blood pressure
ardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide.1,2 One of the most important modifiable risk factors for CVD is blood pressure. Even
small reductions of blood pressure significantly decrease the risk
of myocardial infarction and stroke.3 However, almost half of the
patients with hypertension remain uncontrolled, despite blood
pressure lowering medication.4 Thus, simple interventions to
improve blood pressure control are needed. Aspirin traditionally
was assumed to have no effect on blood pressure,5 but in recent
studies, aspirin intake at bedtime compared with intake on awakening considerably reduced blood pressure.611 Additionally, we
previously found that aspirin intake at bedtime compared with
on awakening reduced plasma renin activity and cortisol, dopamine and norepinephrine excretions over 24 hours.12 However,
all previous studies included healthy subjects, pregnant women,
or patients with mild hypertension.611,13 If the effect of bedtime
aspirin intake on blood pressure also holds for patients who
chronotherapy
platelet activation
Received November 25, 2014; first decision December 11, 2014; revision accepted January 25, 2015.
From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (T.N.B., J.D.S., F.R.R., J.G.v.d.B.);
Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (W.J.J.A.); Department of Public Health
and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (W.J.J.A.); JJ van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin
Research, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.J.Z., J.G.v.d.B.); and Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the
Netherlands (J.E., M.V.H.).
The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://hyper.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.
114.04980/-/DC1
Correspondence to T.N. Bonten, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, C7-P, PO Box9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the
Netherlands. E-mail t.n.bonten@lumc.nl
2015 American Heart Association, Inc.
Hypertension is available at http://hyper.ahajournals.org
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04980
Methods
Design Overview
An overview of the study design is depicted in Figure1. A prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point (PROBE), 2-period
crossover study was conducted at a single center in the Netherlands
and registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01379079.
Benefits of the PROBE design and its validity for studies measuring
ambulatory blood pressure have been previously documented.22 The
study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki,
approved by the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) Ethics
Committee, and all subjects gave written informed consent.
Outcomes
Blood Pressure
Platelet Reactivity
Statistical Analysis
To detect an interindividual difference of 3 mmHg in blood pressure with 80% power at a 5% significance level, we calculated a
required sample size of 250 patients. We assumed an intraindividual standard deviation of 12.9 mmHg, as derived from a previous
study.12 Estimating a drop-out of 10% and invalid ABPM of 5%, we
randomized 290 subjects. As planned on beforehand, platelet reactivity was measured in the first consecutive 160 patients, yielding
a power of 90% to detect a difference of 17 ARU at a 5% significance level. For this calculation, we used an intraindividual standard
deviation of 46.85 ARU.24 Continuous characteristics are described as
meanstandard deviation (SD) if normally distributed or as median
(interquartile range [IQR]) if not normally distributed. Categorical
variables are expressed as numbers (percentages). ABPM values were
edited according to conventional criteria to remove measurement
errors and outliers. Because sampling frequency was denser during
the day (3/hour) than during the night (2/hour), we calculated a
weighted overall mean BP, as suggested previously25:
(mean day BP nr day measurements) + (mean night BP nr night measurements)
ments
nr day measurements + nr night measurem
The start of day- and nighttimes was obtained from diaries. The primary end point was assessed in a primary and secondary analysis population. The primary analysis population included all subjects who were
randomized and completed measurements of end points. The secondary
analysis population excluded subjects with 1 invalid ABPM, change of
antihypertensive medication, or compliance <90%. Paired t-tests were
performed to analyze day, night, and overall mean BP after intake of
aspirin on awakening and at bedtime. Additionally, linear mixed models
were used to assess treatment effects and period or carry-over effects.
Subgroup analyses were prespecified for users of -blockers, inhibitors of the reninangiotensin system (users versus nonusers), users of
no- versus 1 blood pressure lowering drugs, and subjects with baseline
systolic BP of >140 versus 140 mmHg.
Results
Study Population and Compliance
Between June 2011 and March 2013, 3479 subjects were
screened at 30 general practitioner practices, of whom 1704 did
not meet inclusion criteria, primarily because of age >75 years
(n=1080) and use of other platelet inhibiting drugs (n=386;
Figure2). A total of 290 subjects were randomized, and baseline characteristics were similar between groups (Table1).
