THESIS

SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN

PHRASE FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN
OPRAH

NI KETUT RISKA DEWI PRAWITA

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014

THESIS

SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN

PHRASE FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN
OPRAH

NI KETUT RISKA DEWI PRAWITA

NIM 1290161015

MASTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014

SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN

PHRASE FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN
OPRAH

Thesis as a fulfillment to obtain

a Master Degree in Translation Studies
Postgraduate Program, Udayana University

NI KETUT RISKA DEWI PRAWITA

NIM 1290161015

MASTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014

ii

APPROVAL SHEET
th

This thesis was approved on October 15 , 2014

by

First Supervisor,

Prof. Dr. N.L. Sutjiati

Beratha, M.A.
NIP 195909171984032002

Second Supervisor,

Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani,

M.Hum.
NIP 196209161987022001

Acknowledged by

Head of Master Program

Postgraduate Program
in Linguistic Department
Postgraduate Program
Udayana University,

Director of
Udayana University,

Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum. Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka
Sudewi, Sp.S(K) NIP 196203101985031005 NIP
195902151985102001

iii

th

This thesis has been examined by the Board of Examiners on October 15 , 2014

Based on the decree of Rector of Udayana University

No

: 3771/UN14.4/HK2014

Date

: October 7 , 2014

th

The Board of Examiners:

Chairman

: Prof. Dr. N.L. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A.

Members

: Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum.

Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S.
Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M.Hum.
Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum.

iv

PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT

Saya yang bertandatangan di bawah ini:

Nama

: Ni Ketut Riska Dewi Prawita

NIM

: 1290161015

Program Studi: Magister (S2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan, Program

Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana
Judul Tesis : Shifts in Translation of Complex Noun Phrase from English into
Indonesian in Oprah
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah tesis ini bebas plagiat.

Apabila di kemudian hari terdapat plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya
bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai peraturan Mendiknas Republik Indonesia No. 17
tahun 2010 dan Peraturan Perundangan yang berlaku.

Denpasar, 15 Oktober 2014

Ni Ketut Riska Dewi Prawita

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, my praise is dedicated to the Almighty God, Ida Sang Hyang
Widhi Wasa, for His endlessly marvelous blessing, thus this thesis could be
completed

and the Masters Degree in App

On this occasion, I would like to express my deepest greatest thanks to

Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A., as my first supervisor who gave me a lots
of directions, supports and suggestions to finish this thesis and Dr. Ida Ayu Made
Puspani, M.Hum., as my second supervisor for her guidance, corrections, and
support in guiding me to complete this thesis.
My great appreciation is also dedicated to the Rector of Udayana
University (Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PD-KEMD.) the Director of
Postgraduate Program Udayana University (Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi,
Sp.S(K).), the Head of Master Program in Linguistic (Prof. Dr. I Nyoman
Suparwa, M.Hum.), the Secretary of Master Program in Linguistic (Dr. Made Sri
Satyawati, S.S., M.Hum.), staff of Master Program in Linguistic (I Ketut Ebuh, I
Gusti Agung Supadmini, I Nyoman Sadra, Ni Nyoman Sumerti, and Ni Nyoman
Sukartini), and the security of English Department (Dewa Budiana) for the time,
encouragement, co-operation and opportunities during my study in this institution.
My great thanks should go to my beloved family, especially my mother
and my father (late), Ni Nyoman Gari and I Ketut Kanta, my beloved brothers, I
Wayan Eka Astawa, I Kadek Agustika (late), I Komang Dedi Karyawan for their
love, care, prayer and financial support. And of course my special thanks to my

vi

lovely hubby po, Raka Sanjaya, for the never ending companion and comfort
every time. I would also like to express my gratitude to my family in Denpasar,
especially to my grandmother and my cousin, Ni Ketut Susun and I Made Joni
Jatmika, S.S and also my uncle, Dr. Drs. I Wayan Gara, M.Hum for their support.
Moreover, I would like to express my friend, Desak Nyoman Astri Pradnyani P valuable
support and also to her lovely parents, thank you for being always

support me.
I do realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Thus, some
constructive criticisms and suggestions are needed to make the forward report
much better.

