Meta Short Course

Birck Nanotechnology Center
Transforming Light with Metamaterials
Part 1: Electrical & Magnetic Metamaterials
Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and

super/hyper-lens
Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics
Part 1: Electrical & Magnetic Metamaterials

super/hyper-lens
Outline
What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials

Magnetic metamaterials
Negative-index metamaterials
Chiral metamaterials
Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
Super-resolution
Optical Cloaking and Transformation Optics
3
Natural Optical Materials

E,H ~exp[in(/c)z]
n = ()
metals
Air
Water
Crystals
Semiconductors
Materials & Metamaterials

, diagram:
E,H ~exp[in(/c)z]
n = ()
Cloaking (TO) area

5
What is a metamaterial?
Metamaterial is an arrangement of artificial structural elements,
designed to achieve advantageous and unusual electromagnetic
properties.
= meta = beyond (Greek)
A natural material with its

atoms
A metamaterial with artificially

structured atoms
6
Photonic crystals vs. Optical metamaterials:

connections and differences
a<< .
Effective medium
description using
Maxwell equations with
, , n, Z
a~
Structure dominates.
Properties determined
by diffraction and
interference
Example:
Optical crystals
Metamaterials
Example:
Photonics crystals
Phased array radar
X-ray diffraction optics
a
a>>
Properties described
using geometrical optics
and ray tracing
Example:
Lens system
Shadows
Natural Crystals
... have lattice constants much smaller

than light wavelengths:
a <<
are treated as homogeneous media

with parameters
, , n, Z (tensors in
anisotropic crystals)
have a positive refractive index:
n>1
show no magnetic response at optical

wavelengths:
=1
Photonic crystals
... have lattice constants comparable
to light wavelengths:
a~
can be artificial or natural

have properties governed by the
diffraction of the periodic structures
may exhibit a bandgap for
photons
typically are not well described
using effective parameters
, , n, Z
often behave like but they are not

true metamaterials
9
Metamaterials: Properties not found in nature?
(refraction!)
10
Metamaterials: Artificial periodic structures?

Lycurgus Cup (4th century AD)
Ancient (first?) random

metamaterial (carved in Rome)
with gold nano particles
Hot-spots in fractals
Shalaev, Nonlinear Optics of Random Media,

Springer, 2000
11
Outline

Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
12
Early (first?) Example of Meta-Atoms

Twisted jute elements
Artificial chiral molecules
Jagadis C. Bose, Proceeding of Royal Soc. London, 1898
On the Rotation of Plane of Polarization of Electric Waves by a Twisted Structure
13
Early Electric Metamaterial: Artificial Dielectrics

Periodic metal-dielectric plates with effective
index of less than 1
W. E. Kock, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, 1946

14
Noble metal: < 1 in nature

Drude model for permittivity:
p2
( ) = 0
( + i)
Silver parameters: 0 = 5.0

p = 9.216 eV
= 0.0212 eV
Permittivity of Silver
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
Re(), experiment
Im(), experiment
Re(), Drude
Im(), Drude
500
1000
1500
Wavelength (nm)
2000
Experimental data from Johnson & Christy, PRB, 1972

15
Array of Thin Wires and Tunable Plasma Frequency
J. Brown, Proc. IEE 100 (1953)

W. Rotman, Trans. IRE AP 10 (1962)
J.B. Pendry, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (1996)
16
Electrical metamaterials:
metal wires arrays with tunable plasma frequency
p2
= '+ i " = 1
( + i 0 a 2 p2 / r 2 )
2 c 2
2
p = 2
a ln(a / r )
A periodic array of thin metal wires with

r<<a<<
acts as a low frequency plasma
The effective is described with modified p
Plasma frequency depends on geometry
rather than on material properties
Pendry, PRL (1996)

17
Metal-Dielectric Composites and Mixing Rules
= c11 + c2 2
= 1 2 ( c1 2 + c21 )
Maxwell-Garnett (MG) theory:
MG ( ) h ( )
( ) h ( )
= f i
MG ( ) + 2 h ( )
i ( ) + 2 h ( )
f1
Effective-Medium Theory (EMT):
m eff
m + (d 1)eff
+ (1 f )
d eff
d + (d 1) eff
=0
18
Composites with elongated inclusions