Study follow-up was discontinued by 26 subjects, primarily
because study participation was too aggravating (18/26; 70%).
Primary and secondary analysis populations comprised 263
and 150 subjects, respectively, for assessment of the primary
end point. Measurements for the secondary end point platelet reactivity were complete for 136 subjects. Compliance as
measured by electronic pill boxes and pill count was high and
similar with aspirin intake on awakening (99% [97%100%]
and 100% [100%100%], respectively) and intake at bedtime
(98% [94%100%] and 100% [100%100%]).
Study start: September 2011
Blood Pressure
The circadian 24-hour ABPM profile after 3 months aspirin intake on awakening and 3 months intake at bedtime is
depicted in Figure3. The mean (SD) 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 127 (12) and 79 (9) mmHg with
aspirin intake on awakening, whereas these were 127 (12) and
78 (8) with aspirin at bedtime. This resulted in differences of
0.1 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 0.9) and 0.6
mmHg (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 0.0). Furthermore,
systolic and diastolic blood pressures during day- and nighttime did not differ by the timing of aspirin intake (Table2).
Mixed model analysis showed the same results and no evidence for carry-over or period effects (data not shown).
Additionally, findings among subgroups of subjects using or
not using -blockers, angiotensin inhibitors, blood pressure
lowering drugs in general, or subjects with baseline office BP
>140 or 140 mmHg were similar to the overall results (Table
S1 in the online-only Data Supplement). Finally, in the secondary analysis, comprising only patients with valid ABPM at
both visits who did not change their antihypertensive medication between visit 2 and 3 and were 90% compliant as registered with electronic pill boxes, aspirin intake at bedtime was
not associated with a reduction of mean 24-hour blood pressure or day- and nighttime blood pressure (Table S2).
Platelet Reactivity
Three subjects forgot to take aspirin on the day before platelet
reactivity measurements and were excluded from this analysis. In the remaining 133 subjects, aspirin intake at bedtime
reduced morning platelet reactivity (mean difference 22 ARU
Randomized (n=290)
Allocation
Follow-up
Visit 3 (6 months)
Withdrawal of consent (n=5)
Participation too aggravating (n=4)
Stopped aspirin use (n=1)
Visit 3 (6 months)
Withdrawal of consent (n=6)
Participation too aggravating (n=3)
Stopped aspirin use (n=3)
Analysis populations
Figure 2. Patient flow. ABPM indicates ambulatory blood pressure measurement. *Other reasons: stopped aspirin use before inclusion,
not able to participate in clinical trial as judged by general practitioner, changed address, not speaking Dutch language. One subject
refused ABPM at the last follow-up visit.
AwakeningBedtime
Group (n=145)
BedtimeAwakening
Group (n=145)
Sex (M/F)
106/39
106/39
647
647
Age, y
Current smokers
21 (15)
28 (19)
28.44.7
2814.6
13710
13710
888
888
Diabetics
17 (12)
14 (10)
Myocardial infarction
53 (37)
59 (41)
59 (41)
61 (42)
Stroke/transient
ischemic attack
28 (19)
23 (16)
Atrial fibrillation
14 (10)
13 (9)
Peripheral artery
disease
12 (8)
9 (6)
3 (2)
1 (1)
106 (73)
100 (69)
6 (311)
6 (414)
2 (12.5)
2 (13)
Medication use
Number of blood
pressure lowering
drugs
-Blockers
74 (51)
80 (55)
Ace-inhibitors
60 (41)
55 (38)
Angiotensin II
inhibitors
37 (26)
33 (23)
Calcium antagonists
29 (20)
27 (19)
Diuretics
37 (26)
46 (32)
116 (80)
123 (85)
Discussion
In this large crossover trial among patients using low-dose
aspirin for CVD prevention, 24-hour blood pressure did not
differ between aspirin intake at bedtime and intake on awakening. However, aspirin intake at bedtime was associated with
lower morning platelet reactivity.
Cardiovascular history
Other
entry. A total of 32/264 (12%) switched from intake on awakening to intake at bedtime and 21/264 (8%) from at bedtime
to on awakening. So, no clear patient preference was present
for time of intake.
