Instructor:
Name :
Dr. Vijayakumar K
Assistant Professor
Roll No. :
Batch :
Prepared by
Dr. Vijayakumar K
Page II
Page III
Students are strictly warned that full cost of the meter or equipment will be
recovered from the individual who has damaged it in such a manner.
Page IV
Attendance
Attendance is mandatory and any absence must be for a valid excuse and must be
documented. If the student is more than 5 minutes late (without valid reason), he/she
may not be allowed in the lab. Student should have minimum 75% of attendance for
successfully completing the lab course.
Lab manual
Each lab manual have 3 parts; the pre-lab, in-lab and post-lab section. The pre-lab
section discuss analysis work and preliminary hardware designs that were completed
prior to starting the lab. The in-lab section discusses what actually happened in the
lab and should include tables/graphs/waveforms of experimental data that you may
have taken into verify your circuits functionality. The post-lab section asses the
performance of in-lab system against pre-lab design. Record everything directly into
the Lab Manual during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for recording data.
Further, students have to complete the previous week post-lab work in lab manual
and get approved from the staff member for completing the Lab Record. Late
submission may lead to lowering the grade of lab manual.
Lab Record
A neat, organized and complete record of an experiment is just as important as the
experimental work. So, The student must take care of the following hints during
Electrical Engineering Department
Page V
Heading: The title and experiment number should be at the top of first page.
Aim/Objective: A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or
verify in the experiment should be at the beginning of each experiment.
Circuit Diagram: A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual
experiment circuitry could be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be
especially careful to record all circuit changes made during the experiment.
Apparatus /Equipment List: List those items of equipment which have a direct
effect on the accuracy of the data. It may be necessary later to locate specific items
of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop in the results.
Theory: Discuss brefiely on the topic.
Procedure: In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief.
Short commentaries alongside the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the
fact that the experiment must be reproducible from the information given in your
notebook.
Data: Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables.
Record instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct
data; however, calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the direct
data. Data tables should be clearly identified and each data column labeled and
headed by the proper units of measure.
Calculations: Equations and sample calculations for one set of data.
Graphs: Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form.
Data to be presented in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any
questionable data points can be checked while the experiment is still set up. If special
Electrical Engineering Department
Page VI
Note: The model graph, circuit diagram model calculations and tables should be in
left hand side of the Record. Rest of the items should be in right hand side of the
record.
Grading
The final grade of this course is based on the following:
Continuous assessment: (60 %)
Pre-Lab, In-Lab, Viva-voce and Post-Lab Works
Lab Manual and Record
Final Exam: (40 %)
Written part viva-voce and practical part
The instructor reserves the right to alter or modify any part of this information at
his discretion if circumstances should dictate. Any changes should be announced
in the class prior to their effect.
Electrical Engineering Department
Page VII
Students may meet the instructor for technical discussion outside of the lab hours
during Friday 8 a.m. - 9 a.m. or with prior appointments through
vijayk.ee@mnit.ac.in at his cabin situated in T-3.
Page VIII
UNDERTAKING FORM
I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules
and procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to
follow these rules and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the
laboratory and additional disciplinary action may be taken.
Date :
Signature
Page IX
S.No
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Transistor CB Characteristics
Transistor CE Characteristics
FET Characteristics
Date
Marks
Sign
Coupled Amplifier
6
UJT Characteristics
Emitter Follower
10
11
12
13
Page X
Date :
APPARATUS :
1 . P ower suppl y
(0 30 V)
1 No
2 . Zener Di od e
1No
3 . Am m et er
0 30 mA
1No
4 . Vol t m et er
0 1 V
1No
0 10 V
1No
1K
1No
5 . R esi st or
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FO RWARD B IAS
Page 1
TABULAR COLUMN:
FO RWARD B IAS :
S L .No.
VF
(Vol ts)
I F (mA )
Page 2
V R (Vol ts)
I R ( mA)
MODEL GRAPH
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS:
1 . C onnect t he ci r cui t as per t he ci rcui t di agram .
