew

zero

one

two

II

three

III

four

IV

five

six

VI

seven

VII

eight

VIII

nine

IX

ten

10

eleven

11

XI

twelve

12

XII

thirteen

13

XIII

fourteen

14

XIV

fifteen

15

XV

sixteen

16

XVI

seventeen

17

XVII

eighteen

18

XVIII

nineteen

19

XIX

twenty

20

XX

thirty

30

XXX

fourty

40

XL

fifty

50

sixty

60

LX

seventy

70

LXX

eighty

80

LXXX

ninety

90

XC

onehundred

100

Greekalphabetletters

GreekSymbol
UpperCase

GreekLetterName

LowerCase

EnglishEquivalent

Alpha

alfa

Beta

beta

Gamma

gama

Delta

delta

Epsilon

epsilon

Zeta

zeta

Eta

ehta

Theta

teta

Iota

iota

Kappa

kapa

Lambda

lamda

Mu

myoo

Nu

noo

Xi

xee

Omicron

omeecron

Pi

payee

Rho

row

Sigma

sigma

Tau

taoo

Upsilon

oopsilon

Phi

fee

Chi

khee

Psi

psee

Omega

omega

Romannumerals
Number

Romannumeral

notdefined

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

10

11

XI

12

XII

13

XIII

14

XIV

15

XV

16

XVI

17

XVII

18

XVIII

19

XIX

20

XX

30

XXX

40

XL

50

60

LX

70

LXX

80

LXXX

90

XC

100

200

CC

300

CCC

400

CD

500

600

DC

700

DCC

800

DCCC

900

CM

1000

5000

10000

50000

100000

500000

1000000

Seealso
Algebrasymbols
Geometrysymbols
Statisticalsymbols
Logicsymbols
Settheorysymbols
Calculus&analysissymbols

Numbersymbols
Greekalphabetsymbols
Romannumerals
Infinitysymbol
Mathcalculators

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MATHSYMBOLS

Basicmathsymbols
Algebrasymbols
Geometrysymbols
Statisticalsymbols
Logicsymbols
Setsymbols
Calculussymbols
Numbersymbols

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Greeksymbols
Romannumerals
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