Figure 3. Effect of low-dose aspirin intake at bedtime compared with intake on awakening on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure profile
in the primary analysis population (n=263). A, Systolic blood pressure. B, Diastolic blood pressure. Each graph shows hourly means and
standard errors of blood pressure measured at low-dose aspirin intake on awakening (continuous black line) and low-dose aspirin intake
at bedtime (dashed gray line). Hours on the x-axis refer to hours after awakening from nocturnal sleep. The shaded area represents the
average nocturnal period for all subjects.
Value
Mean Difference
(BedtimeAwakening)
Aspirin on Awakening Aspirin at Bedtime
(95% CI)*
24-hour SBP
12712
12712
24-hour DBP
799
788
Day SBP
13112
13112
Day DBP
829
819
Night SBP
11715
11714
Night DBP
6910
699
*Mean difference and 95% CI obtained with paired t-tests. Values are
meanstandard deviation.
CI indicates confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; and SBP,
systolic blood pressure.
Clinical Interpretation
It has been shown that the risk for recurrent cardiovascular
events is increased in patients with higher VerifyNow-aspirin
platelet reactivity values.36,37 Stable CVD patients with platelet
reactivity >550 ARU had an absolute risk of 15.6% for developing the composite cardiovascular end point, whereas this
was only 5.3% in patients with ARU values <550.37 In another
study, the absolute risk for the primary end point (all-cause
death and recurrent cardiovascular events) was 13.3% in
patients >454 ARU and 5.9% in patients <454 ARU.36 These
observational studies suggest that a reduction in platelet reactivity could result in clinical benefit for patients with CVD.
Because the CVD morning peak is a multifactorial process,
we do not expect that bedtime aspirin would abolish the CVD
morning peak completely.38 Still, given the high prevalence of
CVD, already a modest reduction of the morning peak would
lead to a large absolute benefit. For example, 280.000 recurrent cardiovascular events occur in the United States (US)
every year, with a known excess of 40% during the morning
hours.39 If aspirin intake at bedtime would reduce this morning peak by 20%, it would lead to an absolute reduction of
4853 recurrent events each year in the United States alone. So,
switching to bedtime aspirin intake is a simple and possible
effective intervention. Future studies should evaluate whether
this indeed translates in a reduction of cardiovascular events.
Perspectives
In this study, bedtime aspirin did not reduce blood pressure
in patients with stable CVD using low-dose aspirin on a daily
basis. So, we would not recommend switching to bedtime
intake of aspirin to reduce blood pressure in those patients.
Yet, bedtime aspirin intake did reduce platelet reactivity during morning hours. Future studies are needed to assess the
effect of this simple intervention on the excess of cardiovascular events during morning hours.
Figure 4. Effect of low-dose aspirin intake at bedtime versus on
awakening on morning platelet reactivity. Black bar represents
VerifyNow platelet reactivity values after aspirin intake on
awakening. Gray dashed bar represents values after aspirin
intake at bedtime.
Acknowledgments
We thank all laboratory technicians of the Leiden University Medical
Center (LUMC) Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular
Medicine for processing the biomaterial and all data managers of
Sources of Funding
This work was supported by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant
number 2010B171).
Disclosures
None.
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The blood pressure lowering effect of aspirin intake at bedtime has never
What Is Relevant?
Summary
In contrast to previous studies in other patient groups, bedtime intake of aspirin did not reduce blood pressure of patients taking
aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, bedtime
intake of aspirin reduced platelet reactivity during the high risk
morning hours.
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4a
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5,6
n.a
5,6
5,6
5,6
Outcomes
6a
Sample size
6b
7a
7b
8a
8b
9
6
6
6
10
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interventions
If done, who was blinded after assignment to interventions (for example, participants, care providers, those
5,6
Introduction
Background and
objectives
Methods
Trial design
Participants
Randomisation:
Sequence
generation
Allocation
concealment
mechanism
Implementation
Blinding
CONSORT 2010 checklist
11a
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n.a
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n.a.
