Cancer Statistics
2015
Special topic: Predictions of the future burden
of cancer in Canada
Produced by Canadian Cancer Society, Statistics Canada,
Public Health Agency of Canada, Provincial/Territorial Cancer Registries
cancer.ca/statistics
Citation
Material appearing in this publication may be reproduced or copied
without permission. However, the following citation must be used
to indicate the source: Canadian Cancer Societys Advisory
Committee on Cancer Statistics. Canadian Cancer Statistics 2015.
Toronto, ON: Canadian Cancer Society; 2015.
[May 2015, adapted June 2015]
ISSN 0835-2976
This publication is available in English and French on the Canadian
Cancer Societys website at cancer.ca/statistics. Please visit the
website for the most up-to-date version of this publication and
additional resources, such as individual figures from the publication
and an archive of previous editions.
The development of this publication over the years has benefited
considerably from the comments and suggestions of readers. The
Advisory Committee appreciates and welcomes such comments. To
be notified about next years publication or to offer ideas on how
the publication can be improved, please complete the evaluation
form or email stats@cancer.ca.
Kim Newman, MA
Health Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario
Table of Contents
Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
About this publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Purpose and intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis and production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A note on data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Actual and estimated data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
8
8
8
9
Introduction
Cancer in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CHAPTER 1
Incidence: How many people in Canada get
cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Probability of developing cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New cases of cancer in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trends over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trends for selected cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What do these statistics mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
16
16
17
18
19
22
CHAPTER 2
Incidence by sex, age and geography: Who gets
cancer in Canada? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence by age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Children, adolescents and young adults . . . . . . . .
Incidence by geographic region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What do these statistics mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
29
29
29
30
31
33
CHAPTER 3
Mortality: How many people in Canada
die of cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Probability of dying from cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deaths from cancer in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trends over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trends for selected cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What do these statistics mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
38
38
39
40
41
44
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 4
Mortality by sex, age and geography:
Who dies of cancer in Canada? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality by sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality by age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cancer deaths among adolescents and
youngadults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality by geographic region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What do these statistics mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
51
51
52
52
54
55
CHAPTER 5
Relative survival: What is the likelihood of
surviving cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Five-year relative survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Five-year conditional relative survival . . . . . . . . .
Five-year childhood cancer (014 years) survival . . .
International comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What do these statistics mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
60
61
63
64
64
64
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with
cancer are alive today? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tumour-based prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Person-based prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What do these statistics mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
70
71
72
73
CHAPTER 7
Special topic: Predictions of the future burden
of cancer in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Projected trends in population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Projected trends in cancer incidence counts
and rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The influence of selected risk factors and
interventions on the burden of cancer . . . . . . . . .
Comparisons of projections to other countries . .
What do these statistics mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
79
80
81
90
94
95
APPENDIX I
Actual data for new cases and deaths . . . . . . . . 107
Appendix II
Data sources and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Data and methods issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
APPENDIX III
Previous special topics, abbreviations and
index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Previous special topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Index of tables and figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Executive summary
Canadian Cancer Statistics is an annual publication
that provides estimates of the burden of cancer in
Canada for the current year.
About 2 in 5 Canadians will develop cancer in their
lifetime, and about 1 in 4 Canadians will die of cancer.
In 2015, it is estimated that 196,900 Canadians will
develop cancer, and 78,000 will die of cancer. More
than half of new cancer cases (51%) will be lung,
breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. Lung cancer is
the leading cause of cancer death, causing more cancer
deaths among Canadians than the other three major
cancer types combined. Despite this large impact, there
has been a substantial drop in the lung cancer death
rate (especially for men) over the past 25 years, which
has driven a decline in the overall cancer death rate.
Slightly more men than women get cancer in Canada,
and the vast majority (89%) of Canadians who develop
cancer are over the age of 50. However, cancer can
occur at any age. Its impact at a younger age can be
particularly devastating. According to Statistics
Canada, in 2011, cancer was the leading cause of
disease-related death in children under the age of 15
years.
Overall, the five-year relative survival ratio for people
diagnosed with cancer is 63%, but it ranges widely by
the type of cancer. Some cancers have very high
five-year relative survival ratios, including thyroid
cancer (98%). Other cancers have consistently low
five-year relative survival ratios, such as pancreatic
cancer (8%).
810,045
63
The likelihood, in
Canada, of surviving at
least 5 years after a cancer
diagnosis compared to the
survival of comparable
people in the general
population
2 in 5
Canadians will
develop cancer in
their lifetime
196,900
78,000
Canadians
will die of cancer
in 2015
1 in 4
Executive Summary
Format
This publication is organized as follows:
The Introduction provides an overview of cancer in
Canada by describing the health and economic
challenges posed by the disease, the potential role
prevention can play in addressing the cancer burden
and the value of surveillance in cancer control efforts
in Canada.
Canadian Cancer Society
A note on data
The main sources of data for this publication are the
Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR), National Cancer
8
Prostate
21.0%
Introduction
Cancer in Canada
Almost half of all Canadians will develop cancer in
their lifetime, and a quarter of all Canadians are
expected to die of the disease. Cancer is the leading
cause of death in Canada (Figure A), responsible for
nearly 30% of all deaths, followed by cardiovascular
diseases (heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases)
and chronic lower respiratory diseases.(1)
Cancer is also the leading cause of premature death, as
measured by potential years of life lost (PYLL). PYLL
provides an alternative measure to death rates by
taking into account average life expectancy and giving
more weight to deaths that occur among younger
people. In 2010, cancer represented approximately 40%
of the PYLL compared to other leading causes of
premature death in Canada (Figure B). Generally,
PYLL is higher for cancers that are more common,
have an earlier age of onset and more quickly lead to
death. In both sexes combined, lung cancer was
responsible for 27% of the premature deaths caused by
cancer (see online Table W1). With regard to the most
common cancers in women and men, the PYLL from
female breast cancer (94,000) far exceeded that from
prostate cancer (35,500), reflecting the relatively
younger age at which women die from breast cancer.
FIGURE A Proportion of deaths due to cancer and other causes, Canada, 2011
Other
25.0%
Cancer
29.9%
Heart disease
19.7%
Diabetes 3.0%
Accidents 4.4%
Chronic lower
respiratory diseases
4.6%
Cerebrovascular
diseases
5.5%
10
Introduction
FIGURE B Selected causes of death and their associated potential years of life lost (PYLL), Canada, 2010
Cancer
Males
Heart disease
Non-motor vehicle accidents
Respiratory disease
Females
Suicide
Motor vehicle accidents
Cerebrovascular disease
Perinatal causes
Diabetes
Cirrhosis
Congenital anomalies
HIV
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
11
Introduction
FIGURE C Number of cancer deaths avoided* since the cancer mortality rate peaked in Canada for all cancers combined, lung and female breast cancers
100
25
90
70
20
60
50
40
30
15
10
4
3
10
0
1980
20
6
Deaths (in thousands)
80
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year of death
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year of death
2005
2010
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year of death
Observed deaths
Observed deaths
Observed deaths
Expected deaths
Expected deaths
Expected deaths
12
Introduction
13
Introduction
FIGURE D Trends in new cases and deaths for all cancers and ages, attributed to changes in cancer risk and cancer control practices, population growth and aging of the population, both sexes, Canada, 19862015
Incidence
110
110
45
100
100
40
90
90
80
80
Aging population
70
60
70
Population growth
50
(1986 cancer count)
30
25
20
20
10
20
10
0
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
30
25
Population growth
20
Changes in cancer risk
and cancer control practices
10
5
15
10
5
0
1986
Incidence
35
Aging population
15
2015
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Mortality
110
110
45
45
100
100
40
40
90
90
35
35
70
60
70
Population growth
(1986 cancer count)
30
20
10
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
25
50
20
30
20
0
2015
30
60
40
Estimated
50
40
80
Aging
population
Females
30
Aging population
25
Population growth
20
15
10
10
15
Estimated
80
Males
40
30
50
30
45
35
60
40
Estimated
40
Mortality
Estimated
10
5
0
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System, Canadian Vital Statistics Death databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
14
Introduction
References
1. Statistics Canada. Leading Causes of Death in Canada, 2011. Ottawa: Statistics Canada;
2014.
2. Public Health Agency of Canada 2014. Economic Burden of Illness in Canada,
20052008. Ottawa. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ebic-femc/index-eng.php
(accessed, Dec. 22, 2014).
3. International Agency for Research on Cancer. GLOBOCAN 2012. Available at:
http://globocan.iarc.fr/ (accessed Dec. 22, 2014).
4. Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Pieros M, SteliarovaFoucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J, eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents,
Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. Available at: http://ci5.iarc.fr/ (accessed Dec. 22, 2014).
5. International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership. Available at: http://www.
cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/spotcancerearly/ICBP/ (accessed Dec. 22, 2014).
6. Global Surveillance of Cancer Survival: The CONCORD Programme. Available at:
http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/eph/ncde/cancersurvival/research/concord/concord_2.html
(accessed Dec. 22, 2014).
7. World Health Organization. Cancer Prevention. Available at: http://www.who.int/cancer/
prevention/en/index.html (accessed Dec. 22, 2014).
8. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR). Continuous
Update Project Interim Report Summary. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the
Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Washington, DC: AICR; 2011.
9. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR). Policy and
Action for Cancer Prevention: Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. Washington, DC:
AICR; 2009.
15
CHAPTER 1
Incidence: How many people in Canada get cancer?
Highlights
Introduction
Males
Females
45%
(1 in 2.2)
42%
(1 in 2.4)
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, Vital Statistics Death databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
16
CHAPTER 1
Females
Females
New cases
New cases
96,400 96,400
Breast 25.9%
Lung 13.5%
Colorectal 11.5%
Body of uterus
6.5%
Thyroid 5.0%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3.8%
Melanoma 3.2%
Ovary 2.9%
Leukemia 2.8%
Pancreas 2.5%
Kidney 2.4%
Bladder 2.1%
Cervix 1.5%
Oral 1.5%
Brain/CNS 1.3%
Stomach 1.3%
Multiple myeloma
1.2%
Liver 0.6%
Esophagus 0.5%
0.5%
Hodgkin lymphoma
Larynx 0.2%
All other cancers
9.3%
17
CHAPTER 1
FIGURE 1.3 New cases and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for all cancers, Canada, 19862015
600
110
100
Males
ASIR
New cases
90
500
80
70
400
60
50
300
40
Estimated
200
30
20
10
100
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
110
100
Incidence
300
80
70
60
50
40
Estimated
200
30
20
10
100
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer
Registry (20082010)
Females
ASIR
New cases
90
500
400
600
Statistical significance
2015
Viewdata
18
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer predominantly affects Canadians over
the age of 70 years and occurs more commonly in the
Atlantic provinces. Between 2001 and 2010, little or no
change has been seen for the incidence rates for
bladder cancer in males or females. The incidence of
bladder cancer has decreased in most Western
countries but increased in some eastern European and
developing countries.(2) These patterns may in part
reflect tobacco use,(2,3) which is estimated to account
for between 34%50% of all bladder cancers.(4,5)
Occupational exposure to certain chemicals is the
second most important risk factor for bladder cancer.
Exposure to aromatic amines (especially
betanaphthylamine, benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl and
4-o-toluidine), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
and diesel engine exhaust is also found to increase the
risk for bladder cancer.(6)
FIGURE 1.4 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for selected* cancers, males, Canada, 19862015
160
Estimated
140
120
140
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer
Registry (20082010)
Males
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
Bladder
Viewdata
Estimated
CHAPTER 1
Males
Stomach
Melanoma
Larynx
Liver
Thyroid
19
FIGURE 1.5 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for selected* cancers, females, Canada, 19862015
ASIR (per 100,000)
160
140
120
140
Females
Breast
Colorectal
Lung
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
Viewdata
0
1986
Breast cancer
The breast cancer incidence rate rose through the early
1990s. This increase in the incidence rate is due in part
to increased opportunistic mammography screening
that was done before organized provincial screening
programs were implemented from 1988 onward. Since
1988, the rates have fluctuated. The reasons for these
fluctuations are unclear, but they likely have to do with
continued participation in mammography screening
and long-term changes in hormonal factors, such as
early age at menarche, breastfeeding, late age at
menopause, oral contraceptive use and late age at
full-term pregnancy.(9) Diabetes may also increase risk
of breast cancer.(10) The recent decrease in incidence
that occurred around 2002 may reflect the reduced use
of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) among
postmenopausal women.(11,12) Since 2004, breast cancer
incidence rates have stabilized. This is consistent with
recent reports from the United States.(13)
160
Estimated
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
30
25
25
20
20
Estimated
CHAPTER 1
15
15
10
10
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Females
Body of Uterus
Melanoma
Bladder
Thyroid
Larynx
Liver
2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDPC, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer
Registry (20082010)
20
CHAPTER 1
Colorectal cancer
Lung cancer
Prostate cancer
Larynx cancer
Incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased significantly
from 2001 to 2010 for both males (2.9% per year) and
females (3.5% per year). As cancer of the larynx is most
strongly associated with smoking(22) and alcohol,(23)
declines in incidence rates most likely reflect decreasing
trends in these risk factors.(24,25)
Liver cancer
The incidence rate of liver cancer increased significantly
for males (2.3% per year) and females (2.4% per year).
These increases may be at least partially explained by
rising immigration from regions of the world where
risk factors for liver cancer, such as hepatitis B and C
infection and exposure to aflatoxin, are more common.(26)
Canadian Cancer Society
Melanoma
Incidence rates of melanoma have increased in both
men and women over the past several decades, with
recent increases of 2.3% per year in men between 2001
and 2010, and 2.9% per year among women between
2001 and 2010. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
through exposure to sunlight, tanning beds and sun lamps
appears to be a major risk factor for melanoma.(28)
Other risk factors include number and type of moles,
having a fair complexion, personal and family history
of skin cancer, a weakened immune system and a
history of severe blistering sunburn.
Stomach cancer
Incidence rates of stomach cancer continue to decline
in both males (2.2% per year) and females (1.3% per
year). Current rates are about half of what they were in
1985. This decline may be due to long-term improvements
in diets(32) and decreases in smoking and heavy alcohol
use.(33) The declining incidence rates of stomach cancer
may also be related to the more recent recognition and
treatment of infection with the bacterium Helicobacter
pylori, an important risk factor for stomach cancer.(34)
Thyroid cancer
The incidence rate of thyroid cancer is the most rapidly
increasing incidence rate among all major cancers not
only in Canada but worldwide.(35) In Canada, there was
a 6.3% per year increase in males since 2001 and a
4.4% per year increase in females between 2005 and
2010. The rise may be due to several reasons, including
overdiagnoses. More frequent use of diagnostic testing,
including ultrasound, computed tomography (CT)
scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may
mean that more earlier stage, asymptomatic thyroid
cancers are being diagnosed.(36) Exposure to diagnostic
ionizing radiation has likely increased over time, and
this could promote the initiation of new tumours.(37)
21
Databases
Statistics Canada. Table 103-0550 New cases for ICD-O-3
primary sites of cancer (based on the July 2011 CCR
tabulation file), by age group and sex, Canada, provinces
and territories, annual, CANSIM (database).
Statistics Canada. Table 103-0553 New cases and
age-standardized rate for ICD-O-3 primary sites of cancer
(based on the July 2011 CCR tabulation file), by sex, Canada,
provinces and territories, annual, CANSIM (database).
Public Health Agency of Canada. Chronic Disease Infobase
Cubes. Ottawa, Canada.
References
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23
CHAPTER 1
TABLE 1.1 Lifetime probability of developing cancer overall and by age group, Canada, 2010
Lifetime probability of
developing cancer
%
One in:
Males
All cancers*
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Kidney
Melanoma
Oral
Pancreas
Stomach
Esophagus
Multiple myeloma
Brain/CNS
Liver
Larynx
Thyroid
Testis
Hodgkin lymphoma
Females
All cancers*
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
Body of uterus
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Thyroid
Ovary
Leukemia
Melanoma
Pancreas
Bladder
Kidney
Oral
Stomach
Multiple myeloma
Cervix
Brain/CNS
Esophagus
Liver
Hodgkin lymphoma
Larynx
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
44.7
12.8
8.4
7.2
3.8
2.3
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
2.2
8
12
14
27
43
53
56
57
68
78
81
116
118
125
133
173
188
245
432
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.7
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
5.8
1.6
0.7
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
14.0
4.8
2.2
1.9
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
20.6
5.6
4.0
3.1
1.6
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
20.4
4.1
3.7
3.2
2.0
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
41.5
11.7
6.9
6.3
2.8
2.0
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
2.4
9
15
16
36
50
56
71
72
74
75
84
90
133
135
143
152
153
348
373
498
959
1.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
3.3
1.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
6.4
2.2
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10.7
3.2
1.8
1.2
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
14.5
3.3
2.9
2.2
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
14.6
2.6
2.2
2.7
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, Canadian Vital Statistics Death databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
24
CHAPTER 1
TABLE 1.2 Estimated new cases and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for cancers by sex, Canada, 2015
New cases (2015 estimates)
All cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Prostate
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma
Body of uterus
Thyroid
Kidney
Leukemia
Pancreas
Oral
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Esophagus
Liver
Cervix
Larynx
Testis
Hodgkins lymphoma
All other cancers
Non-melanoma skin
Total*
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
196,900
26,600
25,200
25,100
24,000
8,300
8,200
6,800
6,300
6,300
6,200
6,200
4,800
4,400
3,400
3,000
2,800
2,700
2,200
2,200
1,500
1,050
1,050
1,000
18,000
78,300
100,500
13,600
220
14,000
24,000
6,200
4,500
3,700
1,450
3,900
3,500
2,400
2,900
2,100
1,750
1,500
1,700
1,650
880
1,050
540
9,000
44,400
96,400
13,000
25,000
11,100
2,100
3,700
3,100
6,300
4,800
2,300
2,700
2,400
1,450
1,250
1,250
2,800
1,150
500
550
1,500
170
460
8,900
34,000
398.0
51.9
52.1
49.0
99.3
15.8
16.8
14.4
23.9
14.9
12.7
12.9
9.3
8.8
6.6
6.9
10.8
5.1
4.2
4.4
7.5
2.1
6.4
2.8
35.6
431.3
57.6
0.9
59.5
99.3
26.2
19.8
16.1
6.7
16.7
15.7
10.3
12.4
9.1
8.2
6.3
7.0
7.0
3.7
6.4
3.0
39.3
374.3
47.5
99.7
39.7
7.3
14.2
13.2
23.9
23.1
9.0
10.5
8.4
5.6
4.5
5.7
10.8
4.1
1.8
2.0
7.5
0.6
2.5
32.7
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
25
CHAPTER 1
TABLE 1.3 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for selected* cancers, males, Canada, 19862015
Cases per 100,000
Year
All cancers
Prostate
Colorectal
Lung
Stomach
Liver
Thyroid
Larynx
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
453.9
458.5
460.9
453.8
460.2
472.4
490.5
503.2
491.5
467.1
458.3
461.3
461.3
472.1
476.6
482.6
466.7
462.6
466.5
465.5
465.0
469.3
457.6
452.6
440.4
443.7
440.5
86.1
89.5
90.4
91.8
99.8
112.5
125.8
140.8
129.9
111.9
110.1
115.7
115.1
119.6
124.9
133.3
123.9
120.5
122.7
122.1
126.2
126.1
115.5
113.1
108.4
107.9
105.6
63.5
63.4
63.4
62.0
61.9
61.8
63.4
61.0
62.1
60.6
59.5
59.2
61.4
62.2
64.2
63.2
62.6
60.4
61.6
61.5
60.5
61.0
61.6
60.1
57.0
59.8
59.8
96.1
94.8
95.1
93.3
92.4
90.5
90.6
91.6
86.9
84.8
82.3
79.4
80.7
79.6
77.1
77.0
74.5
72.4
72.4
71.2
69.1
69.3
67.0
65.9
63.2
62.5
61.3
Bladder Melanoma
32.5
33.2
32.9
30.3
29.9
30.5
30.2
30.4
30.3
29.6
28.6
29.7
28.4
30.0
28.9
28.0
28.1
28.6
28.7
27.6
27.7
27.1
27.9
27.6
27.5
27.0
26.8
9.0
9.6
10.4
9.3
10.1
9.1
10.4
10.3
10.8
11.2
11.0
11.4
11.1
12.8
12.6
12.8
12.2
12.9
12.7
12.7
13.6
13.8
14.6
15.0
14.8
15.3
15.5
18.0
17.4
17.0
16.7
15.8
15.6
14.6
14.3
14.2
13.3
13.6
13.1
12.6
12.6
12.3
12.0
11.0
11.7
11.4
11.1
10.8
10.6
10.3
10.1
9.4
9.6
9.5
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.8
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.4
4.6
4.7
5.3
5.4
5.1
5.4
5.8
5.8
6.4
6.1
6.4
6.1
6.5
6.6
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.6
4.0
3.7
4.0
4.7
5.0
5.2
5.6
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.2
8.8
8.8
8.6
8.1
7.7
8.4
8.1
7.4
7.5
7.4
6.9
6.6
6.7
6.6
5.9
6.1
5.8
5.4
5.3
5.2
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.7
4.7
4.2
4.1
2013
2014
2015
437.5
434.3
431.3
103.5
101.4
99.3
59.7
59.6
59.5
60.0
58.8
57.6
26.6
26.4
26.2
15.8
16.0
16.1
9.3
9.2
9.1
6.7
6.9
7.0
6.4
6.5
6.7
3.9
3.8
3.7
* Five most frequent cancers (both sexes combined) and cancers with a
statistically significant change in incidence rate of at least 2% per year
(see Table 1.5).