Denpasar, October 2014

Ni Ketut Riska Dewi Prawita

vii

PERGESERAN PENERJEMAHAN FRASA NOMINA KOMPLEKS DARI

BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA PADA
OPRAH

Abstrak
Penelitian ini membahas tentang pergeseran penerjemahan frase nomina
kompleks dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia pada Oprah. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini ialah menganalisis pergeseran terjemahan frasa nomina kompleks
bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang
menentukan pergeseran terjadi, dan mengidentifikasi jenis pengurangan,
penambahan, dan skewing informasinya.
Data penelitian ini diambil dari buku yang berjudul Oprah dan digunakan
sebagai bahasa sumber, serta terjemahan bahasa Indonesianya yang memiliki
judul yang sama, Oprah, digunakan sebagai bahasa target. Data dikumpulkan
melalui metode observasi dan didukung dengan menerapkan teknik pencatatan
untuk menemukan, mengidentifikasi, dan mengklasifikasikan data. Data dianalisis
dengan menerapkan metode deskritif kualitatif. Penggolongan dari frase nomina
kompleks dijelaskan dengan menggunakan diagram pohon.
Ada dua teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu teori terjemahan
yang dikembangkan oleh Catford untuk menganalisis jenis pergeseran dalam
terjemahan dan faktor-faktor yang menentukan pergeseran terjadi, dan didukung
oleh teori terjemahan yang dikembangkan oleh Nida untuk mengidentifikasi
pengurangan, penambahan dan skewing informasinya.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa frase nomina kompleks bahasa Inggris
dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dalam dua bentuk, yaitu frase
nomina kompleks dan bukan frase nomina kompleks. Pergeseran level, pergeseran
struktur dan pergeseran intra system terdiri dari terjemahan frase nomina
kompleks. Sementara itu, pergeseran kelas dan pergeseran unit terdiri dari
terjemahan bukan frase nomina kompleks. Faktor yang menentukan pergeseran
terjadi yaitu faktor linguistik dan faktor budaya. Selain itu, terjadinya
pengurangan, penambahan, dan skewing informasi tidak dapat dihindari.
Kata kunci: penerjemahan, pergeseran, frase nomina kompleks, diagram pohon,
Oprah

viii

SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE FROM

ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN OPRAH
Abstract
This study focuses on the shifts in translation of complex noun phrase from
English into Indonesian in Oprah. It is aimed at analyzing the types of translation
shifts of complex noun phrases, explaining the factors causing shifts to occur, and
identifying the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information.
The data were taken from the book entitled Oprah which is used as the
source language, as well as its Indonesian version that has the same title, Oprah, is
used as the target language. The data was collected using observation method and
it was supported by implementing note taking in order to find, identify, and
classify the data. The data was analyzed by applying the qualitative descriptive
method. The categorization of the complex noun phrase was explained using tree
diagrams.
There are two theories applied in this study, they are the theory of translation
proposed by Catford to analyse the types of shifts in translation and the factors
causing shifts to occur, and the theory of translation proposed by Nida to describe
the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information found.
The result indicates that complex noun phrase in English can be translated
into Indonesian in two forms; they are complex noun phrase and non-complex
noun phrase. Level shifts, structure shifts, and intra system shifts consist of
complex noun phrases in translation. Meanwhile, class shifts and unit shifts
consist of non complex noun phrases in the translation. The factors causing shifts
to occur in the data were linguistic factors and cultural factors. Moreover, the
occurrence of loss, gain, and skewing of information cannot be avoided.
Keywords: translation, shifts, complex noun ph

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER.............................................................................................................i
PREREQUISITE TITLE..................................................................................ii
APPROVAL SHEET........................................................................................ iii
THE BOARD OF EXAMINER....................................................................... iv
PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT.................................................................v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................vi
ABSTRAK........................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study.............................................................................1
1.2 Problems of the Study..................................................................................4
1.3 Aims of the Study........................................................................................4
1.4 Significance of the Study.............................................................................5
1.5 Scope of the Study.......................................................................................5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS,
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHOD
2.1 Literature Review.......................................................................................7
2.2 Concepts.....................................................................................................15
2.2.1 Translation Equivalence..........................................................................15
2.2.2 Noun Phrase and Its Translation Equivalence.........................................16
2.2.3 Tree Diagram...........................................................................................18
2.3 Theoretical Framework...............................................................................20
2.3.1 Translation Shifts.....................................................................................21
2.3.1.1 Level Shifts...........................................................................................22
2.3.1.2 Category Shifts.....................................................................................23
2.3.2 Loss, Gain and Skewing of Information..................................................27
2.3.2.1 Loss of Information..............................................................................27
2.3.2.2 Gain of Information..............................................................................29
2.3.2.3 Skewing of Information........................................................................30
2.4 Research Model..........................................................................................31
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Approach.....................................................................................35
3.2 Data Source.................................................................................................35
3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data.................................................36
3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data.................................................37
3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting Data.................................................38

CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF SHIFTS

IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE
FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN OPRAH
4.1Types of Shifts of Complex Noun Phrase Occur
in the Translation of Oprah.........................................................39
4.1.1 Level Shifts..............................................................................................40
4.1.2 Category Shifts........................................................................................47
4.1.2.1 Structure Shifts.....................................................................................48
4.1.2.2 Class Shifts...........................................................................................61
4.1.2.3 Unit Shifts.............................................................................................68
4.1.2.4 Intra System Shifts................................................................................73
4.2 Factors Causing Shifts to Occur and Types of Loss, Gain and Skewing
of Information Found in the Translation of Oprah.............................80
4.2.1 Factors Causing Level Shifts to Occur and Types of Loss, Gain
and Skewingof Information Found in the Translation of Oprah..80
4.2.2 Factors Causing Category Shifts to Occur and Types of Loss, Gain
and Skewingof Information Found in the Translation of Oprah..............84
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions.................................................................................................99
5.2 Suggestions..................................................................................................101
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................102
APPENDIX................................................................................104

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Adj

: Adjective

Adv

: Adverb

AP

: Adjective Phrase

Asp-mark.

: Aspect Marker

: Clause

CNP

: Complex Noun Phrase

CPP

: Complex Verb Phrase

CVP

: Complex Preposition Phrase

: Determiner

: Noun

: Noun Phrase

: Preposition

PP

: Preposition Phrase

RC

: Relative Clause

RP

: Relative Pronoun

: Sentence

SL

: Source Language

TL

: Target Language

: Verb

VP

: Verb Phrase

xii

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Translation is the process of transferring the meaning of a text from the
source language into the target language. Basically, the text is reconstructed by
translating the words from the source language into the target language and is
arranged based on the structures of the sentence in the target language, therefore,
the structures are suitable with the target language and certainly there will be no
loss of meaning.
There are several factors that should be remembered by the translator in order
to produce a good translation in translating a text. As Nababan (1999:20) states
that there are two factors in translation, they are linguistic factors that cover
words, phrases, clauses and sentences and non linguistic factors covering the
cultural knowledge on both sources and the target language cultures.
Each language has its own characteristics or even distinction. Therefore, the
translation from the source language into the target language cannot be exact
equivalents as both languages are widely different in structure and cultural
background. The understanding of the structure and the culture in both languages
is required by the translator as it makes the translator capable of grasping the
meaning in the text accurately and allows him to transfer the same meaning. As
Vinay and Dalbernet (1995:34) state that equivalence refers to cases where
languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or structural means.
Meanwhile, the form in the source language has a new form or different form

from the target language; it is called a shift. According to Catford (1965:73), a

shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the
source language to the target language. It represents some changes occurring in a
translation process. The element of the target language commensurate with the
source language is always used by the translator in order to express the same
message in the target text. Since every language has its own rules, differences in
these rules will cause a shift.
Translation is closely related to the grammatical structure; therefore, the
grammatical structure of both languages should be known to get a good
translation. One of the language grammatical units is a phrase. It is usually
inserted into a sentence. There are several types of phrases, such as noun phrase,
adjective phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase. In this study, it focuses on
noun phrase. Noun phrase can be categorized into two types; they are simple noun
phrase and complex noun phrase. Simple noun phrase is any group of words,
which consist of modifier and head. Head here consists of noun itself and pronoun.
There is a phrase longer than simple noun phrase, it is complex noun phrase. In
total, complex noun phrase can be composed of four major components:
determiners, premodifiers, heads, and post modifiers. When a word is translated
into a phrase, (e.g adept is translated into sangat terampil (very skillful) it can be
seen that shifts occur in the translation because there is no
correspondence for the word adept in I noun phrase, i.e. I breathed a silent sigh of relief (Aku
bernafas lega secara diamdiam). The source language has the constitution of complex noun phrase, which is

