THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION

MOHD LUQMANULHAKIM BIN ROSLI

BACHELOR OF INDUSTRIAL LOGISTIC

57275211150

UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR

(MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY)

APRIL 2013

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHT

RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION

MUHAMMAD LUQMANULHAKIM BIN ROSLI

(57275211150)

Report Submitted to Fulfill the Partial Requirement for the Bachelor in Industrial Logistics.
Universiti Kuala Lumpur

April 2013

DECLARATION

I declare that this report entitle The Development of Simulation Model on The Effectiveness of
Light Rail Transit In Iskandar Malaysia Region is my original work and all references have
been cited adequately as required by the University.

Signature:
Full Name: ....
ID number: ...
Date:

...

APPROVAL

We have examined this report and verify that it meets the

program and University requirements for the Bachelor
in Industrial Logistics.

Signature:

Supervisors Name: ..
Date:

Official Stamp:

Signature:

Co- Supervisors Name:

Date:

Official Stamp:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to Allah Almighty due to His blessing, I was able to complete the project without
any serious problem and trouble. I would like to give a very special thanks to my project
supervisor, Madam Zirawani Baharum for the efforts by guiding and leading me through every
aspect during the preparation of the study. Very special thanks also to my parent, Rosli Aw. Da
and Nurul Huda for supporting me in everything I do and also my family. Not forget my friends,
Hamizan who always with me, Saffuan, Gaban, Cha, and housemate for the huge support they
gave to me. Thanks to all.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHT

RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION

ABSTRACT

Transportation is movement of people and goods from one place to another and it is important
towards society. Nowadays public transportation is one of the vital parts in any city in this world,
especially to counter congestion problem as well as increasing number in population in the city.
Like most of busy cities, Johor Bahru which under Iskandar Malaysia region was faced in
congestion problem. Because of that, the Malaysian government is planning to build Light Rail
Transit (LRT) system in this region to encounter the problem as well as improving public
transportation. Thus, it wills also increasing the mode of public transport and the efficiencies for
Iskandar Malaysia. According to International Association of Public Transport, LRT is an
electric rail-borne form of transport which can be developed in stages from a tramway to a rapid

transit system operated partially on its own right-of-way. LRT become one of the main solutions
for congested city to solve the problem and also can help in economic development. This
research aims on the development of simulation model of LRT in the way to validate the
effectiveness of LRT in Iskandar Malaysia. The objective of this research first, to define the
station and route of Light Rail Transit. Second is to develop the simulation model of Light Rail
Transit and lastly to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE

DECLARATION

ii

APPROVAL

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vi

LIST OF TABLES

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

1.0

Overview

1.1

Background of Study

1.2

Statement of Problem

1.3

Purpose of Study

1.4

Objective of Research

1.5

Research Question

1.6

Significant of the Study

1.7

Scope of the Study

1.8

Research Framework

CHAPTER

2
2.1

Introduction

2.2

Public Transportation

2.2.1 Mode of Public Transportation

10

2.2.2 Public Transportation Demand

11

2.2.3 Advantage of Public Transportation

12

Light Rail Transit (LRT)

13

2.3.1 Light Rail Transit in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)

14

2.4

Light Rail Transit Planning for Iskandar Malaysia

15

2.5

Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Simulation Studies

17

2.3

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

LITERATURE REVIEW

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0

Introduction

18

3.1

Methodology of Research

19

3.2

Respondent of the Study

20

3.3

Research Instrument

21

3.3.1 Observation

21

3.3.2 Questionnaire

22

3.3.3 Simulation

22

3.3.4 Research Design

23

3.4

Research Procedure

24

3.5

Data Analysis

25

RESULT AND DISCUSSON

4.0

Introduction

26

4.1

Observation

27

4.2

Questionnaire

32

4.2.1 Section A Demographic

32

4.3

4.4

4.2.2 Section B Case Study

35

Analysis of Findings

46

4.3.1 Questionnaire

46

Conclusion

47

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

DESING AND DEVELOPMENT

5.0

Introduction

48

5.1

Simulation Design

49

5.2

Simulation Settings

51

5.3

Simulation Result

53

5.4

Conclusion

56

CONCLUSION AND FINDINGS

6.0

Introduction

57

6.1

Overview of the Study

58

6.2

Restatement of the Objective

58

6.3

Limitation of the Study

59

6.4

Recommendation and Findings

60

6.5

Recommendation for Future Research

61

CONCLUSION

62

REFERENCES

63

APPENDIX

65

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Tittle

Page

1.1

Population of Iskandar Malaysia 2005-2025

2.1

Number of Passengers for Light Rail Transit (LRT)

14

Services in 2009 - 2012

3.1

Formula and Calculation of sample size

20

3.2

The research objective and tools suitable for study

23

5.1

Travel Time

51

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Title

Page

1.1

Research Framework

2.1

Iskandar Malaysia five flagship zone

15

2.2

Future planning for Rail Network and Transit Stops in Iskandar

16

Malaysia
3.1

Methodology of Research

19

3.2

Data Collection flow chart

24

4.1

Johor Bahru Sentral

27

4.2

Ulu Tiram Map

28

4.3

Nusajaya

29

4.4

Legoland Theme park

29

4.5

Larkin Sentral

30

4.6

Pasir Gudang Industrial Park

30

4.7

University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai

31

4.8

Gender of Respondents

32

4.9

Age of Respondents

33

4.10

Occupation of Respondents

34

4.11

Respondents Mode of Traveling

35

4.12

JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang

36

4.13

JB Sentral to Nusajaya

37

4.14

JB Sentral to Larkin

38

4.15

Larkin to Skudai

39

4.16

Larkin to Ulu Tiram

40

4.17

Respondents view on Light Rail Transit development in Iskandar

41

Malaysia Region
4.18

Respondents agree to use LRT

42

4.19

Respondents agree most area in Iskandar Malaysia have a

43

congestion problem

4.20

Respondents agree current public transportation in Iskandar

44

Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem

4.21

Respondents view about LRT can solve congestion problem in

45

Iskandar Malaysia
5.1

LRT Station design in ProModel 7.5

49

5.2

LRT Station and Route design in ProModel 7.5

50

5.3

Process Settings in ProModel 7.5

52

5.4

Entity Settings in Promodel 7.5

52

5.5

LRT Station Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5

53

5.6

Locomotive Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5

54

5.7

Average formula

55

5.8

Station and Locomotive average utilization level

55

CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

1.0

Introduction

Transportation is movement of people and goods from one place to another and it is
important towards society and a vital part in nation. There are several mode of transportation
which is air, rail, road, water and pipeline. Furthermore, field in transportation consist of
infrastructure, vehicle and operation. Transportation infrastructure field involve in development
or build transportation infrastructure such as build road, rail, port and pipeline. In vehicle field, it
involve of traveling in transportation network which include car, buses, train and others. For,
transportation operation consists of ownership of infrastructure which can be either public or
private.
In transportation, public transportation plays major role in development of a nation because it is a
movement of people from one place to another and public transportation network increase
accessibility between cities. Most of major cities in the world are having congestion problem
which mainly cause by private vehicle. Therefore, to counter the problem authority starts to take
action by improving road network as well as public transportation system.

