complete vs incomplete

incomplete - chlonorchis (no anal opening)

complete - 2 opening
Cross section ng liver
central vein - corresponding bile duct
bile duct - lining of bile duct: epithelial (simple cuboidal) - may greenish-ish
- emulsification of fats
- liver: detoxification organ, gumagawa ng bile
pancreas - secretion of trypsin and other digestive organ
artery - smooth muscle ang lining
small intestine - columnar epithelial cell (mucosa)
- goblet cells
submucosa - loose connective tissue
stomach - stratum circular, stratum longitudinale, serosa
stomach - rugae sa isang pamaypay
villi (inc surface area in the small intestine (absorption)) vs rugae (stomach f
or the digestion of food, expansion of the stomach)
rugae - simple epithelial cell
gastic glands
lamina propria (dito makikita yung gastric glands) - bilog bilog
difference of
neck cells (nasa gastric pits) - mucus secretion
parietal cells - lining gland - HCL
chief cells - lining ng gland - gastric juice secretion and digestive enzymes (P
EPSINOGEN)
muscularis mucosa (stratum circulare, stratum longitudinale)
- aid the secretion of enzymes
- expels contents of gastric glands
tunica muscularis - peristalsis
blood flows thru the sinusoids - distribution of materials
Respiratory - tracheal system
(insect)
gas entry thru spiracle, connected to the tissue by trachea and tracheoles
(fishes)
Gill lamellae - strongly vascularized for gas exchange
"when the mouth is open, operculum is closed water goes inside. Closing of the m
outh, open operculum, water expel thru gills
-counter current flow in the gills - more efficient gas exchange
Excretory
Protonephridia - flat worms - walang opening sa internal (flame cells and colleg
cting
metanephridia - annelids - internal and external opening - blood vessels
Antennal gland crustacean - blood is filtered in the end sac (ultrafiltrate)
malpighian tubules - secretuib if sakts iccur at malpighian tubule w/c drag wate
r, ions, and uric acid in the tubule
- nasa gitna ng hindgut and midgut
kidney
ventral - convex
dorsal - concave
adrenal gland - ventral

kidney renal papilla (cat) - flat sa surface

(pig) - iba iba
in mammals, mesonephric duct (toad) = vas deferens in males
- fish - ammonia
- terrestial animals - urea and uric acid
adrenal gland - corticosteroids including adrenaline
Circulatory
open (insects) and closed (annelids) circulatory
Closed - confined in vessels
hemolymph - blood ng
ostia (insects) - guards the hear and prevents backflow
movement of organism - keeps blood in circulation in the open system
right atrium - deoxygenated
left atrium - oxygenated
semilunar valve - prevent backflow
spiral - prevents mixing of blood (toad blood nagmimix ang oxy and deoxy)
trabeculae carnae - ridges, strengthens the walls and prevents suction
Sino Atrial node - pacemaker of the heart (kuryente)
Coeliacomesenteric artery (from dorsal aorta) - pancreas and spleen, liver, stom
ach and small intestine
CSF - shock absorber and bourishes the neuron in place of blood
Hypophysis - scretes hormones for growth and neural fcn
eustachian tue - balance and equi