determiner (a), premodifier (silent as an adjective), head (sigh as a noun), and post
modifier (of relief as a prepositional phrase). Meanwhile, the target language
which is adjective phrase has the constitution of adjective (lega) and prepositional
phrase consisting of prepositional (secara) and adverb (diam-diam). There is an
occurrence of translation shift in this example in which the complex noun phrase
in the source language is translated into adjective phrase in the target language. A
source language unit is substituted by a lower-in-rank target language unit.
Therefore, it is namely unit shift based on the theory proposed by Catford (1965).
According to Catford, unit shift is the change in rank.
Shift is a huge phenomenon when the translator is still confused in
differentiating the word order of head words and also the change in a part of
speech. As stated in the previous example, in a complex noun phrase which is
translated into adjective phrase the change in rank takes place. Related to the
explanation above, this topic is interesting to be discussed as known that shifts
sometime occur in the process of translation and the meaning of the message is
acceptable because of translation equivalence.
It may exist in a variety of forms, such as biographies, short stories, or novels.
In this study, the biography entitled Oprah, as well as its Indonesian translation
that has the same title, Oprah, are chosen as the data. Biography is a narrative text
which is a story relating key facts or events with a person's life written by another
person who certainly has information or cultural value to the target readers. There
are many kinds of narrative text analyzed but biography is not included. In this
case, biography is chosen as the data as it is rarely analyzed by the researcher,

whereas the figure in the biography is very popular and certainly there are many
translation shifts of complex noun phrases found in the biography. Therefore,
some relevant problems of the shifts in this research are analyzed.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, there are some problems that
can be formulated as follows:
1. What types of shifts of complex noun phrase occur in the translation of Oprah
from English into Indonesian?
2. What factors causing shifts to occur in translation of Oprah from English into
Indonesian?
3. What types of loss, gain and skewing of information are found in the
translation of Oprah from English into Indonesian?

1.3 Aims of the Study

There are some aims of this study, as follows:
1. To identify the types of shifts of complex noun phrase applied in the translation
of Oprah from English into Indonesian.
2. To explain the factors causing shifts to occur in translation of Oprah from
English into Indonesian.
3. To analyze the types of loss, gain and skewing of information found in the
translation of Oprah from English into Indonesian.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Some significance can be drawn out from this study. They are theoretically
for the students of translation studies and practically for the professional and
trainee translators.

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance

Theoretically, this study is expected to enlarge the knowledge of translation
to the readers or the translators regarding the insights into shifts and loss, gain, or
skewing of information in the translation. It may also be a reference for those who
are interested in learning translation studies.

1.4.2 Practical Significance

Practically, this study is expected to be a reference in the process of
translating the English complex noun phrase into Indonesian. It is also hoped that
this study can be used as a framework for translating English text into Indonesian,
especially the complex noun phrase.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to the complex noun phrase closely related
to the shifts in translation, the factors leading to the application of the tendency of
loss, gain and skewing of information found in the translation of Oprah. The data
sources were limited to Oprah written by Kitty Kelley and its Indonesian
translation, Oprah translated by Rina Buntaran. The data was analyzed in

accordance with the theories used in this study by relating the data to the
theoretical framework, in order to come to a necessary conclusion. The main
theory of translation used in this present study is proposed by Catford in his book
entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965) to identify the shifts in
translation and explain the factors causing shifts to occur. The supporting theory
of translation identifying the loss, gain and skewing of information is proposed by
Nida in Theory and Practice of Translation (1975).

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS,
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review
There are several works, such as theses, a journal article, an international
journal article and a research report related to the topic and problems in this study
which are reviewed. The works are considered relevant to the object of this study.
Suhaila (2010) discusses about the unit shifts of English Indonesian
translation in the novel of The Tale of the Three Brothers by Rowling. This thesis
focuses on the pattern of unit shifts in novel. The purpose of this research is also to figure out what
are the factors that
cause or affect each unit shift. The theory of unit shifts used in this research is
based on the translation shift theory developed by Catford. This research is
conducted upon unit, a short story is written by Rowling, The Tale of the Three
Brothers and its Indonesian translation, Kisah Tiga Saudara, which is translated
by Andriana and Srisanti.
The methodology used in this research is qualitative method. The research is
accomplished by reading and comparing the English text and the Indonesian text.
Then the data was compared where unit shifts from the source text to the target
text occurred. The data was classified according to each unit and the patterns of
the shifts were found after being the classification. The patterns of unit shit found
in the translation of The Tale of the Three Brothers to Kisah Tiga Saudara are the
shifts from morpheme to word, the shifts from word to phrase, the shifts from