n.a
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Statistical methods
Results
Participant flow (a
diagram is strongly
recommended)
Recruitment
11b
12a
12b
n.a
8,9
8,9
Ancillary analyses
17b
18
Harms
19
For each group, the numbers of participants who were randomly assigned, received intended treatment, and
were analysed for the primary outcome
For each group, losses and exclusions after randomisation, together with reasons
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Why the trial ended or was stopped
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pre-specified from exploratory
All important harms or unintended effects in each group (for specific guidance see CONSORT for harms)
Discussion
Limitations
Generalisability
Interpretation
20
21
22
Trial limitations, addressing sources of potential bias, imprecision, and, if relevant, multiplicity of analyses
Generalisability (external validity, applicability) of the trial findings
Interpretation consistent with results, balancing benefits and harms, and considering other relevant evidence
16,17
17
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Other information
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Funding
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Sources of funding and other support (such as supply of drugs), role of funders
3, 5
Available from
authors
10
Baseline data
Numbers analysed
Outcomes and
estimation
13a
13b
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14b
15
16
17a
11
11 (+figure 2)
11
n.a.
Table 1
11 + figure 2
11,12
n.a.
11,12
12,13
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Online Supplement
Aspirin intake at bedtime: does it lower blood pressure and morning platelet
reactivity in patients with stable cardiovascular disease? A randomized crossover trial
Table S1
Table S2
Table S3
Table S4
Table S5
Table S1. Subgroup analysis of the effect of Aspirin intake on awakening or at bedtime on
mean 24-hour blood pressure
Subgroup
Difference (Bedtime
P-value
Awakening)
[95% CI]*
-blocker use
No
121
Yes
142
No
106
Yes
157
No
51
Yes
212
>140 mmHg
92
140 mmHg
171
0.80
0.68
0.78
0.14
All blood pressure differences are depicted as systolic [95% CI] / diastolic [95% CI] blood
2
pressure, in mmHg;
*Mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) obtained from paired t-test within each
subgroup; P-value for interaction obtained from linear mixed model analysis; Angiotensin
receptor inhibitors: use of ace-inhibitors and/or angiotensin-2-inhibitors. Blood pressure
lowering drugs: -blockers, -blockers, ace-inhibitors, angiotensin-II inhibitors, calcium
antagonists, thiazide and loop diuretics, nitrates (daily use).
Table S2. Mean 24-hour, day- and night ambulatory blood pressure values
(mmHg) according to time of aspirin administration in the secondary analysis
population (n=150)
Value
Aspirin on
Aspirin at
Mean difference
awakening
bedtime
(bedtime
awakening)
[95% CI]*
24-hour SBP
125 10
125 9
24-hour DBP
78 8
77 8
Day SBP
129 10
129 10
Day DBP
81 9
80 8
Night SBP
115 12
115 12
Night DBP
68 10
68 9
*Mean difference and 95% CI obtained with paired t-tests. Values are mean
standard deviation.
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CI: confidence
interval
Table S3. Subgroup analysis of the effect of low-dose aspirin intake on awakening or at
bedtime on morning platelet reactivity (n=133)
Subgroup
Aspirin on
Aspirin at
awakening
bedtime
Difference
(Bedtime - Awakening)
Pvalue
[95% CI]*
Diabetes
No
115
455 61
429 50
Yes
18
455 55
463 71
8 [-34 to 50]
18.5 25
37
452 52
425 52
25 30
60
454 66
439 58
-15 [-36 to 7]
0.41
30
36
459 58
432 51
0.94
No
110
453 60
433 57
Yes
23
463 61
433 43
441 57
424 57
-16 [-93 to 9]
0.03
BMI (kg/m2)
Smoking
Mean platelet
volume (fl),
quartile
(range)
1 (9.1
0.77
10.1)
2 (10.2
457 60
441 55
0.77
471 68
443 55
-25 [-53 to 4]
0.49
445 48
427 59
-18 [-45 to 9]
0.98
10.6)
3 (10.7
11.3)
4 (11.4
12.6)
All platelet reactivity values are depicted in Aspirin Reaction Units (ARU)standard
deviation. Higher ARU represents higher platelet reactivity.
