Reflection and Refraction of Light

Chapter 22
Reflection and
Refraction of Light
Quick Quizzes
1.
(a). In part (a), you can see clear reflections of the headlights and the lights on the top of
the truck. The reflection is specular. In part (b), although bright areas appear on the
roadway in front of the headlights, the reflection is not as clear, and no separate reflection
of the lights from the top of the truck is visible. The reflection in part (b) is mostly diffuse.
2.
Beams 2 and 4 are reflected; beams 3 and 5 are refracted.
3.
(b). When light goes from one material into one having a higher index of refraction, it
refracts toward the normal line of the boundary between the two materials. If, as the light
travels through the new material, the index of refraction continues to increase, the light
ray will refract more and more toward the normal line.
4.
(c). Both the wave speed and the wavelength decrease as the index of refraction increases.
The frequency is unchanged.
233
234
CHAPTER 22
Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions

2.
Ceilings are generally painted a light color so they will reflect more light, making the
room brighter. Textured materials are often used on the ceiling to diffuse the reflected
light and reduce glare (specular reflections).
4.
At the altitude of the plane the surface of Earth does not block off the lower half of the
rainbow. Thus, the full circle can be seen. You can see such a rainbow by climbing on a
stepladder above a garden sprinkler in the middle of a sunny day.
6.
The spectrum of the light sent back to you from a drop at the top of the rainbow arrives
such that the red light (deviated by an angle of 42) strikes the eye while the violet light
(deviated by 40) passes over your head. Thus, the top of the rainbow looks red. At the
bottom of the bow, violet light arrives at your eye and red light is deviated toward the
ground. Thus, the bottom part of the bow appears violet.
8.
A mirage occurs when light changes direction as it moves between batches of air having
different indices of refraction. The different indices of refraction occur because the air has
different densities at different temperatures. Two images are seen; One from a direct path
from the object to you, and the second arriving by rays originally heading toward Earth
but refracted to your eye. On a hot day, the Sun makes the surface of blacktop hot, so the
air is hot directly above it, becoming cooler as one moves higher into the sky. The water
we see far in front of us is an image of the blue sky. Adding to the effect is the fact that the
image shimmers as the air changes in temperature, giving the appearance of moving
water.
10.
The upright image of the hill is formed by light that has followed a direct path from the
hill to the eye of the observer. The second image is a result of refraction in the atmosphere.
Some light is reflected from the hill toward the water. As this light passes through warmer
layers of air directly above the water, it is refracted back up toward the eye of the
observer, resulting in the observation of an inverted image of the hill directly below the
upright image.
12.
The color traveling slowest is bent the most. Thus, X travels more slowly in the glass
prism.
14.
Total internal reflection occurs only when light attempts to move from a medium of high
index of refraction to a medium of lower index of refraction. Thus, light moving from air
(n = 1) to water (n = 1.33) cannot undergo total internal reflection.
16.
Objects beneath the surface of water appear to be raised toward the surface by refraction.
Thus, the bottom of the oar appears to be closer to the surface than it really is, and the oar
looks to be bent.
Reflection and Refraction of Light
18.
235
The cross section can be visualized by considering just the two rays of light on the edges
of the beam. If the beam of light enters a new medium with a higher index of refraction,
the rays bend toward the normal, and the cross section of the refracted beam will be larger
than that of the incident beam as suggested by Fig. CQ22.18a. If the new index of
refraction is lower, the rays bend away from the normal, and the cross section of the beam
is reduced, as shown in Fig. CQ22.18b.
n2 > n1
n2 < n1
(b)
(a)
Figure CQ22.18
236
CHAPTER 22
Answers to Even Numbered Problems

2.
2.97 108 m s
4.
(a)
536 rev s
(b)
1.07 10 3 rev s
6.
(a)
1.94 m
(b)
50.0 above horizontal (parallel to incident ray)
8.
2.09 10 11 s
The longer the wavelength, the less it is deviated (or refracted) from the original
path.
(b) Using data from Figure 22.14, the angles of refraction are:
(400 nm) 2 = 16.0 , (500 nm) 2 = 16.1 , (650 nm) 2 = 16.3
10.
(a)
12.
(a)
14.
67.4
16.
53.4
18.
First surface: i = 30.0, r = 19.5

Second surface: i = 19.5, r = 30.0
20.
1.06 10 10 s
22.
107 m
24.
6.30 cm
26.
23.1
28.
2.5 m
30.
0.40
32.
4.6
34.
(a)
36.
48.5
38.
67.2
40.
4.54 m
327 nm
24.4
(b)
(b)
287 nm
37.0
44.
(a) 1 = 30.0, 2 = 18.8

(c) See solution.
(b)
(d)
1 = 30.0, 2 = 50.8
See solution.
46.
(a) Any angle of incidence 90