phrase to word, the shifts from phrase to clause, the shifts from clause to word, the
shifts from phrase to word, and the shifts from clause to sentence. This study also
classified the factors that caused or affected each unit shift in the unit of analysis,
whether because of lexical aspects or grammatical aspects. The analysis is based
on the theory of translation proposed by Larson that there are characteristics of
language that affect translation and they cause translation shift to occur.
This thesis has some similarities to this study in that it was focused on the
translation shifts and the theory used in both studies is the same theory, which is
proposed by Catford (1965). Another similarity between these studies is the
technique of collecting data; both employed note taking technique. There are
several stages, such as reading the English text and the Indonesian text, noting
down, classifying and then analyzing the data based on the problems of the study
related to the theories.
The difference between this thesis and this study is that the data source
was a novel, meanwhile in the present study biography is chosen as data source.
The unit shifts proposed by Catford (1965) were discussed in the present study ; it
is certainly different from his study in which all types of shifts proposed by
Catford (1965) were discussed. The patterns of this thesis were focused on
morpheme to word, shifts from word to phrase, shifts from phrase to word, shifts
from phrase to clause, shifts from clause to word, and shift from clause to
sentence meanwhile this study is merely focused on the shifts from phrase to word
or to clause.

The second thesis related to shifts in translation is written by Susana (2013).

It

is

entitled

Shifts

in Translation

Reference to Steve Jobs Biography. This thesis ofisshift focusedin the biography of Jobs, the
reason why shifts in translation occur in this biography, and the process of shift in translation of
the biography of Jobs into Indonesian. Loss, gain and skewing of information are also analyzed in
this thesis. The main theory of translation is proposed by Catford (1965) for analyzing translation
shifts and it is supported by Quirk (1985) to explain the prepositional phrases and Nida (1964) to
describe the techniques of adjustments. Observation method and note taking technique were
applied to collect the data. Reading the whole shifts of locative prepositional phrase in English
and Indonesian biography was the first step of colleting the data. The next step was classifying
the data into appropriate categories. In case of analyzing the data, the translational method was
used to compare the equivalence of one language with another language.

There are some similarities between this thesis and this study. The first one
is that these studies focus on the types of shifts proposed by Catford (1965) and
the types of loss, gain and skewing of information proposed by Nida (1975). In
both studies, qualitative method is applied to analyze the data. The last similarity
is that the data was taken from the biography. In this case, there is also a
difference between these studies. It can be seen from the structure of grammatical
pattern in which locative prepositional phrase was discussed in the thesis and
complex noun phrase is focused in this present study. Complex noun phrase is

10

certainly very interesting to be discussed because it is longer than simple noun

phrase that consists of modifier and head.
Mahasari (2012) in -barhertheory thesisusedinanalyzingentitled the translation shift of the
English noun phrases into Indonesian with reference to
The Twilight: New Moon. The objectives of the research were to classify the types
of translation shifts and to describe why shifts occured in the translation of the
English noun phrase into Indonesian. There are some theories applied in this study,
such as the theory of translation proposed by Catford (1965) which was used to
analyse the types of shifts in translation found in the novel, the theory of
translation proposed by Nida (1975) was used to describe the types of loss and
gain of information and it was supported by the theory proposed by Radford
(1988) to compare the English noun phrase and its Indonesian translation. The data
was collected by reading, note taking, and comparing the source language and the
target language. The data was analyzed using the tree diagram which has the
function to categorize the English noun phrase.
This present study is relevant to this study since it focused on the translation
shifts proposed by Catford (1965). There are some similarities between this thesis
and this present study as can be seen from the theories applied to analyze the
problems and the tree diagram used to categorize the syntactic structure.
Meanwhile, the differences between this thesis and this present study are the data
source and the theory of the tree diagrams. The data source in this thesis was taken
from the novel whereas in this study it is taken from the biography. Furthermore,
the theory of the tree diagram in this thesis is proposed by Radford

11

(1988), meanwhile, the theory of tree diagram in this study is proposed by

Chomsky (2002). This thesis gives useful contribution to the types of shifts in
translation and the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information applied in the
translation work.
Farrokh

(2011), in her article entitl

Persian Translation of English Complex Sentences with wh- Subordinate Clau analyses the
equivalence and shifts in form and meaning in the Persian translation
of English complex sentences with wh-subordinate clauses. It is focused on the
subjects, objects and predicates of clauses. The main purpose of this research is to
find the types of equivalence and shifts in the Persian translation of English
complex sentences with wh-subordinate clauses. English fictions and their Persian
translations werre chosen as the data source which involves two novels, they are
The Old Man and the Sea novel written by Hemingway, and Animal Farm novel
written by Orwell.
This article uses a qualitative descriptive method. The data is classified
into two categories; they are the equivalence and shifts. The equivalence is
subcategorized into formal and dynamic equivalences based on the theory
proposed by Nida. In this research, translation shifts are developed by Catford in
which the categories shifts are classified into four types, they are structure shifts,
class shifts, unit shifts and intra-system shifts.
This article has some similarities to this present study in regard to the
technique used. Descriptive qualitative method is the method used in this article

