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MODAL, HARMONIC, AND RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES FOR CONDUCTING AND VERIFYING FINITE

ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Dr. Anthony A. DiCarlo
adicarlo@mitre.org
R. Paul Normandy
pnormand@mitre.org
Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited
2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Page 2
Introduction
Improper analysis can lead to the amplification of loads perhaps
resulting in the failure of the electronic equipments ability to
function properly or at all.
Most designs are too complicated to analyze with hand
calculations and simplifying them may lead to a biased solution
that conceals other ill-fated phenomena.
The finite element (FE) method, which can be implemented
through computerized software, provides an efficient solution
while retaining most of the design details.
This presentation works through several finite element
techniques starting with a single degree of freedom model and
progressing to a pseudo-continuous model. Throughout these
examples, theoretical checks of the FE simulations are
presented.
Page 3
Two Simple Oscillators Fixed Base

Modal Analysis
Node
Numbers
Y1
m1
1
0
Y2
m2
k2
1
0
Variable
m1
m2
k1, k2
Name
Mass 1
Mass 2
Spring Constant
Value
2.085 lbf-s2/in
0.1303 lbf-s2/in
18500 lbf/in
2
0
Modal Analysis
fn
1
2
Resonant
Frequency (Hz)
kn / mn
Yn 1 / mn
Max. Modal Disp.
in lbf s
2
Mode
Location
Calculated
FEA
Calculated
FEA
Y1 (Node 3)
15
14.99
0.693
0.693
Y2 (Node 4)
60
59.97
2.77
2.77
ANSYS commercial software used for FEA model

Page 4

Harmonic Analysis
Yn
Qg
2f n 2
Y1 (Node 3)
Qmax 1 / 2
Resonant Frequency(Hz)
Maximum Displacement (in)
Maximum Acceleration (in/s2)
1% damping
Finite Element Amplitude at Node 3
Calculated
FEA
15
2.17
19304
15.085
2.17
19312
60
0.136
19304
60.04
0.136
19314
60 Hz.
19314.45 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
1.00E+03
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+02
Amplitude
Amplitude
FEA
1.00E+05
15 Hz.,
19312.37 in/sec 2
1.00E+01
15 Hz.
2.17 in
1.00E+00
Calculated
Finite Element Amplitude at Node 4
1.00E+05
1.00E+04
Y2 (Node 4)
Displacement
1.00E+01
Displacement
1.00E+00
Acceleration
1.00E-01
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
Acceleration
60 Hz.
0.136 in.
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
1.00E-03
20
40
60
80
100
120
20
40
Frequency (Hz.)
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz.)
FE Amplitude of the Acceleration and Displacement
FE Amplitude of the Acceleration and Displacement
at Node 3
at Node 4
Page 5

Harmonic Analysis
FE Results of the Real and Imaginary Components of the Displacement
3
Finite Element: RealNode
and Imaginary
at Node 3
Finite Element: RealNode4

and Imaginary at Node 4
0.1
0.75
0.05
-0.25
Amplitude (in.)
Amplitude (in.)
0.25
-0.75
Imaginary
-1.25
Real
-0.05
Imaginary
Real
-0.1
-1.75
-0.15
-2.25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
Frequency (Hz.)
40
50
60
70
80
90
Frequency (Hz.)
Page 6
100

PSD Analysis
Yn ( rms)
f n S oQ
2
Yn ( rms)
Yn ( rms)
2
Y1 (Node 3)
[1] Crandall
Y2 (Node 4)
Calculated
FEA
Calculated
FEA
Resonant Frequency (Hz)
15
14.99
60
59.97
Max. 1 Displacement (in)
0.0149
0.0150
0.00187
0.00187
Max. 1 Acceleration
(in/s2)
132.6
132.9
265.1
265.7
So = 0.0001 g2/Hz
Displacement Based on Response PSD
1.6E-02
Displacement Response PSD

1.4E-02
1.0E+00
Node 3
0.0150 in.
1.2E-02
Node 3
Node 4
Amplitude (in)
Amplitude (in 2/Hz.)
1.0E-02
0.474e-3 in2/Hz.
1.0E-04
0.185e-5 in2/Hz.
Node 4
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
1002
RPSD
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
1.0E-06
1.87e-3 in.
2.0E-03
1.0E-08
0.0E+00
20
40
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz.)
1.0E-10
1
10
100
Frequency (Hz.)
PSD Displacement Responses for Nodes 3 and 4
Illustration of the Maximum Displacements at
Nodes 3 and 4 via Square Root of the Integrated