Depolarization factor:
0
Lorentz depolarization factor for a spheroid with aspect ratio :1:1
2( s + ai2 )3/ 2 ( s + a 2j )1/ 2 ( s + ak2 )1/ 2
Screening factor:
= (1 q ) / q
Clausius-Mossotti yields
shape-dependent EMT:
m eff
d eff
f
+ (1 f )
=0
m + eff
d + eff
eff =
1
2 + 4 m d
2
1
Depolarization factor, p
qi =
ai a j ak ds
0.8
0.6
0.4
p(1:1:1)=1/3
0.2
0 -2
10
-1
10
10
10
Aspect ratio, :1:1
10
= [( + 1) f 1] m + [ ( + 1) f ] d
19
Outline

Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
20
Absence (or very weak: 1)

Optical Magnetism in Nature
Magnetic coupling to an atom: ~

Electric coupling to an atom: ~
B = e / 2me c = ea0
(Bohr magneton)
ea0
Magnetic effect / electric effect 2 (1/137)2 < 10
-4
the magnetic permeability (

) ceases to have any physical meaning at
relatively low frequenciesthere is certainly no meaning in using the magnetic

susceptibility from optical frequencies onwards, and in discussion of such
phenomena we must put =1.
Landau and Lifshitz, ECM, Chapter 79.
21
SRRs: first magnetic metamaterials

A bulk metal has no
magnetism in optics
Split-ring resonator (SRR)
A metal ring: weak

magnetic response
H
A split ring:
magnetic resonance
Double SRR:
enhanced magnetic
resonance
Theory: Pendry et al., 1999.

Experiment: Smith et al., 2000.
22
Artificial magnetic resonators:

Earlier form and Todays design
SRR for GHz magnetic resonance (Hardy et al., 1981):
Modern magnetic units for optical metamagnetism:

E
H
k
SRR
C-shaped Rod
Nanostrip (or nanorod) Pair

23
Limits of size scaling in SRRs

Direct scaling-down the SRR dimensions doesnt
help much
Loss in metal gives kinetic
inductance
Lcoil size
Lkinetic
1
size
Ltotal = Lcoil + Lkinetic

Ctotal size
res
1
1
1
=
Ltotal Ctotal
( A size + B / size) (C size)
size2 + const.
Saturation
Zhou et al, PRL (2005); Klein, et al., OL (2006)

24
Progress in Optical Magnetism Metamaterials
Terahertz magnetism
a)
Yen, et al. ~ 1THz (2-SRR) 2004

Katsarakis, et al (SRR 5 layers) - 2005
b) Zhang et al ~50THz (SRR+mirror) - 2005
c) Linden, et al. 100THz (1-SRR) -2004
d) Enkrich, et al. 200THz (u-shaped)-2005
2004-2007 years:
from 10 GHz to 500 THZ
25
Magnetic Metamaterial: Nanorod to Nanostrip

Dielectric
Metal
H
E
k
Nanorod pair
Nanorod pair array
Nanostrip pair
Nanostrip pair has a much stronger magnetic response
Lagarkov, Sarychev PRB (1996) - > 0

Podolskiy, Sarychev & Shalaev, JNOPM (2002) - < 0 & n < 0
Kildishev et al, JOSA B (2006); Shvets et al JOSA (2006) strip pairs
(Svirko, et al, APL (2001) - crossed rods for chirality)
26
Visible magnetism: structure and geometries

TM
H
TE
E
wb
w
t
d
t
Ag
Al2O3
Ag
p
2wb
glass substrate
t = 35 nm
d = 40 nm
p 2 wb
Width varies from 50 nm to 127 nm

Purdue group
Yuan, et al., Opt. Expr., 2007 red light
Cai, et al., Opt. Expr., 2007 all the visible
27
Negative Magnetic Response
TM
k
28
Magnetic Colors: visualizing magnetism

Resonant TM
Transmission
Resonant TM
Reflection
Non-resonant TE
Transmission
Non-resonant TE
Reflection
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.9
A
B
C
D
E
F
0.5
0.5
A
B
C
D
E
F
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
400
500
600
700
800
0.4
Wavelength (nm)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
400
0.0
400
0.3
900
A
B
C
D
E
F
0.8
Reflection
Transmission
160 m
500
600
700
800
900
500
600
700
800
Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength (nm)
Sample #
Width w (nm)
50
69
83
98
118
127
900
0.0
400
A
B
C
D
E
F
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength (nm)
Cai, et al., Opt. Expr., 15,