* Mean difference and 95% CI obtained from paired t-test within each subgroup
P-value for interaction obtained from linear mixed model analysis
BMI classified according to World Health Organizations classification of obesity
P-value for interaction with the first group as reference group
Table S4. Side effects and relation with timing of aspirin intake of subjects that did not complete
study follow-up (n=26)
Patient
Period
Timing of
code
of drop-
Aspirin intake
side effect of
out
at drop-out
aspirin
At bedtime
105
Reason drop-out
Related to
No
cardiologist
113
On awakening
Yes
At bedtime
No
151
On awakening
No
At bedtime
No
180
At bedtime
No
250
On awakening
Yes
At bedtime
No
327
On awakening
No
329
At bedtime
No
At bedtime
No
436
On awakening
No
447
On awakening
No
455
At bedtime
No
462
At bedtime
No
203
At bedtime
No
271
At bedtime
No
334
On awakening
No
cardiologist
344
On awakening
No
366
On awakening
No
On awakening
No
At bedtime
No
At bedtime
No
On awakening
No
465
At bedtime
437
On awakening
No
Table S5. Self-reported side effects of randomized study subjects at baseline and
subjects who completed study follow-up
Side effect
At Baseline
(n=290), n (%)
(n=264), n (%)
Aspirin
Aspirin
on awakening
at bedtime
p-value*
Dyspepsia
15 (5.2)
12 (4.5)
12 (4.5)
1.00
Nausea
8 (2.8)
4 (1.5)
9 (3.4)
0.18
Heartburn
27 (9.3)
16 (6.1)
20 (7.6)
0.50
Nose bleeding
13 (4.5)
9 (3.4)
6 (2.3)
0.55
Bruises
45 (15.5)
32 (12.1)
35 (13.3)
0.75
Bloody stool
4 (1.4)
5 (1.9)
5 (1.9)
1.00
Ensayos clnicos
Efectos de la aspirina dependientes del tiempo sobre la
presin arterial y la reactividad plaquetaria por la maana
Estudio cruzado aleatorizado
Tobias N. Bonten, Jaapjan D. Snoep, Willem J.J. Assendelft, Jaap Jan Zwaginga,
Jeroen Eikenboom, Menno V. Huisman, Frits R. Rosendaal, Johanna G. van der Bom
Resumen: la aspirina es utilizada por millones de pacientes a diario para la prevencin de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Estudios anteriores sugieren que la toma de aspirina al acostarse reduce la presin arterial en comparacin con la toma al despertarse, hecho
que nunca se ha estudiado en pacientes con ECV. Adems, la reactividad plaquetaria y la incidencia de ECV son mayores durante las
horas de la maana. La toma de aspirina al acostarse puede atenuar la reactividad plaquetaria por la maana. El presente estudio clnico examin el efecto de la toma de aspirina al acostarse en comparacin con la toma al despertarse en la medicin ambulatoria de la
presin arterial de 24 horas y la reactividad plaquetaria por la maana en pacientes que utilizaban aspirina para la prevencin de ECV.
En el presente estudio aleatorizado, cruzado y sin enmascaramiento se aleatoriz a 290 pacientes a fin de que tomaran 100 mg de aspirina al despertarse o al acostarse durante 2 perodos de 3 meses. Al final de cada perodo, se analizaron la presin arterial de 24 horas
y la reactividad plaquetaria por la maana. La poblacin de anlisis primario incluy 263 pacientes (presin arterial) y 133 pacientes
(reactividad plaquetaria). La toma de aspirina al acostarse no redujo la presin arterial en comparacin con la toma al despertarse (diferencia sistlica/diastlica: 0,1 [intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,0; 0,9]/0,6 [intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,2; 0,0] mm Hg).
La reactividad plaquetaria en horas de la maana se redujo con la toma de aspirina al acostarse (diferencia: 22 unidades de reaccin a
la aspirina [intervalo de confianza del 95%, 35; 9]). La toma de una dosis baja de aspirina al acostarse en comparacin con la toma
al despertarse no redujo la presin arterial en pacientes con ECV. No obstante, la aspirina al acostarse redujo la actividad plaquetaria
por la maana. Se requieren futuros estudios para evaluar el efecto de esta prometedora y simple intervencin en el exceso de eventos
cardiovasculares durante las horas de alto riesgo de la maana. (Hypertension. 2015;65:743-750. DOI: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04980.) Suplemento de informacin on-line
Palabras clave: aspirina presin arterial cronoterapia activacin plaquetaria
Recibido el 25 de noviembre de 2014; primera decisin el 11 de diciembre de 2014; revisin aceptada el 25 de enero de 2015.