12

and this study. The last similarity is the main theory of translation that is applied
in this article and this thesis is proposed by Catford (1965).
There are some differences between her article and this study; the first is
the target language in both studies, the target language in this article is Persian,
meanwhile in this present study the target language is Indonesian. The second one
is the data source in both studies, a novel is used as the data source in this article
meanwhile in this present study a biography is used. The last difference between
these studies is the complex sentence with wh-subordinate clauses in translation
shifts is discussed in this article, meanwhile the complex noun phrase is discussed
in the present study. The translation theory proposed by Nida (1964) is used in
both studies; however, the discussion in each study is different. The theory of
translation proposed by Nida (1964) in this journal used to analyze the
equivalence is subcategorized into formal and dynamic equivalence in a novel;
meanwhile, the theory of translation proposed by Nida (1964) in this study is used
to analyze the loss, gain, and skewing of information in a biography. Shifts and
equivalence in translation have a very close relationship; therefore, this paper will
give a contribution to the analysis of the data in this writing as finding the
equivalence and shifts in complex sentence. The complex sentence has a wider
structure than the complex noun phrases. The complex noun phrase is used
because it is more specific.
The international journal article revi Shifts in Translation of Childrens Lit article discusses
the types of structural shifts in literary translation from English

13

into Persian and their significant roles in compensation and explicitation of

meaning. The aim of this research is to shed some light on the process of
structural shifts through comparative analysis of the structure between texts
written in English which is translated into Persian. In this research, story books
written in English for children and sample of translation in Persian are used as the
data source. All structures are analyzed manually and the samples of structural
shifts are identified under additions, omissions, arrangements, passive voices and
tenses.
The main theory of translation used in this research is proposed by Catford
(1965). Catford classified two kinds of shifts, namely level shifts and category
shifts. Category shifts involve structural shifts, class shifts, unit shifts and intrasystem shifts. The majority of optional shifts taking place in translation can be
attributed to the differences between the original writer and the translator as two
text procedures. However, the impacts of these differences are usually suppressed
by the literary norm of the TL and the norms of the translation activity itself. It is
true that the main task of the translator is to transfer the message of the SL text
into the receptor language, but finding absolute equivalence is almost impossible
to be actualized. The phenomenon of structural shifts is a positive consequence of
the translators effortencebetween twotodifferentestablishlanguage eq systems, SL and TL.

This international journal article is relevant to this study since it focused on

the theory proposed by Catford. The differences of these studies are the data
source and the target language. The data source of this article is the story books

14

for children in English which are translated into Persian; meanwhile, the data
source of this study is a biography of English which is translated into Indonesian.
It will give a contribution to the analysis in this writing as finding the theory of
shifts in translation proposed by Catford( 1965).
One research report related to shifts in translation is written by Andini (2007).
It

is entitled TranslationNoGreaterLoveShiftsbySteelFound.

This research aims at identifying the kinds of translation shifts found in the novel
No Greater by Steel and its translationYangTerkasih byin Ind
Hidayat. The principle in translation is the sameness in meaning in the SL and the
TL. One of difficulties in translation is related to idiomatic expression because
each of the language expresses its own culture where it is used (Tarjana, 2000:2).
Another one is noun phrase. Soemarno (2000:1), says that the difficulty in
translation is not only the vocabulary but also the structure.
In this case, translation should find the closest equivalence and it refers to the
translation shifts permitted as far as it does not change the meaning in the TL. It is
the reason why the research on translation shifts is conducted. As far as translation
shifts are concerned, the main theory of translation in this research is proposed by
Catford (1965). Catford classified the types of shifts in translation into two types,
namely level shifts and category shifts divided into structure shifts, class shifts,
unit shifts and intra-system shifts. This research is limited to structure shifts. The
technique of collecting the data is note taking; meanwhile, the technique of
analyzing the data is the interactive data analysis. According to Sutopo (2002: 96),

15

there are three steps in this model; they are reduction of data, presentation of data,
and drawing conclusion or verification.
As translation shifts are often applied in translation, this research will give
contribution to the form translation shifts in English translated into Indonesian
proposed by Catford (1965). However, it is different from this study which is
limited to structure shifts meanwhile this study focuses on all types of shifts in
translation based on the theory of translation proposed by Catford (1965). By
reviewing research report, this study applies the appropriate theory to answer the
research problem, that is, the theory of translation proposed by Catford (1965).