Rates for these years are estimated based on all provinces and
territories. Actual data were available to 2010. These estimates are
based on long-term trends and may not reflect recent changes in trends.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
26
CHAPTER 1
TABLE 1.4 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for selected* cancers, females, Canada, 19862015
Cases per 100,000
Year
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
All cancers
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
Body of
uterus
325.4
331.6
336.8
330.6
333.6
338.0
344.2
343.6
344.1
342.2
340.5
344.7
352.5
353.3
355.1
352.8
358.7
351.6
354.4
361.0
360.9
365.2
363.0
368.7
368.9
369.3
370.5
371.7
373.1
374.3
88.6
91.1
97.8
96.4
96.0
100.2
102.2
99.3
99.3
99.0
99.0
102.5
103.6
105.6
101.9
100.5
102.5
97.0
97.4
98.6
98.5
99.0
96.9
99.2
101.2
99.2
99.3
99.4
99.6
99.7
31.5
33.2
34.6
34.9
36.3
37.5
39.7
40.6
39.8
40.8
42.0
42.0
43.7
43.5
45.1
45.1
45.7
45.6
46.3
47.6
48.0
47.9
48.5
48.3
46.8
48.0
48.0
48.0
47.8
47.5
47.1
46.7
45.0
44.3
44.5
43.2
43.3
43.2
42.6
41.5
40.2
40.5
42.9
42.0
43.0
42.4
42.1
41.2
41.7
41.5
40.3
41.0
40.8
40.5
39.9
40.1
40.0
39.9
39.8
39.7
19.5
20.5
20.1
18.7
19.0
18.9
18.9
19.7
19.5
18.6
18.5
19.0
19.4
19.2
19.4
18.9
19.7
19.5
19.4
19.5
20.1
20.9
20.8
21.4
22.8
22.5
22.8
23.2
23.6
23.9
Thyroid Melanoma
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.6
5.8
5.9
6.8
7.1
7.6
7.6
7.8
7.8
8.2
9.5
10.4
11.2
13.3
13.6
15.1
16.7
16.8
18.0
19.1
19.8
20.6
20.7
21.3
21.8
22.5
23.1
8.3
9.3
9.2
8.6
8.5
8.8
8.7
9.0
9.1
9.4
9.6
9.6
9.6
10.0
10.3
10.2
10.0
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
11.3
11.7
12.3
12.0
12.4
12.6
12.8
13.0
13.2
Bladder
7.9
8.6
9.0
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.6
8.2
7.8
7.9
7.4
7.7
8.1
7.8
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.8
7.7
7.8
7.6
7.9
7.2
7.7
7.2
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.3
Liver
Larynx
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
* Five most frequent cancers (both sexes combined) and cancers with a
statistically significant change in incidence rate of at least 2% per year
(see Table 1.5).
Rates for these years are estimated based on all provinces and
territories. Actual data were available to 2010. These estimates are
based on long-term trends and may not reflect recent changes in trends.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
27
CHAPTER 1
TABLE 1.5 Annual percent change (APC) in age-standardized incidence rates for selected cancers, by sex, Canada, 20012010
Males
APC
All cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Prostate
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma
Kidney
Thyroid
Body of uterus
Leukemia
Pancreas
Oral
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Liver
Esophagus
Cervix
Larynx
Testis
Hodgkin lymphoma
0.7**
1.9**
0.7**
1.6**
0.3
0.3
2.3**
1.3**
6.3**
0.3
0.3
1.2
2.2**
0.1
0.6
2.3**
1.5**
2.9**
1.7**
0.1
Females
Changepoint
2006
APC
0.5**
0.4
0.5
0.6**
0.4
0.4
2.9**
1.1
4.4**
2.6**
1.1**
0.1
0.5
1.3**
0.2
1.0**
0.3
2.4**
0.2
0.7
3.5**
0.2
Changepoint
2006
2004
2004
2005
2004
CNS=central nervous system
Not applicable or small number of cancer cases
* Significant increase or decrease in APC, p<0.05.
** Significant increase or decrease in APC, p<0.01.
2005
Changepoint indicates the baseline year for the APC shown, if the
slope of the trend changed after 2001.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
28
CHAPTER 2
Incidence by sex, age and geography: Who gets cancer in Canada?
Highlights
Incidence by age
FIGURE 2.1 Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined, by sex, Canada, 19862015
Introduction
Cancer strikes males and females, young and old, and
those in different regions across Canada on a decidedly
uneven basis. This chapter examines incidence by sex,
age and geographic region to see how cancer affects
people in Canada.
Incidence by sex
600
500
500
400
400
Incidence
Mortality
Females
300
300
200
200
100
100
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting system, Canadian Vital Statistics Death databases at Statistics
Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
Males
Incidence
Mortality
29
CHAPTER 2
FIGURE 2.2 Distribution of new cancer cases for selected cancers by age group, Canada, 20062010
100
N=4,600
N=12,300
Thyroid
(16%)
90
Leukemia
(32%)
80
% of cases
60
Hodgkin
lymphoma
(12%)
CNS
(19%)
50
40
N=90,500
Breast
(25%)
Testis
(13%)
70
Lymphoma
(11%)
Neuroblastoma
and other PNC (8%)
30
Melanoma
(8%)
Brain/CNS
(7%)
Leukemia
(6%)
Thyroid
(10%)
Colorectal (8%)
N=366,500
N=360,800
Prostate
(17%)
Lung
(17%)
Breast
(15%)
Colorectal
(15%)
Lung
(14%)
Prostate
(13%)
Melanoma (6%)
Lung (5%)
Colorectal
(11%)
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (5%)
Breast
(9%)
Bladder
(6%)
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (4%)
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (6%)
Breast (4%)
20
10
Other
(28%)
Other
(41%)
Other
(43%)
3049
5069
Other
(36%)
014
1529
70+
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
30
CHAPTER 2
FIGURE 2.3 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for all cancers, by age group, Canada, 19862015
100
140
1,800
1,800
1,600
1,600
120
1,400
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
1986 1990
1995
2000
Females (019)
Females (2029)
Females (3039)
2005
2010
2015
1,200
1,000
1,200
1,000
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
1986 1990
Males (019)
Males (2029)
Males (3039)
1995
2000
Females (4049)
Females (5059)
Females (6069)
2005
2010
2015
4,000
3,500
1,400
800
4,000
2,000
Estimated
120
2,000
Estimated
140
160
Estimated
160
3,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
Males (4049)
Males (5059)
Males (6069)
1986 1990
1995
2000
Females (7079)
Females (80+)
2005
2010
Males (7079)
Males (80+)
2015
1,000
Viewdata
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
31
CHAPTER 2
FIGURE 2.4 Geographic distribution of estimated new cancer cases and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) by province and territory,
both sexes, Canada, 2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
32
CHAPTER 2
Databases
Statistics Canada. Table 103-0550 New cases for ICD-O-3
primary sites of cancer (based on the July 2011 CCR
tabulation file), by age group and sex, Canada, provinces
and territories, annual, CANSIM (database).
Statistics Canada. Table 103-0553 New cases and
age-standardized rate for ICD-O-3 primary sites of cancer
(based on the July 2011 CCR tabulation file), by sex, Canada,
provinces and territories, annual, CANSIM (database).
References
1. Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller CA, Lacour B, Kaatsch P. International classification of
childhood cancer. 3rd ed. Cancer. 2005;103:14571467.
2. Health Canada. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS). Ottawa; 2012.
33
CHAPTER 2
TABLE 2.1 Estimated population and new cases for all cancers by age group and sex, Canada, 2015
Population (in thousands)
Age
Total*
Males
Females
Total*
Males
Females
All ages
019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
80+
36,104
7,991
4,938
4,950
4,846
5,383
4,132
2,350
1,516
17,913
4,102
2,512
2,480
2,436
2,688
2,012
1,100
583
18,191
3,889
2,426
2,470
2,409
2,695
2,120
1,250
933
196,900
1,500
2,200
5,400
12,800
34,700
54,900
48,000
37,400
100,500
810
1,050
1,800
4,400
16,500
30,700
27,000
18,300
96,400
690
1,200
3,600
8,400
18,200
24,200
21,000
19,100
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database, Census and Demographics Branch at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
TABLE 2.2 Estimated new cases for the most common cancers by age group and sex, Canada, 2015
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Breast
Age
Total*
Males
Females
Total*
Males
Females
Males
Females
All ages
019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
80+
26,600
10
25
90
640
3,700
7,900
8,400
5,900
13,600
5
10
30
270
1,700
4,100
4,500
3,000
13,000
5
15
60
370
1,950
3,800
3,900
2,900
25,100
10
80
310
1,100
3,700
6,700
7,000
6,200
14,000
5
40
160
570
2,100
4,100
4,100
2,900
11,100
5
40
150
520
1,550
2,600
2,900
3,300
24,000
5
460
4,400
9,600
6,400
3,100
25,000
5
120
1,050
3,300
6,200
6,800
4,500
3,100
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
34
CHAPTER 2
TABLE 2.3 Estimated population and new cases for all cancers by sex and geographic region, Canada, 2015
Population (in thousands)
CANADA
British Columbia (BC)
Alberta (AB)
Saskatchewan (SK)
Manitoba (MB)
Ontario (ON)
Quebec (QC)
New Brunswick (NB)
Nova Scotia (NS)
Prince Edward Island (PE)
Newfoundland and Labrador (NL)
Yukon (YT)
Northwest Territories (NT)
Nunavut (NU)
Total*
Males
Females
Total*
Males
Females
36,104
4,888
3,996
1,068
1,300
14,128
8,214
769
967
149
510
35
45
34
17,913
2,423
2,032
532
649
6,970
4,078
378
471
73
249
18
23
18
18,191
2,465
1,964
536
652
7,158
4,136
391
496
76
261
17
22
17
196,900
25,400
17,000
5,500
6,700
76,000
50,100
5,100
6,300
910
3,500
140
160
80
100,500
13,400
9,000
2,800
3,400
38,300
24,900
2,800
3,300
510
1,950
70
80
40
96,400
12,000
8,000
2,700
3,300
37,700
25,200
2,300
3,000
400
1,550
70
80
40
At the time the data were received, Ontario did not report in situ bladder
cancer; this should be considered when making comparisons across
provinces.
The number of cases for some cancers used to calculate the overall 2015
incidence estimates for this province was underestimated.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database, Census and Demographics Branch at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
35
CHAPTER 2
TABLE 2.4 Estimated new cases for selected cancers by sex and province, Canada, 2015
Males
All cancers
Prostate
Colorectal
Lung
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Kidney
Melanoma
Leukemia
Oral
Pancreas
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Esophagus
Liver
Multiple myeloma
Thyroid
Testis
Females
All cancers
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
Body of uterus
Thyroid
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma
Ovary
Leukemia
Pancreas
Kidney
Bladder
Cervix
Oral
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Multiple myeloma
Liver
Esophagus
Canada*
BC
AB
SK
MB
100,500
24,000
14,000
13,600
6,200
4,500
3,900
3,700
3,500
2,900
2,400
2,100
1,750
1,700
1,650
1,500
1,450
1,050
96,400
25,000
13,000
11,100
6,300
4,800
3,700
3,100
2,800
2,700
2,400
2,300
2,100
1,500
1,450
1,250
1,250
1,150
550
500
ON
QC
13,400
3,800
1,750
1,550
890
640
350
550
490
380
330
270
200
210
250
190
120
150
9,000
2,200
1,250
1,100
610
440
360
320
350
260
220
200
150
200
150
140
130
110
2,800
690
430
360
200
140
120
75
120
65
70
65
45
40
25
40
20
30
12,000
3,400
1,600
1,400
870
300
510
460
310
340
310
200
290
180
180
140
150
140
85
75
8,000
2,300
1,050
910
540
370
360
260
190
260
220
220
180
170
110
85
110
110
55
50
2,700
710
410
340
170
50
110
65
80
85
75
75
70
45
35
35
35
35
10
15
NB
NS
3,400
740
540
430
220
150
160
110
140
120
85
90
50
50
40
45
35
40
38,300
9,700
5,100
4,600
1,650
1,750
1,500
1,750
1,450
1,200
910
780
740
700
700
600
680
410
3,300
860
460
430
250
100
140
80
100
80
80
80
70
50
55
40
40
35
15
15
37,700
9,800
4,400
4,100
2,600
2,500
1,450
1,500
1,200
1,200
860
950
510
640
610
510
490
480
190
200
PE
NL
24,900
4,600
3,700
4,300
2,000
1,000
1,000
510
730
680
650
540
440
350
410
370
360
230
2,800
780
370
430
180
110
140
95
85
65
65
55
35
45
20
35
35
20
3,300
710
510
480
230
140
150
160
80
90
65
65
50
55
40
45
30
25
510
140
65
75
30
15
20
25
15
15
10
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
1,950
540
330
280
100
85
75
50
35
45
30
55
25
20
15
20
15
10
25,200
6,100
4,000
2,900
1,450
1,200
810
440
700
540
660
580
750
290
350
330
360
270
160
110
2,300
570
380
260
140
110
95
90
65
50
70
80
65
30
30
35
30
30
5
10
3,000
780
480
410
160
90
120
140
65
60
80
100
75
45
40
40
40
30
10
20
400
110
60
55
25
10
15
15
10
10
10
15
10
10
10
5
5
5
1,550
360
190
230
95
40
70
35
30
20
25
50
35
30
15
30
20
15
5
5
The number of cases for some cancers used to calculate the overall 2015
estimates for this province was underestimated.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
36
CHAPTER 2
TABLE 2.5 Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for selected cancers by sex and province, Canada, 2015
Cases per 100,000
Canada*
Males
All cancers
Prostate
Colorectal
Lung
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Kidney
Melanoma
Leukemia
Oral
Pancreas
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Esophagus
Thyroid
Liver
Testis
Multiple myeloma
Females
All cancers
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
Body of uterus
Thyroid
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma
Ovary
Leukemia
Kidney
Pancreas
Cervix
Bladder
Oral
Brain/CNS
Stomach
Multiple myeloma
Liver
Esophagus
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
431
99
60
58
26
20
17
16
16
12
10
9
8
7
7
7
6
6
405
111
51
46
26
20
11
17
16
11
10
8
7
6
4
7
7
6
407
96
57
50
28
20
16
14
16
11
10
9
7
9
6
6
6
6
402
98
62
51
28
21
18
11
18
9
10
9
7
6
4
4
7
6
428
91
67
54
28
19
20
14
18
14
11
11
7
6
5
5
7
6
432
107
57
51
18
20
17
20
17
13
10
9
9
8
8
8
6
7
444
79
65
75
36
18
18
10
14
12
11
10
9
6
7
7
7
7
491
130
65
74
32
20
24
17
16
11
11
10
7
8
7
3
6
6
465
95
71
67
33
20
22
23
12
13
9
9
8
8
5
5
6
6
484
126
60
71
30
16
20
24
14
14
12
8
7
8
6
4
7
7
507
133
85
70
26
23
19
14
10
12
7
14
8
5
5
3
5
5
374
100
48
40
24
23
14
13
11
11
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
4
2
2
337
100
41
36
24
11
14
14
9
10
5
8
6
7
5
5
4
4
2
2
333
96
44
37
22
17
15
11
8
11
9
9
8
7
4
5
3
4
2
2
357
96
51
42
22
9
15
9
10
11
10
9
9
9
5
5
4
5
1
2
371
100
49
44
28
15
15
10
12
9
9
8
7
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
385
101
42
39
26
31
15
16
13
13
10
8
8
5
6
6
5
4
2
2
396
101
60
41
22
25
13
8
11
9
9
9
6
11
6
7
5
4
2
1
373
93
56
39
21
22
15
16
11
9
13
10
7
10
5
6
5
4
1
2
387
102
56
49
20
16
16
20
8
8
13
9
8
9
5
6
5
4
1
2
338
95
45
44
19
10
13
16
10
8
11
8
10
7
7
5
4
4
375
86
42
53
23
13
16
9
8
6
12
5
10
8
4
5
8
3
1
1
The number of cases for some cancers that were used to calculate the
overall 2015 estimates for this province was underestimated.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
37
CHAPTER 3
Mortality: How many people in Canada die of cancer?
Highlights
Males
Females
29%
(1 in 3.5)
24%
(1 in 4.1)
Introduction
Each hour, an estimated nine people will die of cancer
in Canada, in 2015. Monitoring cancer deaths over
time allows us to measure progress in reducing cancer
deaths and contemplate the implications of changing
patterns on the Canadian healthcare system.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
38
CHAPTER 3
Canada, 2015
An estimated 78,000 Canadians are expected to die
from cancer in 2015 (Table 3.2).
Lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancers account
for approximately 50% of all cancer deaths combined
Males
Males
in each sex (Figure 3.2). Although it is much less
41,000
41,000
commonly diagnosed than many other cancers,
Deaths
Deaths
pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of
Lung 26.6%
cancer death in both sexes because of its low survival
Colorectal 12.4%
rate.
Prostate 10.1%
Pancreas 5.6%
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for
Bladder 4.0%
both sexes. It is responsible for approximately equal
Esophagus 3.9%
proportions of all cancer deaths in both males and
Leukemia 3.8%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3.5%
females.
Stomach 3.1%
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause
Brain/CNS 3.0%
of cancer death for males and the third most
Kidney 2.7%
Liver 2.1%
common cause of cancer death for females.
Oral 2.0%
Breast cancer is the second most common cause of
Melanoma 1.8%
cancer death in females.
Multiple myeloma
1.8%
Larynx 0.8%
Prostate cancer is the third most common cause of
Breast 0.1%
cancer death in males.
All other cancers
12.5%
Females
Females
Deaths
Deaths
37,000 37,000
Lung 27.0%
Breast 13.6%
Colorectal 11.5%
Pancreas 6.2%
Ovary 4.7%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3.3%
Leukemia 3.1%
Body of uterus
2.8%
Brain/CNS 2.3%
Stomach 2.1%
Bladder 1.8%
Kidney 1.8%
Multiple myeloma
1.7%
Esophagus 1.2%
Melanoma 1.1%
Oral 1.1%
Cervix 1.0%
Liver 0.7%
Larynx 0.2%
All other cancers
12.8%
39
CHAPTER 3
FIGURE 3.3 Deaths and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for all cancers, Canada, 19862015
600
70
Males
ASMR
Deaths
500
60
50
400
40
300
30
Estimated
20
200
10
100
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
600
70
Females
ASMR
Deaths
500
60
50
400
40
300
30
Estimated
20
200
10
100
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
2010
2015
Viewdata
40
CHAPTER 3
FIGURE 3.4 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for selected* cancers, males, Canada, 19862015
90
Estimated
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
Breast cancer
The female breast cancer death rate has been declining
since the mid-1980s. After its peak in 1986, the
age-standardized mortality rate has fallen 44%, from
32.0 deaths per 100,000 in 1986 to a projected rate of
17.9 deaths per 100,000 in 2015. The downward trend
has accelerated to 2.5% per year since 2001, which is
likely due to a combination of increased
mammography screening(1) and the use of more
effective therapies following breast cancer surgery.(2,3)
Mammographic screening between ages 40 through 79
reduced subsequent mortality rates from breast cancer.(4)
However, most provincial screening programs target
women >50 ages, reflecting the uncertainty about the
role of mammography in the reduction in breast
cancer mortality in younger women. One Canadian
study found no benefit to mammography in women
between 4050 years of age(5) while other studies report
a benefit.(6,7) Both pre-diagnosis and post-diagnosis
physical activity was associated with reduced breast
80
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Males
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Viewdata
20
Estimated
15
15
10
10
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
2010
2015
Males
Stomach
Pancreas
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Larynx
Oral
Liver
41
CHAPTER 3
Cervical cancer
The mortality rate for cervical cancer decreased by
2.3% per year between 2001 and 2010. The decrease in
mortality rate has followed the reduction in the
cervical cancer incidence rate over the same period of
time. The latter is largely the result of Pap test
screening,(12) which has helped detect precancerous
and malignant lesions at an earlier stage when
treatment is more effective. Screening appears to play
more of a role in reducing cervical cancer mortality
among women over the age of 30 years.(13,14)
FIGURE 3.5 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for selected* cancers, females, Canada, 19862015
Estimated
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
Colorectal cancer
The death rate from colorectal cancer continues to
decline for both males (2.5% per year since 2004) and
females (1.8% per year since 2001). The declines in
colorectal cancer death rates are consistent with a
relatively large contribution from screening and with a
smaller impact of risk factor reductions and improved
treatments.(15) In Canada, higher colorectal cancer
death rates have been seen in areas of lower income
despite universal access to healthcare.(16) Physical
activity is associated with a reduction in colorectal
cancer mortality.(9,17)
50
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
Viewdata
Estimated
10
10
Females
Pancreas
Stomach
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Body of Uterus
Cervix
Liver
Larynx
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health of Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
2015
15
2010
Females
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
2010
2015
42
CHAPTER 3
Larynx cancer
Deaths due to larynx cancer have been declining by
more than 4% per year in both males and females since
2001. The trend in mortality rates has followed the
reduction in the larynx cancer incidence rate during
the same time period. Sustained reductions in tobacco
use following the release of the first US Surgeon
Generals Report in 1964 has had a major impact on
the morality rates of tobacco-related cancers, including
those of the larynx.