Del Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, los Pases Bajos (T.N.B., J.D.S., F.R.R., J.G.v.d.B.);
Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, los Pases Bajos (W.J.J.A.); Department of
Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, los Pases Bajos (W.J.J.A.); JJ van Rood Center for Clinical
Transfusion Research, Sanquin Research, Leiden, los Pases Bajos (J.J.Z., J.G.v.d.B.); y Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, los Pases Bajos (J.E., M.V.H.).
El suplemento de informacin con este artculo se encuentra disponible nicamente on-line en http://hyper.ahajourna]s.org/lookup/suppl/
doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA. 114.04980/-/DC1
Dirigir la correspondencia a: T.N. Bonten, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, C7-P, PO Box 9600,
2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Correo electrnico t.n.bonten@lumc.nl
2015 American Heart Association, Inc.
Hypertension se encuentra disponible en http://hyper.ahajournals.org
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04980
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 40
Bonten et al
Mtodos
41
Criterios de valoracin
Presin arterial
Se midi la PA inicial mediante un dispositivo automtico (dispositivo Mobil-O-Graph NG; IEM GmbH, Alemania) cada 2
minutos en posicin sentada, despus de 10 minutos de descanso.
Se us un promedio de 6 mediciones para determinar la presin
La Figura 1 presenta el resumen del diseo del estudio. Se efectu un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, sin enmascaramiento,
con criterio de valoracin enmascarado (PROBE), cruzado y con
2 perodos, en un centro nico en los Pases Bajos, y se registr en www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01379079. Se han
documentado previamente los beneficios del diseo PROBE y
su validez para estudios que miden la presin arterial ambulatoria.22 El estudio se efectu de conformidad con la Declaracin
de Helsinki, fue aprobado por el Comit de tica de Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), y todos los sujetos otorgaron su
consentimiento informado por escrito.
Contexto y participantes
Se reclutaron pacientes de entre 18 y 75 aos de edad que tomaban dosis bajas (80-100 mg) de aspirina para la prevencin de
ECV secundaria, provenientes de consultorios de mdicos de
cabecera en Leiden, los Pases Bajos. Los criterios de exclusin
fueron presin arterial (PA) inicial <120/70 o >160/100 mm
Hg, uso de otros antiagregantes plaquetarios o anticoagulantes,
cambio de antihipertensivos en los 3 meses previos al perodo
inicial, uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, tener un empleo
por turnos, indicios de hipertensin arterial secundaria (p. ej., feocromocitoma) y embarazo.
Aleatorizacin e intervenciones
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 41
Visita 1
Visita 2
3 meses
Visita 3
3 meses
Aspirina al despertarse
Aspirina al acostarse
Aspirina al acostarse
Aspirina al despertarse
290 pacientes
Reactividad plaquetaria
42
Hypertension
Junio 2015
Anlisis estadstico
Aleatorizados (n = 290)
Asignacin
Seguimiento
No incluidos (n = 3.189)
No cumplieron con los criterios de inclusin
(n =1.704)
Rehusaron participar (n = 655)
No respondieron la invitacin (n = 527)
Excluidos por otras razones* (n = 303)
Visita 3 (6 meses)
Retiro de consentimiento (n = 5)
Participacin muy agravante (n = 4)
Dej de tomar aspirina (n = 1)
Visita 3 (6 meses)
Retiro de consentimiento (n = 6)
Participacin muy agravante (n = 3)
Dej de tomar aspirina (n = 3))
Poblaciones de anlisis
Figura 2. Distribucin de pacientes. MAPA indica medicin ambulatoria de la presin arterial. *Otras razones: dej de tomar aspirina antes de la
inclusin, no pudo participar en el estudio clnico segn el criterio del mdico de cabecera, se mud, no habla holands. Un sujeto se neg a la
MAPA en la ltima visita de seguimiento.
