Pen

For other uses, see Pen (disambiguation).

A pen (Latin: penna, feather) is a writing im-

A ballpoint pen

A luxury pen

An inexpensive ballpoint pen

A roller ball pen

plement used to apply ink to a surface, such as paper,

for writing or drawing.[1] Historically, reed pens, quill
pens, and dip pens were used, with a nib dipped in ink.
Ruling pens allow precise adjustment of line width, and
still nd a few specialized uses, but technical pens such
as the Rapidograph are more commonly used. Modern
types also include ballpoint, rollerball, fountain, and felt
or ceramic tip pens.[2]

1
1.1

Types of pens

calligraphic complexball pen

Modern
A ballpoint pen dispenses ink by rolling a small
hard sphere, usually 0.71.2 mm and made of brass,
steel or tungsten carbide.[3] The ink dries almost im-

The main modern types of pens can be categorized by the

kind of writing tip or point:
1

1 TYPES OF PENS
relling with an eyedropper. Rell reservoirs, also
known as cartridge converters, are available for some
pens which use disposable cartridges.

A mark made on paper with a rollerball pen, and the tip of that
pen

A marker, or felt-tip pen, has a porous tip of brous material. The smallest, nest-tipped markers
are used for writing on paper. Medium-tip markers
are often used by children for coloring and drawing.
Larger markers are used for writing on other surfaces such as corrugated boxes, whiteboards and for
chalkboards, often called liquid chalk or chalkboard markers. Markers with wide tips and bright
but transparent ink, called highlighters, are used to
mark existing text. Markers designed for children or
for temporary writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically use non-permanent inks.
Large markers used to label shipping cases or other
packages are usually permanent markers.

1.2 Historic
A fountain pen

mediately on contact with paper. The ballpoint pen

is usually reliable and comes in both inexpensive and
expensive types. It has replaced the fountain pen as
the most common tool for everyday writing.
1. rollerball pen dispenses a water-based liquid or gel
ink through a ball tip similar to that of a ballpoint
pen. The less-viscous ink is more easily absorbed by
paper than oil-based ink, and the pen moves more
easily across a writing surface. The rollerball pen
was initially designed to combine the convenience
of a ballpoint pen with the smooth wet ink eect
of a fountain pen. Gel inks are available in a range
of colors, including metallic paint colors, glitter effects, neon, blurred eects, saturated colors, pastel
tones, vibrant shades, shady colors, invisible ink,
see-through eect, shiny colors, and glow-in-thedark eects.
2. complexball pen dispenses ink by rolling a more
complexe sphere combined with 2 lateral cones for
providing calligraphic writting.

A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through a nib. The ink ows from a reservoir
through a feed to the nib, then through the nib,
due to capillary action and gravity. The nib has no
moving parts and delivers ink through a thin slit to
the writing surface. A fountain pen reservoir can be
rellable or disposable, this disposable type being
an ink cartridge. A pen with a rellable reservoir
may have a mechanism, such as a piston, to draw
ink from a bottle through the nib, or it may require

These historic types of pens are no longer in common use

as writing instruments, but may be used by calligraphers
and other artists:
A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of a metal nib
with capillary channels, like that of a fountain pen,
mounted on a handle or holder, often made of wood.
A dip pen usually has no ink reservoir and must
be repeatedly recharged with ink while drawing or
writing. The dip pen has certain advantages over
a fountain pen. It can use waterproof pigmented
(particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called
India ink, drawing ink, or acrylic inks, which would
destroy a fountain pen by clogging, as well as the
traditional iron gall ink, which can cause corrosion
in a fountain pen. Dip pens are now mainly used in
illustration, calligraphy, and comics. A particularly
ne-pointed type of dip pen known as a crowquill is
a favorite instrument of artists, such as David Stone
Martin and Jay Lynch, because its exible metal
point can create a variety of delicate lines, textures
and tones with slight pressures while drawing.
The ink brush is the traditional writing implement
in East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can
be made from either bamboo, or rarer materials such
as red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. The
head of the brush can be made from the hair (or
feathers) of a wide variety of animals, including the
weasel, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig, tiger,
etc. There is also a tradition in both China and Japan
of making a brush using the hair of a newborn, as a
once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. This practice is associated with the legend of an ancient Chinese scholar who scored rst in the Imperial examinations by using such a personalized brush. Calligraphy brushes are widely considered an extension of