Liver cancer
Between 2001 and 2010, the mortality rate of liver
cancer has increased significantly for both males (3.1%
per year) and females (2.2% per year). The upward
trend in mortality rates has followed the increase in
liver cancer incidence rates.
Lung cancer
In males, the mortality rate of lung cancer began to
level off in the late 1980s and has been declining ever
since. The mortality rate for females shows a slight but
statistically significant increase (0.4% per year between
2001 and 2010). However, the death rate in females is
expected to begin to decline in the future, similar to
the trend in the female lung cancer death rate seen in
the United States.(18) Despite the converging trends,
males are projected to continue to have a higher
mortality rate of lung cancer (46.3 per 100,000) than
females (35.6 per 100,000) in 2015. Sustained
reductions in tobacco use following the release of the
first US Surgeon Generals Report in 1964 have had a
major impact on lung cancer death rates in North
America. However, tobacco control efforts are still
needed to further reduce the burden of lung cancer(19)
as approximately 15% of the Canadian population
continues to smoke.(20)
Canadian Cancer Society
Oral cancer
Mortality rates for cancers of oral cavity and pharynx
have declined by 2.4% per year for males between 2001
and 2010. The age-standardized mortality rate has
fallen 45%, from 6.2 deaths per 100,000 in 1986 to a
projected rate of 3.4 deaths per 100,000 in 2015.
Mortality rates in females are stable between 2001 and
2010. These rates likely reflect patterns of smoking
prevalence.(24)
Pancreatic cancer
Although it is much less commonly diagnosed than
many other cancers, pancreatic cancer is the fourth
leading cause of cancer death in both sexes because of
its low survival rate. Mortality rates for pancreatic
cancer have been stable in males and females. The
mortality rates for pancreatic cancer closely reflect the
incidence rates for this cancer due to the low survival.(25)
In other countries, trends in pancreatic cancer
mortality rates have shown wide variation in the past
Prostate cancer
The mortality rate for prostate cancer rose slowly from
1986 to the mid-1990s, when it began to decline. Since
2006, the decline in mortality rate for prostate cancer
has slowed. Nevertheless, the decline likely reflects
improved treatment following the introduction of
hormonal therapy for early and advanced-stage
disease(28,29) and advances in radiation therapy.(30) The
role that screening with the prostate-specific antigen
(PSA) test played in the reduced mortality rate remains
unclear. In 2009, two large randomized trials in the
United States and Europe that studied the use of PSA
testing in males over the age of 55 reported conflicting
results.(31,32) The ongoing follow-up of the men in these
studies may help clarify the role of PSA testing in
reducing deaths from prostate cancer. Diabetes(33,34)
and increasing body mass index(35) may increase risk of
death among men diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Stomach cancer
Between 2001 and 2010, mortality rates for stomach
cancer declined for both males (3.0% per year) and
females (2.3% per year). Mortality rates for both males
and females are less than half of what they were in
1986. The trend in mortality rates has followed the
reduction in the stomach cancer incidence rate during
the same time period and may reflect a reduction in
tobacco use.(36)
43
CHAPTER 3
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45
CHAPTER 3
TABLE 3.1 Lifetime probability of dying from cancer overall and by age group, Canada, 2010
Lifetime probability of
dying from cancer
%
One in:
Males
All cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Pancreas
Brain/CNS
Esophagus
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Stomach
Kidney
Bladder
Oral
Liver
Melanoma
Multiple myeloma
Larynx
Females
All cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Pancreas
Ovary
Brain/CNS
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Body of uterus
Stomach
Cervix
Kidney
Multiple myeloma
Bladder
Esophagus
Oral
Melanoma
Liver
Thyroid
Lifetime probability (%) of dying from cancer in next 10 years by age group
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
28.6
7.7
3.5
3.7
1.4
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
1.2
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.2
3.5
13
29
27
72
153
106
99
96
118
139
82
200
224
227
195
412
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
1.8
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
5.3
1.8
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
11.2
3.5
1.4
1.1
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
16.5
3.9
2.1
2.9
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
24.3
5.9
3.3
3.1
1.4
1.1
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
4.1
17
30
32
70
91
197
118
132
156
182
475
234
239
210
324
346
456
684
1,068
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.1
1.8
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.1
1.3
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
7.7
2.4
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
11.0
2.3
1.3
1.6
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
46
CHAPTER 3
TABLE 3.2 Estimated deaths and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for cancers by sex, Canada, 2015
Deaths (2015 estimates)
All cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Breast
Pancreas
Prostate
Leukemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Esophagus
Stomach
Kidney
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Oral
Melanoma
Liver
Body of uterus
Larynx
Cervix
All other cancers
Total*
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
78,000
20,900
9,300
5,100
4,600
4,100
2,700
2,700
2,300
2,100
2,100
2,000
1,800
1,750
1,400
1,200
1,150
1,100
1,050
380
380
9,900
41,000
10,900
5,100
60
2,300
4,100
1,550
1,450
1,600
1,250
1,600
1,300
1,150
740
810
750
860
310
5,100
37,000
10,000
4,200
5,000
2,300
1,150
1,200
680
860
460
760
660
1,750
640
390
420
270
1,050
75
380
4,700
148.0
40.2
17.4
9.7
8.7
17.4
5.2
5.1
4.1
4.4
3.9
3.9
3.4
6.2
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.2
3.7
0.7
1.6
18.3
174.2
46.3
21.6
0.2
9.7
17.4
6.8
6.2
6.8
5.5
6.7
5.5
4.7
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.6
1.3
22.0
128.2
35.6
13.8
17.9
7.8
3.9
4.2
2.1
3.4
1.5
2.6
2.3
6.2
2.2
1.4
1.5
0.9
3.7
0.3
1.6
15.4
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
47
CHAPTER 3
TABLE 3.3 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for selected* cancers, males, Canada, 19862015
Deaths per 100,000
Year
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
All
cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Pancreas
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma
Stomach
Liver
Oral
Larynx
249.0
248.1
254.6
249.4
246.4
247.5
245.2
243.2
242.3
239.3
236.6
232.3
230.7
229.8
225.8
224.3
220.3
215.4
212.1
207.7
201.5
201.7
198.4
194.3
188.8
186.1
183.0
180.0
177.0
174.2
78.8
78.5
81.2
81.0
79.4
78.7
77.6
77.9
75.6
73.3
72.9
70.5
70.2
70.4
64.3
64.7
64.5
62.7
60.6
59.8
57.5
57.3
55.0
54.7
52.8
51.1
49.8
48.6
47.4
46.3
31.9
31.9
32.3
31.9
30.8
30.3
31.0
29.6
30.2
30.0
29.4
28.8
28.8
28.4
28.4
27.0
27.6
26.7
26.7
26.4
24.8
24.6
24.7
23.6
22.8
22.9
22.5
22.2
21.8
21.5
29.4
29.4
30.7
29.7
30.1
31.2
31.1
31.1
30.8
31.1
29.0
28.8
28.1
26.9
26.9
26.7
25.1
24.0
23.4
21.9
20.8
20.8
20.5
19.9
19.7
18.9
18.5
18.1
17.7
17.4
12.8
12.6
11.8
11.5
11.3
11.0
11.2
11.1
11.0
10.7
10.9
10.0
10.4
10.6
10.1
10.3
9.8
10.3
10.4
9.8
9.8
10.3
10.0
10.2
9.5
9.9
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.7
7.7
7.1
7.8
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.1
7.7
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.7
8.9
9.2
9.0
9.1
8.5
8.5
8.3
7.9
7.5
7.9
7.4
7.4
6.9
6.9
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.2
13.1
12.9
12.8
12.3
11.3
10.3
10.7
9.7
9.8
9.6
9.5
9.0
8.6
8.4
8.1
7.6
7.3
7.4
7.0
6.8
7.0
6.5
6.2
6.1
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.5
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.4
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.6
6.2
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.6
6.0
5.4
5.6
5.3
5.2
5.0
5.0
4.7
4.7
3.9
4.6
4.7
4.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
Rates for these years are estimated based on all provinces and
territories. Actual mortality data were available to 2010. These
estimates are based on long-term trends and may not reflect recent
changes in trends. The complete definition of the specific cancers
listed here can be found in Table A10.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
48
CHAPTER 3
TABLE 3.4 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for selected* cancers, females, Canada, 19862015
Deaths per 100,000
Year
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
All
cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Pancreas
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma
Body of
uterus
Stomach
Cervix
Liver
Larynx
154.4
154.0
155.3
153.0
152.9
153.7
153.1
154.9
155.2
152.0
155.2
150.4
151.3
149.8
149.8
148.2
149.2
148.1
147.0
143.7
141.5
141.6
140.5
137.5
136.2
134.3
132.8
131.3
129.7
128.2
23.9
25.3
26.9
26.9
27.5
29.5
29.6
31.7
31.9
31.3
33.6
32.6
34.5
34.9
34.4
34.4
35.2
35.3
36.1
35.9
36.8
36.2
36.2
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.1
35.8
35.6
32.0
31.3
31.4
31.2
31.3
30.1
30.4
29.4
30.0
28.7
28.9
27.8
26.4
25.2
25.0
25.0
24.4
24.1
23.1
22.6
21.5
21.8
21.0
20.5
19.9
19.5
19.0
18.6
18.2
17.9
23.3
22.8
22.6
21.2
21.2
20.6
20.1
20.2
19.8
19.7
19.6
18.7
19.1
18.5
18.1
17.6
17.5
16.9
17.1
16.7
15.7
16.4
15.8
15.2
14.9
14.8
14.5
14.3
14.0
13.8
8.5
8.7
8.1
7.8
8.2
8.0
8.0
8.3
8.4
7.9
8.3
8.0
8.0
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.8
8.1
8.2
7.8
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
5.1
5.2
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.8
6.0
5.7
6.1
5.7
5.7
5.5
5.8
5.0
4.9
5.2
4.8
4.7
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.2
3.6
4.1
3.6
3.7
3.9
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.0
3.2
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
6.1
5.7
5.1
5.5
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.4
3.9
3.8
4.0
3.9
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.2
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Rates for these years are estimated based on all provinces and
territories. Actual data were available to 2010. These estimates are
based on long-term trends and may not reflect recent changes in
trends. The complete definition of the specific cancers listed here can
be found in Table A10.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
49
CHAPTER 3
TABLE 3.5 Annual percent change (APC) in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for selected cancers, by sex, Canada, 20012010
Males
APC
All cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Breast
Pancreas
Prostate
Leukemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Bladder
Stomach
Esophagus
Brain/CNS
Kidney
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Oral
Liver
Melanoma
Body of uterus
Larynx
Cervix
1.8**
2.3**
2.5**
0.4
1.6**
1.5**
2.6**
0.1
3.0**
0.3
0.6
0.7
1.7*
2.4**
3.1**
1.8*
4.6**
Females
Changepoint
2004
2006
APC
1.2**
0.4*
1.8**
2.5**
0.2
0.6
2.8**
0.5
2.3**
0.8
0.0
0.8
1.9**
1.9**
0.9
2.2**
0.5
2.8*
4.1*
2.3**
Changepoint
2002
2005
Changepoint indicates the baseline year for the APC shown, if the
slope of the trend changed after 2001.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
50
CHAPTER 4
Mortality by sex, age and geography: Who dies of cancer in Canada?
Highlights
Mortality by sex
FIGURE 4.1 Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined, by sex, Canada, 19862015
Rate (per 100,000)
Introduction
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
1986
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System, Canadian Vital Statistics Death databases at Statistics
Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
Mortality
Incidence
Females
100
Males
Mortality
Incidence
Viewdata
51
CHAPTER 4
Mortality by age
FIGURE 4.2 Distribution of cancer deaths for selected cancers by age group, Canada, 20062010
N=600
90
80
N=1,500
N=17,700
Leukemia
(16%)
Lung
(18%)
Brain/CNS
(15%)
Leukemia
(26%)
Connective
tissue (10%)
Colorectal (6%)
40
30
Lung
(25%)
Breast
(16%)
Neuroblastoma
and other PNC
(11%)
Malignant bone
(5%)
Renal tumours (4%)
Colorectal (9%)
Colorectal (11%)
Brain
(8%)
Breast
(8%)
Pancreas (4%)
Pancreas (6%)
Prostate
(7%)
Breast
(6%)
Pancreas (5%)
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (6%)
Hodgkin lymphoma (4%)
Melanoma (4%)
Soft tissue
(8%)
20
N=213,000
Colorectal (13%)
Bone
(11%)
60
50
N=118,200
Lung
(31%)
CNS
(34%)
70
% of cancer deaths
100
Other
(45%)
Other
(44%)
Other
(43%)
3049
5069
70+
Other
(28%)
10
Other
(11%)
014
1529
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
CHAPTER 4
The number of cancer deaths per 100,000 people, standardized to the age structure of the 1991 Canadian
population to account for changes in age distribution over time.
In this section, age standardization is used to adjust for differences in age distributions among the provinces and
territories, which allows for more accurate comparisons.
Province or territory
Refers to the province or territory of a persons usual place of residence at the time of their death.
The most recent actual data for provinces and territories are available to 2010 (see Tables A5 and A6 in Appendix I:
Actual data for new cases and deaths).
FIGURE 4.3 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for all cancers, by age group, Canada, 19862015
800
700
20
15
15
10
10
1986 1990
1995
2000
Females (019)
Females (2029)
Females (3039)
2005
2010
600
600
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
1986 1990
Males (019)
Males (2029)
Males (3039)
1995
2000
Females (4049)
Females (5059)
Females (6069)
2005
2010
3,000
2,500
700
500
800
500
2015
3,000
2,500
Estimated
20
900
25
25
900
30
Estimated
Estimated
30
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
2015
Males (4049)
Males (5059)
Males (6069)
2,000
1,500
1,000
1986 1990
1995
2000
Females (7079)
Females (80+)
2005
2010
500
2015
Males (7079)
Males (80+)
Viewdata
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
Age Groups 0 to 39
30
Age Groups 40 to 69
900
900
800
30
25
700
700
3000
3000
2500
2500
53
CHAPTER 4
FIGURE 4.4 Geographic distribution of estimated cancer deaths and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) by province and territory, both sexes,
Canada, 2015
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
54
CHAPTER 4
References
1. Autier P, Boniol M, LaVecchia C, Vatten L, Gavin A, Hry C, Heanue M. Disparities in
breast cancer mortality trends between 30 European countries: retrospective trend
analysis of WHO mortality database. BMJ. 2010 Aug 11. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3620.
2. Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, Fryback DG, Clarke L, Zelen M, Mandelblatt JS, Yakovlev
AY, Habbema JD, Feuer EJ, Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network
(CISNET) Collaborators. Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast
cancer. NEJM. 2005;353(17):178492.
3. Anders CK, Hsu DS, Broadwater G, Acharya CR, Foekens JA, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Marcom PK,
Marks JR, Febbo PG, Nevins JR, Potti A, Blackwell KL. Young age at diagnosis correlates
with worse prognosis and defines a subset of breast cancers with shared patterns of
gene expression. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(20):332430.
4. Collins LC, Marotti JD, Gelber S, Cole K, Ruddy K, Kereakoglow S, Brachtel EF, Schapira L,
Come SE, Winer EP, Partridge AH. Pathologic features and molecular phenotype by patient
age in a large cohort of young women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat.
2012;131(3):10616.
5. Partridge AH, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, Wong YN, Edge SB, Theriault RL, Blayney DW,
Niland JC, Winer EP, Weeks JC, Tamimi RM. The effect of age on delay in diagnosis and
stage of breast cancer. Oncologist. 2012;17(6):77582.
6. Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller CA, Lacour B, Kaatsch P. International classification of
childhood cancer, third edition. Cancer. 2005;103:14571467.
7. Reid JL, Hammond D, Rynard VL, Burkhalter R. Tobacco use in Canada: patterns and
trends, 2014 edition. Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo;
2014.
8. Corsi DJ, Boyle MH, Lear SA, Chow CK, Teo KK, Subramanian SV. Trends in smoking in
Canada from 1950 to 2011: progression of the tobacco epidemic according to
socioeconomic status and geography. Cancer Causes & Control. 2014;25(1):4557.
9. Schmetzer O, Flrcken A. Sex differences in the drug therapy for oncologic diseases.
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 2012;(214):41142.