(b) 30.0
(c) not possible since npolystyrene < ncarbon disulfide
48.
(a) 0.172 mm s
(b) 0.345 mm s
(c) and (d) Northward at 50.0 below horizontal.
50.
77.5
52.
(a)
54.
7.91
56.
82
58.
62.2% of a circle
60.
The graph is a straight line passing through the origin. From the slope of the graph,
nwater = 1.33 .
62.
(a)
R nd ( n 1)
(b)
n = 1 + 4t d 2
12
(b)
237
yes; yes; yes
2.10 cm
(c)
(c)
350 m
violet
238
CHAPTER 22
Problem Solutions
22.1
The total distance the light travels is
d = 2 Dcenter to REarth RMoon

center
= 2 ( 3.84 10 8 6.38 10 6 1.76 10 6 ) m = 7.52 10 8 m

Therefore,
22.2
v=
d 7.52 10 8 m
=
= 3.00 10 8 m s
t
2.51 s
If the wheel has 360 teeth, it turns through an angle of 1 720 rev in the time it takes the
light to make its round trip. From the definition of angular velocity, we see that the time
is
t=
( 1 720 ) rev
=
= 5.05 10 5 s
27.5 rev s
Hence, the speed of light is c =
22.3
2d 2 ( 7 500 m )
=
= 2.97 108 m s
t
5.05 10 5 s
The experiment is most convincing if the wheel turns fast enough to pass outgoing light
through one notch and returning light through the next. Then,
2
1
rev ( 2 rad rev ) =

rad
=
720
720
and
8
c ( ) ( 2.998 10 m s ) 2
rad = 114 rad s

=
=
=
=
3
2d
t 2 d c
2 ( 11.45 10 m ) 720
22.4
239
(a) The time for the light to travel to the stationary mirror and back is
3
2 d 2 ( 35.0 10 m )
t =
=
= 2.33 10 4 s
8
c
3.00 10 m s
At the lowest angular speed, the octagonal mirror will have rotated 1 8 rev in this
time, so
min =
1 8 rev
=
= 536 rev s
t 2.33 10 4 s
(b) At the next higher angular speed, the mirror will have rotated 2 8 rev in the
elapsed time, or
2 = 2 min = 2 ( 536 rev s ) = 1.07 10 3 rev s
22.5
(a) For the light beam to make it through both slots, the time for the light to travel
distance d must equal the time for the disks to rotate through angle . Therefore, if c
is the speed of light,
t=
d
= , or
c
c=
1 rev
1
1 rev
, and = 5 555 rev s
(b) If d = 2.500 m , =
degree
=
60
360 degree ( 60 )( 360 )
rev ( 60 )( 360 )
8
c = ( 2.500 m ) 5 555
= 3.000 10 m s
s 1 rev
240
CHAPTER 22
22.6
Mirror 2
Light
beam
Mirror
2
50
40.0
i2 = 50
40
1.25 m
d
40
Mirror
1
i1 = 40
50
50
Mirror 1
1.25 m
(a) From geometry, 1.25 m = d sin 40.0 , so d = 1.94 m

(b)
22.7
50.0 above horizontal , or parallel to the incident ray
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
q1
n1 = 1.00
sin 1 = 1.333 sin 45.0

q2
sin 1 = (1.333)(0.707) = 0.943

n2 = 1.333
1 = 70.5
22.8
19.5 above the horizontal
The speed of light in water is vwater =
, and in Lucite vLucite =
nwater
time required to transverse the double layer is
t1 =
c
nLucite
. Thus, the total
dwater dLucite dwater nwater + dLucite nLucite

+
=
vwater vLucite
c
The time to travel the same distance in air is t2 =
dwater + dLucite
, so the additional time
c
required for the double layer is
t = t1 t2 =
(1.00 10
dwater ( nwater 1) + dLucite ( nLucite 1)

c
m ) ( 1.333 1) + ( 0.500 10 2 m ) ( 1.59 1)
3.00 10 m s
8
= 2.09 10 11 s
22.9
(a) From Snells law, n2 =

(b) 2 =
(c)
f=
0
n2
c
241
n1 sin 1 ( 1.00 ) sin 30.0

=
= 1.52
sin 2
sin19.24
632.8 nm
= 417 nm
1.52
3.00 108 m s
= 4.74 1014 Hz in air and in syrup
632.8 10 9 m
c 3.00 108 m s
(d) v2 =
=
= 1.98 108 m s
n2
1.52
22.10
(a) When light refracts from air ( n1 = 1.00 ) into the

Crown glass, Snells law gives the angle of
refraction as
n
1.54
2 = sin 1 sin 25.0 nCrown
glass
Crown glass
1.52
1.50
For first quadrant angles, the sine of the angle

increases as the angle increases. Thus, from the
above equation, note that 2 will increase when
the index of refraction of the Crown glass
decreases. From Figure 22.14, this means that
the longer wavelengths have the largest angles
of refraction, and deviate the least from the
Acrylic
1.48
Fused quartz
1.46
400
500
600
700
l, nm
original path.
(b) From Figure 22.14, observe that the index of refraction of Crown glass for the given
wavelengths is:
and
= 400 nm:
= 650 nm:
nCrown glass = 1.53 ;
= 500 nm:
nCrown glass = 1.52 ;
nCrown glass = 1.51
Thus, Snells law gives: = 400 nm:
2 = sin 1 ( sin 25.0 1.53 ) = 16.0
= 500 nm:
2 = sin 1 ( sin 25.0 1.52 ) = 16.1
= 650 nm:
2 = sin 1 ( sin 25.0 1.51) = 16.3
242
CHAPTER 22
22.11
(a)
water =
0
nwater
, so 0 = nwater water = ( 1.333 )( 438 nm ) = 584 nm
(b) 0 = nwater water = nbenzene benzene