2 . Var y t he powe r sup pl y vol t age i n such a wa y t h at t he r eadi ngs are t aken
i n st eps of 0.1 V, t o t he m axi m um readi ng of power suppl y of 20 V.
3 . Not e down t he co rre spondi ng Am m et er a nd Vol t m et er re adi ngs.
4 . P l ot t he graph bet ween V F and I F .
5 . F i nd t he d ynam i c fo rward resi st ance usi ng r f V
I
Page 3
PRECAUTIONS:
1 . C areful l y conne ct t he m et er t e rm i nal s (+ and ).
2 . C areful l y conne ct t he Zene r di ode t erm i nal s (Anode & C at h ode).
DISCUSSIONS:
1 . W hat i s m eant b y Ze ner Di ode?
2 . W hat i s m eant b y Ze ner B reak Down?
3 . W hat i s m eant b y A val anche B r eak Do w n?
4 . W hat i s m eant b y V ol t age R egul at i on?
5 . W hat i s t he di fferen ce bet we en Zen er D i ode and C onvent i onal R ect i f yi ng
Di ode?
6 . W hat i s t he purpose of seri es r esi st ance i n Zene r Di ode Vol t age
R egul at i on C i rcui t?
RESULT:
1 . Vol t Am pere C har act eri st i cs of Z ener Di ode are pl ot t ed.
2 . Zener B r eak Down Vol t age
Page 4
Date :
APPARATUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
P ower suppl i es
Transi st or
R esi st ance
Vol t m et er
5 . Am m et ers
6 . C onnect i ng wi res
7 . B read board
(0 30) V
B C 107
1 K
(0 1) V
(0 10 ) V
(0 30) m A
2
1
1
1
1
2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
I NPUT CH ARACT E RIS T ICS :
Common-Base characteristics
Page 5
TABULAR COLUMN:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
V C B = 0V
VCB = 1 V
V C B = O PE N
S L . No
V E B (V)
I E (mA)
V E B (V)
I E (mA)
V E B (V)
I E (mA)
Page 6
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
I E = 2 mA
S L . No
V C B (V)
I C (mA)
I E = 4 mA
V C B (V)
I E = 6 mA
I C (mA)
V C B (V)
I C (mA)
PROCEDURE:
I NPUT CH ARACT E RIS T ICS :
1 . C onnect t he ci rcui t as per t he ci rcui t di agram .
2 . S et V C B = 0V b y V a r yi ng t he C ol l ect or suppl y V C C .
3.
4.
b.
Input Impedance
VEB
VCB
IE Constant
hib =
VEB
I E
VCB Constant
Page 7
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1 . C onnect t he ci rcui t as per t he ci rcui t di agram .
S et I E = 2 m A b y ad j ust i ng V E E .
2 . Var y t he col l e ct or s uppl y vol t age V C C a nd not e t he readi ngs of I C and
VCB.
3.
I C
VCB
I
hfb = C
I E
Output admittance
hob =
CALCULATIONS:
IE Constant
VCB Constant
hrb =
VEB
VCB
IE Constant
2. Input Impedance
hib =
VEB
I E
VCB Constant
3. Output admittance
hob =
I C
VCB
IE Constant
hfb =
I C
I E
VCB Constant
hrb
2.9x10-4
hfb
-0.98
hob
0.50s
Page 8
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Dont short ci rcui t t he out put t erm i nal
2 . Dont gi ve t he vol t a ge t o t he ci rcui t be yond t he presc ri bed r ange
3 . C areful l y var y t h e p ower suppl y
4 . C areful l y conne ct t he t ransi st or t erm i nal s
RESULT:
1 . Input an d Out put ch aract eri st i cs of t ran si st or connect ed i n C om m on B as e
C onfi gurat i on are o bt ai ned.
2 . h -param et ers fo r C B confi gurat i on ar e d et erm i ned.