55
CHAPTER 4
TABLE 4.1 Estimated population and deaths for all cancers by age group and sex, Canada, 2015
Population (in thousands)
Age
Total*
Males
Females
Total*
Males
Females
All ages
019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
80+
36,104
7,991
4,938
4,950
4,846
5,383
4,132
2,350
1,516
17,913
4,102
2,512
2,480
2,436
2,688
2,012
1,100
583
18,191
3,889
2,426
2,470
2,409
2,695
2,120
1,250
933
78,000
170
200
640
2,300
8,800
17,600
21,500
26,600
41,000
90
110
270
1,050
4,500
9,700
12,000
13,300
37,000
75
90
370
1,300
4,300
7,900
9,500
13,300
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database and Census and Demographics Branch at Statistics Canada
TABLE 4.2 Estimated deaths for the most common cancers by age group and sex, Canada, 2015
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Breast
Age
Total*
Males
Females
Total*
Males
Females
Males
Females
All ages
019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
80+
20,900
5
40
400
2,500
5,600
6,700
5,700
11,000
15
190
1,250
3,000
3,600
2,900
10,000
5
25
210
1,250
2,600
3,100
2,800
9,300
15
60
250
940
1,900
2,400
3,700
5,100
10
30
130
560
1,200
1,450
1,700
4,200
5
30
120
380
720
980
2,000
4,100
10
140
540
1,100
2,300
5,000
5
100
360
850
1,100
1,000
1,600
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
56
CHAPTER 4
TABLE 4.3 Estimated population and deaths for all cancers by sex and geographic region, Canada, 2015
Population (in thousands)
CANADA
British Columbia (BC)
Alberta (AB)
Saskatchewan (SK)
Manitoba (MB)
Ontario (ON)
Quebec (QC)
New Brunswick (NB)
Nova Scotia (NS)
Prince Edward Island (PE)
Newfoundland and Labrador (NL)
Yukon (YT)
Northwest Territories (NT)
Nunavut (NU)
Total*
Males
Females
Total*
Males
Females
36,104
4,888
3,996
1,068
1,300
14,128
8,214
769
967
149
510
35
45
34
17,913
2,423
2,032
532
649
6,970
4,078
378
471
73
249
18
23
18
18,191
2,465
1,964
536
652
7,158
4,136
391
496
76
261
17
22
17
78,000
10,100
6,500
2,400
2,800
28,500
20,900
1,950
2,700
380
1,500
85
75
55
41,000
5,400
3,500
1,250
1,400
15,200
10,600
970
1,450
190
840
45
40
30
37,000
4,700
3,000
1,150
1,400
13,300
10,300
960
1,250
190
670
40
35
25
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database and Census and Demographics Branch at Statistics Canada
57
CHAPTER 4
TABLE 4.4 Estimated deaths for selected cancers by sex and province, Canada, 2015
Canada*
Males
All cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Pancreas
Esophagus
Bladder
Leukemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Kidney
Liver
Oral
Melanoma
Multiple myeloma
Females
All cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Pancreas
Ovary
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Body of uterus
Brain/CNS
Stomach
Bladder
Kidney
Multiple myeloma
Esophagus
Melanoma
Oral
Cervix
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
41,000
10,900
5,100
4,100
2,300
1,600
1,600
1,550
1,450
1,300
1,250
1,150
860
810
750
740
5,400
1,250
670
600
360
250
260
200
190
130
150
130
160
110
90
95
3,500
830
420
400
180
170
130
120
120
130
120
95
70
75
60
60
1,250
290
160
170
65
50
55
55
55
35
30
40
10
20
20
25
37,000
10,000
5,000
4,200
2,300
1,750
1,200
1,150
1,050
860
780
680
660
640
460
420
390
380
4,700
1,250
610
560
300
250
160
150
110
130
85
90
70
75
75
55
50
40
3,000
780
400
330
210
150
100
95
85
65
65
50
60
60
45
35
35
40
1,150
290
160
120
70
55
40
40
25
25
20
15
20
20
15
10
10
20
NB
NS
PE
NL
1,400
360
180
180
75
65
55
60
45
55
35
55
25
30
20
30
15,200
3,700
1,850
1,600
840
620
600
620
540
470
500
410
350
320
330
280
10,600
3,500
1,300
890
590
310
390
370
370
340
310
270
210
180
170
190
970
340
120
95
60
45
35
35
45
35
30
35
10
20
15
20
1,450
350
200
130
75
60
55
55
55
45
45
50
20
25
30
30
190
60
25
25
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
840
230
140
65
40
25
30
20
20
45
20
25
10
15
15
10
1,400
350
200
160
75
80
45
45
35
25
25
20
25
25
15
10
15
20
13,300
3,400
1,900
1,500
810
660
440
440
420
310
280
260
250
240
180
190
150
150
10,300
3,000
1,350
1,150
630
400
320
270
280
240
230
190
160
170
90
85
100
70
960
260
110
100
70
45
35
30
20
20
25
10
20
20
10
10
10
10
1,250
360
150
160
75
55
50
40
35
30
25
20
25
20
20
10
15
15
190
50
25
20
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
670
170
100
100
30
30
20
15
15
15
25
10
15
10
10
5
5
10
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
58
CHAPTER 4
TABLE 4.5 Estimated age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for selected cancers by sex and province, Canada, 2015
Deaths per 100,000
Canada*
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
174
46
22
17
10
7
7
7
6
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
159
37
20
17
10
7
8
6
6
4
5
4
5
3
3
3
165
39
19
19
8
7
6
6
6
6
5
4
3
3
3
3
178
41
22
22
9
7
7
8
8
5
5
6
1
3
3
3
174
45
22
21
9
8
7
8
6
7
4
7
3
4
3
4
169
41
20
17
9
7
7
7
6
5
6
5
4
3
4
3
188
61
23
16
10
5
7
7
7
6
6
5
4
3
3
3
170
59
21
16
11
7
6
6
8
6
5
6
2
4
3
3
204
50
29
19
10
8
8
8
8
6
6
7
3
4
4
4
177
58
22
23
10
9
7
7
6
5
6
7
224
59
38
19
10
7
8
6
6
12
5
7
2
4
4
3
128
36
18
14
8
6
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
119
32
16
13
7
7
4
4
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
119
32
16
13
8
6
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
132
34
19
13
8
6
5
5
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
3
139
36
20
15
7
8
4
4
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
119
32
18
13
7
6
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
144
44
19
15
9
6
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
136
38
17
14
9
7
5
4
3
4
4
2
3
3
2
1
1
2
142
41
18
18
8
6
5
4
4
4
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
140
40
22
16
7
5
5
6
3
4
3
3
4
148
39
22
21
7
7
4
3
4
4
5
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
Males
All cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Pancreas
Esophagus
Bladder
Leukemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Kidney
Liver
Oral
Melanoma
Multiple myeloma
Females
All cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Pancreas
Ovary
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Body of uterus
Brain/CNS
Stomach
Bladder
Kidney
Multiple myeloma
Esophagus
Melanoma
Oral
Cervix
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
59
CHAPTER 5
Relative survival: What is the likelihood of surviving cancer?
This section of the publication has been reproduced, as is, from the corresponding section in last years publication
(Canadian Cancer Statistics 2014). As such, the analytical techniques used and the interpretation of the results
reflect the state of knowledge at the time of the production of that publication.
There is one notable change to the content of this chapter from last years publication. In the past year, a large international
study of cancer survival called CONCORD-2 was published that included data from Canada. A brief summary of the study
and of some of its findings appear in the International comparison section near the end of this chapter.
Highlights
Introduction
60
Prostate
21.0%
Survival by sex
Table 5.1 shows that the five-year RSR differed by more
than five percentage points for four of the cancers
examined. In all four cancer types, relative survival was
better for females than for males: melanoma (92% vs.
85%), breast (88% vs. 80%), oral (68% vs. 61%) and
lung (20% vs. 14%).
Survival by province
Five-year RSRs are age-standardized to allow
comparisons across provinces. Table 5.2 shows
age-standardized five-year RSRs for the four most
common cancer types (prostate, breast, colorectal and
lung cancers). The following exceptions and caveats
should be considered when examining these data:
FIGURE 5.1 One-, three-, five- and ten-year relative survival ratios (RSRs) for the most common cancers, ages 1599 at diagnosis, Canada
(excluding Quebec*), 20062008
100
90
80
98
96
96
88
82
82
80
Prostate
Female breast
Colorectal
Lung
70
70
60
64
61
50
40
40
40
30
30
20
20
22
17
10
0
60
50
13
100
90
92
93
97
70
RSR (%)
CHAPTER 5
10
10
0
61
CHAPTER 5
Table 5.3 shows the five-year RSRs for the four most
common cancers by age group.
RSRs for prostate cancer are consistently high
(>95%) among males diagnosed between the ages of
40 and 79 years; lower RSRs are seen at older ages.
The highest RSRs for female breast cancer (87%
90%) are among people diagnosed between the ages
of 40 and 79 years. Lower RSRs are seen for women
at both younger (85%) and older (79%) ages.
RSRs for colorectal cancer are consistent at 68%
among people diagnosed between the ages of 15 and
69 years; RSRs then decrease with advancing age.
For lung cancer, the RSR decreases with advancing
age. People aged 1539 years at diagnosis have the
highest RSR at 45%, while people aged 8099 years
have the lowest RSR at 10%.
62
CHAPTER 5
FIGURE 5.2 Age-standardized five-year relative survival ratio (RSR) for selected cancers, Canada (excluding Quebec*), 20062008 versus
19921994
200608
All cancers
199294
Thyroid
Testis
Prostate
Melanoma
Female breast
Hodgkin lymphoma
Body of uterus
Bladder
Cervix
Kidney
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Colorectal
Larynx
Oral
Leukemia
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Liver
Lung
Esophagus
Pancreas
20
40
60
80
100
Viewdata
63
CHAPTER 5
International comparison
CHAPTER 5
Databases
References
Publications
1. Dickman PW, Adami HO. Interpreting trends in cancer patient survival. Journal of Internal
Medicine. 2006;260(2):10317.
2. Black RJ, Sankaranarayanan R, Parkin DM. Interpretation of population-based cancer
survival data. IARC Scientific Publications. 1998;145:137.
3. Ederer F, Axtell LM, Cutler SJ. The relative survival rate: A statistical methodology. National
Cancer Institute Monographs 1961;6:10121
4. Brenner H, Arndt V. Recent increase in cancer survival according to age: Higher survival in
all age groups, but widening age gradient. Cancer Causes & Control. 2004;15(9):90310.
5. Pulte D, Gondos A, Brenner H. Ongoing improvement in outcomes for patients diagnosed
as having Non-Hodgkin lymphoma from the 1990s to the early 21st century. Archives of
Internal Medicine. 2008;168(5):46976.
6. Wang SJ, Emery R, Fuller CD, Kim JS, Sittig DF, Thomas CR. Conditional survival in gastric
cancer: A SEER database analysis. Gastric Cancer. 2007;10(3):1538.
7. Ellison LF, Bryant H, Lockwood G, Shack L. Conditional survival analyses across cancer
sites. Health Reports. 2011;22(2):15.
8. Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller C, Lacour B, Kaatsch P. International classification of
childhood cancer, third edition. Cancer. 2005;103:145767.
9. Allemani C, Weir HK, Carreira H et al. Global surveillance of cancer survival 19952009:
analysis of individual data for 25676887 patients from 279 population-based registries
in 67 countries (CONCORD-2). Lancet (e-pub Nov. 25, 2014); Available at:
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)62038-9/abstract.
10. Global Surveillance of Cancer Survival: The CONCORD Programme. Available at:
http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/eph/ncde/cancersurvival/research/concord/concord_2.html
(accessed Dec. 22, 2014).
11. International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership. Available at:
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/spotcancerearly/ICBP/
(accessed Dec. 22, 2014).
65
CHAPTER 5
TABLE 5.1 Five-year relative and observed survival for selected cancers by sex, ages 1599 years at diagnosis, Canada (excluding Quebec*), 20062008
Relative survival ratio (%) (95% CI)
All cancers
Thyroid
Testis
Prostate
Melanoma
Breast
Hodgkin lymphoma
Body of uterus
Bladder
Cervix
Kidney
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Colorectal
Larynx
Oral
Leukemia
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Liver
Lung
Esophagus
Pancreas
Both sexes
Males
Females
Both sexes
Males
Females
63 (6363)
98 (9899)
89 (8889)
88 (8788)
85 (8387)
74 (7275)
68 (6669)
66 (6567)
64 (6465)
63 (6166)
63 (6265)
59 (5860)
43 (4144)
25 (2426)
25 (2427)
20 (1822)
17 (1717)
14 (1315)
8 (78)
63 (6263)
95 (9497)
97 (9698)
96 (9596)
85 (8486)
80 (7486)
83 (8186)
74 (7376)
67 (6568)
65 (6366)
64 (6365)
63 (6066)
61 (6063)
60 (5861)
44 (4247)
23 (2224)
23 (2225)
20 (1822)
14 (1415)
13 (1215)
8 (79)
64 (6464)
99 (99100)
92 (9193)
88 (8788)
87 (8590)
85 (8486)
72 (6974)
74 (7275)
69 (6771)
68 (6770)
65 (6466)
64 (5869)
68 (6570)
59 (5761)
45 (4446)
41 (3843)
28 (2630)
28 (2630)
19 (1623)
20 (1921)
15 (1318)
8 (79)
56 (5656)
95 (9596)
80 (79-80)
80 (80-81)
83 (81-84)
60 (59-61)
60 (59-61)
59 (58-60)
54 (54-55)
55 (53-57)
57 (55-58)
52 (51-53)
37 (35-38)
21 (20-22)
24 (23-26)
18 (1719)
15 (1515)
12 (1113)
7 (67)
54 (5354)
90 (8992)
95 (9496)
81 (8182)
75 (7476)
66 (6171)
81 (78-83)
60 (5861)
59 (5860)
57 (5658)
54 (5354)
55 (5257)
55 (5356)
52 (5053)
38 (3640)
19 (1821)
22 (2124)
18 (1720)
12 (1213)
12 (1013)
7 (68)
58 (5858)
96 (9697)
85 (8486)
80 (8081)
85 (8387)
78 (7779)
61 (5963)
71 (6973)
62 (6164)
62 (6063)
55 (5456)
57 (5162)
61 (5962)
52 (5053)
42 (4143)
36 (3338)
24 (2326)
27 (2529)
17 (1420)
18 (1718)
13 (1115)
7 (68)
Excludes data from Ontario, which does not currently report in situ
bladder cancers.
66
CHAPTER 5
TABLE 5.2 Age-standardized five-year relative survival ratios (RSRs) for the most common cancers by province, Canada (excluding Quebec*),
20062008
Relative survival ratio (%) (95% CI)
Province
Canada*
British Columbia (BC)
Alberta (AB)
Saskatchewan (SK)
Manitoba (MB)
Ontario (ON)
New Brunswick (NB)
Nova Scotia (NS)
Prince Edward Island (PE)
Prostate
Female breast
Colorectal
Lung
95 (9595)
93 (9294)
92 (9193)
91 (8993)
90 (8892)
97 (9798)
95 (9397)
95 (9397)
93 (8997)
88 (8788)
88 (8789)
86 (8588)
86 (8488)
85 (8387)
88 (8889)
89 (8791)
87 (8689)
87 (8192)
64 (6465)
61 (6063)
62 (6064)
61 (5964)
60 (5863)
67 (6668)
62 (5965)
61 (5863)
61 (5467)
17 (1718)
16 (1516)
14 (1315)
16 (1418)
20 (1922)
19 (1819)
16 (1417)
14 (1215)
CI=confidence interval
Estimate cannot be calculated.
* Data from Quebec were excluded, in part, because the method for
ascertaining the date of cancer diagnosis differs from the method
used by other provinces and territories and because of issues in
correctly ascertaining the vital status of cases.
Note: These data are based on people aged 1599 years at
diagnosis. Survival ratios for Newfoundland and Labrador are not
shown as they are artefactually high. The complete definition of the
specific cancers listed here can be found in Table A10.
TABLE 5.3 Five-year relative survival ratios (RSRs) for the most common cancers by age group, Canada (excluding Quebec*), 20062008
Relative survival ratio (%) (95% CI)
Age
1539
4049
5059
6069
7079
8099
Prostate
Female breast
Colorectal
Lung
96 (9497)
98 (9798)
99 (9899)
96 (9597)
81 (7984)
85 (8487)
90 (8990)
89 (8890)
90 (9091)
87 (8689)
79 (7781)
68 (6471)
68 (6670)
68 (6769)
68 (6769)
65 (6466)
57 (5558)
45 (3852)
23 (2125)
21 (2022)
19 (1820)
16 (1517)
10 (911)
CI=confidence interval
Estimate is not shown due to a small number of cases.
* Data from Quebec were excluded, in part, because the method for
ascertaining the date of cancer diagnosis differs from the method
used by other provinces/territories and because of issues in correctly
ascertaining the vital status of cases.
Note: The complete definition of the specific cancers listed here can
be found in Table A10.
67
CHAPTER 5
TABLE 5.4 Five-year relative survival ratios (RSRs) conditional on having survived the specified number of years, for selected cancers, ages 1599 years
at diagnosis, Canada (excluding Quebec*), 20062008
Conditional RSR (%) (95%CI)
Survived years
All cancers
Thyroid
Testis
Prostate
Melanoma
Female breast
Hodgkin lymphoma
Body of uterus
Bladder
Cervix
Kidney
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Colorectal
Larynx
Oral
Leukemia
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Liver
Lung
Esophagus
Pancreas
63 (6363)
98 (9899)
97 (9698)
96 (9596)
89 (8889)
88 (8788)
85 (8387)
85 (8486)
74 (7275)
74 (7275)
68 (6669)
66 (6567)
64 (6465)
63 (6166)
63 (6265)
59 (5860)
45 (4446)
43 (4144)
25 (2426)
25 (2427)
20 (1822)
17 (1717)
14 (1315)
8 (78)
81 (8181)
100 (99100)
98 (9799)
97 (9797)
91 (9092)
89 (8990)
93 (9194)
90 (9091)
82 (8083)
82 (8084)
82 (8183)
82 (8183)
77 (7677)
71 (6874)
75 (7376)
80 (7881)
57 (5558)
52 (4954)
51 (4953)
50 (4752)
42 (3945)
39 (3840)
34 (3137)
30 (2833)
87 (8787)
100 (100101)
99 (99100)
98 (9798)
93 (9294)
90 (9091)
94 (9396)
94 (9395)
85 (8487)
88 (8790)
87 (8588)
85 (8486)
83 (8283)
77 (7480)
82 (8184)
83 (8285)
65 (6367)
54 (5156)
71 (6974)
65 (6268)
55 (5159)
55 (5457)
55 (5059)
53 (4857)
90 (9090)
100 (99100)
99 (99100)
98 (9798)
95 (9496)
92 (9192)
94 (9396)
96 (9597)
88 (8689)
92 (9093)
89 (8890)
87 (8588)
88 (8788)
80 (7783)
86 (8487)
84 (8386)
72 (7074)
55 (5358)
83 (8086)
73 (7075)
67 (6271)
65 (6466)
68 (6374)
67 (6272)
92 (9292)
100 (99100)
100 (99100)
98 (9798)
96 (9597)
93 (9293)
96 (9497)
98 (9799)
89 (8791)
94 (9395)
91 (9092)
88 (8789)
91 (9092)
82 (7985)
87 (8689)
85 (8487)
79 (7781)
59 (5562)
91 (8894)
76 (7479)
77 (7182)
70 (6972)
75 (6981)
78 (7283)
93 (9393)
99 (99100)
100 (99100)
98 (9798)
97 (9698)
94 (9394)
96 (9597)
99 (98100)
89 (8891)
97 (9698)
93 (9194)
89 (8890)
94 (9395)
84 (8086)
89 (8790)
85 (8386)
85 (8387)
62 (5865)
94 (9197)
79 (7782)
83 (7788)
75 (7376)
80 (7486)
82 (7587)
Excludes data from Ontario, which does not currently report in situ
bladder cancers.
68
CHAPTER 5
TABLE 5.5 Five-year observed survival proportions (OSP) by diagnostic group and selected subgroup,
ages 014 years at diagnosis, Canada (excluding Quebec*), 20042008
Diagnostic group
All groups
83 (8284)
88 (8690)
a. Lymphoid leukemias
91 (8993)
73 (6579)
92 (8894)
a. Hodgkin lymphomas
98 (9499)
88 (8193)
c. Burkitt lymphoma
92 (7997)
74 (7077)
b. Astrocytomas
84 (8088)
55 (4763)
77 (7182)
V. Retinoblastoma
94 (8698)
84 (7889)
85 (7890)
70 (6277)
72 (6577)
70 (6078)
a. Rhabdomyosarcomas
91 (8495)
96 (7699)
95 (8299)
94 (8897)
91 (8096)
* Data from Quebec were excluded, in part, because the method for ascertaining the date of cancer diagnosis
differs from the method used by other provinces/territories and because of issues in correctly ascertaining the
vital status of cases.
69
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
This section of the publication has been reproduced, as is, from the corresponding section in last years publication
(Canadian Cancer Statistics 2014). As such, the analytical techniques used reflect the state of knowledge at the time of the
production of that publication.
Highlights
Introduction
Prevalence
70
Prostate
21.0%
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
Tumour-based prevalence
Among Canadians alive on January 1, 2009, close to
841,000 cancers had been diagnosed in the previous 10
years (Table 6.1). These cases can be analyzed
according to the type of cancer, the sex and age of the
person and the amount of time since diagnosis.
Prevalence by sex
FIGURE 6.1 Distribution of 10-year tumour-based prevalence for selected cancers, Canada,* January 1, 2009
All other
cancers
19.6%
Kidney 2.9%
Prostate
21.0%
Thyroid 3.7%
Breast
18.8%
Bladder 4.1%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.3%
Melanoma 4.7%
Lung 4.7%
* During the estimation process, cases from Quebec were excluded because
of issues in correctly ascertaining the vital status of cases. The presented
estimates, however, are for all of Canada, including Quebec. These
estimates assume that sex- and age-specific tumour-based prevalence
proportions in Quebec are similar to the rest of Canada. Estimates for lung
and bladder cancers may be lower than in previous editions of this
publication because of the different method used to estimate Quebecs
prevalence prior to 2013. For further details, see Appendix II, Data sources
and methods.
Note: The complete definition of the specific cancers listed here can be
found in Table A10.
Prevalence by age
Table 6.2 shows that the number of 10-year prevalence
cases is generally highest in the 7079 year age group.
Exceptions include female breast cancer and all cancers
combined among females both of which peaked in
the 6069 year age group as well as colorectal cancer
among females (80 years or older age group).
71
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
Prevalence by duration
Of the approximately 841,000 10-year prevalent cancer
cases at the beginning of 2009, 29% had been diagnosed
within the previous two years (2007 to 2008), 32%
within the previous two to five years and 38% within
the previous five to 10 years (Table 6.1). These data
have implications for planning healthcare and
supportive services.
In the first couple of years post diagnosis, individuals
are likely receiving or recovering from treatment for
their cancer.