Light Rail Transit (LRT) becomes one of the main options for authority to counter congested
problem in their cities compares to traditional solution such as adds more taxi and bus which also
would lead congestion. Therefore, when planning to develop Light Rail Transit (LRT) there is
necessary to evaluate the effectiveness for proposed area to avoid lake of efficiency and waste of
money as well as not achieve the main purpose which is to solve congestion problem.

1.1

Background of Study

As mention previously, Light-rail systems have become a common fixture in many

metropolis cities in the world and becomes one of the main options for authority to counter
congested problem in their cities compares to traditional solution such as adds more taxi and bus
or expand road and build new road which also would lead congestion.
Currently in Malaysia, Light Rail Transit (LRT) system only available in Klang Valley and
become one of the main public transportation in the area since Klang Valley suffer a congestion
problem. As a fast growth economic region in Malaysia, Iskandar Malaysia also faced problem
as many major city Malaysia which is congestion and increase number of population. Thus,
Light Rail Transit (LRT) system can be a long-term solution for this problem.
Therefore, to develop Light Rail Transit (LRT) there is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness
for proposed area to avoid lake of efficiency and waste of money as well as not achieve the main
purpose

which

is

to

solve

congestion

problem.

1.2

Statement of Problems

Table 1.1: Population of Iskandar Malaysia 2005-2025

Source: SJER CDP 2025 and EPU

City

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

Iskandar
Malaysia

1,353,200

1,538,900

1,912,600

2,396,200

3,000,000

Kuala Lumpur

1,620,000

1,972,000

2,085,200

2,198,400

n/a

Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) are proposing to build Light Rail
Transit (LRT) network in this region in order to counter congestion problem as well as
improving public transportation system in this particular area. The project will change the
landscape of Iskandar Malaysia region specifically Johor Bahru town and will impact to the
society.
The cost of building Light Rail Transit (LRT) system will cost millions of Ringgit Malaysia and
its aim to accommodate traffic as well as population which increasing each year. According to
Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA), by the year 2020 the population in Iskandar
Malaysia area is forecasted to be 2.3 million and 3 million by 2025. These figure shows that
current road and transportation system cant cope with continuous growth in traffic because
number of car user will increase.
Therefore, the Light Rail Transit (LRT) projects aim to cope with the continuous growth of
population in this region which will help to reduce the impact as well as to meet the growth of
population in this area. The proper route and station placement is important and it must be placed
at

high

density

population

in

order

to

fully

utilize

it.

1.3

Purpose of Study

The number of population are rising every year as well as vehicle, this situation lead to
congestion problem and current, road system and public transportation cannot accommodate.
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Iskandar
Malaysia region by using simulation software.

1.4

Objective of Research

Objective is a specific result that researcher aims to achieve in the research. Objective
also is tools or guideline for researcher in conducting their research. Therefore, the main goal of
this research is to simulate the effectiveness of light rail transit implementation in Iskandar
Malaysia Region by developing simulation model. There are three objectives that have been
construct which are listed below:

1.

To identify the possible station and route of Light Rail Transit (LRT).

2.

To develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

3.

To validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT).

1.5

1.6

Research Question

1.

How to identify suitable station and route of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

2.

What is the data and information needed in order to develop the simulation model.

3.

How to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

Significant of the Study

This study is to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Iskandar
Malaysia region and the findings of this study are important to Iskandar Regional Development
Authority (IRDA) to find out the effectiveness of LRT implementation. From the findings also, it
can help in decision making and IRDA can make any improvement or adjustment to planning
more efficient LRT system that would be develop in Iskandar Malaysia in future.

1.7

Scope of the Study

The research will focus on the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) implementation
by using simulation model. The scope of the research is focused on Iskandar Malaysia Region
specifically suggested LRT station and route which is:

(a)

JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang

(b)

JB Sentral to Nusajaya

(c)

JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai

(d)

JB Sentral to Larkin and to Ulu Tiram

The data that has been collected and analyze by conduct an observation, distributing
questionnaire and developing the simulation model. Findings will be based from result of the
simulation.

1.8

Research Framework

The Development of Simulation

Model on The Effectiveness of
Light Rail Transit Implement In
Iskandar Malaysia Region

To define the layout

of all station and
route of LRT Station

To validate the
effectiveness of
Light Rail Transit

To develop the
simulation model of
Light Rail Transit

Instruments

Observation

Questionnaire

Simulation

Findings

Figure 1.1: Research Framework

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction

It is fundamental relation that in social order, people and goods move from one place to
another and it is deniable that the process involves transportation which is essential in any
society. Therefore, transportation become more and more important because needs of people to
travel from one place to another and as well as goods. Because of this situation, demand for
transportation increase especially public transportation and demographic and social-economic
characteristics are most significant in influencing the demand for transportation (Bruton, 1985)
which is:
i)

Population size.

ii)

Population structure, by age and sex.

iii)

Household size, structure and formation rate.

iv)

The size and structure of labor force, income level, which is usually measured by
some proxy such as number of cars owned or owner occupation.

v)

The socio-economic.

Nowadays public transportation became major medium of transportation in oversea such

as Japan, China, Germany, Singapore and also countries in Europe. It is because, it far more
convenient in terms of coverage, fares, time and safety.
Therefore, in this chapter the researcher discuss about literature review of The Development of
Simulation Model on The Effectiveness of Light Rail Transit in Iskandar Malaysia Region. This
literature review has covered the definition of public transportation, advantage of public
transportation, light rail transit (LRT) medium of public transportation, light rail transit in
Simulation

2.2

Public Transportation

Public transportation can be defined as shared passenger transportation service which use
by public citizen to move from one place to another. According to Idaho transportation
department, Public Transportation includes all multiple occupancy vehicle services designed to
transport customers on local and regional routes. It is transportation by van, bus, or rail or other
conveyance, either privately or publicly owned, providing to the public general or special
service.

2.2.1 Mode of Public Transportation

As mention before public transportation is a shared passenger transportation service

which use by citizen to move on place to another. Therefore, there are several mode of public
transportation which consists of:
i.