3
the calligraphers arm. Today, calligraphy may also
be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not
enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush calligraphy.
A quill is a pen made from a ight feather of a large
bird, most often a goose. Quills were used as instruments for writing with ink before the metal dip pen,
the fountain pen, and eventually the ballpoint pen
came into use. Quill pens were used in medieval
times to write on parchment or paper. The quill
eventually replaced the reed pen.

pen, generally made from bamboo, is still used in some

parts of Pakistan by young students and is used to write
on small boards made of timber.
The reed pen survived until papyrus was replaced by animal skins, vellum and parchment, as a writing surface.
The smoother surface of skin allowed ner, smaller writing by the quill pen, derived from the ight feather.[5] The
quill pen was used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the
Dead Sea Scrolls, which date back to around 100 BC. The
scrolls were written in Hebrew dialects with bird feathers
or quills. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europeans
had diculty in obtaining reeds and began to use quills.
There is a specic reference to quills in the writings of St.
Isidore of Seville in the 7th century.[6] Quill pens were
still widely used in the 18th century, and were used to
write and sign the Constitution of the United States in
1787.

A reed pen is cut from a reed or bamboo, with a slit

in a narrow tip. Its mechanism is essentially similar
to that of a quill. The reed pen has almost disappeared but it is still used by young school students
in some parts of India and Pakistan, who learn to
write with them on small timber boards known as
A copper nib was found in the ruins of Pompeii showing
Takhti.
that metal nibs were used in the year 79.[7] There is also a
reference to 'a silver pen to carry ink in', in Samuel Pepys'
diary for August 1663.[8] 'New invented' metal pens are
2 History
advertised in The Times in 1792.[9] A metal pen point
was patented in 1803 but the patent was not commercially exploited. A patent for the manufacture of metal
pens was advertised for sale by Bryan Donkin in 1811.[10]
John Mitchell of Birmingham started to mass-produce
pens with metal nibs in 1822, and thereafter the quality of
steel nibs had improved enough that dip pens with metal
nibs came into generalized use.[11]

M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US patent#68445 in

1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of
the fountain pen.

Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on papyrus

scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens
from the Juncus maritimus or sea rush.[4] In his book A
History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests that on
the basis of nds at Saqqara, the reed pen might well have
been used for writing on parchment as long ago as the
First Dynasty or about 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to
be used until the Middle Ages although they were slowly
replaced by quills from about the 7th century. The reed

Deliciae physico-mathematicae, 1636

The earliest historical record of a pen employing a reservoir dates back to the 10th century. In 953, Ma'd alMu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen

3 MANUFACTURERS

which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was

provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and
delivered it to the nib.[12] This pen may have been a
fountain pen, but its mechanism remains unknown, and
only one record mentioning it has been found. A later
reservoir pen was developed in 1636. In his Deliciae
Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German inventor Daniel
Schwenter described a pen made from two quills. One
quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill.
The ink was sealed inside the quill with cork. Ink was
squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In
1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent in England
for a pen with an ink reservoir.[12]
While a student in Paris, Romanian Petrache Poenaru invented the fountain pen, which the French Government Modern marker pens.
patented in May 1827. Fountain pen patents and production then increased in the 1850s, especially steel pens
Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan.[16]
produced by John Mitchell.
Papermates Flair was among the rst felt-tip pens to hit
The rst patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on Octo- the U.S. market in the 1960s, and it has been the leader
ber 30, 1888, to John J Loud.[13] In 1938, Lszl Br, a ever since. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to
Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother felt pens have become popular in recent times.
George, a chemist, began to work on designing new types
of pens including one with a tiny ball in its tip that was Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1970s. They
free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the pa- make use of a mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a
per, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge smoother line. Technological advances achieved during
and leaving it on the paper. Br led a British patent on the late 1980s and early 1990s have improved the roller
June 15, 1938. In 1940 the Br brothers and a friend, balls overall performance. A porous point pen contains
Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina eeing Nazi Ger- a point that is made of some porous material such as felt
many and on June 10, led another patent, and formed or ceramic. A high quality drafting pen will usually have
Br Pens of Argentina. By the summer of 1943 the rst a ceramic tip, since this wears well and does not broaden
commercial models were available.[14] Erasable ballpoint when pressure is applied while writing.
pens were introduced by Papermate in 1979 when the Although the invention of the typewriter and personal
Erasermate was put on the market.[15]
computer with the keyboard input method have changed
how users write, the pen has not been entirely
replaced.[17] Higher end pens including types such as
fountain pens are still a status symbol.[18][19]