The third to fifth year after a cancer diagnosis is a
period that typically requires close clinical follow-up
for recurrence and supportive care.
Individuals alive five to 10 years after a cancer
diagnosis have likely completed their treatment but
some may still require clinical monitoring.
Person-based prevalence
Among Canadians alive on January 1, 2009, just over
810,000 had been diagnosed with cancer in the
previous 10 years (Table 6.3). This number represents
approximately 1 in 41 Canadians or 2.4% of the
Canadian population (Table 6.4). More specifically, in
the 10 years prior to January 1, 2009, among those
alive:
1 in 94 males had been diagnosed with prostate
cancer.
1 in 107 females had been diagnosed with breast
cancer.
1 in 297 males and 1 in 351 females had been
diagnosed with colorectal cancer.
1 in 907 males and 1 in 813 females had been
diagnosed with lung cancer.
FIGURE 6.2 Tumour-based prevalence for the most common cancers by duration, Canada,* January 1, 2009
200,000
180,000
N=158,430
160,000
140,000
71,175
(40%)
120,000
67,745
(43%)
100,000
80,000
58,890
(33%)
60,000
N=105,195
37,975
(36%)
50,990
(32%)
40,000
20,000
0 to 2 years
>2 to 5 years
>5 to 10 years
N=176,360
34,610
(33%)
N=39,350
9,430 (24%)
11,165 (28%)
46,295
(26%)
39,695
(25%)
32,610
(31%)
18,755 (48%)
Prostate
Breast
Colorectal
Lung
* During the estimation process, cases from Quebec were excluded because of issues in correctly
ascertaining the vital status of cases. The presented estimates, however, are for all of Canada, including
Quebec. These estimates assume that sex- and age-specific tumour-based prevalence proportions in
Quebec are similar to the rest of Canada. Estimates for lung cancer may be lower than in previous
editions of this publication because of the different method used to estimate Quebecs prevalence prior to
2013. For further details, see Appendix II, Data sources and methods.
Note: N is the total number of prevalent tumour cases for each cancer type. In the legend, 0 to 2 years
refers to those diagnosed in 2007 and 2008; >2 to 5 years refers to those diagnosed between 2004 and
2006; >5 to 10 years refers to those diagnosed between 1999 and 2003. The complete definition of the
specific cancers listed here can be found in Table A10.
72
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
73
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
TABLE 6.1 Tumour-based prevalence for selected cancers by prevalence duration and sex, Canada,* January 1, 2009
10-year (diagnosed since 1999)
All cancers
Prostate
Breast
Colorectal
Melanoma
Lung
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Bladder
Body of uterus
Thyroid
Kidney
Leukemia
Oral
Ovary
Cervix
Testis
Multiple myeloma
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Hodgkin lymphoma
Larynx
Pancreas
Liver
Esophagus
Total
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
840,985
176,365
158,430
105,195
39,495
39,350
36,220
34,255
31,610
30,930
24,175
22,510
19,510
10,695
10,200
7,935
7,460
7,420
7,385
7,160
5,575
3,750
2,985
2,740
423,760
176,365
1,045
56,650
19,895
18,435
19,140
25,650
6,515
14,435
13,040
12,835
7,935
4,100
4,625
4,015
3,890
4,625
1,845
2,245
2,035
417,225
157,380
48,545
19,600
20,920
17,080
8,610
31,610
24,410
9,740
9,470
6,675
10,695
10,200
3,360
2,790
3,370
3,270
955
1,905
745
710
520,025
105,180
90,685
67,215
23,365
29,920
23,145
21,130
18,540
19,240
15,195
14,620
12,145
7,025
5,500
4,210
5,615
5,170
4,790
3,905
3,415
3,140
2,295
2,165
266,175
105,180
640
36,860
11,985
14,165
12,440
15,945
4,125
9,205
8,505
8,070
4,210
3,110
3,250
2,680
2,100
2,830
1,560
1,725
1,610
253,855
90,050
30,360
11,380
15,755
10,705
5,180
18,540
15,120
5,995
6,120
4,080
7,025
5,500
2,510
1,920
2,110
1,805
585
1,575
575
555
247,310
46,295
39,695
32,610
10,640
18,755
10,760
9,940
8,450
8,625
7,480
7,150
5,960
3,535
2,480
1,755
2,885
3,045
2,735
1,685
1,645
2,320
1,455
1,485
127,775
46,295
285
18,130
5,530
9,100
5,900
7,530
1,935
4,500
4,180
4,005
1,755
1,560
1,955
1,580
900
1,375
1,165
1,080
1,130
119,535
39,410
14,480
5,105
9,650
4,865
2,410
8,450
6,695
2,980
2,970
1,950
3,535
2,480
1,320
1,095
1,155
785
275
1,155
370
355
Prevalence estimates for lung, bladder and larynx cancers may be lower
than in previous editions of this publication because a different method
was used to estimate Quebecs prevalence prior to 2013. For further details,
see AppendixII: Data sources and methods.
Note: The complete definition of the specific cancers listed here can be
found in Table A10.
74
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
TABLE 6.2 Age distribution for 10-year tumour-based prevalence for the most common cancers by sex, Canada,* January 1, 2009
All cancers
Age (years)
019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
80+
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Breast
Total
N=840,985
Males
N=423,760
Females
N=417,225
Total
N=39,350
Males
N=18,435
Females
N=20,920
Total
N=105,195
Males
N=56,650
Females
N=48,545
Males
N=176,365
Females
N=157,380
0.9
1.3
3.0
8.0
17.1
25.9
26.3
17.4
1.0
1.2
2.2
5.0
13.9
27.7
31.3
17.7
0.8
1.3
3.9
11.1
20.5
24.0
21.2
17.2
0.1
0.2
0.5
3.3
13.8
29.7
33.7
18.6
0.1
0.2
0.5
2.7
12.0
30.1
35.7
18.8
0.1
0.2
0.6
3.9
15.5
29.4
31.9
18.4
0.0
0.2
0.8
4.1
13.1
24.4
30.7
26.6
0.0
0.2
0.8
3.9
13.5
27.0
32.6
21.8
0.0
0.2
0.9
4.3
12.6
21.4
28.4
32.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
10.2
31.8
38.5
18.8
0.0
0.2
2.0
11.9
24.3
26.1
20.4
15.2
75
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
TABLE 6.3 Person-based prevalence for selected cancers by prevalence duration and sex, Canada,* January 1, 2009
10-year (diagnosed since 1999)
All cancers
Prostate
Breast
Colorectal
Melanoma
Lung
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Bladder
Body of uterus
Thyroid
Kidney
Leukemia
Total
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
810,045
176,355
158,405
104,130
39,495
39,115
36,175
34,245
31,605
30,845
24,165
22,510
406,065
176,355
1,045
55,985
19,895
18,335
19,110
25,640
6,500
14,420
13,040
403,980
157,360
48,145
19,600
20,775
17,060
8,605
31,605
24,350
9,740
9,470
506,200
105,180
90,680
66,615
23,360
29,780
23,100
21,115
18,535
19,190
15,195
14,620
258,070
105,180
635
36,460
11,985
14,105
12,410
15,940
4,100
9,200
8,500
248,130
90,040
30,155
11,375
15,675
10,685
5,180
18,535
15,085
5,995
6,115
242,810
46,295
39,690
32,385
10,640
18,680
10,720
9,940
8,445
8,605
7,480
7,150
125,040
46,295
285
17,955
5,530
9,065
5,875
7,530
1,925
4,495
4,180
117,770
39,410
14,420
5,105
9,610
4,850
2,410
8,445
6,680
2,980
2,970
19,320
10,690
10,190
7,935
7,455
7,415
7,375
7,160
5,575
3,750
2,985
2,740
12,730
7,935
4,100
4,620
4,015
3,890
4,620
1,845
2,240
2,035
6,590
10,690
10,190
3,360
2,790
3,365
3,270
950
1,905
745
710
12,055
7,025
5,495
4,210
5,615
5,170
4,785
3,905
3,415
3,135
2,295
2,165
8,020
4,210
3,105
3,245
2,675
2,095
2,825
1,560
1,720
1,610
4,040
7,025
5,495
2,505
1,920
2,105
1,805
585
1,575
575
555
5,925
3,535
2,480
1,755
2,885
3,045
2,735
1,685
1,645
2,320
1,450
1,485
3,985
1,755
1,560
1,955
1,580
900
1,370
1,165
1,080
1,130
1,935
3,535
2,480
1,320
1,090
1,155
785
275
1,155
370
355
Oral
Ovary
Cervix
Testis
Multiple myeloma
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Hodgkin lymphoma
Larynx
Pancreas
Liver
Esophagus
Prevalence estimates for lung, bladder and larynx cancers may be lower
than in previous editions of this publication because a different method
was used to estimate Quebecs prevalence prior to 2013. For further details,
see Appendix II: Data sources and methods.
76
CHAPTER 6
Prevalence: How many people diagnosed with cancer are alive today?
TABLE 6.4 Ten-year person-based prevalence proportions for the most common cancers by sex, Canada,* January 1, 2009
Percentage of Canadian population
All cancers
Prostate
Lung
Female breast
Colorectal
Total
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
2.4
0.1
0.3
2.4
1.1
0.1
0.3
2.4
0.1
0.9
0.3
41
857
322
41
94
907
297
42
813
107
351
Not applicable.
One in:
* During the estimation process, cases from Quebec were excluded because
of issues in correctly ascertaining the vital status of cases. The presented
estimates, however, are for all of Canada, including Quebec. These
estimates assume that sex- and age-specific person-based prevalence
proportions in Quebec are similar to the rest of Canada.
77
CHAPTER 7
Special topic: Predictions of the future burden of cancer in Canada
Led by members of the
Canadian Cancer Statistics Advisory Committee:
Lin Xie, Public Health Agency of Canada
Prithwish De, Canadian Cancer Society
Additional analysis and written contributions from:
Robert Semenciw, Public Health Agency of Canada
Les Mery, Public Health Agency of Canada
Keiko Asakawa, Statistics Canada
William Flanagan, Statistics Canada
Ryan Woods, BC Cancer Agency
Additional technical assistance from:
Natalie Fitzgerald, Canadian Partnership Against Cancer
Reviewed by:
Anthony B. Miller, Professor Emeritus, Dalla Lana School of Public Health
Howard Morrison, Public Health Agency of Canada
Andrew Coldman, BC Cancer Research Centre
Bjrn Mller, Cancer Registry of Norway
Highlights
How many new cancer cases will there be in
the future?
Between 2003 to 2007 and 2028 to 2032, it is
estimated that the average annual population of Canada
will grow by 29% or about 9.5 million residents. Over
this period, the proportion of Canadians aged 65 and
older will grow from approximately 1 in 8 to 1 in 4.
By 2028 to 2032, the average annual number of new
cancer cases is estimated to increase 79% (84% in
males and 74% in females) compared to 2003 to
2007. This translates to 277,200 new cases in 2028 to
2032 (148,370 in males and 128,830 in females) up
from 154,975 cases in 2003 to 2007 (80,810 in males
and 74,165 in females). During the same period, the
number of new cancer cases is expected to more
than double in those aged 65 and over.
The expected increase in the number of new cancer
cases in both males and females will primarily be due
to the aging of the Canadian population and, to a
lesser extent, population growth. Changes in the risk
of cancer will constitute a relatively small component
of the projected increase in new cases among females,
but will mitigate the overall expected increase in new
cases among males.
If current trends hold true in the future, it is
expected that for the major cancer types by 2028
to2032:
The number of new lung cancer cases will
increase to 32,365 from 22,110 in 2003 to 2007.
Prostate cancer cases will increase to 42,225
from21,460.
78
Prostate
21.0%
CHAPTER 7
Introduction
Growth and aging of the Canadian population are
expected to contribute to a substantial increase in the
cancer burden. While short-term projections like those
presented in other chapters of this publication are
useful for estimating the current impact of cancer on
Canadians, long-term projections are useful in a
variety of ways. For example, defining the expected
societal burden of cancer can provide evidence-based
input in the planning of cancer control programs,
whether for prevention, early detection, treatment,
psychosocial, palliative and medical care, or for
research and surveillance. Furthermore, estimating the
geographic variability in future cancer incidence can
help in developing priorities for public health policy at
both the national and regional levels.
The future incidence of cancer can be examined using
the estimated age-standardized rate and the number of
new cancer cases. Changes in rates convey changes in
risk of developing cancer over time. In contrast, the
future number of new cases is a consequence of
Canadian Cancer Society
Microsimulation model
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.1 Current and projected average annual population, by sex and age, Canada, 200307 and 202832
Age group
85+
Males
80-84
200307
75-79
202832
70-74
65-69
Females
60-64
55-59
200307
50-54
202832
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Viewdata
0-4
1,500
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,500
80
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.2 Average annual new cases and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for all cancers, Canada, 19832032
500
160
450
140
Males
ASIR
New cases
400
120
350
100
300
250
Females
ASIR
New cases
80
200
60
Estimated
150
40
100
20
50
0
198387
198892
199397
199802
200307
200812
201317
201822
202327
Period
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
202832
Viewdata
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.3 Current and projected distribution of new cancer cases, by sex and age, Canada, 200307 and 202832
Age group
85+
Males
80-84
200307
75-79
202832
70-74
65-69
60-64
Females
55-59
200307
50-54
202832
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Viewdata
0-4
30
25
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
82
CHAPTER 7
Frequency distribution
FIGURE 7.4 Trends in average annual new cases for all cancers and ages, attributed to changes in cancer risk, population growth, and aging
population, Canada, 20032032
150
150
140
130
120
Aging population
110
100
90
Population growth
80
70
110
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
10
0
200812
201317
201822
200307
average annual
cancer count
100
90
40
30
200307
Males
80
70
60
50
140
130
120
202327
202832
Period
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
200307
Aging population
Population growth
Changes in cancer risk
200812
201317
201822
202327
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Females
200307
average annual
cancer count
202832
Period
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
83
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.5 Average annual new cases by cancer type and percentage change, Canada, 202832 versus 200307
Oral
202832
58.9%
Esophagus
200307
89.2%
Stomach
36.6%
Colorectal
78.7%
Liver
162.2%
Pancreas
98.5%
Larynx
-4.6%
Lung
46.4%
72.1%
Melanoma
96.8%
Prostate
55.4%
Breast
6.7%
Cervix
87.6%
Body of uterus
53.0%
Ovary
29.7%
Testis
90.6%
Kidney
81.8%
Bladder
41.9%
Brain/CNS
144.2%
Thyroid
26.0%
Hodgkin lymphoma
76.3%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
110.3%
Multiple myeloma
93.8%
Leukemia
91.4%
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Viewdata
84
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.6 Projected change in distribution of cancers in males and females, Canada, 200307, 201822 and 202832
200307
201822
Prostate
28.8%
Prostate
26.6%
Other
20.5%
202832
Other
20.5%
Lung
15.2%
Prostate
29.1%
Other
20.8%
Colorectal
13.1%
Males
Colorectal
13.7%
Stomach 2.4%
Oral 2.8%
Colorectal
13.1%
Melanoma 2.9%
Oral 2.6%
Leukemia 3.2%
Kidney 3.2%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.3%
Lung
11.9%
Pancreas 2.3%
Bladder 6.0%
Pancreas 2.5%
Melanoma 3.0%
Leukemia 3.3%
Kidney 3.4%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.2%
200307
Breast
27.1%
Other
23.1%
Colorectal
12.1%
Leukemia 2.5%
Other
18.2%
Lung
13.3%
Bladder 2.3%
Bladder 5.8%
Melanoma 2.8%
Ovary 3.2%
Thyroid 3.8%
Uterus 5.5%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.3%
Bladder 6.1%
201822
202832
Breast
25.2%
Breast
24.8%
Lung
13.7%
Colorectal
11.6%
Kidney 2.4%
Pancreas 2.7%
Melanoma 2.8%
Ovary 2.9%
Melanoma 2.8%
Kidney 3.5%
Leukemia 3.5%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.2%
Leukemia 2.6%
Pancreas 2.6%
Lung
11.3%
Oral 2.5%
Uterus 6.1%
Thyroid 5.4%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.1%
Other
18.5%
Lung
12.7%
Females
Colorectal
12.1%
Bladder 2.4%
Kidney 2.4%
Melanoma 2.8%
Leukemia 2.8%
Ovary 2.9%
Pancreas 3.0%
Uterus 6.1%
Thyroid 5.5%
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.1%
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
85
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.7 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for selected cancers, Canada, 19852030
All cancers
Oral
20
18
12
12
10
70
Colorectal
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Liver
9
8
60
7
50
40
30
4
3
20
2
10
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
100
Lung
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
16
90
6
4
Melanoma
14
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Pancreas
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
110
Female breast
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
12
100
11
90
10
80
60
10
70
50
40
40
30
70
30
20
10
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
60
50
Cervix
8
7
6
5
4
3
20
10
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Larynx
12
80
Females
ASIR
Estimate
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Males
ASIR
Estimate
14
100
Stomach
16
10
200
20
18
14
300
Esophagus
16
400
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Viewdata
86
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.7 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for selected cancers, Canada, 19852030 (continued)
Body of uterus
Ovary
14
25
20
140
Prostate
12
120
10
100
80
60
Testis
Males
ASIR
Estimate
15
10
40
20
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
16
Kidney
Bladder
40
Brain
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
30
Thyroid
14
12
30
20
10
8
20
10
10
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
4
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Females
ASIR
Estimate
Hodgkin lymphoma
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
20
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
18
16
14
12
Multiple myeloma
6
5
4
10
8
6
4
2
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
16
Leukemia
14
12
10
8
3
2
6
4
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Viewdata
87
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.8 Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for all cancers by age group, Canada, 19832032
Males (4049)
Males (5059)
Males (6069)
Females (7079)
Females (80+)
2
3
28
20
2
23
20
2
18
20
1
13
20
1
08
20
20
03
1,000
1,000
3
28
20
2
23
20
2
18
20
1
13
20
1
08
Females (4049)
Females (5059)
Females (6069)
20
0
03
20
0
98
19
9
93
19
8
83
Males (019)
Males (2029)
Males (3039)
1,500
98
1,500
19
200
200
2,000
400
2,000
93
400
2,500
19
600
2,500
600
3,000
800
3,000
800
3,500
88
1,000
3,500
19
1,000
1,200
4,000
83
1,200
4,000
19
1,400
19
3
28
20
2
23
20
2
18
20
1
13
20
1
08
20
0
03
20
0
98
19
9
93
19
88
19
8
83
19
Females (019)
Females (2029)
Females (3039)
1,400
1,600
1,600
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
100
1,800
88
120
1,800
19
120
140
140
Males (7079)
Males (80+)
Viewdata
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
88
CHAPTER 7
89
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.9 Projected number of new cases of lung cancer under selected screening strategies, Canada, 20152030
New cases
32,000
Annual screening with
LDCT (5574 year olds)
with 30% participation
31,000
30,000
29,000
28,000
27,000
26,000
25,000
24,000
2015
LDCT=low-dose computed
tomography
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Year
Analysis by: Statistics Canada
Data source: Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Cancer Risk Management Model version 2.2.1.0
Viewdata
Smoking
Smoking is an established risk factor for 18 different
cancer types(9), including some of those listed in Table
7.4. The strongest association of smoking is with lung
cancer. Lung cancer rates have been declining in males
and stabilizing in females between 2001 and 2010. The
trends reflect different periods when smoking began to
decline in each sex (see discussion in Chapter 1).
Considering the lag between a decline in smoking rates
and subsequent declines in lung cancer incidence, it is
likely that the lung cancer ASIR in females will begin
to drop more noticeably over the longer term, as
reflected by the projections up to 2032 (Figure 7.7).
Canadian Cancer Society
90
CHAPTER 7
Prevalence
Mortality
Screening impacts the number of deaths from colorectal
cancer by reducing incidence through detection and
removal of polyps and from detection and treatment of
cancers at earlier stages when they have a better prognosis.
Between 2015 and 2030, a biennial FIT screening program
with a participation rate of 30% could lead to 21,000
cumulative deaths averted compared to 40,000 cumulative
deaths averted with a participation rate of 80%.
Costs
The incremental cost of screening would range from an
estimated $214million to $369million in 2015 and
$277million to $747million in 2030 (undiscounted),
depending on the participation rate of screening with
biennial FIT (see Table below). However, the increased
screening costs would be partially offset by treatment
savings due to the avoidance of expensive treatments for
advanced disease estimated at between $25million and
$30million in 2015 and $228million and $490million in
2030.
Both screening strategies projected increased demand for
colonoscopy resources to perform follow-up of positive FIT
results and follow-up of persons identified as moderate or
high-risk for cancer. This potential increase in resource
requirements is an important consideration when
implementing a FIT screening program.