Page 9
Date :
APPARATUS:
1 . P ower suppl i es
0 30 V
1 No
2 . Transi st or
B C 107
1 No
3 . R esi st ance
1K, 22K
1 No
4 . Vol t m et er s
0 1V, 0 10V
1 No
5 . Am m et ers
0 30 m A
1 No
0 500 A
1 No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Input Characteristics:
Page 10
TABULAR COLUMN:
Input characteristics:
S L .NO
VCE = 0 V
V B E (V)
I B (A)
VCE = 2 V
V B E (V)
I B (A)
VCE = 5 V
V B E (V)
I B (A)
(A )
Page 11
I B = 50 A
I B = 75 A
I B = 100 A
S L .No
VCE
I C (mA)
VCE
I C (mA)
VCE
I C (mA)
PROCEDURE:
I NPUT CH ARACT E RIS T ICS :
1 . C onnect t he ci rcui t as per t he ci rcui t di agram .
2 . S et V C E = 0 b y adj u st i ng V C C .
3 . Var y t he i nput vol t a ge V B B and not e t he readi ngs of
I B and V B E .
4.
a.
hre =
VBE
VCE
IB Constant
Page 12
Input Impedance
hie =
VCE Constant
Var y t he suppl y vol t age V C C and not e t he readi ngs o f I C and V C E . Take
V C E =V C C .
4.
c. Output admittance
hoe =
I C
VCE
IB Constant
hfe =
I C
I B
VCE Constant
CALCULATIONS:
VBE
VCE
VBE
2. Input Impedance
hie =
I B
I C
3. Output admittance
hoe =
VCE
I
4. Forward current gain hfe = C
I B
1. Reverse voltage gain
hre =
IB Constant
VCE Constant =
IB Constant =
VCE Constant =
hre
10-5 - 10-4
hfe
.1 -10A/V
hob
20-200
Page 13
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
RESULT:
Input an d Out put ch aract eri st i cs of t ran si st or connect ed i n C om m on B as e
C onfi gurat i on are o bt ai ned
Page 14
Date :
FET CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
1 . To Obt ai n Drai n and Transfe r cha ra ct eri st i cs of F ET con nec t ed i n
C om m on S ource confi gurat i on.
2 . To Obt ai n r d , g m and of F ET.
APPARATUS:
1 . P ower suppl i es
0 30 V
1 No
2 . F ET
B F W 10
1 No
3 . Vol t m et er
(0 10 V)
2 Nos
4 . Am m et er
0 30 m A
1 No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FET characteristics
Page 15
TABULAR COLUMNS:
T RANS FE R CH ARACT E RIS T ICS :
VDS = 2 V
VDS = 4 V
S L .No
V G S (V)
I D (mA)
V G S (V)
I D (mA)
VGS = 0 V
V D S (V) I D (mA)
V G S = 1V
V D S (V) I D (mA)
V G S = 2V
V D S (V)
I D (mA)
(mA)
Page 16
VGS
VDS = Constant
VDS
6. F i nd Drai n R esi st ance r d =
I D
7. Amplification Factor, = g m x r d
Page 17
Transfer characteristics:
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
RESULT:
Drai n and Tr ansf er chara ct eri st i cs of F ET C onnect ed i n
S ource confi gu rat i on are obt ai ned.
Trans C onduct anc e, g m
=
Drai n R esi st ance, r d
=
Am pl i fi cat i on F act or,
= rd * gm
C om m on
Page 18
Exp no :05
Date :
APPARATUS:
1 . P ower suppl y
12V dc suppl y
1No
2 . Transi st or
B C 107
2Nos
3 . R esi st ors
1K, 5.6K
2Nos
4.7K, 27K
2Nos
10 F
3No s
100 F
2Nos
4 . C apaci t ors
5. CRO
1No
6 . F unct i on generat or
1No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Cc =10F
Cc =10F
RC coupled amplifier
Electrical Engineering Department
Page 19
FREQUENCY
OUTPUT
NO.