Bus
Bus service use on road for carrying numerous passengers for shorter journey and
inexpensive bus stop to serve passengers

ii.

Taxi
Taxi is a vehicle which for hire with a driver usually use by single passenger to travel to
specific location

iii.

Train
Train are use on specially designed rail track which allow high capacity of passenger for
long and short distance which require special infrastructure such as track and rail station

iv.

Airline
Airline are schedule service with aircraft between airport which provide high speed and
capacity for long distance but relatively expensive and require ground infrastructure
which connected with other land transportation

v.

Light Rail Transit

Light rail is urban public transportation which faster and more capacity than bus. But it
require special track which covered in this city.

2.2.2 Public Transportation Demand

Most cities in this world start to face congestion problem that cause by increasingly
number of private own vehicle which led to traffic jam and based on Urban Mobility Report in
2004, Congestion occurs during longer portions of the day and delays more travelers and goods
than ever before."
Previous research consequently found that increasing travel demand and preferences in using
private vehicle is causing rapid motorization in the developing counties and massive traffic jam
(Hafezi and Ismail 2011).
People tent to use private vehicle because it mobility to take anywhere and public transport still
could not compete with the private car or motorcycle, such as inflexibility, no direct access,
longer travel time, and unsafe when travelling (Hafezi and Ismail 2011).
Most of Malaysia main cities are not exceptional to this problem due to car ownership growing
rapidly. In many cases in Malaysia especially in Klang Valley and Johor Bahru, new highways
are jammed as soon as they are opened to traffic (Teh) Therefore, in order to reduce the
congestion problem there is necessary to build public transportation system because it can reduce
number of private vehicle on the road.

2.2.3 Advantage of Public Transportation

The main agenda in developing Public Transportation system is to reduce congestion in
cities and according to American Public Transportation Association (APTA), there are several
advantages of public transportation which is

i.

Public Transportation Enhance Personal Opportunities

Public Transportation provides mobility and accessibility to people for them to go
to work, school, visit friends and others. Public transportation also provides
access to job opportunity to unemployed people.

ii.

Public Transportation Saves Fuel, Reduces Congestion

Public transportation can reduce the consumption of fuel since the commodities
become more and more expensive as well as reduce the congestion in the cities
because more people will use public transport instead of their own vehicle.

iii.

Public Transportation good for the Environment

Public transport is at least twice as energy efficient as private cars; a full bus
produces 377 times less carbon monoxide than a full car. Each full standard bus
can take more than 50 cars off the road while a full train can take more than 600
cars off the road.

2.3

Light Rail Transit

Light Rail Transit (LRT) one of the modern mode of public transportation which can be
defined as a form of rail transit that is opposite from heavy rail which normally use to travel for
longer distance between state and also it capability to transport heavy goods compare to light rail
which generally use to transport people from one place to another which shorter distance.
American Public Transportation Association (APTA) defined Light Rail Transit as "An electric
railway with a 'light volume' traffic capacity compared to heavy rail. Light rail may use shared or
exclusive rights-of-way, high or low platform loading and multi-car trains or single cars."
The terms light rail also refers as the rail itself which carry light passenger which is
people compare to traditional rail which carry heavy passenger such as people and cargo. Light
rail is characterized by greater flexibility of location and generally by grade crossings for
vehicles and pedestrians, overhead wire electric power, short trains of 1 to 3 cars, speed of 25 to
55 mph, barrier free proof of payment fare systems and some operation in medians, malls, or
even streets.
Light Rail Transit can be categorized into two type which the traditional and modern
LRT. The traditional LRT track builds together along with street and train share with road traffic.
The train stop frequently and there is no station same concept as transit bus. Next, modern Light
Rail Transit (LRT) which usually have their own track and often separated from roads traffic. It
stops less frequently and stops only at station such as Kelana Jaya Line in Kuala Lumpur.

2.3.1 Light Rail Transit in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)

Table 2.1: Number of Passengers for Light Rail Transit (LRT) Services in 2009 2012
Source: Rapid Kl Sdn.Bhd, KL Starrail Sdn.Bhd, Express Rail Link Sdn.Bhd

Type of
Services

2009

2010

2011

2012

Kelana Jaya
Line

14,044,679

15,035,679

18,096,333

18,685,296

Ampang Line

12,465,226

13,773,524

13,911,334

14,930,837

KL Monorail

5,223,989

6,005,553

6,487,498

6,600,809

KLIA Express

354,757

388,281

413,616

452,927

KLIA Transit

613,798

696,965

873,453

949,863

Kuala Lumpur rail system consists of Light Rail Transit (LRT), Commuter Rail,
Monorail and Airport Rail Link to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). Kuala Lumpur
Light Rail Transit network consist of 60 stations with 64.6 km and Kelana Jaya Line is the
busiest LRT line which is 18,685,296 passengers in 2012.

2.4

Light Rail Transit Planning for Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 2.1: Iskandar Malaysia five flagship zone

Source: Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA)

Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi has
introduced regional economic corridor and one of them for southern region which is Iskandar
Malaysia Region formerly known as Iskandar Development Region (IDR) and South Johor
Economic Region (SJER) which is the main southern development corridor in Johor. Iskandar
Malaysia Region consists of an area 2,217 square kilometres covering the city of Johor Bahru
and neighbouring towns such as Pontian, Senai, Pasir Gudang and Construction of a new
administrative capital in Nusajaya.

Figure 2.2: Future planning for Rail Network and Transit Stops in Iskandar Malaysia
Source: Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA)

Under Iskandar Malaysia planning, there will be a plan to improve local public transportation
system such as light rail transit (LRT) system as publish in News Straits Times on 4th December
2009 Nusajaya will be linked to Johor Bahru by a light rail transit (LRT) system in the next
seven to 10 years. By improving local public transportation, it can counter congestion problem
faced by Johor Bahru and surrounding areas.

2.5

Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Simulation Studies

According to J. Banks, Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world

process or system over time. Simulation involves the generation of an artificial history of the
system, and the observation of that artificial history to draw inferences concerning the operating
characteristics of the real system that is represented. In this context, simulation is the imitation of
a dynamic system using a computer model in order to evaluate and improve system performance.
Many cities around the world start to build Light Rail Transit (LRT) as part of their mode
of public transportation because LRT is an attractive option because of its ability to be located in
a variety of settings.
Center for Transportation Studies at the University of Virginia in United States has carried out
studies on Effects of Light Rail Transit on Traffic Congestion. According to their studies the use
of a computer simulation model to represent situations where there could be light rail transit
systems is an appropriate option. Simulation models have been used to represent hypothetical
and real life situations with great success, and the quality of modeling software has improved
with greater computing capability and increased knowledge concerning the behavior of systems
that are being modeled.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0

Introduction

Based on the research that has been carried out, it focuses on the effectiveness of light
rail transit in order to improve public transportation system and also to reduce congestion level in
Iskandar Malaysia. The main purpose of this research is to identify the suitable route and station
for the Light Rail Transit and the effectiveness of its implementation.
In this research, the methods, that researcher used to gain the data are thru observation,
questionnaire distribution and from secondary data from various sources including books,
research paper, journals, article and website. Then, based on the data, the researcher will conduct
a simulation by using Promodel 7.5 simulation software to obtain final result.