3333 (2007)
29
Meta-magnetism across the visible

800
750
Experimental
Analytical
Permeability
m (nm)
0.5
0.0
650
-0.5
600
-1.0
550
500
-1.5
450
-2.0
Permeability (')
700
1.0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Strip width, w (nm)

m as a function of strip width w:
experiment vs. theory
Negligible saturation effect on size-scaling (as opposed to SRRs)

30
Part 1: Electrical and Magnetic Metamaterials
Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO,

and super/hyper-lens
Outline

Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
32
Negative refractive index: A historical review

energy can be carried forward at the
group velocity but in a direction that is
anti-parallel to the phase velocity
Schuster, 1904
Sir Arthur Schuster
Sir Horace Lamb
Negative refraction and backward

propagation of waves
Mandelstam, 1945
Left-handed materials: the electrodynamics

of substances with simultaneously negative
values of and
Veselago, 1968
V. G. Veselago
L. I. Mandelstam
Pendry, the one who whipped up the

recent boom of NIM researches
Perfect lens (2000)
EM cloaking (2006)
Sir John Pendry
33
Metamaterials with Negative Refraction
Refraction:
n =
Figure of merit
F = |n|/n
n < 0,
if || + || < 0
n<0
Single-negative:
when < 0 whereas > 0
(F is low)
n<0
Double-negative:
with both < 0 and < 0
(F can be large)
Negative Refractive Index in Optics: State of the Art

Year and Research
group
1st time posted and

publication
Refractive
index, n
Wavelength
Figure of Merit
F=|n|/n
Structure used
2005:
Purdue
April 13 (2005)
arXiv:physics/0504091
Opt. Lett. (2005)
0.3
1.5 m
0.1
Paired nanorods
UNM & Columbia
April 28 (2005)
arXiv:physics/0504208
Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005)
2.0 m
0.5
Nano-fishnet with
round voids
UNM & Columbia
J. of OSA B (2006)
1.8 m
2.0
Nano-fishnet with
round voids
Karlsruhe & ISU
OL. (2006)
1.4 m
3.0
Nano-fishnet
Karlsruhe & ISU
OL (2006)
0.6
780 nm
0.5
Nano-fishnet
Purdue
MRS Bulletin (2008)
-0.8
-0.6
725nm
710nm
1.1
0.6
Nano-fishnet
Purdue
In preparation (2009)
-0.25
580nm
0.3
2006:
Nano-fishnet
CalTech: negative refraction in the visible for MIM waveguide SPPs (2007)
Negative permeability and negative permittivity

Dielectric
Metal
H
E
k
Nanostrip pair (TM)
Nanostrip pair (TE)
Fishnet
< 0 (resonant)
< 0 (non-resonant)
and < 0
S. Zhang, et al., PRL (2005)
Sample A: Double Negative NIM (n=-0.8, FOM=1.1, at 725 nm)

Sample B: Single Negative NIM (n=-0.25, FOM=0.3, at 580 nm)
MRS Bulletin (2008)
Sample A. period- E: 250 nm; H: 280 nm

2
0
FOM
Re(n)
-1
2
2
0
-2
500 nm
-4
-2
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
800
900
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
800
900
Sample B. period- E:220nm H:220nm
H
E
500 nm
Stacking:
8 nm of Al2O3
43 nm of Ag
45 nm of Al2O3
43 nm of Ag
8 nm of Al2O3
Permeability
Permittivity
Summary on negative refractive index
A Double Negative NIM (Negative index material) is

demonstrated at a wavelength of ~725 nm
A Single Negative NIM behavior is demonstrated at
a wavelength of ~580 nm
38
Negative Refraction for Waveguide Modes

An mode index of ~ -5 is obtained at the
green light.
n < 0 for 2D SPPs in

waveguides
Lezec, Dionne and Atwater, Science, 2007

39
Outline


Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
40
Chiral Optical Elements

Boses Artificial chiral molecules: Twisted jute elements
J. C. Bose, Proceeding of Royal Soc. London, 1898
Optical counterparts:
Decher, Klein, Wegener and Linden

Opt. Exp., 2007
The Zheludev group, U. Southampton

Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007
41
Chiral Effects in Optical Metamaterials

Circular dichroism:
Decher, Klein, Wegener and Linden

Opt. Exp., 2007
Giant optical gyrotropy:
The Zheludev group, U. Southampton

Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007
Chirality can ease obtaining n<0:
Tretyakov, et al (2003), Pendry (Science 2004)
42
Outline



Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
43
SHG and THG from Magnetic Metamaterial
Excitation when magnetic

resonance is excited (1st pol)
Excitation at 2nd pol.