(Hz)
VOLTAGE(V0)(mV)
(AV )=V0/VI
20 log10|AV|
PROCEDURE:
1 . Appl y i nput si gnal of 10m V am pl i t ude and frequen c y o f 50Hz at t he i nput
t erm i nal
2 . Var yi ng t he i nput si gnal frequ enc y f rom 10Hz t o 1MHz
3 . M easure t he out put si gnal am pl i t ude
4 . S t ud y t h e fr equenc y response ch ara ct eri st i cs of R C coupl ed am pl i fi er
5 . Det erm i ne t he l ow er cut off frequ enc y and t he upper cut off fr equenc y
from t he graph
6 . C al cul at e t he bandw i dt h
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not use open ended wires for connecting 230V power supply
2 . B efore conn ect i ng t he power suppl y pl ug i nt o t he socket ,ensure pow er
s uppl y shoul d be sw i t ched off
3 . Ensure al l conne ct i on shoul d be t i ght before swi t chi ng ON t he suppl y
4 . Take r eadi ngs ca ref ul l y
5 . P ower suppl y shoul d be swi t ched of f af t er com pl et i on of t h e expe ri m ent
Page 20
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
RESULT:
Frequency response of the RC coupled amplifier is obtained
Page 21
Date :
UJT CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To observe the characteristics of UJT and to calculate the Intrinsic Stand-Off Ratio ().
APPARATUS:
1. Regulated Power Supply
(0-30V, 1A)
2. UJT 2N2646
3. Resistors
- 2Nos
- 1No.
4. Multimeters
- 1 No.
- 2Nos
5. Breadboard
6. Connecting Wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
VBB
UJT characteristics
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Output voltage is fixed at a constant level and by varying input voltage corresponding emitter
current values are noted down.
Electrical Engineering Department
Page 22
MODEL GRAPH:
CALCULATION
VP
= VBB + VD
= (VP-VD) / VBB
= ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) / 3
Page 23
IE(mA)
At VBB=10V constant
VEB(V)
IE(mA)
RESULT:
The characteristics of UJT are observed and the values of Intrinsic Stand-Off Ratio are calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Page 24
Date :
APPARATUS:
1 No
2. C. R. O
1 No
3. Function Generator
1 No
1. Power supply
(0-30V)
4. Transistor
BC107
1 No
5. Resistor
1k, 10k
2 Nos
100k , 4.7k
1 No
1OF, 4.7F
1 No
1 No
6. Capacitors
7. Pot Resistance
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Page 25
FREQUENC
OUTPUT
NO.
Y (Hz)
VOLTAGE(V0)(mV)
VOLTAGE
GAIN
(AV )=V0/VI
GAIN (DB)
20 log10|AV|
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep Vi = 10 mv by adjusting source voltage (Vs) throughout the experiment.
3. Vary the input signal frequency from 50 Hz to 1 MHz and note down the
corresponding output voltage by CRO.
4. Draw the frequency response curve taking Frequency on X-axis and Gain in dB on Y-axis
and calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
5. Calculate R0 by varying pot resistance at the output until V0 becomes half of maximum
output voltage.
6. Calculate AV, Ai, Ri .
Page 26
f(Hz)
CALCULATIONS:
Voltage gain (Av)
=Vo/Vi
Ri
Band width (BW)
Vi X Rs
Vs Vi
= f2 f1
=
=
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. Carefully note the readings from CRO without parallax error.
3. Carefully connect the transistor terminals.
DISCUSSIONS:
1. What is the type of coupling used in this amplifier circuit?
2. Write the role of Ce, Cc capacitors
3. What is mid frequency gain?
RESULT:
Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier is obtained.
Voltage gain
AV
Current gain
Ai
Input resistance
Ri
Ro
Bandwidth
BW
Page 27
Date :
APPARATUS:
1 . P ower suppl i es
0 30 V
1No
2 . Transi st or
B C 107
1No
3 . R esi st ors
1K, 10K
1No
100K, 8.2K
1No
10 F
2No s
4 . C apaci t ors
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Page 28
FREQUENCY
OUTPUT
NO.