3.1

Methodology of Research

This methodology of this research consist of four main stages, namely requirement of
definition, Analyze, Modeling, and Implementation and Validation as shown in Figure 3.1. Task
and activities that performed amongst the stages are, Identify and understand the problem, collect
and analyze data, design and construct model, do simulation, validate and modify, and validate
and verify the model.

Requirement of
Definition
-

Identify and
understand the
problem

Analyze
-

Collect and
Analyze Data

Modeling
-

Design Model
Construct
Model
Do simulation
Validate and
Modify

Figure 3.1: Methodology of Research

Implementation
and Validation
-

Validate and
verify based
on outcome
of the
simulation

3.2

Respondents of the Study

Since the study is about the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit Implementation in
Iskandar Malaysia Region by using simulation model, there are necessary to collect data from
respondent before develop the simulation. Population is the number of the similar subject in the
same geographical area. While sample is the subset of population.
The respondents of this project were the communities from various backgrounds such student,
owners, workers who are living or working in this area. The researcher observed distributed the
questionnaire in order to get related information and correct data about the research which is
important to support finding of the study.
The sampling size of this study is a total of communities in Iskandar Malaysia with total
1,538,900 people. This estimation of population from Iskandar Regional Development Authority
(IRDA) and from the questionnaire survey, the researcher must be complete to collect data about
100 respondents in Iskandar Malaysia. The table below shows how to calculate sample size for
the questionnaire.

Table 3.1: Formula and Calculation of sample size

n=N

= 1,538,900 people

n = N / [ 1 + N (e) 2 ]

= 1,538,900 / [ 1 + 1,538,900 (0.1) 2 ]

= 1,538,900/ 1,538,901 (0.1) 2

n = Sample Size

= 99.99

N = Number of Sample Frame

(1,538,900 people)
e = Error Limit
(10%)

So, researcher must get complete data about

100 respondents.

3.3

Research Instrument

The instrument used to collect data was observation, questionnaire and simulation. Data
for the research are divided into two areas which then be refers constantly; quantitative data and
qualitative data. Quantitative data tend to be statistical, which involve a lot of numbers and
calculation in order to analyse the data. Qualitative data, however, are subjective and cannot be
calculated. Data collection methods are depending on the type of data in order to be analysed
correctly and effectively. This research instrument is important for researcher to achieve research
objective and to obtain final result.

3.3.1 Observation

Researcher use observation method in early stage of study to collect data on suitable
route and Light Rail Transit (LRT) Station at several places in Iskandar Malaysia such as JB
Sentral, Larkin, Nusajaya, Skudai, and Ulu Tiram.
Researcher use VTA Light Rail Transit Guidelines during observation stage to identify suitable
route and LRT station which is close walking distance to, if not directly serving, major trip
generators, such as civic and employment centers, downtown business districts, mixed-use
districts and high density residential areas, colleges and universities, and shopping centers.

3.3.2 Questionnaire

A total of 100 respondents involved in this research and a set of questionnaire containing
10 question and 5 sub question divided into two sections which are section A demographic and
in this section, there is consists of three (3) question of respondent identity.
It includes gender, age, and occupation. In section B, Case Study consists of seven (7) question
and 5 sub question. Those question are based on data needed by researcher to conduct the
simulation

3.3.3 Simulation

Simulation is the imitation from real operation process or system. Firstly, Simulation
need model to be developed. This model represents main characteristics and physical of the
system. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation
of the system over time.
Simulation was another method of data collection, therefore Researcher use Simulation method
in this research by using ProModel 7.5 software to build the simulation model. ProModel 7.5 is a
discrete event simulation software developed by ProModel, Inc. which is used for evaluating,
planning or designing manufacturing, warehousing, logistics and other operational and strategic
situations.
In order to develop and run the simulation model, researcher use data that already gathered
during Observation and Questionnaire stage in this simulation to find final result in order to
achieve research objective.

3.3.4 Research design

After identifying the research objective and reviewing the literature, the researcher has
designed the research in the way that the necessary data is gathered and analyzed. The research
design is considered as the blueprint for the implementation of the research process. Below table
3.2 the research Objective and tools that suitable for study
Table 3.2: The research objective and tools suitable for study

Research Objective

Tools

To identify the possible station and route of Light Rail Transit

Observation

(LRT).
To develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

Questionnaire
Simulation

To validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT).

Simulation

3.4

Research Procedure

This study is through several necessary processes in order to collect appropriate data
which design to achieve study objective and answering the problem statement. The data
collection is a most important part in research for the implementation of the research process.

Figure 3.2: Data Collection flow chart

Figure 3.1 shows the data collection flow chart which illustrates the flow of the instrumentation
and data collection process from choosing data collection instrument which is Questionnaire,
Observation and Simulation to the documentation.

3.5

Data Analysis

In the stage of analyzing the data, all data gathered by instrumentation were analyzed and
extracted then will be used during the process of simulation by using Promodel 7.5 software. The
data presented will be used in the formulation of the study to determine the outcome the
effectiveness

of

light

rail

transit

implement

in

Iskandar

Malaysia.

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.0

Introduction

This study focuses on simulating the effectiveness of light rail transit (LRT) implement in
Iskandar Malaysia region by using simulation model. In order to conduct the simulation, the
researcher needs to collect other data that are necessarily needed in order to run the simulation.
Researcher use observation method to achieve first objective which is to identify LRT station
and route and then thru data gathered in questionnaire, researcher will develop simulation model
to achieve second and third objective.

4.1

Observation

The researcher use observation method to achieve first objective which is to identify LRT
station and from the observation that has been made, there are several places which are suitable
for Light Rail Transit (LRT) Station which is Johor Bahru Sentral (JB Sentral), Larkin,
Nusajaya, Pasir Gudang, Skudai and Ulu Tiram.