PSD
Page 7
Two Simple Oscillators Attached to a Large Mass

Modal Analysis
y
Node
Y1
m1
Y2
m2
rigid
k1
k2
Y3
z
0
10
20
2
Variable
Name
Value
m1
m2
m3
k1, k2
Mass 1
Mass 2
Mass 3
Spring Constant
2.085 lbf-s2/in
0.1303 lbf-s2/in
2215 lbf-s2/in
18500 lbf/in
m3
0 Y1 k1
0
k1 Y1 F (t )1
m1 0

0 m
0 Y2 0
k2
k2 Y2 F (t ) 2
2
0 0 m3 Y3 k1 k2 (k2 k1 ) Y3 F (t )3
Mode
1
2
3
Location
All
Node 3
Node 4
Calculated
0
15
60
FEA
0.335E-05
14.99
59.97
Max. Modal Disp.
in lbf s
2
Calculated
0.021
0.692
2.77
2 I Y 0
f1
1 0
1
f2
2 15.00
f 2 59.97
3
3
0.021 0.692 0
in
0.021, 0 , 2.77
0.021 0 0 lbf s
Page 8
FEA
0.021
0.692
2.77

Modal Shapes
y
Node
Y1
m1
Y2
m2
k1
rigid
10
k2
Y3
0.021 0.692 0
in
0.021, 0 , 2.77
0.021 0 0 lbf s
20
2
m3
Zero Value of Natural

Frequency (Rigid Body
Mode)
15 Hz Natural Frequency
Page 9

Harmonic Analysis
y
Node
Y1
m1
Y2
m2
k1
rigid arms
k2
Y3
22
15
m3
F=m3g
Finite Element: Amplitude at Node 4

1.00E+05
1.00E+05
60 Hz.
19293 in/sec 2
1.00E+03
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
1.00E+01
1.00E+00
60 Hz.
0.136 in
1.00E-01
15 Hz.
19294 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
Amplitude
Amplitude
1.00E+04
Displacement
Acceleration
15 Hz.
2.17 in
1.00E+00
Displacement
1.00E-01
Acceleration
1.00E-02
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
1.00E-03
1.00E-04
1.00E-04
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz.)
1.00E-05
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz.)
FE Displacement and Acceleration of Node 4 in

Response to Excitation Frequency
FE Displacement and Acceleration of Node 3 in

Response to Excitation Frequency
Page 10

PSD Analysis
Yn ( rms)
f n S oQ
2
Yn ( rms)
Yn ( rms)
Node 3
Max. 1 Displacement (in)
Max. 1 Acceleration (in/s2)
Node 4
Calculated
FEA
Calculated
FEA
15
0.0149
132.6
14.99
0.0150
138.01
60
0.00187
265.1
59.97
0.00187
266.0
n 2
Acceleration Response PSD

1.0E+06
1.0E+01
37221.59 (in/sec 2)2/Hz.
1.0E-01
Amplitude (in/sec 2)2 /Hz.)
Node 3
0.472e-3 in2/Hz.
1.0E-03
Amplitude (in /Hz.)
Node 4
0.185e-5 in2/Hz.
1.0E-05
1.0E-07
1.0E-09
37297.4
(in/sec 2)2/Hz.
1.0E+04
1.0E+02
1.0E+00
1.0E-02
1.0E-04
Node 3
Node 4
1.0E-06
1.0E-11
1
10
Frequency (Hz.)
100
FE Displacement PSD Response of Node 3 and 4
10
Frequency (Hz.)
100
FE Acceleration PSD Response of Nodes 3 and 4
Page 11
Two Simple Oscillators Attached to Two Large

Masses - Modal Analysis
y
Node
Y1
1
0
Y2
m1
3
m2
4
k1
k2
2
1
0
m3
Y3
m4
Y4
0
0 Y1 k1
0
k1
0 Y1 F (t )1
m1 0