nbenzene
438 nm
= water =
= 1.12
nwater
benzene 390 nm
and
22.12
(a)
water =
(b) glass =
0
nwater
0
ncrown
436 nm
= 327 nm
1.333
436 nm
= 287 nm
1.52
glass
22.13
From Snells law,
40.0 f
n1 sin 1
1 ( 1.00 ) sin 40.0
= sin
= 29.4
1.309
n2
2 = sin 1
air
ice
q2
and from the law of reflection, = 1 = 40.0

Hence, the angle between the reflected and refracted rays is
= 180 2 = 180 29.4 40.0 = 111
22.14
v
Thus, 2 = sin 1 2
v1
22.15
sin 2 n1 c v1 v2
=
=
=
sin 1 n2 c v2 v1
Snells law may be written as:
1 1 510 m s
sin12.0 = 67.4
sin 1 = sin
340 m s
n = 1.923
The index of refraction of zircon is

(a)
v=
c 3.00 10 8 m s
=
= 1.56 108 m s
1.923
n
n =
(b) The wavelength in the zircon is
(c) The frequency is
f=
0
n
632.8 nm
= 329.1 nm
1.923
3.00 10 8 m s
= 4.74 1014 m s
632.8 10 -9 m
22.16
The angle of incidence is

air
water
4.00 m
2.00 m
1 = tan 1
= 26.6
4.00 m
Therefore, Snells law gives
2.00
m
q2
243
q1 q1
n1 sin 1
n2
2 = sin 1
( 1.333 ) sin 26.6

= sin 1
= 36.6
1.00
and the angle the refracted ray makes with the surface is
= 90.0 2 = 90.0 36.6 = 53.4
The incident light reaches the left-hand mirror at

distance
Mirror
Mirror
( 1.00 m ) tan 5.00 = 0.087 5 m

above its bottom edge. The reflected light first
reaches the right-hand mirror at height
2 ( 0.087 5 m ) = 0.175 m
It bounces between the mirrors with this distance
between points of contact with either.
Since
1.00 m
22.17
reflected beam
5.00
1.00 m
= 5.72 , the light reflects
0.175 m
five times from the right-hand mirror and six times from the left
1.00 m
244
CHAPTER 22
22.18
At the first surface, the angle of incidence is 1 = 30.0 , and Snells law gives
nair sin 1
1 ( 1.00 ) sin 30.0
= sin
= 19.5
1.50
nglass
2 = sin 1
Since the second surface is parallel to the first, the angle of incidence at the second
surface is 1 = 19.5 and the angle of refraction is
nglass sin glass
1 ( 1.50 ) sin19.5
= sin
= 30.0
1.00
nair
2 = sin 1
Thus, the light emerges traveling parallel to the incident beam.

The angle of refraction at the first surface is 2 = 19.5 (see
Problem 18). Let h represent the distance from point a to c
(that is, the hypotenuse of triangle abc). Then,
2.00 cm 2.00 cm
=
= 2.12 cm
cos 2
cos19.5
Also, = 1 2 = 30.0 19.5 = 10.5 , so
h=
d = h sin = ( 2.12 cm ) sin10.5 = 0.388 cm
22.20
q1
2.00 cm
22.19
The distance h the light travels in the glass is

h=
2.00 cm
= 2.12 cm
cos 19.5
The speed of light in the glass is
v=
c
nglass
Therefore, t =
3.00 108 m s
= 2.00 108 m s
1.50
h 2.12 10 2 m
=
= 1.06 10 10 s
8
v 2.00 10 m s
q1
q2
a
c d
245
22.21
From Snells law, the angle of incidence at the air-oil interface is
noil sin oil
nair
= sin 1
( 1.48 ) sin 20.0

= sin 1
= 30.4
1.00
and the angle of refraction as the light enters the water is
noil sin oil

1 ( 1.48 ) sin 20.0
= sin
= 22.3
1.333
nwater
= sin 1
22.22
The angle of incidence at the water

surface is
h
1 = tan 1
90.0 m
= 42.0
100 m
q2
q2
air
n = 1.00
90.0 m
Then, Snells law gives the angle of

refraction as
water
n = 1.333
nwater sin 1
1 ( 1.333 ) sin 42.0
= sin
= 63.1
nair
1.00
22.23
210 m
210 m
=
= 107 m
tan 2 tan63.1
t = ( time to travel 6.20 m in ice ) ( time to travel 6.20 m in air )

t =
6.20 m 6.20 m
vice
c
Since the speed of light in a medium of refractive index n is v =
q1
Submarine
2 = sin 1
so the height of the building is h =
q1
c
n
1.309 1 ( 6.20 m )( 0.309 )