(a)

Johor Bahru Sentral

Figure 4.1: Johor Bahru Sentral

Johor Bahru Sentral (JB Sentral) is a transportation hub located in the main area of Johor
Bahru City, similar to KL Sentral in Kuala Lumpur. It is connected to the Sultan Iskandar
Customs, Immigration and Quarantine Complex and City Square shopping center by pedestrian
overhead bridges. Currently the hub has a KTM railway station and a bus station.

(b)

Ulu Tiram

Figure 4.2: Ulu Tiram Map

Source: Google Map

Ulu Tiram is a town in Johor Bahru District, Ulu Tiram is located approximately 18 km
from Johor Bahru to the south and 20 km from Kota Tinggi to the north. Currently, there are
massive residential developments in this area to accommodate demand because there are
increasingly numbers of population.

(c)

Nusajaya

Figure 4.3: Nusajaya

Figure 4.4: Legoland Themepark

Nusajaya is one of the main zones in Iskandar Malaysia Region planning and The Johor
State New Administrative Centre (JSNAC) which is of houses the Johor State and Federal
government department offices with landscaped gardens and parks. The components are the
Dewan Negeri Johor State Assembly, Menteri Besar & State Secretary Complex, Dataran
Mahkota ceremonial plaza and the State Government Departments Complex. It is includes the
development of the mosque and government quarters and house the Federal Government
Department Complex. On September 2012, Legoland Malaysia theme park, officially opens in
Nusajaya as one of the attraction in this region.

(d)

Larkin

Figure 4.5: Larkin Sentral

Larking is suburb area near downtown Johor Bahru. The main focus in this area is Larkin
Sentral which is public transportation hub for Bus and it has direct bus services to and from
many cities and towns in West Malaysia, Singapore and Hat Yai in Thailand. This T-shaped
terminal has 3 levels and about 50 bus bay

(e)

Pasir Gudang

Figure 4.6: Pasir Gudang Industrial Park

Pasir Gudang is an industrial town located 35 km east of Johor Bahru. The main
industries are transportation and logistics, shipbuilding, petrochemicals and other heavy
industries, and oil palm storage and distribution.

(f)

Skudai

Figure 4.7: University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai

Skudai is a suburb of Johor Bahru, the largest city in Johor. Skudai is part of the new
growth corridor of southwest Johor, which includes the Senai International Airport, Tanjung
Pelepas Port and the new administrative capital of Johor, Bandar Nusajaya. Its population ranges
between 160,000 and 210,000. It is the headquarters of the Johor Bahru Central Municipal
Council and it is home to the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia campus. Skudai is located 8 km, 4
km and 16 km from Kulai, Senai and Johor Bahru city respectively.
This places has been choose based on several criteria based on VTA Light Rail Transit
Guidelines which is close walking distance to, if not directly serving, major trip generators, such
as civic and employment centers, downtown business districts, mixed-use districts and high
density residential areas, colleges and universities, and shopping centers and to achieve second
and third objective which is to develop simulation model and to validate the effectiveness of
LRT, researcher use questionnaire method before conducting the simulation.

4.2

Questionnaire

A total of 100 respondents involved in this research and a set of questionnaire containing
10 question and 5 sub question divided into two sections which are section A demographic and
in this section, there is consists of three (3) question of respondent identity. It includes gender,
age, and occupation. In section B, Case Study consists of seven (7) question and 5 sub question.
Those question are based on data needed by researcher to conduct the simulation

4.2.1 Section A - Demographic

(1)

Respondent Gender

Figure 4.8: Gender of Respondents

The graph from figure 4.8 shows the detailed analysis of respondents background. The majority
of respondents consisted of male which 64 respondents (64%) and female 36 respondents.

(2)

Respondent Age

Figure 4.9: Age of Respondents

In this question researcher categorized the age of respondents by five (5) groups. The
majority respondents groups are consists of teens which is 55 respondents (55%) from group age
of 21 30 and followed by second higher group age is below 20 years old which is 21
respondents (21%). Next, 31 40 years group age which is 12 respondents (12%), 41 50 year
old

respondents

(8%)

and

more

than

51

years

old

respondents

(4%).

(3)

Respondent Occupation

Figure 4.10: Occupation of Respondents

Based on figure 4.10, the majority of respondents of this study consisted of student (46%)
and the workers from private sectors (37%). The lowest respondents group is unemployment and
work own which only 4% or 4 respondents for each. There 17% of respondent working in
government

sector.

4.2.2 Section B Case Study

(1)

Respondent mode of travel

Figure 4.11: Respondents Mode of Traveling

Based on Pie chart on figure 4.11, the majority of respondents are using public transport which
73%. This is because most of respondents are student and want to avoid form stuck in traffic jam
and only 27% of respondent are using private vehicle.

(2)

Respondent experience, time taken to travel from following area:

(a)

JB Sentral Pasir Gudang

Figure 4.12: JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang

Based on figure 4.12, most of respondent average travels time between JB Sentral to Pasir
Gudang are 45 minutes which is 72 respondents (72%), 17 respondents (17%) average travel
time are 60 minutes and only 11 respondents (11%) are choose 30 minutes. It is because, road to
Pasir Gudang are heavily congested especially at Lebuhraya Pasir Gudang due to most of heavy
vehicle are using that particular road to connect to Johor Port and Industry area.

(b)

JB Sentral Nusajaya

Figure 4.13: JB Sentral to Nusajaya

Based on figure 4.13, most of respondent average travels time between JB Sentral to
Nusajaya are 30 minutes which is 69 respondents (69%), 21 respondents (21%) average travel
time are 45 minutes and only 10 respondents (10%) are choose 60 minutes. This is because this
area is less congested compare to other area in Iskandar Malaysia which is are more high density.

(c)

JB Sentral Larkin

Figure 4.14: JB Sentral to Larkin

Based on figure 4.14, most of respondent average travels time between JB Sentral to
Larkin are 15 minutes which is 69 respondents (69%), 21 respondents (21%) average travel time
are

25

minutes

and

only

10

respondents

(10%)

are

choose

minutes.

(d)

Larkin Skudai

Figure 4.15: Larkin to Skudai

Based on figure 4.15, most of respondent average travels time between Larkin to Skudai
are 45 minutes which is 71 respondents (71%), 28 respondents (28%) average travel time are 35
minutes

and

only

respondents

(1%)

are

choose

25

minutes.

(e)

Larkin Ulu Tiram

Figure 4.16: Larkin to Ulu Tiram

Based on figure 4.16, most of respondent average travels time between Larkin to Ulu
Tiram are 35 minutes which is 67 respondents (67%), 24 respondents (24%) average travel time
are 46 minutes and only 9 respondents (9%) are choose 25 minutes.