(Hz)
VOLTAGE(V0)(mV)
(AV )=V0/VI
20 log10|AV|
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep Vi = 10 mv by adjusting source voltage (Vs) throughout the experiment.
3. Vary the input signal frequency from 50 Hz to 1 MHz and note down the
4. Corresponding output voltage by CRO.
5. Draw the frequency response curve taking Frequency on X-axis and Gain in dB on Y-axis
and calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
6. Calculate R0 by varying pot resistance at the output until V0 becomes half of maximum
output voltage.
7. Calculate AV, Ai, Ri.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
Page 29
f(Hz)
CALCULATIONS:
Voltage gain (Av)
Input resistance
=Vo/Vi
Ri
Vi X Rs
Vs Vi
(VNL VFL )
VFL
= f2 f1
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. Carefully note the readings from CRO without parallax error.
3. Carefully connect the transistor terminals
RESULT:
Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier is obtained.
Voltage gain
AV
Current gain
Ai
Input resistance
Ri
Ro
Bandwidth
BW
Page 30
Date :
APPARATUS:
1 . IC 555
1No
2 . P ower suppl y
5V DC
1No
3 . C apaci t or
0. 1 F ,0.01 F
1No
4 . R esi st or
4.4 K,8.2K
1 No
5 . B read board
1 No
6 . C onnect i ng P at ch ch ords
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Astable Multivibrator
Page 31
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
AS T AB L E MUL T IVIB RAT O R :
Page 32
2.
3.
DESIGN
AS T AB L E MUL T IVIB RAT O R :
Let Ra=4.4k and Rb=8.2k; C=0.1F and C1=0.01F
The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3 VCC to 2/3 VCC is equal to the time the output
remains high and is given by
tc = 0.69(Ra+Rb)C
=0.87 ms
Similarly, the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 VCC to 1/3 VCC is equal to the
time the output remains low and is given by
td =0.69RbC
=0.566 ms
Thus the total period of the waveform is
T =tc + td
=0.69(Ra+2Rb) C
=1.436 ms
And the frequency of oscillation as
fo = 1/T
Page 33
T = 1.1R C
T =1S , C =1 F Then,
1S =1.1R 1 F
R =910.23
S o,
RESULT:
Desi gn of ast abl e and m onost abl e m ul t i vi brat or i s perform ed and t he
wavefo rm s are obt ai ned
Page 34
Date :
APPARATUS:
1 . IC 741
1No
2 . P ower suppl y
3 . R esi st ors
4 . C apaci t ors
0-230V
1No
12V
1No
1K , 10K ,20K
1No
3.2K
2No
0.05 F
2No
5 . B read B oard
1No
6. CRO
1No
7 . C onnect i ng l eads
THEORY:
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
The op-amp is a multiterminal device used in many electronic circuits. It has two input
terminal namely inverting and non-inverting. The non- inverting amplifier is an amplifier with
inverting terminal grounded and non- inverting terminal to the supply.
V1=0 & V2=Vin and the output is given by
Vo=A Vin
The output is gain A times the input.Output obtained is greater than the input
A=1+(Rf/R1)
WIENS BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:
The oscillator is a circuit which generates repetitive waveforms of fixed frequency and
amplitude without any external input signal.The frequency of the output of Wiens bridge oscillator
is
1
Page 35
Non-Inverting Amplifier
MODEL WAVEFORM
N O N - I N V E R T I N G AM P L I F I E R :
Page 36
PROCEDURE:
NO N-I NVE RT ING AMPL IFIE R :
1 . C onnect t he ci rcui t of t he non -i nvert i ng am pl i fi er as shown i n t he ci rcui t
di agram on bre ad bo ard.