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 42
Bonten et al
Variable
Sexo (M/F)
Edad, aos
Grupo de toma
de aspirina al
despertarseal
acostarse (n =
145)
Grupo de toma
de aspirina al
acostarseal
despertarse (n =
145)
106/39
106/39
647
647
21 (15)
28 (19)
28,44,7
28-14,6
13710
13710
Fumadores actuales
888
888
17 (12)
14 (10)
Infarto de miocardio
53 (37)
59 (41)
59 (41)
61 (42)
Accidente cerebrovascular /
accidente isqumico transitorio
28 (19)
23 (16)
Fibrilacin auricular
14 (10)
13 (9)
Arteriopata perifrica
12 (8)
9 (6)
Otro
3 (2)
1 (1)
Diabetes
Antecedentes cardiovasculares
106 (73)
100 (69)
Duracin, aos
6 (3-11)
6 (4-14)
2 (1-2,5)
2 (1-3)
-bloqueantes
74 (51)
80 (55)
Inhibidores de la ECA
60 (41)
55 (38)
Inhibidores de la angiotensina II
37 (26)
33 (23)
29 (20)
27 (19)
Uso de medicacin
Diurticos
37 (26)
46 (32)
Hipolipemiantes
116 (80)
123 (85)
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 43
43
Resultados
Poblacin del estudio y cumplimiento
Entre junio de 2011 y marzo de 2013, se seleccion a 3.479 sujetos en 30 consultorios de mdicos de cabecera de los cuales 1.704
no cumplieron con los criterios de inclusin, fundamentalmente
debido a la edad de > 75 aos (n = 1.080) y el uso de otros frmacos de inhibicin plaquetaria (n = 386; Figura 2). Se aleatoriz un
total de 290 sujetos, y las caractersticas iniciales fueron similares
entre los grupos (Tabla 1). El seguimiento del estudio se discontinu por parte de 26 sujetos, principalmente porque la participacin en el estudio era demasiado agravante (18/26; 70%). Las
poblaciones de anlisis primario y secundario comprendieron 263
y 150 sujetos, respectivamente, para la evaluacin del criterio de
valoracin primario. Las mediciones a los fines de la reactividad
plaquetaria del criterio de valoracin secundario estuvieron completas en 136 sujetos. El cumplimiento, conforme a lo medido
por los pastilleros electrnicos y el recuento de comprimidos, fue
elevado y similar entre la toma de aspirina al despertarse (99%
[97%-100%] y 100% [100%-100%], respectivamente) y la toma
al acostarse (98% [94%-100%] y 100% [100%-100%]).
Presin arterial
44
Hypertension
Junio 2015
Aspirina al despertarse
Aspirina al acostarse
Figura 3. Efecto de la toma de una dosis baja de aspirina al acostarse en comparacin con una toma al despertarse en el perfil de presin arterial
ambulatoria de 24 horas en la poblacin de anlisis primario (n = 263). A, presin arterial sistlica. B, presin arterial diastlica. Cada grfico muestra medias y errores estndar por hora de la presin arterial medida con una toma de dosis baja de aspirina al despertarse (lnea negra continua) y
una toma de dosis baja de aspirina al acostarse (lnea gris discontinua). Las horas en el eje x se refieren a las horas despus de despertarse de un
perodo de sueo nocturno. El rea sombreada representa el perodo nocturno promedio de todos los sujetos.
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 44
Bonten et al
Aspirina al
despertarse
Aspirina al
acostarse
Diferencia
promedio (al
acostarseal
despertarse)
(IC del 95%)*
PAS de 24 horas
12712
12712
PAD de 24 horas
799
788
PAS diurna
13112
13112
PAD diurna
829
819
PAS nocturna
11715
11714
PAD nocturna
6910
699
Valor
45
Tres sujetos no completaron el estudio a causa de efectos secundarios (Tabla S4). La frecuencia de los efectos secundarios de la
aspirina ya conocidos (dispepsia, nuseas, ardor de estmago)
fue similar entre la toma de aspirina al despertarse y al acostarse
(Tabla S5).