(no magnetic resonance)
SHG: Klein, Enkrich, Wegener, and Linden, Science, 2006

SHG & THG: Klein, Wegener, Feth and Linden, Opt. Express, 2007
44
NLO in NIMs: SHG

Backward Waves in NIMs:
Distributed feedback, cavity-like amplification, etc.
n1 < 0 and n2 > 0
k1 dh12 k 2 dh22
+
=0
1 dz 2 2 dz
h12 ( z ) h22 ( z ) = C
Manley-Rowe Relations
dS1 dS 2
= 0,
dz
dz
Phase-matching:
1 = 2 , k 2 = 2k1
h12 ( z ) h22 ( z ) = C
45
SHG in NIMs: Nonlinear 100% Mirror

100% reflective SHG Mirror !
h12 ( z ) h22 ( z ) = C
Finite Slab:
CL = arccos( C / h10 )
h2 ( z ) = C tan[ C ( L z )]
h1 ( z ) = C / cos[ C ( L z )]
Semi-Infinite Slab:
C = 0, h2 ( z ) = h1 ( z )
h2 ( z ) = h10 /[1 + ( z / z0 )]
= 4 ( 2) 222 / k 2 c 2 z 0 = [ h 10
Other work on SHG:

Kivshar et al; Zakhidov et al
46
Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) in NIMs
3 = 1 + 2
(n1 < 0, n2,n3 > 0)
S3
- Control Field (pump)

7
1a,2g
x 10
LHM
4
gL=4.805
k=0
2
0
0
1a = a1 ( z ) / a1L ,1g = a1 ( z ) / a20 , 2 g = a2 ( z ) / a1L

2
g=
z/L 1
0.5
(
1
1 2 / 1 2 (8 / c ) ( 2) h3
Manley-Rowe Relations:
d
dz
S1
S
2
h1 h 2
= 0
Popov, VMS, Opt. Lett. (2006)

Appl. Phys. B (2006)
For SHG see also Agranovich et al
and Kivshar et al
47
OPA in NIMs:
Loss-Compensator and Cavity-Free Oscillator
Backward waves in NIMs ->
Distributed feedback & cavity-like
amplification and generation
Popov, VMS, OL (2006)
k = 0
g = 12 4 1 2 / 12 (8 / c) h3
( 2)
1a = a1(z) / a1L ,1g = a1(z) / a20
Resonances in output amplification and DFG
1L = 1, 2L = 1/2
OPA-Compensated Losses
Cavity-free (no mirrors) Parametric Oscillations
Generation of Entangled Counter-propagating LH and RH photons
48
OPA with 4WM
Four-level (3) centers embedded in NIM
(3) -OPA assisted by the Raman Gain:

4 signal; 1, 3 control fields
2= 1+3- 4 idler
(Raman-enhanced; contributes back to OPA at 4)
(3) -OPA: compensation of losses:
transparency and amplification at 4
Cavity-free generation of counterpropagating entangled right- and left-handed
photons
. Control of local optical parameters through
quantum interference
See talk tomorrow by Popov et al on NLO in MMs
Popov, et al OL (2007)
49
Outline


Super-resolution
Optical cloaking
50
Super-resolution:
Amplification of Evanescent Waves Enables sub- Image!
Waves scattered by an object have all the Fourier components
k z = k02 k x2 k y2
The propagating waves are limited to:
kt = k x2 + k y2 < k0
To resolve features , we must have
t = 2 / kt < , < kt = k x2 + k y2 > k0 , k z2 < 0
The evanescent waves are re-grown in a NIM slab and fully recovered at the image plane
Conventional lens
NIM slab lens
Pendry, PRL, 2000