t = ( 6.20 m )
=
= 6.39 10 9 s = 6.39 ns
8
c 3.00 10 m s
c
100 m
210 m
246
CHAPTER 22
22.24
n
From Snells law, sin = medium
nliver
But,
so,
sin 50.0
12.0 cm
50.0
nmedium c vmedium
v
=
= liver = 0.900
nliver
c vliver
vmedium
nmedium
q
nliver
q
Tumor
= sin 1 ( 0.900 ) sin 50.0 = 43.6
From the law of reflection,
d=
22.25
12.0 cm
= 6.00 cm , and
2
h=
d
6.00 cm
=
= 6.30 cm
tan tan ( 43.6 )
As shown at the right, 1 + + 2 = 180
incident
ray
When = 90 , this gives 2 = 90 1
Air,
n = 1.00
glass, ng
Then, from Snells law

sin 1 =
q1
nair
= ng sin ( 90 1 ) = ng cos 1
sin 1
= tan 1 = ng or 1 = tan 1 ng
cos1
( )
22.26
Given Conditions and Observed Results
26.5 Sheet 1
n1
b
q2 refracted
ray
ng sin 2
Thus, when = 90 ,
q1
reflected
ray
26.5 Sheet 3
n3
Sheet 2
n2
31.7
Sheet 2
n2
36.7
Case 1
Case 2
For the first placement, Snells law gives,
26.5 Sheet 1
n1
Sheet 3
n3
qR
Case 3
n2 =
n1 sin 26.5
sin 31.7
In the second placement, application of Snells law yields

n1 sin 36.7
n sin 26.5
n3 sin 26.5 = n2 sin 36.7 = 1
sin 36.7 , or n3 =
sin 31.7
sin 31.7
247
Finally, using Snells law in the third placement gives

sin R =
and
22.27
sin 31.7
n1 sin 26.5
= ( n1 sin 26.5 )
= 0.392
n3
n1 sin 36.7
R = 23.1
When the Sun is 28.0 above the horizon, the angle of

incidence for sunlight at the air-water boundary is
q1
air, n = 1.00
28.0
1 = 90.0 28.0 = 62.0

Thus, the angle of refraction is
q2
nair sin 1
nwater
water
n = 1.333
2 = sin 1
3.00 m
( 1.00 ) sin 62.0

= sin 1
= 41.5
1.333
The depth of the tank is then h =
22.28
3.00 m
3.00 m
=
= 3.39 m
tan 2
tan ( 41.5 )
From the drawing, observe that
q2
h2
R
1 1.5 m
= 37
= tan
h1
2.0 m
1 = tan 1
h1
Applying Snells law to the ray shown gives

nliquid sin 1
1 1.5sin 37
= sin
= 64
1.0
nair
2 = sin 1
Thus, the distance of the girl from the cistern is

d = h2 tan 2 = ( 1.2 m ) tan 64 = 2.5 m
air
n = 1.0
liquid
n = 1.5
q1
R
248
CHAPTER 22
22.29
Using Snells law gives

nair sin i
nred
1 ( 1.000 ) sin 83.00

= sin
= 48.22
1.331
nair sin i
nblue
1 ( 1.000 ) sin 83.00

= sin
= 47.79
1.340
red = sin 1
and
22.30
blue = sin 1
The angles of refraction for the two wavelengths are
1.00 0 ) sin 30.00

nair sin i
1 (
= 18.04
= sin
1.615
nred
red = sin 1
and
nair sin i
nblue
blue = sin 1
1.00 0 ) sin 30.00
1 (
= 17.64
= sin
1.650
Thus, the angle between the two refracted rays is

= red blue = 18.04 17.64 = 0.40
22.31
(a) The angle of incidence at the first surface is

1i = 30 , and the angle of refraction is
nair sin 1i
nglass
1r = sin 1
nair = 1.0
60
q1i = 30
a
q1r
1.0 sin 30
= sin 1
= 19
1.5
b
q2i
q2r
nglass = 1.5
Also, = 90 1r = 71 and = 180 60 = 49

Therefore, the angle of incidence at the second surface is 2i = 90 = 41 . The
angle of refraction at this surface is
nglass sin 2i
nair
2r = sin 1
1 1.5sin 41
= sin
= 77
1.0
249
(b) The angle of reflection at each surface equals the angle of incidence at that surface.
Thus,
(1 )reflection = 1i =
22.32
30 , and ( 2 )reflection = 2i = 41
For the violet light, nglass = 1.66 , and

n sin 1i
1r = sin 1 air
nglass
nair = 1.00
60.0
q1i = 50.0
1.00 sin 50.0

= sin 1
= 27.5
1.66
b
q1r q2i
nglass
= 90 1r = 62.5, = 180.0 60.0 = 57.5,

and
2i = 90.0 = 32.5 . The final angle of refraction of the violet light is

nglass sin 2i
nair
2r = sin 1
1 1.66 sin 32.5

= sin
= 63.2
1.00
Following the same steps for the red light nglass = 1.62 gives
1r = 28.2, = 61.8, = 58.2, 2i = 31.8, and 2r = 58.6