0 m
0
0 Y2 0
k2
0 k 2
Y2 F (t ) 3
2
0
0 m 3 0 Y3 k 1
0
k1
0 Y3 F (t ) 2

0 m4
0 k 2
0
k 2
Y
F (t ) 4
Y
00
4
M
2 I Y 0
f1
1 0
f

2 1 2 15

Hz
f 3 2 3 0
60
f4
Variable
Name
Value
m1
m2
m3
m4
k1, k2
Mass 1
Mass 2
Mass 3
Mass 4
Spring Constant
2.085 lbf-s2/in
0.1303 lbf-s2/in
2215 lbf-s2/in
130.3 lbf-s2/in
18500 lbf/in
Resonant Frequency
(Hz)
Max. Modal Disp.
in lbf s
2
Mode
1
2
3
Location
Node 2 & 4
Node 1 & 3
Node 3
Calculated
0
0
15
FEA
0
0.476 E -8
15
Calculated
0.0876
0.212
0.69
FEA
0.0876
0.0219
0.69
Node 4
60
60
2.77
2.77
1 / m1 m3 1 /
,
1
/
m
m
1
3
0
m1
0 1 / m 2 m 4
,
0
0
0 1 / m 2 m 4
, 1 /
0
0
m2
0
Page 12

Masses - Mode Shapes
Rigid Body Motion of Masses 2 and 4
Rigid Body Motion of Masses 1 and 3
Page 13

Masses - Harmonic Analysis
Node
Numbers
Y1
m1
1
0
Y2
m2
k1
k2
2
Y3
Y4
m3
m4
F3=m3g
F4=m4g
1.00E+05
1.00E+05
60 Hz.
19301.55 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
1.00E+03
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
1.00E+01
1.00E+00
60 Hz.
0.136 in
1.00E-01
Amplitude
Amplitude
15 Hz.
19303 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
Displacement
Acceleration
15 Hz.
2.17 in
1.00E+00
Displacement
1.00E-01
Acceleration
1.00E-02
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
1.00E-03
1.00E-04
1.00E-04
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz.)
FE Displacement and Acceleration of Node 4
1.00E-05
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz.)
FE Displacement and Acceleration of Node 3
Page 14

Masses - PSD Analysis
Acceleration Response PSD
1.0E+01
1.0E+06
37196 (in/sec 2)2/Hz.
1.0E-01
Amplitude (in/sec 2)2 /Hz.)
U3rpsd
0.471E-3 in2/Hz.
1.0E-03
Amplitude (in /Hz.)
U4rpsd
0.184E-5 in2/Hz.
1.0E-05
1.0E-07
1.0E-09
37196 (in/sec 2)2/Hz.
1.0E+04
1.0E+02
1.0E+00
1.0E-02
1.0E-04
A3rpsd
A4rpsd
1.0E-06
1.0E-11
1
10
Frequency (Hz.)
PSD Displacement Response for Node 3

(U3rpsd) and Node 4 (U4rpsd)
100
10
Frequency (Hz.)
100
FE Acceleration PSD Response for Node 3

(A3rpsd) and Node 4 (A4rspd)
Page 15
Simply Supported Beam

Modal Analysis
Node Numbers
y
1
12
z
0
270 in
d
dx 2
Variable
W
E
I
L
21
d W x
2
EI
mW x
2
dx
Name
Weight per unit length
Youngs Modulus
Area moment of Inertia
Length
Value
26 lbf/in
107 lbf/in2
3267 in4
270 in.
Resonant Frequency
Max. Modal Disp.
in lbf s 2
(Hz)
Calculated
FEA
Calculated
FEA
15
15.01
0.332
0.332
60
60.05
0.332
0.332
Simply Supported
Beam Mode
Shapes
Mode
1
2
0.4
/in 2)
0.2
1, 2, 3 = , 2 , 3
0.332
0.332
0.3
Amplitude (lb. sec
n n2
EI
A
f1 1 1 15

Hz
f
2
2
2 60
0.1
0
0
-0.2
-0.3
W x r 2 / mL sin rx / L
r = 1, 2
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
-0.1
Mode Shape 1
Mode Shape 2
-0.4
Beam Length (in.)
First and Second Calculated Mode Shapes for a