3 Manufacturers
1915 advertisement for Vulcan Ink Pencils.

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, a naturalized Croatian engineer and inventor of Polish-Dutch origin from the
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Austria-Hungary, became renowned for further development of the mechanical pencil (1906) then called an automatic pencil
and the rst solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating
with an entrepreneur by the name of Edmund Moster,
he started the Penkala-Moster Company and built a penand-pencil factory that was one of the biggest in the world
at the time. This company, now called TOZ-Penkala, still
exists today. TOZ stands for "Tvornica olovaka Zagreb", meaning "Zagreb Pencil Factory.

3.1 United States

Waterman pen and fountain pens made for Air Frances

In the 1960s, the ber or felt-tipped pen was invented by Concorde.

5
Statistics on writing instruments (including pencils and
pens) from WIMA (the United States Writing Instrument
Manufacturers Association) show that in 2005, retractable
ball point pens were by far the most popular in the United
States (26%), followed by standard ball point pens (14%).
Other categories represented very small fractions (3% or
less).[20] There is however also a thriving industry in luxury pens, often fountain pens, sometimes priced at $1000
or more.[21] Pens are also used as advertisements for business entrepreneurs. Companies use pens to advertise their
company names to possible customers.

See also
Active pen
Calligraphy
Counterfeit banknote detection pen
Digital pen
Gel pen
Ink
List of pen types, brands and companies
Pen spinning

[8] 'This evening came a letter about business from Mr

Coventry, and with it a silver pen to carry inke in, which
is very necessary.' Diary of Samuel Pepys, 5 August
1663:http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/
[9] The advertisement implies metal nibs had been in use for
some years, but had not been generally accepted due to
lack of exibility and tendency to rust. It refers to 'Ivory
Handles with 'Gold Silver or Steel Pens to each', and says
that 'new pens may be tted in at pleasure', indicating only
the nibs were metal. It also claims the pens have 'welltempered Elasticity' and that the 'Steel Points are treated
to be rustproof, rust being 'a circumstance that has been
long and universally complained of in this article'. The
Times. 8 June 1792: 4.
[10] He oered the patent, which had an unexpired term of
11 years, for sale together with the 'utensils peculiarly
adapted to the manufacturing' of the metal pens:"The
Times. 15 August 1811: 4.
[11] In 1832 a woman accused of stealing a silver pen from a
London shop said in her defence that she had 'one of the
common metal pens with her:"The Times. 15 September
1832: 3.
[12] Bosworth, C. E. (Autumn 1981), A Mediaeval Islamic
Prototype of the Fountain Pen?", Journal of Semitic Studies XXVI (i)
[13] GB Patent No. 15630, October 30, 1888

Pencil

[14] The Ballpoint Pen, Quido Magazin. Retrieved March 11,

2007.

Retractable pen

[15] Papermate ocial site: history.

Ruling pen

[16] History of Pens & Writing Instruments, About Inventors

site. Retrieved March 11, 2007.

Space Pen
Stylus
Technical pen

[17] Losing touch with paper and pen. Redi.com. 200305-05. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
[18] The power of the pen
[19]

Notes and references

[1] http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pen
[2] pen. Word Histories and Mysteries. Boston: Houghton
Miin, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 13 September
2007.
[3] How does a ballpoint pen work?". Engineering. HowStuWorks. 19982007. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
[4] Egyptian reed pen Retrieved March 16, 2007.
[5] pen. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with
Atlas and Weather guide. Abington: Helicon, 2010.
Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012
[6] The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, Cambridge Catalogue Retrieved March 11, 2007.
[7] Arnold Wagner Dip Pens. Retrieved March 11, 2007.

[20] WIMA website Retrieved March 12, 2007.

[21] Low-tech luxury Gift or accessory, jewelry designers see
business in luxe writing tools, Fort Wayne Journal Gazette,
March 12, 2007.