2 . C onnect t he i nput of op am p t o funct i on generat o r and out pu t t o t he C R O
3 . F eed t he i nput from funct i on gener at or a nd observe t he out p ut on C R O
4 . Draw t he i nput and out put waveform s
5 . The am pl i fi ed out pu t i s obt ai ned
WI E NS B RIDG E O S CIL L AT O R:
1 . C onnect t he ci rcui t as shown i n t he ci rc ui t di agram
2 . S wi t ch ON t he powe r suppl y
3 . Out put i s obt ai ned i n t he C R O
PRECAUTIONS:
1 . Do not use open end ed wi res fo r conne ct ed t o 230Vsuppl y
2 . B efore conn ect i ng t he power suppl y pl ug i nt o t he socket ,ensure pow er
s uppl y shoul d be sw i t ched off
3 . Ensure al l conne ct i on shoul d be t i ght before swi t chi ng ON t he suppl y
4 . Take r eadi ngs ca ref ul l y
5 . P ower suppl y shoul d be swi t ched of f af t er com pl et i on of t h e experi m ent
RESULT:
1 . Am pl i fi ed out put of t he Non - Inve rt i ng Am pl i fi e r i s obt ai ned.
2 . S i ne wave out put of t he W i ens B ri dge Osci l l at or i s obt ai ned.
Page 37
Date :
APPARATUS:
1 . P ower suppl y
(0 30 V)
1 No
2 . Di ode
1N4007
1 No
B E L DR 25
1 No
3 . R esi st ance
1 K
1 No
4 . Am m et er
(0 30 m A)
1 No
(0 100 A)
1 No
(0 1 V)
1 No
1 No
5 . Vol t m et er
6 . B read board
7 . C onnect i ng P at ch ch ords
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FORWARD BIAS:
Page 38
TABULAR COLUMN:
FO RWARD B IAS :
S IL ICO N
S L .N o.
V F (V)
G E RMANIUM
I F (mA )
V F (V)
I F (mA )
RE VE RS E B IAS :
G E RMANIUM
S L .No.
V R (V)
I R ( A)
Page 39
PROCEDURE:
FO RWARD B IAS :
1 . C onnect t he ci rcui t as per t he ci rcui t di agram .F or B ot h S i l i con and
Germ ani um Di odes.
2 . Var y t he power sup pl y i n such a wa y t hat t he readi ngs are t aken i n s t eps
of 0.1V, t o t he m axi m um readi ng of pow er suppl y o f 30V.
3 . Not e down t he co rre spondi ng Am m et er a nd Vol t m et er re adi ngs.
4 . P l ot t he graph bet ween F orwa rd vol t age and curr ent (V F and I F . )
5 . F i nd t he S t at i c F orward R esi st ance R F = V/ I .
6 . F i nd t he D ynam i c F orward R esi st an ce rF
V
.
I
REVERSE BIAS:
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
rR
Page 40
PRECAUTIONS:
1 . Dont gi ve vol t age t o t he ci rcui t be yond prescri bed rang e.
2 . Dont short ci rcui t t he out put t erm i nal of power suppl y.
3 . C areful l y conne ct m et er t erm i nal s ( + an d ).
4 . C areful l y conne ct p n di ode t erm i nal s (anode and cat hode ) .
DISCUSSIONS:
1 . W hat i s m eant b y de pl et i on l a ye r?
2 . W h y m o re cu rrent fl ows i n forward bi as ?
3 . Expl ai n how a di ode act s as a swi t ch.
4 . Expl ai n how a di ode act s as a r ect i fi e r.
5 . In rev erse sat ur at i on curr ent i s i ndep en dent of forw ard and rev ers e bi as?
W h y?
6 . W hat i s m eant b y d ynam i c and st at i c r esi st ance of a di od e?
RESULT:
1 . Vol t Am pere C h ar act eri st i cs of P -N D i ode are pl ot t ed.