Page 16

Harmonic Analysis
4 yx, t
2 yx, t
EI
m
mg sin t
x 4
t 2
Node Numbers
yx, t X x sint
12
z
0
270 in
21
a 4 2m / EI
X x A cosh a x B sinh a x C cosa x D sin a x
g
g cosh aL g
g
g cosaL g
,
B
,
C
,
D
2
2
2
2
sinh
a
L
2
sin aL
Simply Supported Beam: Harmonic Response
Finite Element: Amplitude at Node 12 (Mid Span)
A
1.E+01
1.00E+05
15 Hz.
24549 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
1.E+00
1.E-01
Amplitude
Amplitude ( in)
1.00E+03
1.E-02
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
15 Hz.
2.76 in
1.00E+00
Displacement
Acceleration
1.00E-01
1.E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
1.E-04
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
20
40
Natural Frequency (Hz.)
60
80
100
Frequency (Hz.)
Calculated Harmonic Response

Page 17
120

Harmonic and PSD Analyses
1.00E+05
15 Hz.
24549 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
yx
Amplitude
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
15 Hz.
2.76 in
1.00E+00
1 mQg x 3
L 2 Lx 2 x 3
24 EI
yx yx 2
Displacement
Acceleration
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
Model
1.00E-03
0
20
40
60
Frequency (Hz.)
80
100
Displacement (in)
120
Node
Location
Acceleration
(in.sec2)
Calculated
FEA
Calculated
FEA
L/4
1.962
1.95
24460
24549
12
L/2
2.754
2.76
17430
17359
yx rms
Node
12
1 m yrms x 3
L 2Lx 2 x 3
24
EI
Mode
l
Location
L/2
Displacement
(in)
Calculated
FEA
0.019
0.019
Acceleration
(in/sec2)
Calculated
FEA
167.9
169
Page 18
LMM Applied to a Beam

Modal Analysis
Variable
Node Numbers
y
1
z
(a) Undeformed
21
12
2 x
270 in
(b) Deformed
Rigid Beam
1
W
E
I
L
M1
Name
Youngs Modulus
Length
Large Mass
Value
26 lbf/in
107 lbf/in2
32.67 in4
270 in.
18168 lbf s2/in
Large Mass
12
21
22
270 in
Mode
1
2
3
4
Third FE Mode Shape
Max. Modal Disp.
Resonant Frequency
(Hz)
in lbf s
2
Calculated
FEA
Calculated
FEA
0
0
15
60
0
0.252E-4
15
59.77
0.007415
0.235
0.333
0.332
0.007415
0.234612
0.331338
0.330239
Fourth FE Mode
Page 19
LMM Applied to a Beam

Harmonic and PSD Analysis
1.00E+05
15 Hz.
24492 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
Model
Displacement (in)
Acceleration
(in/sec2)
Amplitude
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
15 Hz.
2.76 in
1.00E+00
Node
Location
Calculated
FEA
Calculated
FEA
L/4
1.962
1.95
24460
24492
12
L/2
2.754
2.76
17430
17315
Displacement
Acceleration
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Acceleration PSD Response
Frequency
(Hz.)
Displacement Response
PSD
1.0E+06
1.0E+00
60018 (in/sec 2)2/Hz.

1.0E+04
7.61E-4 in2/Hz.
Amplitude (in 2/Hz.)
Amplitude (in /Hz.)
1.0E-02
1.0E-04
1.0E-06
1.0E-08
1.0E+02
1.0E+00
1.0E-02
1.0E-10
1.0E-04
10
Frequency (Hz.)
FE PSD Displacement Response at Mid-Span
100
10
Frequency (Hz.)
100
FE PSD Acceleration Response at Mid-Span
of the Beams Length

Page 20
Flexible Beam with Masses Pinned at the Ends

Variable Name
Value
Modal Analysis
y
Node Numbers
1
0
270 in
EI mb mend
2 L3mb mend
0.188mb
0.35
fn

26 lbf/in
Youngs Modulus
107 lbf/in2
3267 in4
Length
270 in.
End Mass
9084 lbf s2/in
Beam Mass
w L/g
Beam with End Masses Mode Shape
/in 2 )
21 2
12
W
E
I
L
mend
mb
2
x 2 2 / mb
sin
mb
mb
2
m
ends
b
Amplitude (lb. sec
Y x
[3] Steinberg
0.332
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
Mode Shape 1
0.1
0.05
0
0

Mode
1
2
3
4
5
Calculated
0
0
0
15
Not Calc.
FEA
0
5.634E-7
6.446E-6
15.004
59.799
Max. Modal Disp.