For the scenario where the FIT participation rate is 30%,
1.6million annual FIT screens are projected to result in an
increase of 90,000 annual colonoscopies. With an 80% FIT
participation rate, 3.8million FIT screens would result in
210,000 additional colonoscopies per year.
2015
No organized
screening
($millions)
FIT 30%
Sun and UV
Melanoma is the least common but most deadly form
of skin cancer. It is related to UV radiation, mainly
from overexposure to the sun or from the use of
indoor tanning equipment. About 90% of melanomas
are due to sun exposure.(10)
Between 20032007 and 20282032, there is expected
to be a 72% increase in the number of new melanoma
cases (Tables 7.1 and 7.2).
The increase in melanoma incidence rates is projected
to slow down in both sexes, and rates are expected to
decrease after 1015 years (Figure 7.7). This may be a
result of the assumption that the risk of melanoma will
continue to decrease in the more recent birth cohorts.
National trends are heavily influenced by provincial
data. Therefore, projected melanoma rates in Canada
are likely to be underestimated because of the current
under-registration of this cancer in Quebec.(7)
2030
FIT 80%
No screening
FIT 30%
FIT 80%
Cost of screening
$103
$317
$472
$177
$455
$925
Cost of treatment
$1,340
$1,315
$1,310
$2,256
$2,028
$1,766
Total cost
$1,443
$1,632
$1,782
$2,433
$2,483
$2,691
91
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.10 Projected number of new cases of colorectal cancer under selected screening strategies and levels of participation,
Canada, 20152030
New cases
40,000
No organized screening
FIT 30% participation
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
2015
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Year
Analysis by: Statistics Canada
Data source: Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Cancer Risk Management Model version 2.2.1.0
Viewdata
92
CHAPTER 7
and esophagus in males and about 60% of alcoholattributable cancers occur in the breast in females.(13) It
has also been shown that as the amount of alcohol
consumed increases, the risk also increases in a dosedependent manner for oral, pharynx, larynx,
esophageal, breast and colorectal cancers. Alcohol
consumption together with tobacco smoking increases
the risk of head and neck cancers (i.e., cancers of the
oral cavity, pharynx and larynx) more than either risk
factor alone.
According to the 2012 Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use
Monitoring Survey, 78.4% of Canadians reported
drinking alcohol in the past year, with more males than
females reporting drinking (82.7% versus 74.4%
respectively).(14) A survey of Canadians perceptions of
the health impacts of alcohol consumption shows that
67% of respondents were not aware that drinking
alcohol is associated with an elevated risk of cancer.(15)
Canadas Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines(16,17)
may also confuse Canadians because they are different
from the drinking guidelines for cancer prevention. It is
estimated that restricting alcohol drinking to no more
than 2 drinks a day for males and 1 drink a day for
females could avoid about 90% of cancers attributable to
alcohol in males and over 50% in females.(18)
Bacterial and viral infections are established risk
factors for several cancer types, most notably, the
cervix and parts of the oral cavity and pharynx (caused
by the human papillomavirus (HPV)), stomach
(caused by Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori)), liver (caused
by the hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses), and
lymphomas (caused by Epstein-Barr virus, Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Human T-cell
lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1)).
93
CHAPTER 7
FIGURE 7.11 Projected incremental (relative to status quo screening with vaccination) total healthcare costs (vaccination, screening, pre-cancer and
cancer treatment) by year, Canada, 20152030
Incremental cost (millions of dollars)
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
-10
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
-50
-50
-60
-60
-70
-70
-80
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
-80
2030
Viewdata
Year
94
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 7
96
CHAPTER 7
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97
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.1 Changes in average annual new cases and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for cancers in males, Canada, 200307 to 202832
Average annual new cases
All cancers
Oral
Esophagus
Stomach
Colorectal
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Lung
Melanoma
Prostate
Testis
Kidney
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Thyroid
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
All other cancers
200307
202832
Change (%)
200307
202832
Change (%)
80,810
2,285
1,095
1,925
10,620
1,025
1,810
900
12,245
2,320
21,460
825
2,580
4,815
1,365
795
490
3,455
1,065
2,570
7,005
148,370
3,595
2,110
2,680
19,815
2,845
3,635
900
16,420
4,065
42,225
1,070
5,020
8,825
1,965
1,895
615
6,050
2,395
5,095
13,390
83.6
57.5
92.7
39.1
86.6
177.8
100.7
0.0
34.1
75.4
96.8
29.7
94.7
83.4
43.8
138.8
26.6
75.0
125.1
98.3
91.1
464.8
12.6
6.2
11.1
60.8
5.7
10.3
5.1
70.7
13.1
123.3
5.6
14.4
27.9
7.9
4.5
3.1
19.7
6.1
15.1
40.7
443.2
11.8
6.2
7.7
57.0
8.2
10.5
2.7
46.4
12.4
123.3
6.0
15.5
24.0
7.1
7.0
3.0
18.1
6.8
15.8
38.7
-4.6
-6.0
0.6
-30.0
-6.3
43.3
1.4
-47.5
-34.4
-5.8
0.1
8.5
7.4
-13.9
-10.4
54.5
-3.4
-8.3
11.3
4.5
-5.1
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
98
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.2 Changes in average annual new cases and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for cancers in females, Canada, 200307 to 202832
Average annual new cases
All cancers
Oral
Esophagus
Stomach
Colorectal
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Lung
Melanoma
Breast
Cervix
Body of uterus
Ovary
Kidney
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Thyroid
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
All other cancers
200307
202832
Change (%)
200307
202832
Change (%)
74,165
1,085
385
1,080
9,010
350
1,900
195
9,865
2,055
20,110
1,345
4,105
2,385
1,665
1,705
1,055
2,810
395
2,915
875
1,875
6,995
128,830
1,760
690
1,425
15,260
760
3,730
145
15,945
3,465
31,255
1,435
7,700
3,650
3,070
3,030
1,470
6,910
500
5,180
1,685
3,520
13,405
73.7
62.4
79.5
31.6
69.4
116.6
96.2
-25.9
61.6
68.7
55.4
6.8
87.6
53.1
84.4
78.0
39.1
145.9
26.3
77.7
92.2
87.6
91.6
358.3
5.2
1.7
4.9
41.0
1.6
8.5
1.0
47.1
10.7
97.9
7.6
19.9
11.6
8.0
7.7
5.6
16.1
2.5
14.1
4.0
9.2
32.3
371.0
5.3
1.7
3.7
38.6
1.9
9.1
0.4
39.6
11.2
98.7
6.1
23.1
11.1
8.6
7.3
5.2
26.5
2.3
14.3
4.2
9.8
34.6
3.6
1.6
-2.3
-23.7
-6.1
15.1
7.1
-58.8
-15.9
4.6
0.7
-20.2
16.2
-4.0
6.8
-6.1
-7.6
64.8
-6.8
1.4
4.0
6.9
7.0
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
99
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.3 Changes in average annual new cases for cancers in both sexes, by province/territory, 200307 to 202832
British Columbia
Alberta
200307
All cancers
Oral
Esophagus
Stomach
Colorectal
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Lung
Melanoma
Breast
Cervix
Body of uterus
Ovary
Prostate
Testis
Kidney
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Thyroid
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
All other cancers
19,380
420
225
360
2,410
215
495
110
2,660
695
2,555
155
520
285
2,860
105
410
915
280
250
95
855
215
560
1,710
202832
33,630
655
450
535
4,625
580
985
150
4,140
1,270
4,405
150
1,080
415
5,580
175
695
1,605
395
455
125
1,520
455
1,140
3,230
Saskatchewan
200307
73.5
55.5
102.9
48.2
92.0
170.2
98.7
37.7
55.6
83.1
72.4
-4.1
107.7
44.7
95.0
65.3
69.8
75.2
41.0
82.8
27.0
77.7
110.8
103.7
88.7
13,425
275
130
245
1,555
130
335
65
1,675
430
1,770
150
380
175
2,055
100
395
590
205
335
90
555
165
425
1,180
202832
28,140
480
350
360
3,590
405
740
105
3,155
675
3,035
185
720
300
3,865
125
800
1,325
340
755
140
1,090
380
910
2,615
200307
4,955
95
40
85
665
25
130
30
670
115
615
40
130
75
850
25
140
215
70
60
25
205
60
170
425
202832
7,450
95
70
85
1,120
50
225
40
850
160
825
50
200
90
1,400
25
215
380
90
85
30
320
100
240
640
Change (%)
50.3
1.5
66.2
-0.7
68.8
83.7
75.1
42.6
26.9
37.6
34.8
21.4
54.7
23.2
64.8
1.4
53.9
73.9
30.4
43.2
8.4
54.1
70.1
42.7
50.3
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
100
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.3 Changes in average annual new cases for cancers in both sexes, by province/territory, 200307 to 202832 (continued)
Manitoba
Ontario
200307
All cancers
Oral
Esophagus
Stomach
Colorectal
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Lung
Melanoma
Breast
Cervix
Body of uterus
Ovary
Prostate
Testis
Kidney
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Thyroid
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
All other cancers
5,540
140
50
120
740
45
135
30
810
125
730
45
175
90
665
30
185
245
70
80
30
245
65
170
500
202832
8,255
190
80
155
1,235
115
220
30
1,110
155
1,000
45
285
115
1,010
40
300
445
100
150
45
370
110
270
715
Quebec
200307
49.1
35.3
62.1
31.5
66.5
148.7
61.1
-3.5
37.4
23.4
37.5
-6.0
63.4
23.1
51.6
35.2
60.5
82.4
37.9
84.9
36.6
50.6
68.0
58.5
43.3
58,810
1,330
570
1,105
7,235
505
1,245
390
7,390
2,015
7,705
530
1,620
980
8,875
325
1,510
1,830
940
1,840
355
2,500
795
1,780
5,375
202832
110,945
2,250
1,060
1,635
13,290
1,395
2,460
460
10,810
3,650
12,730
610
3,295
1,665
19,085
450
3,120
3,370
1,325
5,015
510
4,435
1,705
3,770
11,530
200307
39,905
830
335
815
5,185
385
1,075
375
6,955
560
5,175
300
980
615
4,225
175
1,175
2,135
665
795
220
1,505
500
1,055
3,830
202832
65,995
1,310
615
935
8,470
870
1,865
305
9,870
745
7,095
300
1,560
730
7,855
240
2,115
4,205
945
2,000
265
2,480
1,005
1,830
7,025
Change (%)
65.4
57.8
84.5
14.8
63.4
127.7
73.4
-18.3
41.9
32.9
37.1
0.0
59.3
19.0
85.9
35.1
79.9
96.7
41.7
152.0
18.3
64.7
100.2
72.9
83.4
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
101
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.3 Changes in average annual new cases for cancers in both sexes, by province/territory, 200307 to 202832 (continued)
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
200307
All cancers
Oral
Esophagus
Stomach
Colorectal
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Lung
Melanoma
Breast
Cervix
Body of uterus
Ovary
Prostate
Testis
Kidney
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Thyroid
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
All other cancers
4,100
80
40
85
495
20
115
30
665
125
490
35
95
65
645
15
145
190
65
100
20
170
50
95
270
202832
6,970
115
75
90
875
40
225
30
960
210
700
35
140
100
1,230
20
290
355
75
290
25
275
90
180
465
200307
69.9
41.3
81.9
6.2
77.6
96.5
96.3
1.2
44.8
68.0
42.8
-0.5
50.4
62.0
91.2
17.1
101.1
86.1
19.6
196.0
17.7
62.9
78.3
92.5
73.5
5,430
110
60
95
755
30
130
35
830
200
645
50
125
65
790
25
185
245
75
90
30
210
55
130
455
202832
8,560
180
100
105
1,260
60
195
40
1,085
335
910
50
190
105
1,465
40
335
450
105
175
35
350
100
205
715
200307
785
15
5
10
100
5
20
5
110
30
90
10
20
10
135
5
25
35
10
10
0
30
10
25
65
202832
1,340
25
10
20
175
10
35
10
140
40
155
10
30
10
260
5
45
45
15
15
5
50
25
35
140
Change (%)
71.1
69.4
68.6
61.0
74.0
169.2
87.0
51.6
25.3
38.3
72.9
0.9
61.5
46.8
88.0
25.3
91.4
41.1
41.8
78.3
31.0
67.9
97.5
48.8
114.3
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
102
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.3 Changes in average annual new cases for cancers in both sexes, by province/territory, 200307 to 202832 (continued)
Newfoundland and Labrador
Territories combined
200307
All cancers
Oral
Esophagus
Stomach
Colorectal
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Lung
Melanoma
Breast
Cervix
Body of uterus
Ovary
Prostate
Testis
Kidney
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Thyroid
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
All other cancers
2,370
55
20
80
445
10
30
20
300
65
300
25
60
25
335
10
75
105
40
45
10
85
20
35
170
202832
4,040
70
45
75
890
30
95
25
495
100
470
15
100
30
585
10
120
195
50
80
10
140
35
45
305
200307
70.3
30.7
103.7
-9.2
99.1
145.4
208.3
17.6
64.7
52.6
56.9
-36.9
59.3
40.7
75.0
-1.0
66.1
81.6
26.0
76.0
3.1
63.8
71.0
44.3
77.4
270
10
5
5
50
0
5
0
50
5
40
5
5
0
25
0
5
5
5
5
0
10
0
10
20
202832
625
20
5
20
135
0
10
0
85
10
75
5
15
5
75
0
10
15
5
10
0
25
5
15
45
Change (%)
131.5
84.0
163.7
142.3
180.9
70.6
148.6
69.7
80.6
49.1
100.8
0.2
137.1
19.3
172.1
10.8
122.4
124.3
35.2
119.4
28.1
160.5
252.6
109.7
136.7
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry and National Cancer Incidence Reporting System databases at Statistics Canada
103
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.4 Modifiable risk factors associated with selected cancer types
Risk factor
Overweight /
obesity
Physical
inactivity
Body of uterus
Breast
Cancer type
Smoking
Bladder
Poor diet
Sun
overexposure /
indoor tanning
Alcohol
consumption
Infections
(viruses
and
bacteria)
Pharmaceuticals
Occupational /
environmental
exposures
(non-solar)
n
n
n
Brain/CNS
n
n
Cervix
Colorectal
Esophagus
Kidney
Larynx
Leukemia
n
n
Hodgkin lymphoma
Liver
Lung
n
n
n
n
n
n
Melanoma
Multiple myeloma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Oral
Ovary
Pancreas
Prostate
n
n
Stomach
Testis
Thyroid
104
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.5 Projections for selected measures for lung cancer for status quo (no organized screening) versus 30% participation to LDCT screening and 22.5% smoking cessation success
rate, by province/territory, Canada, 2015 and 2030
New cases
No organized screening
2015
CANADA
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador
Yukon
Northwest Territories and Nunavut
2030
25,312
3,064
2,285
793
946
8,812
6,954
846
996
102
479
12
22
30,292
3,820
2,927
988
1,128
10,614
7,959
1,005
1,180
130
509
12
20
LDCT+smoking cessation
2015
29,386
3,458
2,622
923
1,058
10,197
8,241
998
1,178
117
556
12
25
2030
30,596
3,820
2,954
1,018
1,163
10,721
8,064
1,008
1,188
127
497
15
22
2015
CANADA
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador
Yukon
Northwest Territories and Nunavut
2030
70,608
8,535
5,822
1,957
2,652
24,851
19,749
2,494
2,938
262
1,263
48
38
92,379
11,407
8,343
2,843
3,618
32,537
24,497
3,383
3,661
328
1,651
51
60
LDCT+smoking cessation
2015
72,759
8,749
5,985
2,020
2,718
25,587
20,431
2,570
3,036
274
1,301
48
40
2015
20,679
2,435
1,834
574
806
7,021
5,898
709
866
100
407
12
17
2030
24,603
3,099
2,368
751
838
8,680
6,604
791
933
102
419
10
7
LDCT+smoking cessation
2015
2030
20,646
2,430
1,839
571
803
7,009
5,896
706
858
97
407
12
17
24,272
3,054
2,345
783
823
8,456
6,529
813
916
107
427
10
7
Prevalence (person-years)
No organized screening
No organized screening
2030
109,092
13,172
9,790
3,368
4,227
38,218
29,429
4,021
4,312
375
2,057
55
68
No organized screening
2015
591.6
70.5
52.2
17.7
21.9
204.5
166.4
19.8
24.2
2.4
11.1
0.3
0.4
2030
828.9
104.5
80.5
26.2
29.7
292.9
217.8
27.7
31.6
3.4
13.6
0.4
0.4
LDCT+smoking cessation
2015
929.9
110.6
83.3
28.9
32.3
325.0
260.1
29.7
36.4
4.1
18.0
0.6
0.9
2030
941.7
116.9
90.3
30.2
33.5
335.8
246.4
31.9
35.7
4.0
15.8
0.6
0.6
LDCT=low-dose computed
tomography
Note: LDCT screening eligible
population is 5574 year olds, 30
pack-year smokers (current smokers
or former smokers who have quit
within past 15 years); costs are
undiscounted.
105
CHAPTER 7
TABLE 7.6 Projections for selected measures for various screening scenarios for colorectal cancer, by province/territory, Canada, 2015 and 2030
New cases
2015
CANADA
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador
Yukon
Northwest Territories and Nunavut
No
organized
screening
30% FIT
24,810
2,927
2,011
773
926
9,286
6,532
584
963
137
594
22
55
24,883
2,974
2,028
791
936
9,222
6,557
609
966
140
589
22
50
2030
80% FIT
No
organized
screening
30% FIT
25,070
2,942
2,003
771
918
9,476
6,544
634
963
142
606
25
45
35,619
4,536
3,283
1,068
1,205
13,378
8,925
928
1,215
220
791
30
40
32,602
4,149
3,044
1,015
1,100
12,261
8,026
861
1,115
205
758
32
35
2015
80% FIT
No
organized
screening
30% FIT
29,611
3,845
2,690
891
971
11,148
7,395
741
998
177
691
30
35
9,563
1,245
771
312
327
3,515
2,455
252
377
57
232
2
17
9,124
1,150
746
294
319
3,391
2,335
222
362
55
232
0
17
2030
80% FIT
No
organized
screening
30% FIT
80% FIT
8,822
1,143
716
304
294
3,266
2,290
185
352
50
205
0
17
14,401
1,856
1,255
434
544
5,502
3,416
389
571
100
317
7
10
12,513
1,627
1,120
382
484
4,718
2,982
344
489
80
272
5
10
10,065
1,297
921
332
364
3,830
2,353
287
389
62
215
5
10
CANADA
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador
Yukon
Northwest Territories and Nunavut
No
organized
screening
30% FIT
1,442.8
177.3
121.0
44.8
52.6
528.7
379.9
34.7
55.5
8.5
36.3
0.8
2.9
1,632.0
203.9
138.7
51.2
59.5
600.5
423.7
39.8
61.3
9.6
39.8
1.0
3.0
2030
80% FIT
No
organized
screening
30% FIT
80% FIT
1,782.2
224.0
152.7
54.7
63.8
664.9
456.5
44.5
65.0
10.4
41.4
1.2
3.1
2,433.0
309.4
219.8
71.6
81.5
918.2
617.5
61.2
81.3
14.8
53.3
2.2
2.1
2,482.2
321.8
228.5
73.1
83.8
945.1
612.0
62.4
81.1
14.6
55.0
2.5
2.2
2,691.0
356.0
251.1
78.9
90.3
1,032.7
654.9
64.4
87.1
14.6
55.6
2.8
2.6
106
ICD-O-3 Site/Type*
Total
Males
Females
172,910
3,945
290
1,040
450
775
250
220
925
35,405
1,795
3,010
740
14,250
7,035
580
1,685
500
3,915
1,900
25,280
1,155
23,780
350
340
1,175
5,495
23,170
33,520
1,415
5,105
175
2,520
22,185
975
1,145
12,750
7,265
4,980
505
355
2,615
5,350
5,040
305
915
7,085
2,355
5,130
515
7,520
88,245
2,685
200
695
260
445
175
175
730
19,640
1,360
1,900
410
7,140
4,335
195
1,265
165
1,940
920
13,840
970
12,660
205
195
665
2,965
215
23,375
22,185
980
215
8,920
5,485
3,110
325
185
1,470
1,275
1,125
155
495
3,825
1,295
2,960
415
3,820
84,665
1,260
85
345
195
330
75
45
190
15,765
435
1,105
330
7,110
2,700
385
415
335
1,975
975
11,440
180
11,110
150
150
510
2,535
22,955
10,145
1,415
5,105
175
2,520
930
3,830
1,780
1,870
180
170
1,145
4,065
3,915
150
420
3,260
1,060
2,175
95
3,700
Not applicable
* Fritz A, Percy C, Jack A, Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin L, Parkin D, et al.