6 External links
Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

Pen Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen?oldid=720624351 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Mav, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Tarquin, Stephen Gilbert, Rgamble, PierreAbbat, William Avery, Robert Foley, Daniel C. Boyer, Jaknouse, Patrick, Infrogmation, Ixfd64,
Zanimum, Delirium, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, Theresa knott, Snoyes, Angela, Darkwind, Mcy85, Poor Yorick, Reddi, Furrykef,
SEWilco, Joy, Fvw, Jeq, Onebyone, Riddley, Gromlakh, Robbot, Fredrik, RedWolf, Yosri, Meelar, Hadal, Mandel, Cordell, Dina,
Alexwcovington, Mintleaf~enwiki, Luis Dantas, Yekrats, Wmahan, Barneyboo, SarekOfVulcan, Antandrus, OverlordQ, Gscshoyru, Joyous!, Ukexpat, Jh51681, Janneok~enwiki, Adashiel, Ularsen, Discospinster, Xezbeth, Forbsey, ESkog, Neko-chan, Bennylin, DS1953,
Lankiveil, Hayabusa future, Shanes, Adambro, Sole Soul, Bobo192, Longhair, Ypacara, Smalljim, Deryck Chan, Hajenso, PiccoloNamek, John Fader, Krellis, Pearle, Nsaa, QuantumEleven, FMephit, Alansohn, Omgee, Arthena, Ahruman, Lightdarkness, Wanderingstan,
Malo, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, Bucephalus, Velella, Stephan Leeds, Randy Johnston, Sciurin, Bsadowski1, Prattora~enwiki, Xtopher,
Brookie, Natalya, Mindmatrix, Camw, MONGO, Grika, Prashanthns, Allen3, Jbarta, Mandarax, Yuriybrisk, BD2412, FreplySpang,
Lakerdonald, Coneslayer, DeadlyAssassin, Tony619, Graibeard, The wub, Bhadani, Cassowary, Fish and karate, Emarsee, Dan Guan,
Pbolgiani, Twipley, Nivix, Thecosmos, RexNL, Gurch, Nimur, A.K.Karthikeyan, TeaDrinker, Alphachimp, King of Hearts, DVdm, Gwernol, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, RobotE, Anonymous editor, SpuriousQ, RadioFan, Akamad, Stephenb,
Shell Kinney, Rsrikanth05, Pseudomonas, Bullzeye, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Dialectric, Buster79, Grafen, NickBush24, RazorICE, Dureo,
Cleared as led, Irishguy, Brian Crawford, Tommaisey, Raven4x4x, Misza13, Lomn, Epipelagic, RentACop, Syrthiss, DeadEyeArrow,
Psy guy, Bota47, Ke5crz, Caspian, Everyguy, Oliverdl, Werdna, Wknight94, FF2010, Sandstein, Zzuuzz, Djramone, Closedmouth,
Spondoolicks, Pb30, Josh3580, GraemeL, Vicarious, Alias Flood, CWenger, LeonardoRob0t, Phil Holmes, Kaicarver, Bluezy, Junglecat, Amit man, Saltmarsh, K0rq, Airconswitch, DVD R W, Luk, Veinor, Frankie, SmackBot, Travuun, MattieTK, Unschool, Bobet,
Orangos, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kerekesk, McGeddon, Jagged 85, Delldot, Bobzchemist, Macintosh User, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Skizzik,
Carbon-16, Durova, Chris the speller, Kurykh, Persian Poet Gal, Postoak, Jprg1966, Master of Puppets, Miquonranger03, SchftyThree,
WeniWidiWiki, Ikiroid, Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, PeteShanosky, Sephiroth BCR, Onorem, Yidisheryid, TKD, VMS Mosaic, Rsm99833, Addshore, Midnightcomm, Random articles, Digitize, Enzomartinelli, Bpogi, Decltype, Magore,