Calculated
0.01049
0.01049
0.24194
0.33145
Not Calc.
30
60
90
120
in lbf s
150
180
210
240
270
Beam Length (in.)
FEA
0.01047
0.01047
0.23612
0.33135
0.33032
Page 21

Harmonic Analysis
1.00E+05
3.3
15 Hz.
24485 in/sec 2
1.00E+04
2.8
1.00E+03
2.3
1.00E+02
1.8
1.00E+01
15 Hz.
2.76 in
1.00E+00
Amplitude (in.)
Amplitude
Finite Element: Real and Imaginary at Node 12 (Mid Span)
Displacement
Acceleration
1.3
0.8
IMAGINARY
0.3
REAL
1.00E-01
-0.2
1.00E-02
-0.7
1.00E-03
-1.2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
Frequency (Hz.)
FE Displacement and Acceleration at Mid-Span
40
50
60
70
80
Frequency (Hz.)
FE Real and Imaginary Displacement

Components at Mid-Span
Page 22
90
100

PSD Analysis
Displacement Based on Response PSD
2.0E-02
1.0E+00
1.8E-02
7.61 E-4 in2/Hz.
Amplitude (in )
Amplitude (in /Hz.)
0.0190 in.
1.6E-02
1.0E-02
1.0E-04
1.0E-06
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
1002
RPSD
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
1.0E-08
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
1.0E-10
1
10
Frequency (Hz.)
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz.)
The FE PSD Displacement Responses at Mid and Quarter-
Integration of the PSD Displacement Response Produces
Span of the Beams Length
the Maximum Displacement for the Beam
y( rms)
f n SoQ
yx rms
1 myrms x 3
L 2 Lx2 x 3
24
EI
Node
12
Model
Location
L/2
yx rms yx rms 2
Displacement (in)
Calculated
FEA
0.019
0.019
Acceleration (in/sec2)
Calculated
FEA
168.7
175
Results of the Hand Calculations and ANSYS Simulations of the Beam with End Masses
Page 23
Concluding Remarks
A complete work-through starting with simple oscillators and
ending with pseudo-continuous modeling has been presented.
The models were designed such that they produce responses in
agreement for equivalent excitations.
FE programs with an outline for simulating and verifying modal,
harmonic, and random vibration models
Closed form solutions are available and should be implemented
to check FEA
Page 24
References
1. S. S. Rao, Mechanical Vibrations, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 1995.
2. S. H. Crandall, Random Vibration, MIT Press and John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1958.
3. Dave S. Steinberg, Vibration Analysis for Electronic
Equipment, John Wiley & Sons, 1973.
Page 25

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MODAL, HARMONIC, AND RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES FOR CONDUCTING AND VERIFYING FINITE

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

MITRE has 7,600 scientists, engineers and support specialists

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Fixed Base

Max. Modal Disp.

ANSYS commercial software used for FEA model

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Fixed Base

Finite Element Amplitude at Node 3

Finite Element Amplitude at Node 4

FE Amplitude of the Acceleration and Displacement

FE Amplitude of the Acceleration and Displacement

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Fixed Base

Finite Element: RealNode4

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Fixed Base

Resonant Frequency (Hz)

Max. 1 Displacement (in)

Displacement Based on Response PSD

Displacement Response PSD

Amplitude (in 2/Hz.)

PSD Displacement Responses for Nodes 3 and 4

Illustration of the Maximum Displacements at

Nodes 3 and 4 via Square Root of the Integrated

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Attached to a Large Mass

Resonant Frequency (Hz)

Max. Modal Disp.

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Attached to a Large Mass

Zero Value of Natural

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Attached to a Large Mass

Finite Element: Amplitude at Node 3

FE Displacement and Acceleration of Node 4 in

FE Displacement and Acceleration of Node 3 in

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Attached to a Large Mass

Displacement Response PSD

Acceleration Response PSD

37221.59 (in/sec 2)2/Hz.

Amplitude (in/sec 2)2 /Hz.)

Amplitude (in /Hz.)

FE Displacement PSD Response of Node 3 and 4

FE Acceleration PSD Response of Nodes 3 and 4

Approved for Public Release: 12-00003. Distribution Unlimited

2012 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Two Simple Oscillators Attached to Two Large