Thus, the angular dispersion of the emerging light is
Dispersion = 2r
22.33
violet
2r
red
= 63.2 58.6 = 4.6
When surrounded by air ( n2 = 1.00 ) , the critical angle of a material is

n2
1
1
= sin
n1
nmaterial
c = sin 1
1
(a) For Zircon, n = 1.923 , and c = sin 1
= 31.3
1.923
1
(b) For fluorite, n = 1.434 , and c = sin 1
= 44.2
1.434
1
(c) For ice, n = 1.309 , and c = sin 1
= 49.8
1.309
q2r
250
CHAPTER 22
22.34
When surrounded by air ( n2 = 1.00 ) , the critical angle of a material is

n2
n1
c = sin 1
1
1
= sin
nmaterial
1
(a) For diamond, c = sin 1
= 24.4
2.419
1
(b) For flint glass, c = sin 1
= 37.0
1.66
22.35
When surrounded by water ( n2 = 1.333 ) , the critical angle of a material is

n2
n1
c = sin 1
1 1.333
= sin
nmaterial
1.333
(a) For diamond, c = sin 1
= 33.4
2.419
1.333
(b) For flint glass, c = sin 1
= 53.4
1.66
22.36
Using Snells law, the index of refraction of the liquid is found to be
nliquid =
nair sin i ( 1.00 ) sin 30.0

=
= 1.33
sin r
sin 22.0
n
Thus, c = sin 1 air
nliquid
22.37
1.00
= sin 1
= 48.5
1.33
When light attempts to cross a boundary from one medium of refractive index n1 into a
new medium of refractive index n2 < n1 , total internal reflection will occur if the angle of
incidence exceeds the critical angle given by c = sin 1 ( n2 n1 ) .
(a) If n1 = 1.53 and n2 = nair = 1.00, then
(b) If n1 = 1.53 and n2 = nwater = 1.333, then
c = sin 1
1.00
= 40.8
1.53
c = sin 1
1.333
= 60.6
1.53
251
22.38
The critical angle for this material in air is

nair
npipe
c = sin 1
q
qr c
1.00
= sin 1
= 47.3
1.36
qi
Thus, r = 90.0 c = 42.7 and from Snells law,

npipe sin r
1 ( 1.36 ) sin 42.7
= sin
= 67.2
nair
1.00
i = sin 1
22.39
The light must be totally reflecting from the surface of a hot air layer just above the road
surface. The angle of reflection, and hence the critical angle, is c = 90.0 1.20 = 88.8 .
Thus, from sin c =
n2
, we find
n1
n2 = n1 sin c = ( 1.000 3 ) sin 88.8 = 1.000 08
22.40
The circular raft must cover the area of the surface

through which light from the diamond could emerge.
Thus, it must form the base of a cone (with apex at the
diamond) whose half angle is , where is greater than
or equal to the critical angle.
The critical angle at the water-air boundary is

nair
1 1.00
= sin
= 48.6
1.333
nwater
c = sin 1
Thus, the minimum diameter of the raft is

2 rmin = 2 h tan min = 2 h tan c = 2 ( 2.00 m ) tan 48.6 = 4.54 m
rmin
252
CHAPTER 22
22.41
(a) Snells law can be written as
sin 1 v1
= . At the critical angle of incidence (1 = c ) ,
sin 2 v2
v
the angle of refraction is 90 and Snells law becomes sin c = 1 . At the concrete-air
v2
boundary,
v1
1 343 m s
= 10.7
= sin
v2
1 850 m s
c = sin 1
(b) Sound can be totally reflected only if it is initially traveling in the slower medium.
Hence, at the concrete-air boundary, the sound must be traveling in air .
(c)
Sound in air falling on the wall from most directions is 100% reflected , so the wall
is a good mirror.
22.42
The sketch at the right shows a light ray entering at the painted
corner of the cube and striking the center of one of the three
unpainted faces of the cube. The angle of incidence at this face
is the angle 1 in the triangle shown. Note that one side of this
triangle is half the diagonal of a face and is given by
d
=
2

l2 +l2
l
=
2
2
L q1
d2
Also, the hypotenuse of this triangle is
Thus, sin 1 =
l2
3
d
L = l2 + = l2 +
=l
2
2
2
d2
l 2
1
=
=
L
3
l 3 2
For total internal reflection at this face, it is necessary that

sin 1 sin c =
nair
ncube
or
1 1.00
n
3
giving
n 3
22.43
If c = 42.0 at the boundary between the prism glass

n
and the surrounding medium, then sin c = 2 gives
n1
q1
nglass
nm
Surrounding
Medium, nm
b
nglass
60.0
qr
nm
= sin 42.0
nglass
or
253
qc = 42.0
Surface 2
1
= 1.494
sin 42.0
From the geometry shown in the above figure,
= 90.0 42.0 = 48.0, = 180 60.0 = 72.0

and r = 90.0 = 18.0 . Thus, applying Snells law at the first surface gives
nglass sin r
1
= sin ( 1.494 sin18.0 ) = 27.5
nm
1 = sin 1
22.44
(a) 1 = 1 = 30.0
n1 sin 1
n2
2 = sin 1
( 1.00 ) sin 30.0