2.2 Concepts
There are some important concepts related to the study. The concepts in this
study are based on several ideas proposed by the experts in the field of translation
equivalence, the concept of noun phrase and its translation equivalence and the
concept of tree diagram.

2.2.1 Translation Equivalence

Equivalence is a central concept in translation theory. Vinay and Darbelnet
view equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which 'replicates the same
situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording' (ibid.:342).
They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process,
it can maintain the stylistic impact of the source language in the target language.
In translation the emphasis is on the closest natural equivalence as stated by

16

Catford (1965:20). Catford writes that texts in different languages can be

equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in respect of
different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, semantics,
grammar, lexis, etc), and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase,
sentence-for-sentence. The two languages are widely different in structure and
cultural background; therefore, it needs equivalence as a relation that holds
between a source language text and target language text in order to get the
sameness and similarity result in both languages.
Catfords

model of equivalence (1965:27)

1. Formal correspondence is any target language category (unit, class,

element of structure, etc) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible
the same place in the economy of source language category occupies in the SL. For
example: translating an
adjective into an adjective.
2. Textual Equivalence is any target language text or portion of text which is
observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or
portion of text. For example: translating adjective into an adverbial phrase

2.2.2 Noun Phrase and Its Translation Equivalence

Radford (1988:171) states that a phrase, as a part of grammatical sentences,
consists of a group of words. It is assumed that sentences are structured not only
out of words belonging to various words level categories, but also out of phrases
belonging to the corresponding set of phrasal categories. English noun phrase is

17

compared with the Indonesian equivalence. In comparison of both noun phrases, it

is found that there are similarities and differences in grammatical system,
particularly in word order between English and Indonesian noun phrase. These are
examples of English noun phrases and their Indonesian equivalences. The words
underlined are their noun heads.
1) New cars = mobil-mobil baru
2) Your medicine = Obatmu
The wordscarsandmedicine are the head words and called modifierscars.and
medicineThewordsinthe examples important. Those words are called the center or head of the
noun phrase. From
those examples, it can be seen that modifiers in English noun phrase come before
the noun head, whereas in the Indonesian they come after the noun head. These
examples are simple noun phrase consisting of modifiers and heads. There is a
phrase longer than simple noun phrase, it is complex noun phrase.
Just like a word, phrases have also some categories, e.g. noun phrase,
adverbial phrase and prepositional phrase. Noun phrase is the extension of noun.
According to Quirk and Grenbaun (1985:1235), the simple noun phrase can be
expanded with modifier and noun. There is a phrase longer than simple noun
phrase, it is complex noun phrases. In total, complex noun phrase can be
composed of four major components:
Determiner + Premodifiers +Head Noun + Post modifiers

18

All noun phrases include a head, while determiner, premodifiers, and post
modifiers are optional. This can be illustrated in the following complex noun
phrase:
Determiner
a
a
the

Premodifiers
industrially advanced
small wooden
market
new training

Head (Noun)
countries
box
system
college

Post modifiers
that he owned
that has no imperfection
for teachers

Complex noun phrase is the structure of the grammar patterns to be studied

by a researcher. Complex noun phrase itself is used as the structure-specific
patterns of grammar, therefore, the supporting theory needs to discuss it. The
theory proposed by Quirk and Grenbaun (1985) is applied to discuss complex
noun phrases. This theory is particularly relevant to the data in this study.

2.2.3 Tree Diagram

According to Chomsky (2002: 27), linguistic description on the syntactic
level is formulated in terms of constituent analysis (parsing). Parsing is the
approach used to divide the words of a sentence into phrases (defined as words
closely associated with one another syntactically). The tree diagram can be used to
show such long distance grammatical r diagram cannot separate out the two potential meanings.
Hierarchical structures
are generally depicted in a tree diagram. It makes easier to see the parts and
subparts of a sentence.

19

A tree diagram is a formal representation of sentence structure with

syntactic categories provided (It is also referred to as a phrase maker or a
constituent structure tree). These up-side-down trees disclose t speakers' syntactic knowledge:

1. The linear structure of the sentence (i.e. the order of words in the
sentences);
2. The hierarchical structure of the sentence (what category is above what
other categories and what are its immediate constituents);
3. The lexical category of each word (what class of words each lexical item
at the bottom belongs to).
In transformational generative grammar, tree diagrams and phrase structure
rules are closely related. Phrase structure trees are believed to be generated by
phrase structure rules. There should be no discrepancies between the two. A
sentence has a syntactic structure, and there is a way of representing syntactic
structure by tree diagram, as exemplified as follows.
SLT: I breathed a silent sigh of relief.
TLT: Aku bernafas lega secara diam-diam