Despus de completar el estudio, 53/264 (20%) prefirieron
cambiar el horario de la toma de aspirina en comparacin con antes del ingreso al estudio. Un total de 32/264 (12%) pasaron de la
toma al despertarse a la toma al acostarse, y 21/264 (8%) pasaron
de la toma al acostarse a la toma al despertarse. En consecuencia,
no se hall una preferencia clara por parte de los pacientes en
cuanto al horario de la toma de aspirina.
Discusin
Reactividad plaquetaria
Al despertarse
Al acostarse
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 45
46
Hypertension
Junio 2015
tudios observacionales sugieren que una reduccin de la reactividad plaquetaria podra derivar en un beneficio clnico para los
pacientes con ECV. Debido a que el pico matutino de ECV es
un proceso multifactorial, no esperamos que la toma de aspirina al acostarse pueda abolir completamente el pico matutino de
ECV.38 Aun as, dada la alta prevalencia de ECV, una modesta
reduccin en el pico matutino dara como resultado un enorme
beneficio absoluto. Por ejemplo, en los Estados Unidos se producen 280.000 eventos cardiovasculares recurrentes al ao, con
un riesgo excedente conocido del 40% en horas de la maana.39
Si la toma de aspirina al acostarse redujera este pico matutino en
un 20%, dara como resultado una reduccin absoluta de 4.853
eventos recurrentes al ao, nicamente en los Estados Unidos.
Por lo tanto, el cambio a toma de aspirina al acostarse es una
intervencin simple y posiblemente efectiva. Futuros estudios
deberan evaluar si esto, de hecho, se traduce en una reduccin de
eventos cardiovasculares.
Interpretacin clnica
Se ha demostrado que el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares recurrentes se incrementa en pacientes con valores ms elevados
de reactividad plaquetaria, segn VerifyNow-aspirin.36,37 Los
pacientes con ECV estable y con reactividad plaquetaria > 550
ARU tuvieron un riesgo absoluto del 15,6% de desarrollar el criterio de valoracin cardiovascular compuesto, mientras que en
los pacientes con valores ARU < 550 dicho riesgo fue slo del
5,3% .37 En otro estudio, el riesgo absoluto en funcin de criterio
de valoracin primario (muerte por todas las causas y eventos
cardiovasculares recurrentes) fue del 13,3% en pacientes con >
454 ARU y del 5,9% en pacientes con < 454 ARU.36 Estos es-
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 46
Fortalezas y limitaciones
Perspectivas
Agradecimientos
Bonten et al
versity Medical Center (LUMC) Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine por procesar el material biolgico, y a
todos los gerentes de datos del Departamento de Epidemiologa
Clnica del LUMC por su colaboracin en la aleatorizacin de los
sujetos del estudio. Agradecemos al Prof. T. Stijnen del Departamento de Estadstica Mdica del LUMC por su asesoramiento en
estadstica. Tambin agradecemos a Margot de Waal y Henk de
Jong del Departamento de Salud Pblica y Atencin Primaria del
LUMC por su ayuda con respecto a la inclusin de participantes
en el estudio. Expresamos nuestra gratitud a los mdicos de cabecera y todos los pacientes que fueron parte de este estudio. Todos los autores asumen su responsabilidad por todos los aspectos
referidos a la confiabilidad y la libertad de sesgos de los datos
presentados y su interpretacin analizada.
Fuentes de financiamiento
El presente trabajo fue financiado por Netherlands Heart Foundation (nmero de subsidio 2010B171).
Ninguno.
Conflictos de inters
Referencias
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R, Codesido J, Iglesias M. Administration time-dependent effects of aspirin in women at differing risk for preeclampsia. Hypertension. 1999;34(4
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Novedad y Significado
Qu es nuevo?
El efecto reductor en la presin arterial con la toma de aspirina
al acostarse nunca se haba estudiado en pacientes que usaban
aspirina para la prevencin de enfermedad cardiovascular.
Nunca se ha estudiado si la toma de aspirina al acostarse en
comparacin con la toma al despertarse reduce la reactividad plaquetaria por la maana.
Qu es relevante?
La reactividad plaquetaria durante las horas de la maana se redujo con la toma de aspirina al acostarse, lo cual podra ser beneficioso para los pacientes que toman aspirina a diario.
Resumen
Hypertension # 2-V2.indd 48