P
using
PID, PSS and Fuzzy-PID controlleer.
Siraparapu.Satyanarayana1, Prof. R.K.Sharma2, Asst.Prof. Mukta3, and Sappa.A
Anil Kumar4
1, 2, 3
4
EEE D
Department, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
II. INTRODUC
CTION
In a modern interconnected pow
wer system, one of the most
significant problem is both activ
ve and reactive power are
never be steady and they will be continuously changes with
increasing and decreasing trend with respect to the load
variations. Due to the load variations,
v
there will be
imbalance between the poweer generation and load
consumption. There may be frequency and voltage
instability problem. When there is a high load variation,
then it may leads to the Poweer blackout conditions or
Power outages in the interconneccted Power System. If we
consider a practical example, th
hat India has two severe
black out conditions in the entiree Indian history. First is on
2nd January 2001, it effect around 300 million people of
northern part of India. Second is on 30th July 2012, it effect
around 670 million people about 9 % of the total population
of the world. The main reason for the blackout on 30th July
2012 is about 27% of the eneergy generated is lost in
transmission or stolen. The afffected areas are northern,
North East, North West, Eastern
n states of the India. The
power was restored in the affectted locations between 31st
July and 01st Aug 2012. The po
ower blackout can also be
seen throughout the world as show
wn in below tabular form.
TABLE I
I. NOMENCLATURE
KA
KE
KF
KG
KI
KP
KT
PE
PL
R
TA
TE
TF
TG
TP
TT
Vref
Vt
VS
978-1-4799-4103-2/14/$31.0020 14 IEEE
III. FREQUENCY
Frequency is very important and plays a vittal role along
with the voltage. Frequency is a global phennomenon; i.e.
Frequency remains same throughout the ssystem. That
means frequency at one end of the system annd at another
end of the system will be same. Generation and load are
responsible for the system frequency. USA and CANDA
countries are having 60 Hz frequency, Indiaa and most of
the Asian countries are having 50 Hz freequency. The
permissible change in frequency is about 22-3% of rated
frequency [1], [3].
By controlling the active power aat generation
side then frequency can be controlled at geneeration side as
well as load side. It is preferred to controol the active
power at the generation side rather than thee load side at
which is done only during the emergencyy conditions.
Active power control is directly related tto frequency
which is same throughout the system [1], [3].
A. Reasons for Frequency Changes in the Pow
wer System
1) If the total active power demand at the load side is
greater than the total active power of thhe generation
then frequency will be fall (decreaases) at the
generation side. So we have to increasse the active
power at the generation station.
2) If the total active power demand at the load side is
lesser than the total active power of thhe generation
then frequency will be raise (increaases) at the
generation side. So we have to decreasse the active
power at the generation station.
3) If the total active power demand at the load side is
equal to the total active power of the generation then
frequency will be in constant at the generaation side.
So, there is no need to regulatte the active
power since frequency is constant. From thee above three
reasons, we can conclude that the frequuency at the
generation station is inversely proportional to the active
power demand at the load side [1], [3].
IV. VOLTAGE
Voltage is a local phenomenon, i.e. voltage at
one point and at another end point will be different.
Reactive power control is mainly responsiblle for voltage
control. The permissible change in voltage iss about 5-6
% of rated voltage [2], [3].
A. Reasons for Voltage Changes in the Powerr System
1) If the total reactive power demand at thee load side is
greater than the total reactive power of thhe generation
then the voltage will be fall (decreaases) at the
generation side. So we have to increasee the reactive
power at the generation station.
2) If the total reactive power demand at thee load side is
lesser than the total reactive power of thhe generation
then the voltage will be raise (increases).S
So we have to
decrease the reactive power at the generattion station at
the generation side.
978-1-4799-4103-2/14/$31.0020 14 IEEE
TABLE II
VII. CONTROLLERS
A. PID Controller
PID controller consists of a proportionnal, integral,
derivative type of control actions. Proportionnal controller
is used for the recent errors, Integral controlller is used for
the past errors and Derivative controllerr is used to
determine the rate of change of errors. Thhese types of
controllers are called conventional controllerrs and widely
used in the industrial control systems. Thesse controllers
can also use as an Integral, Proportional, PI,, PD and PID
combinations for the different type of controol systems. In
LFC loop these controller is used to stabilize the
frequency and where as for the AVR loop is used to
stabilize the voltage. The transfer functiion for PID
controller is written in the below equation [3]].