Editors. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
Note: Numbers are for invasive cancers and in situ bladder cancers (except
for Ontario) but exclude non-melanoma skin cancer (neoplasms, NOS;
epithelial neoplasms, NOS; and basal and squamous).
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
107
TABLE A2 Actual data for cancer deaths, Canada, 2010 (see Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 102-0522 for availability of later data releases)
All cancers
Oral (buccal cavity and pharynx)
Lip
Tongue
Salivary gland
Mouth
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Other and unspecified
Digestive organs
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Other and unspecified
Respiratory system
Larynx
Lung
Other and unspecified
Bone
Soft tissue (including heart)
Skin (melanoma)
Breast
Genital organs
Cervix
Body of uterus
Uterus, part unspecified
Ovary
Prostate
Testis
Other and unspecified
Urinary organs
Bladder
Kidney
Other urinary
Eye
Brain and central nervous system
Endocrine glands
Thyroid
Other endocrine
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
Mesothelioma
All other and unspecified cancers
ICD-10*
Total
Males
Females
C00C97
C00C14
C00
C01C02
C07C08
C03C06
C11
C10
C09,C12C14
C15C25,C26.0,C26.8.9,C48
C15
C16
C17
C18,C26.0
C19C20
C21
C22.0,C22.2.7
C23
C25
C22.1,C22.9,C24,C26.8.9,C48
C30C34,C38.1.9,C39
C32
C34
C3031,C33,C38.1.9,C39
C40C41
C38.0,C47,C49
C43
C50
C51C63
C53
C54
C55
C56
C61
C62
C5152,C57,C58,C60,C63
C64C68
C67
C64C65
C66,C68
C69
C70C72
C37,C73C75
C73
C37,C74C75
C81
C82C85,C96.3
C90.0, C90.2
C91C95, C90.1
C45
See Table A10
71,885
1,150
10
295
125
190
100
120
310
19,390
1,795
1,885
205
6,605
1,940
95
900
265
3,870
1,825
19,860
410
19,310
140
185
475
980
5,025
7,085
370
510
410
1,640
3,835
45
285
3,725
1,955
1,585
190
40
1,905
305
185
120
135
2,505
1,220
2,375
455
5,060
37,540
750
5
195
60
105
65
80
230
10,785
1,365
1,140
100
3,370
1,170
30
695
75
1,925
910
10,945
340
10,525
80
120
235
650
50
3,925
3,835
40
50
2,505
1,380
1,005
125
20
1,075
135
65
70
85
1,365
660
1,360
375
2,505
34,340
400
105
55
90
40
35
80
8,610
430
745
105
3,235
770
65
210
190
1,950
915
8,915
70
8,780
60
60
240
330
4,975
3,165
375
510
405
1,635
235
1,225
575
585
65
20
825
175
120
50
50
1,140
565
1,015
85
2,555
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
Not applicable
*World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of
Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision. Volumes 1 to 3.
Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992.
108
TABLE A3 Actual data for new cases for the most common cancers by sex and geographic region, Canada, 2010* (based on September 2012 Canadian Cancer Registry file and Quebec
2010; see Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 103-0553 for availability of later data releases)
New cases
Canada
Males
All cancers
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Kidney
Melanoma
Leukemia
Oral
Pancreas
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Esophagus
Multiple myeloma
Liver
Thyroid
Testis
Females
All cancers
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
Body of uterus
Thyroid
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma
Ovary
Leukemia
Pancreas
Kidney
Bladder
Cervix
Oral
Brain/CNS
Stomach
Multiple myeloma
Esophagus
Liver
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
YT
NT
NU
88,200
22,200
12,700
11,500
5,500
3,800
3,100
3,000
3,000
2,700
1,950
1,900
1,500
1,350
1,300
1,250
1,150
980
11,000
2,900
1,350
1,400
770
550
280
430
350
370
250
220
190
180
190
200
100
130
7,700
2,100
910
1,000
500
330
260
270
300
260
180
160
120
120
120
120
100
120
2,500
610
350
360
190
130
95
60
110
75
55
60
40
45
40
20
20
30
3,000
740
400
450
200
140
150
90
120
110
85
70
45
45
40
25
30
35
33,700
9,300
4,400
4,000
1,550
1,500
1,150
1,400
1,200
1,050
690
710
570
560
520
520
500
380
22,800
4,500
4,200
3,100
1,750
880
860
470
680
670
570
500
400
310
320
330
300
220
2,400
670
370
300
180
95
120
65
90
45
40
50
25
40
30
15
35
25
2,900
720
440
450
210
140
120
130
55
75
60
55
60
55
35
30
30
30
420
130
80
55
15
15
20
25
10
5
5
15
5
5
5
5
1,650
480
230
280
100
60
75
40
35
35
20
65
30
15
20
10
15
10
50
15
5
5
5
60
15
10
10
5
5
25
10
5
84,700
23,000
11,100
9,800
5,300
3,900
3,300
2,500
2,500
2,200
1,950
1,850
1,800
1,400
1,250
1,150
1,100
1,050
440
420
10,200
3,000
1,300
1,150
680
240
430
390
290
250
220
140
210
180
150
120
130
140
60
60
7,000
2,100
880
770
440
320
290
230
170
190
160
160
150
150
100
80
85
80
30
35
2,400
660
350
340
160
60
110
70
65
75
60
65
70
45
30
25
25
35
5
10
3,000
790
430
400
220
90
140
75
90
75
80
75
60
40
60
35
40
40
10
5
33,000
9,000
3,900
3,600
2,100
2,000
1,300
1,150
1,050
960
760
700
510
580
490
490
460
430
200
160
22,500
5,700
3,400
2,700
1,300
950
740
400
670
520
550
550
600
320
340
330
310
260
100
130
1,950
530
270
260
130
95
75
50
55
55
55
55
55
25
25
15
20
20
10
5
2,800
720
420
380
160
90
95
120
70
45
60
85
75
35
45
30
25
30
20
15
380
130
50
40
15
10
15
10
15
5
10
10
5
5
5
1,300
340
150
210
110
45
60
25
35
10
25
40
35
40
15
20
20
20
5
55
15
10
5
5
55
20
5
10
25
5
10
5
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
109
TABLE A4 Actual age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for the most common cancers by sex and geographic region, Canada, 2010*
(based on September 2012 Canadian Cancer Registry file and Quebec 2010; see Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 103-0553 for availability of later data releases)
Cases per 100,000
Canada
Males
All cancers
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Kidney
Melanoma
Oral
Pancreas
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Esophagus
Multiple myeloma
Testis
Liver
Thyroid
Females
All cancers
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
Body of uterus
Thyroid
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma
Ovary
Leukemia
Kidney
Pancreas
Cervix
Bladder
Brain/CNS
Oral
Stomach
Multiple myeloma
Esophagus
Liver
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
YT
NT
NU
440
108
63
57
28
19
15
15
15
13
10
9
8
7
6
6
6
6
390
103
48
50
27
20
13
10
15
12
8
8
7
6
6
6
7
4
420
113
52
56
28
18
17
13
14
12
10
9
6
6
6
7
6
5
406
98
57
58
30
22
17
16
9
12
8
10
7
7
6
6
4
4
439
105
57
64
27
19
17
20
12
15
12
9
6
6
6
7
4
5
444
121
58
52
21
20
17
15
18
13
9
9
8
7
7
6
7
7
468
89
85
64
36
18
15
17
10
13
12
10
9
6
6
6
7
6
477
130
74
59
36
20
19
24
13
10
7
10
6
7
6
8
3
7
476
114
70
72
34
22
9
18
22
11
9
9
10
9
6
8
5
5
459
132
83
57
17
17
9
21
29
9
9
13
5
3
10
485
133
64
82
30
19
12
20
13
10
6
20
10
4
5
4
4
6
324
90
46
46
24
418
101
69
83
17
24
12
381
25
170
60
369
101
47
40
23
21
14
12
11
10
8
8
8
7
5
5
4
4
2
2
330
100
40
34
22
9
14
14
9
8
5
7
7
6
4
5
4
4
2
2
342
100
44
37
21
16
14
11
8
9
8
7
8
7
4
5
4
4
1
2
348
95
48
44
22
11
15
11
10
10
9
8
8
9
3
4
4
5
1
1
373
101
51
45
28
14
16
10
12
9
9
9
6
7
5
7
4
4
1
1
377
103
43
38
24
28
15
14
12
11
8
8
8
5
6
6
5
5
2
2
389
101
57
43
22
21
13
8
12
9
9
9
7
10
6
6
5
4
2
2
351
96
45
42
22
20
13
10
10
12
9
9
7
10
3
5
3
4
2
1
388
104
57
50
22
15
13
19
9
6
11
8
6
10
4
6
3
4
2
2
365
115
45
38
15
12
15
13
13
8
8
9
9
6
356
89
38
54
28
16
16
7
9
3
11
6
14
8
6
3
5
6
1
333
91
65
45
22
384
96
60
89
369
51
149
74
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
110
TABLE A5 Actual data for cancer deaths for the most common cancers by sex and geographic region, Canada, 2010*
(see Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 102-0552 and CANSIM Table 102-0522 and for availability of later data releases)
Deaths
Canada
Males
All cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Pancreas
Bladder
Esophagus
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Kidney
Oral
Liver
Multiple myeloma
Melanoma
Females
All cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Pancreas
Ovary
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Body of uterus
Brain/CNS
Stomach
Kidney
Bladder
Multiple myeloma
Esophagus
Oral
Cervix
Melanoma
Liver
BC
AB
SK
MB
37,500
10,500
4,500
3,800
1,900
1,400
1,350
1,350
1,350
1,150
1,100
1,000
750
690
660
650
4,800
1,200
560
540
280
200
200
200
190
120
140
120
90
110
85
85
3,000
770
360
370
160
110
130
110
100
85
110
75
55
50
50
60
1,200
290
150
180
50
55
45
40
50
35
25
35
10
15
20
20
34,300
8,800
5,000
4,000
1,950
1,650
1,150
1,000
920
830
740
580
580
560
430
400
370
330
210
4,400
1,150
590
520
250
260
160
150
120
120
70
65
75
80
60
45
50
40
25
2,600
660
390
320
160
130
80
80
55
60
60
40
40
30
35
30
30
25
15
1,100
280
180
130
70
40
35
45
25
20
20
15
20
15
15
15
15
5
0
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
YT
NT
NU
1,350
340
190
180
65
45
55
40
40
40
35
45
15
15
25
20
13,900
3,700
1,650
1,450
680
530
530
510
550
420
410
370
320
300
260
280
10,200
3,300
1,200
810
530
330
280
370
330
330
280
250
200
170
160
140
930
290
120
80
45
35
35
30
30
25
25
30
15
15
15
1,300
350
160
130
55
45
65
40
40
40
40
45
25
25
25
30
160
60
10
15
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
710
200
130
55
40
25
15
20
25
40
10
25
10
5
5
5
35
5
5
5
25
5
5
20
10
5
1,350
340
190
150
75
70
45
35
35
25
20
25
20
25
15
20
15
10
5
12,800
3,100
1,900
1,400
720
630
460
400
360
310
300
230
210
210
180
150
170
160
100
9,200
2,500
1,300
1,100
510
380
270
240
250
220
210
150
170
150
85
120
70
80
50
870
240
120
95
60
25
30
25
20
15
25
20
15
20
10
15
10
10
5
1,200
330
190
150
60
55
40
20
35
30
30
20
15
20
15
10
10
5
5
150
45
20
25
5
10
600
130
110
85
30
30
15
5
20
15
20
15
10
10
10
10
30
10
5
5
20
5
5
5
15
5
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
111
TABLE A6 Actual age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for the most common cancers by sex and geographic region, Canada, 2010*
(see Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 102-0552 and CANSIM Table 102-0522 for availability of later data releases)
Deaths per 100,000
Canada
Males
All cancers
Lung
Colorectal
Prostate
Pancreas
Bladder
Esophagus
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Kidney
Oral
Liver
Multiple myeloma
Melanoma
Females
All cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Pancreas
Ovary
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Body of uterus
Brain/CNS
Stomach
Kidney
Bladder
Multiple myeloma
Esophagus
Oral
Cervix
Melanoma
Liver
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
YT
NT
NU
189
53
167
42
171
44
185
46
194
49
183
48
211
68
190
60
213
58
181
67
217
61
258
57
223
55
366
182
23
20
10
7
7
7
7
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
20
19
10
7
7
7
7
4
5
4
3
4
3
3
20
23
9
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
23
26
8
8
7
7
7
5
4
5
2
2
3
3
27
25
9
6
8
6
6
5
5
7
2
2
4
3
22
20
9
7
7
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
4
25
18
11
7
6
8
7
7
6
5
4
3
3
3
25
17
9
8
7
6
7
5
5
6
3
3
3
27
23
9
8
10
7
7
6
7
7
4
4
4
5
13
19
12
8
4
6
8
6
3
40
18
12
8
4
6
8
12
4
7
3
2
2
2
30
31
39
66
136
36
20
15
8
7
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
129
34
18
15
7
8
5
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
125
33
18
14
7
7
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
142
36
23
16
9
6
4
5
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
0
146
39
21
15
8
8
4
4
4
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
132
33
20
13
7
7
5
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
145
42
21
16
8
6
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
140
40
19
14
9
4
5
5
3
3
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
155
44
24
18
7
7
5
3
4
5
4
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
134
40
16
19
6
8
151
33
27
21
7
7
4
1
6
5
4
4
2
2
3
219
64
23
26
185
46
20
41
277
132
48
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
112
TABLE A7 New cases and average annual age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) by diagnostic group,
inchildren (014 years), Canada, 20062010
Diagnostic group
Total (5 years)
Average per year
I. Leukemia
a. Lymphoid
b. Acute myeloid
III. Central nervous system
a. Ependymoma
b. Astrocytoma
c. Intracranial & intraspinal embryonal
II. Lymphoma
a. Hodgkin lymphoma
b. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
c. Burkitt lymphoma
IV. Neuroblastoma & other PNC
a. Neuroblastoma
IX. Soft tissue
a. Rhabdomyosarcoma
VI. Renal tumours
a. Nephroblastoma
XI. Other malignant epithelial
b. Thyroid
d. Malignant melanoma
VIII. Malignant bone
a. Osteosarcoma
c. Ewing sarcoma
X. Germ cell and other gonadal
c. Gonadal germ cell tumours
V. Retinoblastoma
XII. Other and unspecified cancers
VII. Hepatic tumours
New cases*
(both sexes)
4,550
910
1,465
1,145
200
860
100
370
190
500
185
160
45
355
355
295
145
235
225
210
90
50
200
100
80
140
55
120
90
70
ASIR
(per 1,000,000)
peryear
163.2
53.4
41.8
7.1
30.9
3.6
13.2
6.8
17.5
6.3
5.6
1.6
13.2
13.0
10.5
5.1
8.8
8.4
7.0
3.1
1.7
6.8
3.4
2.7
4.9
1.9
4.4
3.2
2.7
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
113
TABLE A8 New cases and average annual age-standardized cancer incidence rates (ASIR) by sex and diagnostic group in adolescents and young
adults (1529 years), Canada, 20062010
Males
Diagnostic group
Total (5 years)
Average per year
Leukemias
Acute lymphoid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Other and unspecified leukemia
Lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
CNS and other intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms
Specified low-grade astrocytic tumours
Glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma
Other glioma
Osseous and chondromatous neoplasms
Osteosarcoma
Ewing tumour
Soft tissue sarcomas
Specified (excluding Kaposi sarcoma)
Germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms
Germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms of gonads
Other nongonadal
Melanoma and skin carcinomas
Melanoma
Carcinomas
Thyroid carcinoma
Other sites in lip, oral cavity and pharynx
Carcinoma of breast
Carcinoma of kidney
Carcinoma of gonads
Carcinoma of cervix and uterus
Carcinoma of colon and rectum
Miscellaneous specified neoplasms, NOS
Other specified neoplasms, NOS
Unspecified malignant neoplasms
New cases*
5,765
1,153
460
175
160
60
65
1,195
445
745
470
85
85
130
240
90
85
270
130
1,700
1,600
65
305
300
905
340
65
0
65
10
185
110
40
115
Females
ASIR
per 1,000,000
peryear
344.9
26.5
9.5
9.7
3.6
3.8
69.8
26.3
43.5
27.9
4.8
5.2
7.7
13.3
5.1
4.6
16.2
7.8
103.7
97.7
3.8
18.9
18.8
55.6
21.0
4.2
4.3
0.6
11.4
6.3
2.4
6.7
New cases*
6,540
1,308
305
90
130
45
40
1,005
285
720
425
80
65
100
165
60
55
245
125
150
130
20
665
665
3,155
1,590
105
475
55
110
420
180
165
110
260
ASIR
per 1,000,000
peryear
409.0
18.3
5.2
8.1
2.7
2.4
60.8
17.6
43.2
25.4
4.6
4.1
6.1
9.6
3.2
3.2
14.7
7.6
9.1
7.7
1.2
42.3
42.1
202.3
100.4
6.4
31.5
3.3
6.9
27.9
11.5
10.3
6.6
16.2
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada and Quebec Cancer Registry (20082010)
114
TABLE A9 Deaths and average annual age-standardized cancer mortality rates (ASMR) by sex and diagnostic group in adolescents and young adults
(1529 years), Canada, 20062010
Males
Diagnostic group
Total (5 years)
Average per year
Oral (buccal cavity and pharynx)
Lip
Tongue
Salivary gland
Mouth
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Other and unspecified
Digestive organs
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Other and unspecified
Respiratory system
Larynx
Lung
Other and unspecified
Bone
Soft tissue (including heart)
Melanoma
Breast
Genital organs
Cervix
Body of uterus
Uterus, part unspecified
Ovary
Prostate
Testis
Other and unspecified
Deaths
855
170
15
0
0
0
5
10
0
0
85
10
10
0
30
15
0
5
0
5
10
20
0
15
5
95
95
30
0
55
0
55
0
Females
ASMR
per 1,000,000
peryear
50.7
0.8
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.0
5.3
0.5
0.6
0.1
1.9
0.9
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.2
0.0
0.9
0.3
5.5
5.6
1.7
0.0
3.3
0.0
3.3
0.1
Deaths
605
120
5
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
75
0
20
0
25
15
0
10
0
5
5
15
0
15
5
60
50
30
35
60
25
0
0
30
ASMR
per 1,000,000
peryear
37.5
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
5.1
0.2
1.3
0.1
1.6
0.8
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.4
0.9
0.0
0.9
0.1
3.8
2.7
1.9
2.2
3.7
1.7
0.0
0.2
1.8
0.1
continued
115
TABLE A9 Deaths and average annual age-standardized cancer mortality rates (ASMR) by sex and diagnostic group in adolescents and young adults
(1529 years), Canada, 20062010 (continued)
Males
Diagnostic group
Urinary organs
Bladder
Kidney
Other urinary
Eye
Brain and central nervous system
Endocrine glands
Thyroid
Other endocrine
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
Mesothelioma
All other and unspecified cancers
Deaths
10
0
10
0
0
140
20
5
20
40
60
0
140
5
45
Females
ASMR
per 1,000,000
peryear
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
8.3
1.0
0.1
1.0
2.4
3.7
0.0
8.4
0.1
2.8
Deaths
10
0
10
0
0
80
15
0
15
25
30
0
85
0
25
ASMR
per 1,000,000
peryear
0.7
0.1
0.6
0.0
0.1
5.0
0.9
0.1
0.9
1.4
1.7
0.0
5.2
0.1
1.6
Not applicable.
Note: Rates are age-standardized to the 1991 Canadian population and
are expressed per million per year due to disease rarity. For ICD-10 codes,
see Table A2.
Analysis by: Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CCDP, Public Health Agency of Canada
Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada
116
117
Prostate
21.0%
Life tables
Life tables are required to estimate relative survival.
Sex-specific provincial life tables are produced by
Statistics Canada.
Expected survival data for the years 2006, 2007 and
2008 were respectively derived from 2005 to 2007,(9)
2006 to 2008(10) and 2007 to 2009(11) complete life
tables. The methodology used to produce these life
tables(12) was retroactively used to produce annual
life tables from 1991 to 1993 to 2004 to 2006.(13)
As complete life tables were not available for Prince
Edward Island or the territories, expected survival
proportions for these areas were derived, up to the
age of 99 years, from abridged life tables for
Canada(13) and the affected jurisdictions(9-11,13) and
complete Canadian life tables(9-11,13) using a method
suggested by Dickman et al.(14) Where this was not
possible (i.e., ages 100109 years), complete
Canadian life table values were used.