2 . S t at i c F orward R esi st ance R F =
3 . S t at i c R everse R esi s t ance R r =
4 . D yn am i c F orward R esi st ance =
5 . D yn am i c R evers e R esi st ance =
Page 41
Date :
APPARATUS:
1. Step down transformer
230V/50 Hz:
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
(9-0-9) V
2. Diode
1N4007
4. Ammeter
5. Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 42
RL ()
Idc
(mA)
Vdc (V)
Vac (V)
r = Vac/Vdc
% of
Regulation =
[(Vdco Vdc)/Vdc] X 100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Note down the No Load DC Voltage Vdc0 when Idc = 0
3. Vary the load resistance RL (DRB) and note down Idc and Vdc, Vac Using Multimeter
a. Calculate the ripple factor ( r)
Average value
Vdc
Page 43
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
MODEL GRAPHS:
Page 44
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Dont give the voltage to the circuit beyond prescribed range.
2. Dont short circuit the output terminal.
3. Carefully connect meter & electrolytic capacitors terminals (+ and )
4. Carefully connect diode terminals (anodes and cathodes).
RESULT:
Ripple factor and Percentage of Regulation of a Half Wave Rectifier with out
Filter is found.
Ripple Factor
Percentage of Regulation
Page 45
Date :
APPARATUS:
1. Step down transformer
1 No
2. Diode
1N4007
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
4. Ammeter
5. Multimeter
6. Capacitors
220 F
1 No
7. Inductor
3mH
1.No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 46
Idc
(mA)
RL ()
Vdc (V)
Vac (V)
r = Vac/Vdc
% of
Regulation =
[(Vdco Vdc)/Vdc] X 100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Note down the No Load DC Voltage Vdc0 when Idc = 0
3. Vary the load resistance RL (DRB) and note down Idc and Vdc,
Vac, using
Multimeter.
4. Calculate the ripple factor (r)
Average value
Vdc
Page 47
MODEL GRAPHS:
Page 48
RESULT:
Ripple factor and Percentage of Regulation of a Half Wave Rectifier with Filter is found.
Ripple Factor
Percentage of Regulation
Page 49
Date :
APPARATUS:
1. Step down transformer
1 No
2. Diode
1N4007
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
4. Ammeter
5. Multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 50
SL.No. RL ()
Idc
(mA)
Vdc (V)
Vac (V)
r = Vac/Vdc
% of
Regulation =
[(Vdco Vdc)/Vdc] X 100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Note down the No Load DC Voltage Vdc0 when Idc = 0
3. Vary the load resistance RL (DRB) and note down Idc and Vdc, Vac using Multimeter.
4. Calculate the ripple factor ( r)
Average value
Vdc
Page 51
MODEL WAVEFORMS
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Dont short circuit the output terminal.
2. Carefully connect meter & electrolytic capacitors terminals (+ and )
3. Carefully connect diode terminals (anodes and cathodes).
RESULT:
Ripple factor and Percentage of Regulation of a Full Wave Rectifier with out Filter is
found.
Ripple Factor
Percentage of Regulation
Page 52
Date :
APPARATUS:
1. Step down transformer
1 No
2. Capacitors
220 F
1 No
3. Diode
1N4007
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
6. Multimeter
1 No.
7. CRO
1 No
5. Ammeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Page 53
SL.No. RL ()
Idc
(mA)
Vdc (V)
Vac (V)
r = Vac/Vdc
% of
Regulation =
[(Vdco Vdc)/Vdc] X 100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Note down the No Load DC Voltage Vdc0 when Idc = 0
3. Vary the load resistance RL (DRB) and note down Idc and Vdc, Vac using Multimeter.
4. Calculate the ripple factor ( r) r
Average value
Vdc
Page 54
MODEL GRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Dont short circuit the output terminal.
2. Carefully connect meter & electrolytic capacitors terminals (+ and )
3. Carefully connect diode terminals (anodes and cathodes).
RESULT:
Ripple factor and Percentage of Regulation of a Full Wave Rectifier with
Filter is found.
Ripple Factor
Percentage of Regulation
Page 55