K
G ( s ) = K P + i + K D s
s
(1)
w Transfer Function.
Fig.4. Power System Stabilizer with
IX. SIMULATION
N RESULTS
A. AGC with PID Controller
TABLE IV
TABLE VII
KI
KG
TG
KT
TT
KP
TP
KF
KA
KE
TE
TA
TF
1.7
0.06
0.32
102
20
0.3794
20
2
0.05
0.05
2.9441
TABLE V
K2
K3
K4
K5
1.853
0.1632
0.3457
1.0304
0.0674
TW
T1
T2
1/3
1.4
0.10
049
0.0197
Fig.11.S
Simulation block diagram for AGC with PID and PSS
Fig.12.Sim
mulation block diagram for AGC with Fuzzy-PID and PSS
m
Maximum
Overshoot
Peak
Time
Settling
Time
0.2078
1.294
6.140
Terminal Voltage
Deviation
0.0360
1.432
6.256
Output Power
Deviation
11.340
1.792
6.041
(Low variation
load 0-30% )
Frequency
Deviation
TABLE IX
Maximum
Overshoot
Peak
Time
Settling
Time
0.0269
1.985
4.056
Terminal Voltage
Deviation
0.040
1.208
3.853
Output Power
Deviation
Absent
4.181
(Medium
variation Load 3060% )
Frequency
Deviation
Peak
Time
Settling
Time
0.1942
2.118
3.073
Terminal Voltage
Deviation
0.02523
1917
3.188
Output Power
Deviation
Absent
3.043
(High variation
Load above 60%)
Frequency
Deviation
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
TABLE X
AGC-Fuzzy-PIDPSS MODEL
[5]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
X. CONCLUSION
The terminal voltage and frequency of AVR and LFC loops
are inter act with different controllers with PID, Fuzzy-PID
and PSS were analyzed. The LFC is used to maintain a zero
steady state error, while the AVR loop is to maintain the
machine output voltage with- in a specified limit. It can be
conclude that by using AGC with conventional PID
controller the number of oscillation is more and overshoot
peak is high. In order to reduce the number of oscillations,
maximum peak overshoot and settling time is achieved by
using AGC with Fuzzy-PID and PSS. We can also conclude
that by using AGC with PID controller is suitable to the low
variations of loads (0-30%), AGC with PID and PSS is
suitable for medium variations of loads (30-60%) and AGC
with Fuzzy-PID and PSS is suitable for high variations of
loads (above 60%). The reliable power supply has the
characteristics of minimum frequency deviation and good
terminal voltage response. Therefore the quality of power
supply is determined by having constant frequency and
voltage at the Power Plant using AGC.
XI. REFERENCES
[1] S.Sivanagaraju and G.Sreenivasan, Power System Operation and
Control, 1st Edition, India: Pearson Education, 2009, pp.255-265.
[2] S.Sivanagaraju and G.Sreenivasan, Power System Operation and
Control, 1st Edition, India: Pearson Education, 2009, pp.421.
[3] S.Satyanarayana, R.K.Sharma and G.Mukta, Mutual Effect between
LFC and AVR loops in Power Plant, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering: an International Journal, vol.3, pp.61-69, Feb. 2014.
[4] E.Rakshani and J.Sadeh, A Reduced-Order control with prescribed
degree of stability for Two-Area LFC System in a deregulated
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
XI. BIOGRAPHIES
Siraparapu.Satyanarayana who was born at
Andhra Pradesh; in India on 1990. He had
received his B.Tech degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Kakinada, India in 2012
and M.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering
(Power Systems) from Lovely Professional
University, Punjab, India in 2014. He has
published 3 papers in International Journals. He
nd
got 2 Prize in Poster Presentation for the M.Tech thesis work which was
held at Lovely Professional University. His area of research includes
Power Systems and Automatic Generation Control in Power Plant.
Currently working as a Project Manager in Industrial.