Dreadstar, DMacks, Just plain Bill, Audioiv, Curly Turkey, LDHan, Paul 012, Lester, Valfontis, Kuru, Maowenjie, Pactio kiss, Gobonobo, Yadaman, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Minna Sora no Shita, Earthsprite, Davemcarlson, Noah Salzman, Mr Stephen,
Kyoko, Dicklyon, Optakeover, Waggers, Mattabat, Pieguy48, Ryulong, Citicat, Keycard, KJS77, JYi, BranStark, Iridescent, RLamb,
Mikehelms, 10014derek, Tony Fox, CapitalR, Courcelles, Ziusudra, Anger22, Luminaux, Tawkerbot2, Andy120, Lahiru k, Xcentaur,
JForget, InvisibleK, Beniscooler, Aherunar, KyraVixen, Nebs05, JohnCD, Alfaweb, El aprendelenguas, Leujohn, Davnor, CompRhetoric,
Myasuda, Jim182, Cydebot, MC10, Gogo Dodo, Mutant Despot, Studerby, Odie5533, Clovis Sangrail, DumbBOT, Zer0faults, Mtpaley, Omicronpersei8, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, Satori Son, Aldis90, Poorleno, Epbr123, Peter.M.D., Pajz, Ultimus, Pika2, Historyman1, Mojo Hand, Tobysaunders, Marek69, John254, A3RO, Neil916, Woody, Big Bird, Escarbot, Mentisto, Hmrox, AntiVandalBot, Kylemcinnes, Luna Santin, Seaphoto, Opelio, Quintote, Voortle, Suze Simon, Farosdaughter, Gdo01, Qwerty Binary, AubreyEllenShomo, Myanw, Leuqarte, Kitia, JAnDbot, Chaitanya.lala, Leuko, Nicwright, MER-C, Nthep, Sitethief, PhilKnight, Savant13, Fatalkeyv,
GoodDamon, LittleOldMe, Acroterion, Bencherlite, Pablothegreat85, Connormah, Secret Squrrel, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JamesBWatson, Sarahj2107, BigChicken, Steven Walling, Mouchoir le Souris, Froid, The Anomebot2, Zanibas, Indon, 28421u2232nfenfcenc,
Frotz, Cpl Syx, DerHexer, Edward321, Patstuart, Cocytus, Jemijohn, MartinBot, ShaunL, Rcollins03, Sm8900, Mschel, Kostisl, R'n'B,
AlexiusHoratius, WelshMatt, Videocom~enwiki, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Ali, Rlsheehan, Concealer01, Uncle Dick, Jk5004, Nothingofwater,
Acalamari, Rufous-crowned Sparrow, It Is Me Here, Katalaveno, Laxmonkey, Ben robbins, Janus Shadowsong, Ryan Postlethwaite, Skier
Dude, Boznia, Ipigott, (jarbarf), Aram33~enwiki, Zdtrlik, NewEnglandYankee, Srpnor, Sd31415, Knulclunk, SJP, Lozzic, Cmichael,
KylieTastic, Cometstyles, Greatestrowerever, Amol.Gaitonde, Vanished user 39948282, Youremom, Gtg204y, Bonadea, Ja 62, Useight,
Moonlingio, Clem cowsie, Seth0481, Signalhead, Wikieditor06, Lights, Justyn1021444, Sam Blacketer, Deor, VolkovBot, Morenooso,
Thomas.W, Je G., Lears Fool, VasilievVV, Soliloquial, Vlmastra, Aesopos, Philip Trueman, Director, Charleca, DoorsAjar, Oshwah,
MeStevo, Nezarsuks123, Hqb, Dictouray, Qxz, Ig, Asparagus9, Apurvdh1, Lradrama, Sintaku, Martin451, Sirkad, LeaveSleaves, Figureskatingfan, BotKung, Bearian, Pishogue, Tropicality, RadiantRay, Madhero88, Craiggyb, Rooslin, Sam eld05, Wenli, Roka999, Masterchi101, Wolfrock, Oddjobismyname, Cjc0013, Jpeeling, Tombrady123, Falcon8765, Worldafter2020, Enviroboy, Turgan, Wyatt02,
Vchimpanzee, Pipe534, Monkey50~enwiki, KjtheDj, WatermelonPotion, Insanity Incarnate, Heroandgloom, Nagy, Sammanrules, Brandon97, Demize, FlyingLeopard2014, Seannyboy, Wraithdart, GoddersUK, Pavtron, Bam127, Hrajt, Tiddly Tom, dipus sic, DiddleDoo-Bob, Jimbo online, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Box35, M999j, RJaguar3, Triwbe, Box37, Pipe533, Eon33again, Box39, Box40, Yintan,
