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Lecture 1: Stress

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki Wan Omar

Structure & Construction Engineering
Email: wansabki@unimap.edu.my/
sabki.wanomar@griffithuni.edu.au
Phone: 013-9335477

Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship
between the external loads on a body and the
intensity of the internal loads within the body.
This subject also involves the deformations and
stability of a body when subjected to external forces.

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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Forces
1. Surface Forces
- caused by direct contact
of other bodys surface
2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force

without contact

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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Reactions

Surface forces developed at the supports/points of
contact between bodies.

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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Equations of Equilibrium

Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces
and a balance of moments

For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin
O,

Best way to account for these forces is to draw

the bodys free-body diagram (FBD).
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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings

Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force
and moment acting within a body.

In general, there are 4 different types of resultant
loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M

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Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
beam.

Solution:
Free body Diagram

Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,

Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,

which acts

from C

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Solution:
Equations of Equilibrium

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

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Example 1.5
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the
pipe. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical force of
50 N and a couple moment of 70 Nm at its end A. It is fixed to the wall at C.

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Solution

Calculating the weight of each segment of pipe,

Free-Body Diagram

Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium,

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Stress

Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.

We will consider the material to be continuous.

This intensity of internal force at a point is called
stress.

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Stress
Normal Stress

Force per unit area acting normal to A

Shear Stress

Force per unit area acting tangent to A

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Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to
axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected
to normal stress.

Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

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Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

Average Normal Stress Distribution

When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,
= average normal stress
P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of bar

Equilibrium

2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
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Example 1.6
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

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Solution:
Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,

the largest average normal stress is

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Example 1.8
The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of
. Determine the average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.

Solution:
By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment,
the internal axial force P at the section is

The average compressive stress becomes

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Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.

= average shear stress

P = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section

2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear

b) Double Shear

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Example 1.12
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N. Determine
the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB
and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.

Solution:
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are

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Solution:
The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is

Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is

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Allowable Stress

Many unknown factors that influence the actual
stress in a member.

A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable
load.

The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure
load divided by the allowable load

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Example 1.14
The control arm is subjected to the loading. Determine to the nearest 5 mm the
required diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is
. Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.

Solution:
For equilibrium we have

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Solution:
The pin at C resists the resultant force at C. Therefore,

The pin is subjected to double shear, a shear force of 15.205 kN acts over its crosssectional area between the arm and each supporting leaf for the pin.
The required area is

Use a pin with a diameter of d = 20 mm. (Ans)

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Example 1.17
The rigid bar AB supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an
aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter
pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is
and
respectively, and the failure
shear stress for each pin is
, determine the largest load P that can be
applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.

Solution:
The allowable stresses are

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Solution:
There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,

We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress in the rod,
block, and pins, respectively.
For rod AC,
Using Eq. 1,
For block B,
Using Eq. 2,

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Solution:
For pin A or C,
Using Eq. 1,
When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable normal
stress in the aluminium block. Hence,

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