(1)

Respondent view if Light Rail Transit (LRT) builds in Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 4.17: Respondents view on Light Rail Transit development in Iskandar Malaysia Region

The pie chart on figure 4.17 shows respondent view on LRT development in Iskandar
Malaysia Region and from the data above, all respondent agree if LRT build in Iskandar
Malaysia

(2)

Respondent view on Light Rail Transit (LRT) usage

Figure 4.18: Respondents agree to use LRT

The pie chart on figure 4.18 shows that all respondent will use LRT as mode of
transportation if it were develop in this area in the future.

(3)

Respondent view on congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 4.19: Respondents agree most area in Iskandar Malaysia have a congestion problem

Based on figure 4.19, 76 respondent (76%) Strongly agree that most area in Iskandar
Malaysia have a congestion problem and 24 respondents agree that Iskandar Malaysia have a
congestion problem.

(4)

Respondent view on current public transportation in Iskandar Malaysia whether is

it enough to counter the congestion problem?

Figure 4.20: Respondents agree current public transportation in Iskandar Malaysia not enough to
counter the congestion problem

From the chart above (Figure 4.20), 70 respondent (70%) Strongly agree that current
public transportation in Iskandar Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem.Next,
21 respondents (21%) agree and only 9% with moderate about current public transportation in
Iskandar

Malaysia

not

enough

to

counter

the

congestion.

(5)

Respondent view about Light Rail Transit (LRT) can solve congestion problem in
Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 4.21: Respondents view about LRT can solve congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia

The figure 4.21 above shows that the respondent views about Light Rail Transit (LRT)
whether it can solve congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia. From 100 respondent, 82
respondent (82%) Strongly agree and 17 respondents agree that LRT can solve congestion
problem in Iskandar Malaysia.

4.3

Analysis of Findings

In this chapter, the researcher will explain the findings based on method that have been
used to conduct the study, all those data collected then will be discussed with the theory or
literature, and the researcher then will make a comparison among the findings and experimental
result, thus, each of the findings can support the objectives of the study.

4.3.1 Questionnaire

The researcher has been specifically design the questionnaire based on the second and
third objective that has been stated in Chapter 1. The researcher will explain the analysis and
finding from the questionnaire.
From questionnaire on figure 4.19, 76 respondents (76%) Strongly agree that most area in
Iskandar Malaysia have a congestion problem. Because of this problem, Iskandar Malaysia needs
new mode of public transportation in order to support current demand and to counter the current
problem in this area which is congestion problem due to increase number of private vehicle and
population in this area. The pie chart on figure 4.17 shows that all respondent agree LRT build
in Iskandar Malaysia and figure 4.21 shows that 82 respondent (82%) Strongly agree and 17
respondents agree that LRT can solve congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia.
Next, the researcher found that majority of respondents are using public transport which 73%.
This is because most of respondent are student and to avoid stuck in traffic. Next, from figure
4.18 shows all respondent agree if LRT build in Iskandar Malaysia and they will use it as mode
of transportation if it were develop in this area in the future. Furthermore, from the chart on
Figure 4.20, 70 respondents (70%) Strongly agree that current public transportation in Iskandar
Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem.

Respondents experience travel time

Based on second objective which to develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit,
researcher need data regarding time taken to travel from several places before conducting the
simulation. Therefore, in Section B of the questionnaire, researcher found that from JB Sentral to
Pasir Gudang 72 respondent (72%) experience 45 Minutes of travel time to travel to the places.
Next, from JB Sentral to Nusajaya took 30 Minutes of travel time based on 69 respondents
(69%) and from JB Sentral to Larkin 15 minutes which is 69 respondents (69%). From Larkin to
Skudai are 45 minutes which is 71 respondents (71%) and Larkin to Ulu Tiram are 35 minutes
which is 67 respondents (67%).

4.4

Conclusion

Based on data that has been gathered from questionnaire researcher found that this area
has a congestion problem due to increase number of population and vehicle in this area. Through
questionnaire distribution, researcher found that most of the respondent agree that current public
transportation not enough to counter the problem and most of respondent also agreed that Light
Rail

Transit

System

should

be

built

in

this

area.

CHAPTER 5

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

5.0

Introduction

This study focuses on the development of simulation model on the effectiveness of light
rail transit (LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia region. Therefore, as mention in previous chapter
researcher will develop simulation model to achieve second objective. And from simulation
result, researcher can achieve the third objective which is to validate the effectiveness of Light
Rail Transit (LRT) in this region. From the findings in this chapter, it helps in decision making
for transport planner in development of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in this area
Researcher use Promodel 7.5 simulation software to develop the simulation model of LRT and
use data that gathered from observation and questionnaire stage to run the simulation.

5.1

Simulation Design

As mention previously, in order to develop simulation model researcher need to identify

LRT station and route which already achieve through observation stage. Below are LRT station
that has been identify during previous stage which is JB Sentral, Pasir Gudang, Nusajaya, Larkin,
Ulu Tiram and Skudai.

Figure 5.1: LRT Station design in ProModel 7.5

As mentioned before, LRT station are choose based on VTA Light Rail Transit Guidelines which
is close walking distance to, if not directly serving, major trip generators, such as civic and
employment centers, downtown business districts, mixed-use districts and high density
residential

areas,

colleges

and

universities,

and

shopping

centers

Figure 5.2: LRT Station and Route design in ProModel 7.5

Next is developing LRT route and layout as show in figure 5.2. The routes for this LRT
simulation are JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang, JB Sentral to Nusajaya, JB Sentral to Larkin and to
Ulu Tiram, and lastly, JB Sentral to Larkin and too Skudai. JB Sentral are main hub for public
transportation in Iskandar Malaysia, therefore researcher use it as main LRT station in this area.

5.2

Simulation Settings

In order to run simulation, the settings must be set. Therefore, based on data collected in
questionnaire researcher will conduct simulation and insert it into settings in Promodel 7.5
simulation software. The main data needed for simulation are simulation run time which is
operation hour for the Light Rail Transit (LRT), the operation hour will be same as Kuala
Lumpur LRT system which is from 6.00 am to 12.00 am (midnight) or 18 hours.

Table 5.1: Travel Time

ROUTE

TIME

JB Sentral Pasir Gudang

45 Min

JB Sentral - Nusajaya

30 Min

JB Sentral Larkin Ulu Tiram

15 Min + 35 Min = 50 min

JB Sentral Larkin - Skudai

15 Min + 45 Min = 60 min

Next is travel time data that has been collected from questionnaire. The data is based on highest
result from the questionnaire in previous chapter that has been analyzed by the researcher in
table 5.1.