Calabraxthis, CarlsonEric, Flakybizcuit, Box35c, Toastyroast, Lovenoble, Bentogoa, Enigma 0Z, Toddst1, Tiptoety, Exert, Oda Mari,
Momo san, Nopetro, Neilman6969, Blaireaux, Koussouros, Galam810, Aruton, Oxymoron83, Faradayplank, AngelOfSadness, Harry, Pepso2, Bagatelle, Unreal punk rocker, Steven Crossin, RW Marloe, Hobartimus, Robertan, Manway, Macy, Monkeylordjos, N96,
Mygerardromance, Hariva, Superbeecat, Illinois2011, Faithlessthewonderboy, ConfusedCartman, Martarius, ClueBot, Binksternet, GorillaWarfare, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rodhullandemu, Seektruthfromfacts, Garyzx, Arakunem, VQuakr, Mild Bill
Hiccup, Xax-5, Skpperd, Boing! said Zebedee, Phalangies, CounterVandalismBot, Niceguyedc, Happy darrenchong, Blanchardb,
LizardJr8, ThisWebsiteIsRubbish, Neverquick, WhyAreYouReadingThis, Jolthan, Arunsingh16, BlueAmethyst, TryItTryItTryItGoOnTryIt, Stepho22224, Bobthebuilder10101, DragonBot, Romao92, Robert Skyhawk, Time for action, Excirial, Jusdafax, Steamroller Assault, Erebus Morgaine, Eeekster, Abrech, SpikeToronto, Lartoven, Mutiny890, Rhododendrites, Tathin, NuclearWarfare, Monkey in my
pants, Lunchscale, Jotterbot, Tnxman307, Supermanthat, Morel, Razorame, Fattyjwoods, SounderBruce, Wigwam5, Ottawa4ever, Thehelpfulone, Mlas, Dalric, Thingg, Aitias, Iamhiphop, Hawkky, Versus22, Burner0718, MelonBot, Dontmentionit, SoxBot III, Egmontaz,
Apparition11, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, Freddo126, Helen12345, Reactedwithwateragain, Taymister, B0bbyd0le, PseudoOne, Jovianeye, ElisaEXPLOSiON, Dthomsen8, P30Carl, Crowbarthe1337h4x0r, TFOWR, Ickyice, SilvonenBot, Padfoot79, RP459, MystBot,
JumpOnAPlateFafFafFa, Ejosse1, RyanCross, HexaChord, Wiki Power Editor Dude, Gus5864, Addbot, ERK, Willking1979, AVand,
Some jerk on the Internet, Tcncv, Captinhippie, Hda3ku, Jmleander, Aidan24, DougsTech, Ronhjones, Palmtreeisland, Movingboxes,
Fieldday-sunday, MiaugG, Geemo5, CanadianLinuxUser, Goluszkamax, Download, Vander08, Largeru, Hollowbones, VandalFixman,
Djdude4, Sassparillaslim, Idunnosorry, Glane23, DoraXplorer, Crystalwhammy, Lachlanfahy, Chzz, FCSundae, Favonian, 1tnt6, Myst,
Crowndnews, 5 albert square, Aznpkblade, Frickmann123, Theanimalzhu, Berkunt, Tassedethe, Ehrenkater, DNA to RNA, Crappyusername, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Pietrow, ShadowOps, Megaman en m, Frenchfryguy, Swarm, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Yobot, WikiDan61, 2D,
Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Fraggle81, Jonnyboy911, Lx00me, Ajh16, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Max, Xbox360h8ter, Ningauble, Schloben,
Eric-Wester, Synchronism, Rugarr, AnomieBOT, A More Perfect Onion, Jim1138, IRP, JackieBot, Piano non troppo, Maryreibey, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Flewis, Powerzilla, Materialscientist, ImperatorExercitus, Tunky1, The High Fin Sperm Whale, OllieFury, Maxis ftw,