= sin 1
1.55
air
q1 q1
air
q2
glass
glass
q2
Parts (a) and (c)
= 18.8
n sin 1
1 ( 1.55 ) sin 30.0
(b) 1 = 1 = 30.0 , 2 = sin 1 1
= sin
= 50.8
1.00
n2
q1 q1
Parts (b) and (d)
254
CHAPTER 22
(c) and (d) The other entries are computed similarly and are shown in the table below.
22.45
(c) air into glass, angles in degrees
(d) glass into air, angles in degrees
incidence
0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
incidence
reflection
0
0
10.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
*total internal reflection
reflection
0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
refraction
0
6.43
12.7
18.8
24.5
29.6
34.0
37.3
39.4
40.2
refraction
0
15.6
32.0
50.8
85.1
none*
none*
none*
none*
none*
At the air-ice boundary, Snells law gives the angle of refraction in the ice as
nair sin 1i
nice
1r = sin 1
1 ( 1.00 ) sin 30.0

= sin
= 22.5
1.309
Since the sides of the ice layer are parallel, the angle of incidence at the ice-water
boundary is 2i = 1r = 22.5 . Then, from Snells law, the angle of refraction in the water
is
nice sin 2i
1 ( 1.309 ) sin 22.5
= sin
= 22.0
1.333
nwater
2r = sin 1
22.46
(a) For polystyrene surrounded by air, total internal

reflection at the left vertical face requires that
nair
np
3 c = sin 1
1.00
= sin 1
= 42.2
1.49
From the geometry shown in the figure at the right,
2 = 90.0 3 90.0 42.2 = 47.8
q1
q2
q2
q3
polystyrene
np = 1.49
q3
Thus, use of Snells law at the upper surface gives

sin 1 =
np sin 2
nair
( 1.49 ) sin 47.8

1.00
= 1.10
so it is seen that any angle of incidence 90 at the upper surface will yield total
internal reflection at the left vertical face.
255
(b) Repeating the steps of part (a) with the index of refraction of air replaced by that of
water yields 3 63.5 , 2 26.5 , sin 1 0.499 , and 1 30.0 .
(c) Total internal reflection is not possible since npolystyrene < ncarbon disulfide
22.47
Applying Snells law at points A, B, and C, gives
and
1.40 sin = 1.60 sin 1
(1)
1.20 sin = 1.40 sin
(2)
1.00 sin 2 = 1.20 sin
(3)
n = 1.60
n = 1.40
b
n = 1.00
Combining equations (1), (2), and (3) yields

sin 2 = 1.60 sin 1
q1
n = 1.20
C
q2
(4)
Note that equation (4) is exactly what Snells law would yield if the second and third
layers of this sandwich were ignored. This will always be true if the surfaces of all the
layers are parallel to each other.
(a) If 1 = 30.0 , then equation (4) gives 2 = sin 1 ( 1.60 sin 30.0 ) = 53.1
(b) At the critical angle of incidence on the lowest surface, 2 = 90.0 . Then, equation (4)
gives
sin 2
1.60
1 = sin 1
22.48
1 sin 90.0
= 38.7
= sin
1.60
(a) We see the Sun swinging around a circle in the extended plane of our parallel of
latitude. Its angular speed is
2 rad
=
= 7.27 10 5 rad s
t 86 400 s
The direction of sunlight crossing the cell from the window changes at this rate,
moving on the opposite wall at speed
v = r = ( 2.37 m ) ( 7.27 10 5 rad s ) = 1.72 10 4 m s = 0.172 mm s
256
CHAPTER 22
(b) The mirror folds into the cell the motion that would occur in a room twice as wide.
Thus,
v = ( 2r ) = 2 ( 2.37 m ) ( 7.27 10 5 rad s )
= 3.45 10 4 m s = 0.345 mm s
(c) and (d) As the Sun moves southward and upward at 50.0, we may regard the
corner of the window as fixed, and both patches of light move
northward at 50.0 below the horizontal
22.49
(a) From the geometry of the figure at

the right, observe that 1 = 60.0 .
Also, from the law of reflection,
2 = 1 = 60.0 . Therefore,
= 90.0 2 = 30.0 , and
3 + 90.0 = 180 30.0 or
3 = 30.0 .
60.0
n2
P
q1
q2
Flint Glass
nglass = 1.66
Then, since the prism is immersed in

water ( n2 = 1.333 ) , Snells law gives
n2
nglass sin 3
1 ( 1.66 ) sin 30.0
= sin
= 38.5
1.333
n2
(b) For refraction to occur at point P, it is necessary that c > 1 .

n2
nglass
c = sin 1
> 1 , which gives
n2 > nglass sin 1 = ( 1.66 ) sin 60.0 = 1.44
q3
30.0
4 = sin 1
Thus,
n2
q4
257
22.50
nglass sin 2 = nair sin 1
Applying Snells law to this refraction gives

If 1 = 2 2 , this becomes
nglass sin 2 = sin ( 2 2 ) = 2sin 2 cos 2 or cos 2 =
nglass
2
Then, the angle of incidence is

nglass
2
1 = 2 2 = 2cos 1
22.51
1 1.56
= 2cos
= 77.5
2
In the Figure at the right, observe that