Figure 5.3: Process Settings in ProModel 7.5

Based on data in table 5.1, researcher will set in into ProModel 7.5 software in order to run the
simulation. The data is set in operation settings for each route that has been mentioned before.

Figure 5.4: Entity Settings in Promodel 7.5

Next step is entity. The simulation will use 4 locomotives (entity) which serve different route as
below:
(a)

Locomotive 1 for JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang

(b)

Locomotive 2 for JB Sentral to Nusajaya

(c)

Locomotive 3 for JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai

(d)

Locomotive 4 for JB Sentral to Larkin and to Ulu Tiram

After simulation settings have been complete researcher can start run the simulation in order to
find the final the data. From findings, the researcher can identify the effectiveness of Light Rail
Transit (LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia region and identify whether the third objective is achieve or
not.

5.3

Simulation Result

Figure 5.5: LRT Station Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5

From the result of the simulation on figure 4.3.2, the highest utilization is JB Sentral
Station which is 65.60% and second highest is Larkin 65.14%. This is because, both stations are
main station and most of locomotive are passed thru the station. Next is Ulu Tiram station which
is 59.28% followed by P. Gudang 56.12%, Skudai 47.78% and Nusajaya 41.45%

Figure 5.6: Locomotive Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5

Based on figure 4.3.3, Locomotive 3 state the highest utilization which is 80.94% which
serve from JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai. The Second highest are Locomotive 2 which is
78.61% which serve JB Sentral to Nusajaya. Next is Locomotive 1 which is 72.54% serve for JB
Sentral to Pasir Gudang and Lastly, Locomotive 4 which is 70.95% serve for JB Sentral to
Larkin and to Ulu Tiram.

Next in order the get average percent of utilization for Locomotive and Station, researcher will
use formula on figure 5.7.

data % n = Average

Figure 5.7: Average formula

Station Utilization

65.60% + 65.14% + 59.28% +

56.12% + 47.78% + 41.45% / 6 =
55.89%
Average Utilization = 55.89%

Locomotive Utilization

80.94% + 78.61% + 72.54% +

70.95% / 6 = 75.83%
Average Utilization = 75.83%

Figure 5.8: Station and Locomotive average utilization level

Based on figure 5.8 the average of station Utilization is 55.89% and for locomotive
utilization is 75.83%. From this result, researcher identify that the effectiveness of Light Rail
Transit (LRT) system in Iskandar Malaysia would be moderate.

5.4

Conclusion

From the finding that has been collected during simulation by using ProModel 7.5
simulation software, based on figure 5.5, the highest utilization is JB Sentral Station which is
65.60% and second highest is Larkin 65.14%. This is because, most of locomotive are passed
thru this station and currently both station are public transportation hub in this region. Next is
Ulu Tiram station which is 59.28% followed by Pasir Gudang 56.12%, Skudai 47.78% and
Nusajaya 41.45%. The total average utilization is 55.89% which is moderate.
In term of locomotive utilization based on figure 5.6, Locomotive 3 state the highest utilization
which is 80.94% which serve from JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai. The Second highest are
Locomotive 2 which is 78.61% which serve JB Sentral to Nusajaya. Next is Locomotive 1 which
is 72.54% serve for JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang and Lastly, Locomotive 4 which is 70.95% serve
for JB Sentral to Larkin and to Ulu Tiram. The total average utilization is 75.83% which is high
utilization.
From logistic perspective, the level of utilization of locomotive is high and effective.
Therefore the route is suitable and highly utilize. In term of station utilization are moderate and
can be improve to increase the efficiency.

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.0

Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher will discuss and conclude all the data gathered from the
previous chapter which the data were collected through several methods which is observation,
distributing the questionnaire and developing the simulation model. In this chapter, the
researcher will determine whether the objective of the research is achieve or not based on
findings in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Furthermore, the researcher will come out with several
recommendations or improvement that can be made in future.

6.1

Overview of the Study

This study has been conducted to develop simulation model on the effectiveness of Light
Rail Transit (LRT) implementation in Iskandar Malaysia Region. It is because the number of
population are rising every year as well as vehicle, this situation lead to congestion problem and
current, road system and public transportation cannot accommodate. The purpose of the study is
to evaluate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia region by using
simulation software.

6.2

Restatement of the Objective

As mentioned previously in Chapter 1, the main goal of this research is to develop

simulation model on the effectiveness of light rail transit implementation in Iskandar Malaysia
Region. Therefore, researcher has state three objectives that already been achieved First
objective, to define the layout of the station and route of Light Rail Transit (LRT), researcher use
observation method in order to identify station and route for LRT system as mentioned in
Chapter 4. Next, second objective which is to develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit
(LRT), to achieve this objective researcher need distribute the questionnaire before can develop
the simulation model. Necessary data already been gathered in Chapter 4 and Simulation model
in Chapter 5. And lastly the final objective is to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit
(LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia, therefore based on findings in Chapter 5 thru simulation, researcher
found that the level of utilization in term of LRT Station is moderate to high, total level of
utilization is 55.89% and in term of locomotive is highly utilize which is 75.83%.

6.3

Limitations of Study

This research faced some constraint and limitation in conducting this research such as
time. Times are the main constraint and limitation faced by researcher to perform this research. It
is because there are needs to collect several data at different places that involve in this research.
Furthermore, based on data collected, the researcher need to develop simulation model and
analyze the outcome.
Furthermore, the problem with simulation software also part of the limitation of the study,
researcher need the appropriate data which able to insert in the software in order to run the
simulation.
Another limitation is in terms of financial aids. The researcher needs to travel several places to
collect data by taking public transportation to do observation along the process of collecting data.
Lastly, lack of resources and reference material is the other limitation in completing this
research. The limitation is including the lack of related journal or article and references that
related to simulation of Light Rail Transit (LRT).

6.4

Recommendation and Findings

Based on the study findings, several recommendations can be suggested. These suggestions can
improve the level of effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) system to highest level of
utilization compare to this research simulation and help transport planner and city planner in
decision making.
(1)

Add more station

By adding more station, LRT system can be more localized and citizen can easily
access to the LRT. Therefore, the level of overall utilization and effectiveness will
be increase compare to current simulation which only moderate 55.89%
utilization.

(2)

Add or relocate LRT route

By adding more routes also can cover wider area in Iskandar Malaysia and by
relocating route also can increase LRT station utilization.

(3)

Design highly utilize schedule

From the result of the simulation, researcher can recommend design highly utilize
schedule in order to increase station utilization level.