7.2

Images

Marcelopalaciosm, Clark89, Bl1007, Gsmgm, TinucherianBot II, Sionus, Transity, Cureden, Msyarethebest, M0useYy, Name:disclosed,
Capricorn42, Wperdue, Renaissancee, Ponticalibus, Jerey Mall, Frty4544fry, C3pblow, Jmundo, The Evil IP address, Loob123, Bsantoro, Matterr1024, Inferno, Lord of Penguins, Srich32977, Ruby.red.roses, Angusheatonisgay, Wikios1, Googy14, Abce2, Mathi101095,
Sportstar22, Editorguy78, Prunesqualer, RibotBOT, Kukovica3, 78.26, JulianDelphiki, Ihavecandy700, Pensharpener12, Doulos Christos, MommySalami, N419BH, TheTurningGallery, Shadowjams, A.amitkumar, Lalaworld123456789, Dougofborg, ClaireLou, Jetyergreyson, Micict, Iamscottjack, KevvyRichy, Favre41325, FrescoBot, Peekaboo747, Pickle08, Lilcherry52, Amar77795, Galorr, America09, JerryStith, Tlork Thunderhead, Rkr1991, Bangedurmam, Tegel, Riu Zuchi, Finalius, Krazyeditor2009, HamburgerRadio, Neddy
spaghetti, Lemon iced t, 12poetkdi, Dondrakona, EastwickEducation, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Mustang13013, 10metreh, Wow08,
Vcms, A8UDI, Poopisme, SpaceFlight89, Pianoplonkers, Rgambord, December21st2012Freak, Joshualoljosh, White Shadows, ZackyOBN, FoxBot, NortyNort, Meanbean98, Marcelopalacios, Mabsal, Vrenator, Extra999, Maxk77, Pollytc, HomieGs, TRANSAMSEED,
Reztip, Theclip2000, FrozenPencil, Diannaa, Unrulyevil, Suusion of Yellow, Tbhotch, Stroppolo, Reach Out to the Truth, Scottdjp,
Dkudriavtsev, Argentina1913, Keegscee, Utube13, Nicoliadees, Mean as custard, TjBot, Amerias, Regancy42, Noommos, Mrs bechard,
Duder666666, Quesinberry38271, DASHBot, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, Snowelle, WikitanvirBot, Immunize, Ps3king360, Heracles31,
Ketchupmustardrelish, Relishketchupmustard, Relishmustardketchup, Beeshoney, Arthur C. Miller, Keelzone65, RA0808, Tommy2010,
Wikipelli, AsceticRose, Harrisc5, Birdplayingames, Watermit, Woobr, Mwkeller17, ZroBot, Universeis42, John Cline, Daonguyen95, F,
Josve05a, Rickyofbjh, PurpleFreeeek, QumicoLoco, Snake870, Bryce Carmony, Mitch1851, Starmie12345, Alpha Quadrant (alt), Bamyers99, Monterey Bay, Shaan the sheep, WhatKongFuziSays, Wayne Slam, Erianna, Manlikezombie, Mitchell9812, Rcsprinter123, Brandmeister, L Kensington, Flightx52, Donner60, Twodoorsdowntheroom, MelissaSbisa, ChuispastonBot, Kieran1234321, Haha12345ownd,
Toshdan, Sven Manguard, Jmhall97, Petrb, Xanchester, Gwen-chan, ClueBot NG, Devilhawk99, Starcorder, Acrazykid, Caitiiiiiiieee,
LogX, Mezez, Piast93, Benjamin33, Poocheese, Zeusthewhite2, Lambgrams22, Xoolgai, O.Koslowski, Connor18, Beastly v, Makolakers13, Go Phightins!, Widr, Morgan Riley, Matt j fox, Vjcagay, Mummycop, Jk2q3jrklse, Crosstemplejay, Out124578, Misterbad21,
Tinyman72, Fuzzywuzzypuss, Benzsup, A 3rd, Sckorpio, Nightenbelle, Calidum, Calabe1992, DBigXray, Jesse9311, CDFVW, Gdestroyer66, Thesuperbadbutcool1111, Doorknob747, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Whatdidyousay92, Krenair, Muhk33, Ivan16397,
Forznena, PTJoshua, Whereisthepen, Seek101, Northamerica1000, ISTB351, Gfkids, 70m1, MattMillett, Hurricanefan25, MusikAnimal,
Petakels, Mr lezard, Toolboxpen, Altar, Lolol235, Shaners33, Snow Blizzard, Patchey03, Ricky sharma, Mwkeller12345, DeltaCommand,
3c0warr10r15,
, Glacialfox, Besttop1, JayjubeBEAST86, Klilidiplomus, Roizpro, The Editor4cheesepus, Flirty mc henry, Couitt,
Anbu121, Joshtan, Youwillrulepie, Marshallawesome, Teammm, Abelincon56, NJIT HUM 456, Penhry, Mkfan20, Coco-nut-down-now,
Yaykate, Buruko23, MadGuy7023, JYBot, Winkelvi, Jonojonjon, Raymond1922A, Erica167, Numbaeve, Oneill3314, Aditya Mahar,
Aidanno1bill, Mogism, Yimkelvin, Lugia2453, Rishy10, Milesandkilometrestogo, 93, Blubawer, Wedensambo, Achievementmaster360,
Kevin12xd, Itsme.ranabd94, LemonsWillWin, Departur3z93, AVAsawadog, Samee, Gangnamstyle0954, WalkerO97, Mydreamsparrow,
Danewbreedz, Destroman5, Ekips39, SNIPEZCEDOLA, SucreRouge, Howicus, FrigidNinja, Eyesnore, Heypaco, Michelle24250, Kogmaw, Jakec, Cncmasters slave, Englishisboring123, James Liljack, Jokerman101, Hackure31, ElHef, ButterNuggets777, Index card,
Hind.ilidrissi, Qwertyasdfqwertyfdsa, Ertha berfolimue, Gayboiiiii, Mrawesomemanfail, Thatguywithfakeinfo, Xcuray, Go1denretrevr,
Jbonfe, PrivateMasterHD, LoveDogs95, Photographynepal, Ashraful1322, Finlayevans, Abovepriorwriy, Sarah21196, Helloiammiguel,
Cheese bualo peter, Pogo3038, Squirtle117, ManasaKalamdani, Fanjian0803, CleggAJ, Roytay1207769, Twiggy1997, Darth7777775,
Uyuyrot, Qwertyxp2000, Tredar22, Luciferscage99, Mark Fusion, VegasCasinoKid, Antonio ores-b, Justinmonroe00, Flopalop2, Chinlee12, Kafee651, Debby.vamp, Chillout123, Blenderbottles, Crystallizedcarbon, 5678 THE 4329, DanteMW13, Matthew2225, Federico
Leva (BEIC), Ryzhou, Swaggylad, Joshmcconkey, Pokemontroy, Yehrjfjf, Amira Awesome, Cdadggggf, JohnnyGunn69, Snowballbubbles2000, Wikeraj, Iceelfe69, Garima Kathuria, Ilovesamsung, Yo ugly mama, Zorexjmol, 4m3r k1d, Egeralnik, Elpigeon, Piggywig1212,
Admamcdonnell69, Qwerqwqwqw, MusikBot, 11dixonl, Kedaarrrao1993, Jourdanmiller, SSTyer, Justindiaz6, Dwima.basu and Anonymous: 1211