= 90 1 and = 90 1 . Thus,
= .
Similarly, on the right side of the
prism, = 90 2 and = 90 2 ,
giving = .
q2
q1
q2
q1
a
q2
q1
Next, observe that the angle between

the reflected rays is B = ( + ) + ( + ) ,
so B = 2 ( + ) . Finally, observe that the

left side of the prism is sloped at angle from the vertical, and the right side is sloped at
angle . Thus, the angle between the two sides is A = + , and we obtain the result
B = 2 ( + ) = 2 A
22.52
(a) Observe in the sketch at the right that a ray originally

traveling along the inner edge will have the smallest angle
of incidence when it strikes the outer edge of the fiber
in the curve. Thus, if this ray is totally internally reflected,
all of the others are also totally reflected.
For this ray to be totally internally reflected it is necessary
that
n
1
c
or
sin sin c = air =
npipe n
Rd
,
so we must have
R
which simplifies to
R nd ( n 1)
But,
sin =
Rd 1
R
n
d
q
Rd
258
CHAPTER 22
(b) As d 0, R 0 . This is reasonable behavior.

As n increases, Rmin =
nd
d
=
decreases. This is reasonable behavior.
n 1 11 n
As n 1 , Rmin increases. This is reasonable behavior.

(c)
22.53
Rmin =
( 1.40 )( 100 m )
nd
=
= 350 m
1.40 1
n1
Consider light from the bottom end of the wire that

happens to be headed up along the surface of the wire
before and after refraction with angle of incidence 1 and
angle of refraction 2 = 60.0 . Then, from Snells law, the
angle of incidence was
q2
30.0
Air
benzene
nair sin 2
nbenzene
1 = sin 1
( 1.00 ) sin 60.0

= sin 1
= 35.3
1.50
Thus, the wire is bent by angle = 60.0 1 = 60.0 35.3 = 24.7
q1
22.54
259
From the sketch at the right, observe that

the angle of incidence at A is the same as
the prism angle at point O. Given that
= 60.0 , application of Snells law at
point A gives
A
q
1.50 sin = ( 1.00 ) sin 60.0 or = 35.3
b
g g
d
90.0 q
From triangle AOB, we calculate the

angle of incidence and reflection, , at
point B:
+ ( 90.0 ) + ( 90.0 ) = 180
or
= = 60.0 35.3 = 24.7
Now, we find the angle of incidence at point C using triangle BCQ:
( 90.0 ) + ( 90.0 ) + ( 90.0 ) = 180

or
= 90.0 ( + ) = 90.0 84.7 = 5.26
Finally, application of Snells law at point C gives

or
22.55
( 1.00 ) sin = ( 1.50 ) sin ( 5.26 )
= sin 1 ( 1.50 sin 5.26 ) = 7.91
The path of a light ray during a reflection

and/or refraction process is always
reversible. Thus, if the emerging ray is
parallel to the incident ray, the path which the
light follows through this cylinder must be
symmetric about the center line as shown at
the right.
air
q1
d/2
d/2
ncylinder
R a
d/2 q1
b g
R
1.00 m
d 2
= sin 1
Thus, 1 = sin 1
= 30.0
R
2.00 m
Triangle ABC is isosceles, so = and = 180 = 180 2 . Also, = 180 1
which gives = 1 2 = 15.0 . Then, from applying Snells law at point A,
ncylinder =
nair sin 1 ( 1.00 ) sin 30.0

=
= 1.93
sin
sin15.0
260
CHAPTER 22
22.56
N=1
q1 = 50.0
q2
d
N=3
x = 3d
x=d
x = 2d
0.310 cm
x = 4d
x = 5d
N=2
The angle of refraction as the light enters the left end of the slab is
nair sin 1
1 ( 1.00 ) sin 50.0
= sin
= 31.2
1.48
nslab
2 = sin 1
Observe from the figure that the first reflection occurs at x = d, the second reflection is at
th
x = 3d, the third is at x = 5d, and so forth. In general, the N reflection occurs at
x = ( 2N 1) d where
d=
( 0.310 cm 2 ) =
tan 2
0.310 cm
= 0.256 cm
2 tan 31.2
Therefore, the number of reflections made before reaching the other end of the slab at
x = L = 42 cm is found from L = ( 2N 1) d to be
1 L
N = + 1 =
2 d
1 42 cm
+ 1 = 82.5 or 82 complete reflections
2 0.256 cm
22.57
Refer to the figure given at the right.
min = + = (1 2 ) + ( 4 3 )
q1
Note that triangles abc and bcd are

congruent. Therefore, = and their
complementary angles are also equal,
or 2 = 3 .
From Snells law at point a,
sin 1 = n sin 2
and at point d,
sin 4 = n sin 3
q2
a
q2
A
A
2 2
q3
Since 2 = 3 , comparison of these results shows that 4 = 1 , so min = 2 (1 2 ) .