6.5

Recommendation for Future Research

Since the study only focused on certain area in Iskandar Malaysia and several station and
route, it is recommend that further studies to be carried out by adding more station and new route
to see whether there are any similarities from the result or the result would be better. It is also
recommend for future research regarding the LRT scheduling by using simulation which can
improve the level of effectiveness of LRT system itself. Furthermore, further research could also
explore the effectiveness between Light Rail Transit and other mode of public transportation
system.

CONCLUSION

Congestion occur in most develop cities in the world due to increase number of population and
as well as vehicle. Most of local authority struggle to solve the problem, but it is not really
solving but only slowing the effect. Therefore continuous improvement in term of policy and
facility is necessary.
As mentioned in before, Light Rail Transit (LRT) projects aim to cope with the continuous
growth of population in this region which will help to reduce the impact as well as to meet the
growth of population in this area. The proper route and station placement is important and it
must be placed at high density population in order to fully utilize it. Therefore, to develop Light
Rail Transit (LRT) there is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness for proposed area to avoid
lake of effectiveness and waste of money. It also helps decision maker, transport planner and city
planner to make decision or identify any necessary improvement from this research.
From the findings through instrumentals, Iskandar Malaysia suffers from congestion
problem and current public transportation cant counter the congestion problem and yet most of
respondent are using public transportation. Most of respondents also agree, Iskandar Malaysia
should build LRT system to counter the congestion problem. The result from simulation also
show that, if LRT system build in Iskandar Malaysia the efficiency will be above moderate to
high because level of utilization in-term of LRT station average 55.89% and LRT locomotive
average 75.83%.

REFERENCES

American Public Transportation Association (APTA) (2011). Definition of Light Rail Transit
(LRT)
Bruto, M. J. (1985). Intoduction to Transportation Planning at The Zonal Level. Washington:
Transportation Research Board.
C. Chandler, et. al (2004). Effects of Light Rail Transit on Traffic Congestion. Center for
Transportation Studies - University of Virginia, United States.
Denny B. (2009). Transportation - Incorporating Security into the Transportation Planning
Process Georgia Institute of Tecnology
Eberts R.. (2009), Transportation Economy - Understanding the Impact of Transportation on
Economic Development. W. E. Upjohn Institute
Hafezi, M. et. al (2011) Study behavior of passengers on transit operation, Journal of Applied
Mechanics and Materials: Advanced Transportation,Vols. 97-98 , pp. 1154-1157.
Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA). Iskandar Malaysia population forecast 2005
2025
Idaho Transportation Department. Public Transportation Defination. Retrieved from
itd.idaho.gov/taskforce/Public%20Transportation%20Definition.pdf
Jean-Paul, Rodrigue (2013). Transportation Economy retrieved from The Geography of
Transport System 3rd Edition. New York: Routledge

J. Banks, J. Carson, B. Nelson, D. Nicol (2001). Discrete-Event System Simulation. Prentice

Hall.
Law, A.M. and W.D. Kelton, 2000. Simulation Modeling and Analysis, 3rd Ed., New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Nusajaya to get LRT service to Johor Baru. News Straits Times 4th December 2009. Retrieved
from http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/news/091204/nusajaya-to-get-lrt-service-to-johorbaru
Rapid KL Sdn. Bhd, KL Starrail Sdn. Bhd, Express Rail Link Sdn Bhd. Number of Passengers
for Light Rail Transit (LRT) Services in 2009 2012. Retrieved from
http://www.mot.gov.my/my/Statistics/Pages/Land.aspx
Santa Clara Valley Authority. Light Rail Transit Servis Guidelines. Retrieved from
www.vta.org/projects/tsp/pdf/7_light_rail_transit_service_guidelines.pdf
Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Urban Mobility Report 2004. Retrieved from
mobility.tamu.edu/ums
Vasconcellos & Eduardo, (2001) Urban Transportation: Environment and Equity (The Case for
Developing Countries), London: Earthscan Publication.
Zirawani B. et. al (2013). The Conceptual Model of Uncertainty Factors In Environmental
Issues on Late Delivery for Construction Industry Methodology of Research Uncertainty. Trans
Tech Publications. Vol. 610-613 pp. 2893

APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1: Questionnaire Form

Universiti Kuala Lumpur (MITEC)

Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHT

RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION

Objective: This case study is used to collect data from community on Light Rail Transit (LRT)
implementation in Iskandar Malaysia Region for researcher in order to conduct Simulation Model.
Respondents should answer all the question given, and to be informed that the answer given in this
questionnaire is strictly private and confidential.
Responden hendaklah menjawab semua soalan yang diberikan, dan untuk makluman, jawapan yang
diberikan adalah rahsia.
A. RESPONDENT IDENTITY
1. Gender (Jantina):

Male
Female

2. Age (Umur):

3. Work (Pekerjaan):

<20

21 30

41 - 50

>51

Government Sector (Sektor Kerajaan)

Private
Unemployment
Student
Own

31 40

B. CASE STUDY
1.

Do you travel by using:

Public Transportation

Private Vehicle

2.

In your experience, how much time taken to travel from following area:
(a) JB Sentral Pasir Gudang:

30 min

45 min

60 min

(b) JB Sentral Nusajaya:

30 min

45 min

60 min

(c) JB Sentral Larkin:

5 min

15 min

25 min

(d) Larkin Skudai:

25 min

35 min

45 min

(e) Larkin Ulu Tiram:

25 min

35 min

45 min

Please circle on the scale number below/Sila bulatkan di skala nombor yang berkenaan
1
STRONGLY DISAGREE

4
STRONGLY AGREE

QUESTION

1. Do you agree if Light Rail Transit (LRT) build in Iskandar

Malaysia Region?
Adakah anda bersetuju jika LRT dibina di Iskandar
Malaysia?

SCALE

YES

NO

2. If yes, will you use it?

Jika ya, adakah anda akan menggunakannya?

YES

NO

3. Do you agree most area in Iskandar Malaysia have a

congestion problem?
Adakah anda bersetuju bahawa kebanyakkan kawasan di
Iskandar Malaysia mengalami kesesakkan lalulintas?

4. Do you agree, current public transportation in Iskandar

Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem?
Adakah anda bersetuju bahawa perkhidmatan
perngangkutan awan sedia ada tidak cukup untuk mengatasi
masalah lalulintas?

5. If yes, do you think LRT can solve congestion problem in

Iskandar Malaysia?
Jika ya, adakah anda percaya bahawa LRT boleh
menyelesaikan masalah kesesakkan lalulintas di Iskandar
Malaysia?

APPENDIX 2: Example of IRDA Integration of Development with Transit Facilities consist

of LRT, pedestrian, BRT system, and Road

Example of IRDA Integration of Development with Transit Facilities consist of LRT,

pedestrian, BRT system, and Road