7.2

Images

File:03-BICcristal2008-03-26.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/03-BICcristal2008-03-26.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Trounce
File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag
File:Ballpoint_Pen_DS.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Ballpoint_Pen_DS.jpg License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Augustus Binu : follow me on facebook
File:Calligraphic_bal_pen_with_complexe_ball_structure.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/
Calligraphic_bal_pen_with_complexe_ball_structure.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: I drawed this invention by myself and
made diagram on power point Original artist: Koussouros
File:Carandache_Ecridor.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Carandache_Ecridor.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vadim Zhuravlev
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Fountain_Pen.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Fountain_Pen.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Auyon
File:Marker1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Marker1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author
provided. Peng assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.
png License: LGPL Contributors: http://icon-king.com Original artist: David Vignoni / ICON KING
File:Roller_Ball_Pen_DC.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Roller_Ball_Pen_DC.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Augustus Binu : follow me on facebook
File:Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat._und_philosophische_Erquickstunden,_1636_-_4696404.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Schwenter_-_Deliciae_physico-mathematicae_oder_Mathemat.
tif Source:
_und_philosophische_Erquickstunden%2C_1636_-_4696404.tif License: Public domain Contributors: Available in the BEIC digital
library and uploaded in partnership with BEIC Foundation. Original artist: Schwenter, Daniel

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:US68445.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/US68445.png License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:UniballElitePenTip.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/UniballElitePenTip.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: My desk. Pen is a uni-ball Vision Elite. Original artist: User:Ben_pcc
File:Vulcan_Ink_Pencil_advertisement,_1915.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Vulcan_Ink_
Pencil_advertisement%2C_1915.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturemag10moti#page/
n537/mode/1up Original artist: J. M. Ullrich & Co.
File:WATERMAN_CONCORDE.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/WATERMAN_CONCORDE.
jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: ConcordeSite.fr // Pierre CHERY-CAVY Original artist: Pierre CHERY-CAVY
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

7.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0