But, 2 = 90 = 90 ( 90 A 2 ) , or 2 = A 2
A + min
A
Thus, min = 2 1 , or 1 =
and equation (1) then yields
2
2
n=
1
sin 1 sin 2 ( A + min )
=
sin 2
sin ( 12 A )
261
q4 dmin
e
(1)
262
CHAPTER 22
22.58
Horizontal light rays from the setting Sun pass

above the hiker. Those light rays that encounter
raindrops at 40.0 to 42.0 from the hikers shadow
are twice refracted and once reflected and reach
the hiker as the rainbow.
Sunlight
R
V
40.0
The hiker sees a greater percentage of the violet

inner edge, so we consider the red outer edge. The
radius R of the circle of droplets is
42.0
R = ( 8.00 km ) sin 42.0 = 5.35 km

Then the angle , between the vertical and the radius
where the bow touches the ground, is given by
2.00 km 2.00 km
cos =
=
= 0.374
R
5.35 km
or
0
.0
km
42
R
f
= 68.1
The angle filled by the visible bow is 360 ( 2 68.1 ) = 224 , so the visible bow is
224
= 62.2% of a circle
360
2.00
km
22.59
263
Applying Snells law at the first surface in the figure

at the right gives the angle of incidence as
n sin 2
nair
1 = sin 1
1
= sin ( n sin 2 )
q1
(1)
q2
q3
Since the sum of the interior angles of a triangle equals

180, observe that + ( 90 2 ) + ( 90 3 ) = 180 , which
reduces to 2 = 3 . Thus, equation (1) becomes
1 = sin 1 n sin ( 3 ) = sin 1 n ( sin cos 3 cos sin 3 )

At the smallest allowed value for 1 , 3 is equal to the critical angle at the second
n
1
surface, or sin 3 = sin c = air = . Then,
n
n
cos 3 = 1 sin 2 3 = 1
and
1 = sin 1 n sin
Note that when tan < 1
1
=
n2
n2 1
,
n
n2 1 1
cos = sin 1
n
n
n2 1 sin cos
n2 1 , the value of 1 given by this result is negative. This
simply means that, when tan < 1 n2 1 and the refracted beam is striking the second
surface of the prism at the critical angle, the incident beam at the first surface will be on
the opposite side of the normal line from what is shown in the figure.
264
CHAPTER 22
22.60
Snells law would predict that nair sin i = nwater sin r , or since nair = 1.00 ,
sin i = nwater sin r
Comparing this equation to the equation of a straight line, y = mx + b , shows that if
Snells law is valid, a graph of sin i versus sin r should yield a straight line that would
pass through the origin if extended and would have a slope equal to nwater .
r ( deg )
sin i
sin r
1.00
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
7.50
15.1
22.3
28.7
35.2
40.3
45.3
47.7
0.174
0.342
0.500
0.643
0.766
0.866
0.940
0.985
0.131
0.261
0.379
0.480
0.576
0.647
0.711
0.740
0.80
Sin qi
i ( deg )
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
Sin qr
0.60
0.80
The straightness of the graph line and the fact that its extension passes through the
origin demonstrates the validity of Snells law. Using the end points of the graph line to
calculate its slope gives the value of the index of refraction of water as
nwater = slope =
22.61
0.985 0.174
= 1.33
0.740 0.131
(a) If 1 = 45.0 , application of Snells law at the

point where the beam enters the plastic block
gives
( 1.00 ) sin 45.0 = n sin
[1]
q1
90 f
Application of Snells law at the point where

the beam emerges from the plastic, with 2 = 76.0
gives
n sin ( 90 ) = ( 1.00 ) sin 76
or
( 1.00 ) sin 76 = n cos
Dividing Equation [1] by Equation [2], we obtain

tan =
sin 45.0
= 0.729
sin 76
Thus, from Equation [1],
and
n=
= 36.1
sin 45.0 sin 45.0
=
= 1.20
sin
sin 36.1
q2
[2]
265
(b) Observe from the figure above that sin = L d . Thus, the distance the light travels
inside the plastic is d = L sin , and if L = 50.0 cm = 0.500 m , the time required is
t =
22.62
1.20 ( 0.500 m )
d L sin
nL
=
=
=
= 3.40 10 9 s = 3.40 ns
v
cn
c sin ( 3.00 108 m s ) sin 36.1
B
(a) At the upper surface of the glass, the critical angle

is given by
Consider the critical ray PBB : tan c =

But, also, tan 2 c =
Thus,
qc
n
1
sin c = air =
nglass n
d4
d4 d
=
t
4t
1 n2
sin 2 c
sin 2 c
1
=
=
= 2
2
2
2
cos c 1 sin c 1 1 n
n 1
1
d
or
= 2
n 1
4t
4t
n2 1 =
d
4t
giving n = 1 +
d
(b) Using the result from Part (a) and solving for d gives
Thus, if n = 1.52 and t = 0.600 cm , then
d=
d=
4 ( 0.600 cm )
2
( 1.52 ) 1
4t
n2 1
= 2.10 cm
(c) The color at the inner edge of the white halo is associated with the wavelength
forming the smallest diameter dark spot. Considering the result from above,
d = 4t n2 1 , we see that this is the wavelength for which the glass has the highest
refractive index. From a dispersion graph, such as Figure 22.14 in the textbook, this
is seen to be the shorter wavelength. Thus, the inner edge will appear violet .
266
CHAPTER 22

Reflection and Refraction of Light

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Reflection and Refraction of Light

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Chapter 22

Beams 2 and 4 are reflected; beams 3 and 5 are refracted.

Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions