Internal organs

Heart

Intestine
(bowel; gut)

Liver
Kidneys

Lungs

Stomach

Exercise 1: Words and expressions

duodenum [dudinm] - the first section of the small intestine

jejunum [ddunm] - the second part of the small intestine
ileum [lim] - the final section of the small intestine
cecum (or caecum) [sikm] - the beginning of the large intestine (plural - ceca)
diaphragm [da..frm] - the muscle that separates the chest from the lower part of the body
metabolism [mtb. l..z m] - all the chemical processes in your body, especially those that cause food
to be used for energy and growth

thoracic [rs k] - related to the chest (thorax)

parenchyma [pr k m] - functional elements of an organ, contained in and supported by
the connective tissue framework (stroma)

Exercise 2: Reading
Internal organs are organs which are positioned inside our bodies. They include: heart, lungs, liver,
kidneys, stomach, bowels, spleen, pancreas, etc.
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the bodys circulatory
pump (it pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system). It takes in blood with low
levels of oxygen through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the
various arteries. It is located in the middle compartment of the chest. It is divided into four chambers:
upper ones - left and right atria (singular - atrium); and lower ones - left and right ventricles. The Latin
name for heart is "cor" (like in the word "coronary"), and the adjective commonly used when talking
about something related to heart is "cardiac".
The intestine (or bowel, or gut) is the segment of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the stomach
to the anus. It consists of two segments - the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine
is further subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and the large intestine is subdivided into
the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
The liver is a vital organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape, which plays an important role in
metabolism. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm,
to the right of the stomach. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification of various
metabolites, protein synthesis, and the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. Terminology
related to the liver often starts in hepar- or hepat- from the Greek word for liver, hepar.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that have several regulatory roles. They remove waste products of
metabolism. Kidneys also have a homeostatic function (such as the regulation of electrolytes,
maintenance of acidbase balance, and regulation of blood pressure). They are a natural filter of the
blood, and urine is produced inside them. The kidneys also produce hormones, such as calcitriol and
erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin. The adjective used when talking about something related to the
kidneys is "renal". The part of medicine that specializes in kidney diseases is called nephrology.
The lungs are the organs used for breathing. There are two lungs in human bodies - right and left. The
right lung consists of three lobes, while the left lung is slightly smaller and consists of only two lobes.
The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity, on both sides of the heart. Lungs are covered with
pleura, which is a membrane, and has two parts - outer part (viscelar pleura) and inner part (parietal
pleura). An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity,
which is found in the lung parenchyma (functional part of an organ in the body). Alveoli are the sites
where gas exchange with blood takes place. The adjective used when talking about something related to
lungs is "pulmonary".
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ where food is digested. It is located between the esophagus
and the small intestine. It secretes protein-digesting enzymes called proteases and gastric acid to aid in
food digestion. Terminology related to the stomach often starts in gastro- or gastric- from the Greek
word for stomach, gaster.

Exercise 3: Answering the questions

1) Name the four chambers of the heart.
Answer: Left and right ventricle, and left and right atria
2) What are the parts of small intestine?
Answer: duodenum, jejunum and ileum
3) What is liver?
Answer: A vital organ with important role in metabolism
4) What are some of the functions of the kidneys?
Answer: removal of the metabolic waste products, homeostatic function, blood filtration, urine
production, production of hormones and enzymes.
5) How many lobes do left and right lungs have?
Answer: Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes.
6) What is secreted in the stomach, and aids food digestion?
Answer: Gastric acid

Exercise 4: Summary

Summarize what you have learned about these organs in your own words
1) Heart
2) Intestines
3) Liver
4) Stomach
5) Lungs
6) Kidneys