51
Perfect Lens
y
x
n = 1
z
Object
( = -1; = -1)
1 Focus 2 Focus
sin( ) = n sin( ' ) = sin( ' ) = sin( )
'
2
E ( y, z ) = Aq exp iqy + i (nk ) q 2 z
b b
Phase shift =
(iqy + i
2
k 2 q 2 z + iqy i ( k ) q 2 z = 0
h = a+b
52
The Poor Mans (Near-Field) Superlens ( < 0, =1)

Original implementation by Pendry: use a
plasmonic material (silver film) to image 10
nm features with hw = 3.48 eV;
= 5.7 92 /2 + 0.4i
(= - h)
a
PR
Ag
PMMA
Quartz
Cr
365 nm Illumination
Near-field super-lens (NFSL)

super-resolution with superlens: Zhang et
al. (2005); Blaikie, et al (2005)
Mid-IR: Shvets et al. (2006)
53
Superlens High and Low

Ordinary Lens:
evanescent field lost
Super Lens:
evanescent field enhanced
but decays away from the lens
* LIMITED TO NEAR FIELD
* EXPONENTIALLY SENSITIVE
TO DISORDER, LOSSES,...
Hyper Lens:
evanescent field converted
to propagating waves (that do
not mix with the others)
54
Hyperlens:
Converting evanescent components to propagating waves
(Narimanov eta al; Engheta et al)
Far-field sub- imaging
Optical Hyperlens
Theory:
Jacob, Narimanov, OL, 2006
Salandrino, Engehta, PRB, 2006
Experiments:
Z. Liu et al., Science, 2007
Smolyaninov et al., Science, 2007
56
Advanced Optical Hyperlens

(a)
Impedance-matched hyperlens
Kildishev, Narimanov
(Opt. Lett., 2007)
(b)
Flat hyperlenses:
- & -body lenses
Kildishev, Shalaev
(Opt. Lett., 2008)
57
Part 1: Electrical and Magnetic Metamaterials

super/hyper-lens
Outline


Super-resolution
Optical cloaking and

Transformation Optics
59
Other versions of cloak/invisibility/transparency

Plasmonic scattering
ancellation
Alu and Engheta, PRE, 72, 016623,
2005
< 0
Einc
Hinc
> 0
PDPS = ( DPS 0 ) Einc
PENG = ( ENG 0 ) Einc
c1TM = 0
Anomalous localized
resonance
Nicorovici, McPhedran and Milton,
PRB, 1994
Milton & Nicorovici, Proc. R. Soc.
A, 2006
Other schemes include tunneling light transmissions (de Abajo) , active

sources (Miller),invisible fish-scale structure (Zheludev et al)
60
Invisibility: An Ancient Dream

Perseus helmet
(Greek mythology)
Tarnhelm of invisibility
(Norse mythology)
Ring of Gyges
(The Republic, Plato)
Cloaking devices
(Star Trek, USA)
The 12 Dancing Princesses

(Brothers Grimm, Germany)
Harry Potters cloak

(J. K. Rowling, UK)
61
Invisibility in Nature: Chameleon Camouflage
62
Invisibility by Transformation of Time-Space

Black hole
63
Invisibility to Radar: Stealth Technology

Stealth technique:
Radar cross-section reductions by absorbing paint / nonmetallic frame / shape effect
64
Optical camouflage (Tachi lab, U. Tokyo)

The camera + projector approach
From: http://www.star.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
65
Invisibility: from fiction to fact?

Examples with scientific elements:
The Invisible Man by H. G.
Wells (1897)
"... it was an idea ... to lower the

refractive index of a substance,
solid or liquid, to that of air so
far as all practical purposes are
concerned. -- Chapter 19
"Certain First Principles"
The invisible woman in The

Fantastic 4 by Lee & Kirby (1961)
"... she achieves these feats by
bending all wavelengths of light in
the vicinity around herself ...
without causing any visible
distortion. -- Introduction from
Wikipedia
Pendry et al.; Leonhard,

Science, 2006
(Earlier work: cloak of
thermal conductivity by
Greenleaf et al., 2003)
66
Designing Space for Light with

Transformation Optics
Fermat:
ndl = 0
n = (r)(r)
curving
optical space
Straight field line in