Cancer definitions
Cancers are generally defined according to the
groupings of ICD-O-3(2) for incidence and ICD-10(6)
for mortality (Table A10).
Some definitions have changed slightly over time.
Changes occurring since the 2004 edition of this
publication are outlined in Tables A11-1 and A11-2.
For children aged 014 years, cancers were classified
and reported according to the International
Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third Edition
(ICCC-3).(15) This system is most appropriate for
reporting childhood cancers because it acknowledges
the major differences between cancers that develop
during childhood and those that occur later in life.
The category intracranial and intraspinal excludes
non-malignant tumours.
Methods
Incidence and mortality rates
Records from each province or territory were extracted
from the relevant incidence or mortality files and then
classified by year of diagnosis or death and by sex,
five-year age group (04, 59,, 8084 and 85+ years)
and cancer type.
Rates for each category were calculated by dividing
the number of cases or deaths in each category (i.e.,
province or territory, year, sex, age group, cancer
type) by the corresponding population figure. These
formed the basis for calculations of age-standardized
rates and for estimates beyond the most recent year
of actual data.
For the sections Incidence and mortality by sex, age
and geography, age-specific rates were computed for
broader age groups (019, 2029,, 7079 and 80+
years) in the same way.
Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and
mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated using the
direct method, which involves weighting the
age-specific rates for each five-year age group
according to the age distribution of the 1991
Canadian population:
04
6,946.4
59
6,945.4
1014
6,803.4
1519
6,849.5
2024
7,501.6
2529
8,994.4
3034
9,240.0
3539
8,338.8
4044
7,606.3
4549
5,953.6
5054
4,764.9
5559
4,404.1
6064
4,232.6
6569
3,857.0
7074
2,965.9
7579
2,212.7
8084
1,359.5
85+
1,023.7
Total
100,000
Note: The Canadian population distribution is based on the final
postcensal estimates of the July 1, 1991, Canadian population, adjusted for
census undercoverage. The age distribution of the population has been
weighted and normalized.
Data source: Census and Demographics Branch, Statistics Canada
Tables A12 and A13 indicate the cancer types that were
reported according to the five-year average method for
2015. In these situations, the age-standardized rates for
2015 reported in this publication were calculated using
the most recent five years of actual data.
120
121
Survival
This section of the publication has been reproduced, as
is (with the exception of a new section on international
comparisons), from the corresponding section in last
years publication (2014). As such, the analytical
techniques used reflect the state of knowledge at the
time of the production of that publication.
Analyses were based on all primary cancers. The
effect of including multiple cancers in survival
analyses has been studied both internationally(28,29)
and in Canada.(30)
Analyses were based on those individuals aged
1599 years at diagnosis excluding adolescent (1519
years) bone cancers, which are dissimilar to those
diagnosed in older adults. An exception was the
analysis of childhood cancers, which was based on
children under the age of 15 years at diagnosis.
Deaths of people diagnosed with cancer are
identified through record linkage of the CCR to the
CVS: D and from information reported by provincial
or territorial cancer registries. For deaths reported by
a registry but not confirmed by record linkage, it was
assumed that the individual died on the date
submitted by the reporting province or territory. At
the time of the analysis, registration of new cases and
follow-up for vital status were complete through
December 31, 2008.
122
Prevalence
This section of the publication has been reproduced, as
is, from the corresponding section in last years
publication (2014). As such, the analytical techniques
used reflect the state of knowledge at the time of the
production of that publication.
The primary type of prevalence reported in this
publication is tumour-based. Two-, five- and 10-year
limited duration prevalence estimates are based on the
number of cancers diagnosed in the previous two, five
and 10 years among people who are alive.
Estimating prevalence requires current, accurate
information about both the incidence and vital status
of cases. Because of issues in correctly ascertaining the
vital status of persons diagnosed while residing in
Quebec, the following approach was used:
Cancer site-, sex- and age-specific limited duration,
tumour-based, prevalence estimates for all of
Canada, excluding Quebec, were determined directly
using the counting method.(38,39) Specifically, all
primary invasive cancers (including in situ bladder
cancers) diagnosed among persons residing outside
of Quebec in the relevant time period and alive on
January 1, 2009, were counted, regardless of whether
they were first or subsequent primaries.
Sex- and age-specific population estimates for
January 1, 2009, were derived by averaging the 2008
and 2009 mid-year population estimates for all of
Canada, excluding Quebec.
Cancer site-, sex- and age-specific limited duration
prevalence proportions for all of Canada, excluding
Quebec, were then estimated by dividing counts by
the appropriate population estimates.
123
Mortality
Although procedures for registering and allocating
cause of death have been standardized both nationally
and internationally, some lack of specificity and
uniformity is inevitable. The description of cancer type
provided on the death certificate is usually less
accurate than that obtained by the cancer registries
from hospital and pathology records.
Although there have been numerous small changes in
definitions over the years (see Tables A11-1 and
A11-2), there is one major earlier change of note:
Survival
Cases diagnosed in the province of Quebec were
excluded from survival analyses, in part because the
method of ascertaining the date of diagnosis of cancer
cases in this province clearly differed from that of the
other provincial cancer registries(42) and because of
issues in correctly ascertaining the vital status of cases.
Prevalence
Because of issues in correctly ascertaining the vital
status of persons diagnosed while residing in Quebec,
prevalence data for this province were determined
indirectly (see the Methods section above). Prevalence
estimates were derived using the corresponding
observed prevalence proportion calculated for the rest
of Canada, stratified on age group, sex and cancer type.
124
Multiple myelomab
Leukemiab
All cancers
c
Data are not available for
Ontario and Canada.
125
Methods
Projection models
= ( Aa + D p + Pp + Cc )5 ,
(NP_ADPC )
126
= Aa + Pp + Cc ,
A ~ normal(0,1000000
1
);
A2 | A1 ~ normal(0,1000000
);
Aa | A1,..., a 1 ~ normal(2 Aa 1 Aa 2 ,
), 3 a A.
);
P2 | P1 ~ normal(0,1000000
);
), 3 p P + N .
C1 ~ normal(0,1000000
C 2 | C1 ~ normal(0,1000000
);
C c | C1,..., c 1 ~ normal(2C c 1 C c 2 ,
), 3 c C + N .
ap
log
nap
= Aa + Pp ,
);
caseap Poisson(ap ),
Pp | P1,..., p 1 ~ normal(2Pp 1 Pp 2 ,
, 1 ),
Aa ~ normal( A
a
1
Pp ~ normal(Pp , ) ,
127
5. R
elative percent adjustment method regional
projections derived from scaling down
national-level projections (SD)
2007
2007
t=2003
t=2003
w=
ASIRRt / ASIRNt ,
Comparison of models
Projected average annual numbers of cancer cases
from the models described above based on observed
incidence counts in 1972 to 1991 were compared with
observed values in 1992 to 2007 in Canada. Quebec
was excluded from the comparison because of data
quality issues prior to 1983.(66,67) Median absolute
relative difference between predicted and observed
values, |observed-predicted|/observed, was calculated
to examine each models overall tendency to
overestimate or underestimate the actual number of
cancer cases. The absolute difference was used when
comparing for rare cancers. We compared median
prediction errors for each model across combinations
of cancer type, geographical area and sex. We also
separately compared model performance for each
cancer type, across all geographic areas and sexes.
Friedmans test was used to test for statistical difference
in medians between different projection models.(68)
129
BOX 2 Median of absolute relative difference (%) between observed and projected number of average annual
cancer cases in 19922010, Canadaa
Length of projection
10 years
15 years
20 years
National
level
Across
provinces
National
level
Across
provinces
National
level
Across
provinces
M0F
10.6
11.1
13.6
15.5
10.3
15.2
M0T
7.8
11.8
10.6
16.1
14.9
18.3
M0A
7.8
11.6
10.6
14.6
16
16.3
PHACpred
Projection method
Exclusion of prostate cancer
5.8
10.9
6.9
13.9
7.6
15.1
p-valueb of differences
among the 4 models
0.02
0.36
<0.01
0.12
<0.01
0.06
0.12
0.35
<0.01
0.4
<0.01
0.53
10.6
11.7
14.3
15.8
10.4
15.8
M0T
7.8
12.3
10.9
16.7
15.2
18.9
M0A
8.5
11.8
12
15.5
16.1
17.1
PHACpred
6.3
11.3
14.4
7.6
15.5
p-value of differences
among the 4 models
0.03
0.34
<0.01
0.17
<0.01
0.05
0.12
0.42
<0.01
0.52
<0.01
0.61
Note:
1. Comparisons were presented for the combination of cancer
site, sex and area, for which the Nordpred APC models (NP_
ADPC) with varied drift reductions (denoted as PHACpred) were
used for projections.
2. Three versions of NP_ADPC with its default drift reduction:
using the average trend over the whole observation period for
projections (M0F), using the slope between the two most
recent periods for projections (M0T), and automatically
determining whether the recent trend (or the average trend) is
projected based on a significance test for departure from linear
trend (M0A).
130
Data
The CRMM simulates and projects a representative
sample of the Canadian population using Statistics
Canadas official demographic projections. CRMM
takes into account births, mortality, immigration and
Methods
Lung cancer simulations
Participation rates
Box 3 Sensitivity and specificity of screening tests for colorectal cancer screening
Colonoscopy
Polyp or Cancer state
FIT*
Distal
Proximal
0.025
0.75
0.65
0.05
0.85
0.85
0.15
0.95
0.875
Cancer
0.75
0.95
0.99
0.95
0.90
0.95
0.90
132
133
Scenarios
Default scenario
Vaccination
oo vaccinating 12-year-old girls annually with 70%
Alternative scenarios
Scenario name
CRMM description
Target pop
Vaccination rate
Target pop
Primary screening
modality & frequency
Girls
70%
Age 2169
Girls
70%
Age 2169
Age 30
Girls
70%
Ontario follow-up protocol (i.e., a second HPV DNA test if the first
one was positive and the triage cytology was negative) applies as a
follow-up to the primary HPV DNA testing.(80)
134
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136
ICD-O-3 Site/Type
(incidence)
ICD-10 names
(mortality)
ICD-10 Site/Type
(mortality)
C00C14
C00C14
C15
C16
C18C20, C26.0
C15
C16
C18C20, C26.0
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Lung
Melanoma
Breast
Cervix
Body of uterus
Liver
Pancreas
Larynx
Bronchus and lung
Skin (melanoma)
Breast
Cervix uteri
Corpus uteri, uterus NOS
C22.0
C25
C32
C34
C44 (Type 87208790)
C50
C53
C54C55
Ovary
Prostate
Testis
Bladder (including in situ for
incidence)
Kidney
Ovary
Prostate gland
Testis
C56.9
C61.9
C62
Bladder
C67
C67
C64.9, C65.9
C64C65
Brain/CNS
C70C72
Thyroid
Hodgkin lymphoma*
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma*
Thyroid gland
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
C73.9
Type 96509667
Type 95909597, 96709719,
97249729, 9735, 9737, 9738
C90.0, C90.2
Esophagus
Stomach
Colorectal
C56
C61
C62
CNS=central nervous system
Multiple myeloma*
C22.0, C22.2C22.7
C25
C32
C34
C43
C50
C53
C54C55
Myeloma, plasmacytoma
C70C72
C73
C81
C82C85, C96.3
137
ICD-O-3 names
(incidence)
ICD-O-3 Site/Type
(incidence)
ICD-10 names
(mortality)
ICD-10 Site/Type
(mortality)
C91C95, C90.1
All cancers
138
Colorectal
Kidney
Lung
Year changed
2006
2011
2008
2008
Ovary
ICD-O-3 C56
Old definitions
2006
Lung
ICD-10 C34
Year changed
2012
2008
2008
2007
2008
Multiple myeloma
Ovary
All other and
unspecified cancers
ICD-10 C56
ICD-10 C44, C46, C76C80, C88,C96.0C96.2,
C96.7C96.9, C97
2008
2006
2007
Old definitions
ICD-10 C18C21, C26.0
ICD-10 C64C66, C68
ICD-10 C91C95
ICD-10 C22 (before 2006)
ICD-10 C22.0, C22.2C22.9 (in 2006)
ICD-10 C33C34 (before 2006)
ICD-10 C34 (in 2006)
ICD-10 C33C34 (in 2007)
ICD-10 C88, C90 (before 2007)
ICD-10 C90 (in 2007)
ICD-10 C56, C57.0C57.4
ICD-10 C44, C46, C76C80,C96.0C96.2,
C96.7C96.9, C97
139
TABLE A12 Use of five-year average method* for incidence projection by cancer type, sex and province, 2015
BC
M
AB
F
SK
F
MB
F
ON
F
QC
F
NB
F
NS
F
All cancers
PE
F
NL
F
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Prostate
Bladder
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma
Kidney
Thyroid
Body of uterus
l
l
Leukemia
Pancreas
Oral
Stomach
Brain/CNS
Ovary
l
l
l
l
Multiple myeloma
Liver
Esophagus
Cervix
Larynx
Testis
Hodgkin lymphoma
l
n
n
l
l
n
n
l
l
n
n
l
l
n
n
l
l
l
n
l
M=males; F=females. BC=British Columbia; AB=Alberta; SK=Saskatchewan; MB=Manitoba; ON=Ontario; QC=Quebec; NB=New Brunswick; NS=Nova Scotia; PE=Prince Edward Island; NL=Newfoundland and Labrador.
140
TABLE A13 Use of five-year average method* for mortality projection by cancer type, sex and province, 2015
BC
M
AB
F
SK
F
MB
F
ON
F
QC
F
NB
F
NS
F
PE
F
NL
Lung
Colorectal
All cancers
Breast
Pancreas
Prostate
Leukemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Bladder
Stomach
Esophagus
Brain/CNS
Kidney
n
n
Ovary
Multiple myeloma
Oral
Liver
Melanoma
Body of uterus
l
Larynx
Cervix
l
l
l
n
l
l
l
l
l
n
l
l
l
n
l
l
l
l
l
l
M=males; F=females. BC=British Columbia; AB=Alberta; SK=Saskatchewan; MB=Manitoba; ON=Ontario; QC=Quebec; NB=New Brunswick; NS=Nova Scotia; PE=Prince Edward Island; NL=Newfoundland and Labrador.
141
Skin cancers
2001
Colorectal cancer
2013
Liver cancer
2000
2011
Colorectal cancer
2010
End-of-life care
Cancer in depth: esophagus cancer
Cancer in depth: kidney cancer
2007
Breast cancer
2006
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
2002
1998
International comparisons
1997
1996
Prostate cancer
Direct costs of cancer in Canada, 1993
Evaluation of cancer estimates: 19871991
1995
Prevalence of cancer
Colorectal cancer
1993
1991
142
Abbreviations
AAPC
APC
ASIR
ASMR
LDCT
CCR
CI
Confidence interval
NMSC
OSP
CNS
PSA
Prostate-specific antigen
PYLL
DCO
RSR
SEER
143
144
Prostate
21.0%
Appendix tables
A1
A2
A3
A5
A6
A7
A8
A4
Figures
145
146
Statistics Canada
147
Prostate
21.0%
NEW BRUNSWICK
Dr Eshwar Kumar
Co-Chief Executive Officer
New Brunswick Cancer Network
Department of Health
Place Carleton Place, 2nd floor
520 King Street, PO Box 5100
Fredericton, NB E3B 5G8
Elaine Warren
Director, Cancer Care Program
Eastern Health
Dr H. Bliss Murphy Cancer Centre
300 Prince Philip Drive
St Johns, NL A1B 3V6
Tel: 709-777-6521
Fax: 709-753-0927
easternhealth.ca
Tel: 506-453-5521
Fax: 506-453-5522
Maureen MacIntyre
Director, Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit
Cancer Care Nova Scotia
1276 South Park Street
Bethune Building, Room 569
Halifax, NS B3H 2Y9
Tel: 902-473-6084
Fax: 902-425-9614
Gail Noonan
Manager, Manitoba Cancer Registry
CancerCare Manitoba
675 McDermot Avenue, Room ON4025
Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9
Tel: 204-787-2573
Fax: 204-786-0629
cancercare.mb.ca
gnb.ca/0051/cancer/index-e.asp
SASKATCHEWAN
QUEBEC
Heather Stuart-Panko
Director, Cancer Registry
Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 2nd Floor
#200-4545 Parliament Avenue
Regina, SK S4W 0G3
Rabi Louchini
Pilote dorientation du Registre qubcois du cancer
Ministre de la Sant et Services sociaux
1075, Chemin Ste-Foy, 7e tage
Qubec, QC G1S 2M1
Tel: 418-266-6713
Fax: 418-266-5862
http://msssa4.msss.gouv.qc.ca/santpub/tumeurs.nsf/
cat?OpenView
NOVA SCOTIA
MANITOBA
ONTARIO
Mary Jane King
Manager, Ontario Cancer Registry
Analytics and Informatics
Cancer Care Ontario
620 University Avenue
Toronto, ON M5G 2L7
Tel: 639-625-2042
Fax: 639-625-2191
saskcancer.ca
ALBERTA
Cindy Nikiforuk
Director, Alberta Cancer Registry
Cross Cancer Institute, Room 2133
11560 University Avenue
Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2
Tel: 780-432-8781
Fax: 780-432-8659
albertahealthservices.ca
Tel: 416-217-1260
Fax: 416-217-1304
cancercare.ns.ca
cancercare.on.ca
148
YUKON
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Marguerite Fenske
Manager Health Informatics
Insured Health and Hearing Services
Box 2703 (H-2)
Whitehorse, YK Y1A 2C6
Heather Hannah
Territorial Epidemiologist
Epidemiology & Disease Registries
Office of the Chief Public Health Officer
Department of Health and Social Services
Government of the NWT
Box 1320, 5022 49th Street
Centre Square Tower, 6th Floor
Yellowknife, NT X1A 2L9
Tel: 867-393-6925
Fax: 867- 393-6486
hss.gov.yk.ca/insured_services.php
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Ryan Woods
Scientific Director, BC Cancer Registry
BC Cancer Agency
Cancer Control Research Unit
675 West 10th Avenue, Room #2-116
Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3
Tel: 604-675-8070
Fax: 604-675-8180
bccancer.bc.ca
Tel: 867-920-3241
Fax: 867-873-0442
hss.gov.nt.ca
STATISTICS CANADA
Jose Bgin
Director, Health Statistics Division
RH Coats Building, 12th Floor
100 Tunneys Pasture Driveway
Ottawa, ON K1A 0T6
Tel: 613-951-4041
Fax: 613-951-0792
NUNAVUT
Mike Ruta
Manager, Population Health Information
Department of Health
Government of Nunavut
Box 1000, Station 1033
Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0
statcan.gc.ca
Tel: 867-975-5917
Fax: 867-975-5946
149
MANITOBA
ONTARIO
Tel: 416-961-7223
Fax: 416-961-4189
ccs@cancer.ca
Toll-free: 1-888-532-6982
Tel: 204-774-7483
Fax: 204-774-7500
info@mb.cancer.ca
Toll-free: 1-800-268-8874
Tel: 416-488-5400
Fax: 416-488-2872
webmaster@ontario.cancer.ca
NEW BRUNSWICK
PO Box 2089
133 Prince William Street
Saint John, NB E2L 3T5
ccsnb@nb.cancer.ca
Toll-free: 1-866-566-4007
Tel: 902-566-4007
Fax: 902-628-8281
info@pei.cancer.ca
QUEBEC
PO Box 8921
Daffodil Place
70 Ropewalk Lane
St Johns, NL A1B 3R9
Toll-free: 1-800-661-2262
Tel: 403-205-3966
Fax: 403-205-3979
info@cancer.ab.ca
Tel: 506-634-6272
Fax: 506-634-3808
Toll-free: 1-888-753-6520
Tel: 709-753-6520
Fax: 709-753-9314
ccs@nl.cancer.ca
NOVA SCOTIA
5826 South Street, Suite 1
Halifax, NS B3H 1S6
Toll-free: 1-800-639-0222
Tel: 902-423-6183
Fax: 902-429-6563
ccs.ns@ns.cancer.ca
Tel: 514-255-5151
Fax: 514-255-2808
info@sic.cancer.ca
SASKATCHEWAN
1910 McIntyre Street
Regina, SK S4P 2R3
Toll-free: 1-877-977-4673
Tel: 306-790-5822
Fax: 306-569-2133
hello@sk.cancer.ca
150