Cartesian coordinate
Distorted field line in

distorted coordinate
Spatial profile of & tensors determines the distortion of

coordinate
Seeking for profile of & to make light avoid particular region in
space optical cloaking
Pendry et al., Science, 2006
Leonhard, Science, 2006
Form-invariance of Maxwells equations
x to coordinate x is
described using the Jacobian matrix G: g ij = xi x j
Coordinate transformation from
Maxwells equation in x
v
( E ) =
v
( H ) = 0
v
v
E = H
t
v
v
v
E
H =
+J
t
Transformation of
variables
G G T
G GT
=
; =
G
G
v
v v
v
T 1
T 1
E = (G ) E; H = (G ) H
v
v GJ
J =
; =
G
G

Ward and Pendry, J. Mod.Opt. 43, 777 (1996)
Transformation Optics and Cloaking
A similarity in Mother Nature

The bending of light due to the gradient in refractive index
in a desert mirage
Pendry et al., 2006

70
Cloaking based on coordinate transformation

General math. requirements and microwave demonstrations
ba
r + a
b
r a
r = r =
r
=
=

ra
b r a
z = z =
ba r
Structure of the cloak
Ideal case
Reduced parameter
Experimental data
Schurig et al., Science, 2006

71
How about optical frequencies?

Scaling the microwave cloak design?
Intrinsic limits to the scaling of SRR size

High loss in resonant structures
E
k
ra
r
b ra
r = r =
, = =
, z = z =
r
ra
ba r
2
TM incidence
2
b ra
z =
ba r
r
=

ra
ra
To maintain
the dispersion
relation
z = constant
z r = constant
(for in-plane k)
= 1
z
2
b
=
ba
2
2
b ra
r =

ba r
No magnetism required!
A constant permittivity
of a dielectric; > 1
Gradient in r direction
only; r changing from 0
to 1.
Cai, et al., Nature Photonics, 1, 224 (2007)

72
Optical Cloaking with Metamaterials:

Can Objects be Invisible in the Visible?
Nature Photonics (to be published)
Cover article of Nature Photonics (April, 2007)
Structure of the cloak: Round brush
Unit cell:
Flexible control of r ;
Negligible perturbation in
metal needles embedded in

dielectric host
Cai, et al., Nature Photonics, 1, 224 (2007)

74
Cloaking performance: Field mapping movies

Example:
Non-magnetic cloak @ 632.8nm with silver wires in silica
Cloak OFF
Cloak ON
75
Scattering issue in a linear non-magnetic cloak

Linear transformation
r=
ba
r + a
b
Ideal cloak:
E
k
r =b
=1
r =b
Perfectly matched impedance

results in zero scattering
Linear non-magnetic cloak:
E
H
r =b
= 1 a
r =b
Detrimental scattering due to

impedance mismatch
Nonlinear transformation > no scattering

76
High-order transformation for cloaking

2-nd order transformation for non-magnetic cloak:
r = g (r ) = 1 a b + p (r b ) r + a
with
p = a b2
W. Cai et al (APL 91, 111105, 2007); with G. Milton

77
Towards experimental realization

We need a design that is
Less complicated in fabrication
Compatibility with mature fabrication techniques
like direct deposition and direct etching
Better loss features

Loss might be ultimate limiting issue for cloaking
r = 0.1
r = 0.03
78
78
Structures of realistic high-order TO cloaks

0.03
0.025
||
imag( )
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
-1
(b) (a)
r(a)
0
r(b)
1
real( )
found from Wieners bounds

Cai, et al, (OE, 2008)
>>1 - problem
cloak @ 530 nm with alternating silver- silica

slices based on nonlinear transformations
Bandwidth problem in electromagnetic cloak

Fermats
principle
Curved wave
trajectory
vp = c/n
Refractive
index n<1
vs c
Phase velocity
vp>c
vp vs
Dispersive
material
- operating frequency
- operating bandwidth
s geometrical cross-section
s - scattering cross-section
Chen, et al., PRB, 76, 241104 (2007)

80
Wavelength Multiplexing Cloak
Combination of techniques:
Virtual inner boundary
Physical boundaries
the cloaking device
Virtual inner boundary for

different wavelengths
Dispersion control
Active medium or EIT?
z r

< 0

Kildishev, et al (NJP, 2008)
81
Broadband Optical Cloaking

in Tapered Waveguides
I.I. Smolayninov, V.N. Smolyaninova, A.V. Kildishev
and V.M. Shalaev
(PRL , May 29, 2009)
2s
~
s
Emulating Anisotropic Metamaterials

,
with Tapered
Waveguides
A space between a spherical

and a planar surface (a) mapped
onto a planar anisotropic MM (b)
(c) Distribution of radial (top),

azimuthal (middle), and axial
components of = in equivalent
planar MM. Dashed lines show
same components in the ideal cloak.
(d) Normalized profile of optimal

and plane-sphere waveguides for a
cloak with radius of b0 = 172 m.
Broadband Optical Cloak

in Tapered Waveguide
Fermat Principle and Waveguide Cloak

Cloaking Hamiltonian: (Narimanov, OE, 2008 )
neff L =
const
(Fermat)
Dispersion law of a guided
mode:
guided mode
=ck
cphase = / k
cgroup = d / dk
light line
neff = c / cphase = ck / 0
near cutoff
neff = 0
cgroup = 0
k
Broadband Cloaking in Tapered Waveguide
Cloaked area
2
( )
c
( )
= k + m + l d() = k2 + k2 ( b)2
Broadband Optical Cloak

=515nm
2
( c )
( )
= k + m + l d()
= k2 + k2 ( b)2
2
=488nm
Engineering Meta-Space for Light:

via Transformation Optics
Kildishev, VMS (OL, 2008); VMS, Science 322, 384 (2008)
(b)
Fermat: ndl = 0
n = (r)(r)
curving & nanocrafting
optical space
Light concentrator
Planar hyperlens
(Magnifies;
no loss problem)
Light concentrator
(also, Schurig et al)
Optical Black Hole

(Narimanov, Kildishev)
Take Home Messages:

Metamagnetics with rainbow colors
(single-negative) MM with n = -0.3 at
580nm and (double-negative) MM with n
= 0.81 at 725 nm
NLO with NIMs
Super-resolution
Optical cloak of invisibility
Engineered meta-space for light
89
Highlights of Purdue Meta-Research

Purdue Photonic Metamaterials
(a) 1-st optical negative-index MM (1.5 m; 2005)
(b) Negative index MM at shortest (~580nm; 2009)
(c) 1-st magnetic MM across entire visible (2007)
H
Transformation Optics with MMs:

Flat hyperlens, concentrator, and cloak
500
nm
91
Cast of Characters
92

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Transforming Light with Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical & Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and

Birck Nanotechnology Center

Transforming Light with Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical & Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and

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What are metamaterials?

Early electrical metamaterials

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Natural Optical Materials

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Materials & Metamaterials

Cloaking (TO) area

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= meta = beyond (Greek)

A natural material with its

A metamaterial with artificially

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Photonic crystals vs. Optical metamaterials:

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... have lattice constants much smaller

are treated as homogeneous media

show no magnetic response at optical

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can be artificial or natural

often behave like but they are not

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Metamaterials: Properties not found in nature?

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Metamaterials: Artificial periodic structures?

Ancient (first?) random

Shalaev, Nonlinear Optics of Random Media,

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Early electrical metamaterials

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Early (first?) Example of Meta-Atoms

Jagadis C. Bose, Proceeding of Royal Soc. London, 1898

On the Rotation of Plane of Polarization of Electric Waves by a Twisted Structure

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Early Electric Metamaterial: Artificial Dielectrics

W. E. Kock, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, 1946

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Noble metal: < 1 in nature

Silver parameters: 0 = 5.0

Experimental data from Johnson & Christy, PRB, 1972

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Array of Thin Wires and Tunable Plasma Frequency

J. Brown, Proc. IEE 100 (1953)

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A periodic array of thin metal wires with

Pendry, PRL (1996)

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Metal-Dielectric Composites and Mixing Rules

Maxwell-Garnett (MG) theory:

Effective-Medium Theory (EMT):

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Composites with elongated inclusions

Lorentz depolarization factor for a spheroid with aspect ratio :1:1

2( s + ai2 )3/ 2 ( s + a 2j )1/ 2 ( s + ak2 )1/ 2

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