20

Tree diagram:
SL:

TL:
NP

AP
NP

Adj

NP
N

AP

silent sigh

Adv

Adj

lega

secara

PP

of relief

(Abbreviation: NP=Noun Phrase, AP=Adjective Phrase,

diam-diam
D=Determiner,

Adj=Adjective, Adv=Adverb, N=Noun, P=Prepositional)

The diagrams such as the example above provide a visual representation of
category constituent structure of a phrase. The example is a complex noun phrase
in English that consists of determiner (a), premodifier (silent as an adjective),
head (sigh as a noun), and post modifier (of relief as a prepositional phrase) and it
is based on the theory proposed by Quirk and Grenbaun (1985). Meanwhile the
target language which is the adjective phrase has the constitution of adjective
(lega), and prepositional phrase consisting of preposition (secara) and adverb
(diam-diam). Based on the role of the adjective phrase, (Alwi, et.al, 2003:288),
states that the word class of lega is adjective giving information on the noun as
attributive and the prepositional phrase secara diam-diam that consists of
preposition (secara) raises to a relationship of meaning and adverb (diam-diam).
There is an occurrence of translation shifts in this example in which the complex
noun phrase in the source text is translated into adjective phrase in the target text.

21

A source language unit is substituted by a lower-in-rank target language unit. The

type of shifts is namely unit shifts according to the theory of translation proposed
by Catford (1965).

2.3 Theoretical Framework

There are two important theories related to the study. Those theories are proposed
by Catford (1965) is applied to analyze shifts in translation and factors causing
shift to occur and Nida (1975) is applied to explain the types of loss, gain, and
skewing of information found in the translation of Oprah.

2.3.1 Translation Shift

Munday states that A shift is said to translation equivalent other than the formal correspondent
occurs for a source language Translationelementshiftsare.small linguistic changes occurring in

translation of the source language into the target language. Vinay and Darbelnet
carried out a comparative stylistic analysis to describe translation shifts though the
term

shift which

wasA LinguisticfirstTheoryusedof by

Translation (1965).
According to Catford (1965:73), Shiftsisthedeparture from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. Shifts in translation
are known as those changes which occur or may occur in the process of
translation. They result, most of the time, from the attempt to deal with the
systemic differences between the source language and the target language

22

(Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies 1998: 262). The notion

translation shiftslyorindirectly investigatedhasbeenbyevery theoristdirect who has ever
mentioned linguistic translation in their studies, since the process of translation itself may
be regarded as a transformation when a system of certain
code is substituted with another by preserving identical communication function,
reporting the same message and its functional dominance. However, the most
prominent name in this field is Catford (1965).
Catford

is the first scholar to use t

Translation (1965). He uses it to refer to th between the source language and the targ from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the source language to

the target language (1965:73). Shifts within the grammatical and lexical levels, and their
investigation is therefore pursued within
or beyond the boundaries of the sentence as an upper rank. He limits his theory of
shifts to textual equivalence. In other words, he sees that shifts tend to occur when
there is no formal correspondence between two linguistic codes. These shifts are
seen as those utterances of translation which can be identified as textual
equivalents between source text and target text utterances. Catford divides shifts
into two categories, such as level shifts and category shifts.

2.3.1.1 Level Shifts

Shift of level is when a source language item at one linguistic level has a
target language translation equivalent at a different level. It includes shifts from

23

grammar to lexis and vice-versa. Catford (ibid) points out that, cases of shifts
from grammar to lexis are quite frequent in translation between languages. The
example of level shifts in the beginning that both Bermans and Stemmers where the Hebrew
learners shifted most of the grammatical ties (pronouns,
demonstratives, deictic expression, etc...), are used to refer to entities and events
in the source text, into lexical terms in the target language. For example:
Source Language

Target Language

She is eating

Dia sedang makan

In this translation, there is a shift from grammar to lexis in which the patterns to
be + V-ing (grammar) in the source language text is translated into lexicon sedang
in the target language.

2.3.1.2 Category Shifts

Category shifts refer to unbounded and rank-bounded translation. The first
being approximately normal or free translation in which source language and
target language equivalents are up at whatever rank is appropriate. It is clear that
category shift is unbounded, which might be normal of free translation, depends
on what rank is appropriate. It includes structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and
intra-system shifts.

24

a.

Structure Shifts
Languages exhibit a considerable amount of differences both in the

realization of similar structures existing in these languages and in the type of

structures existing in each language. Structures, where one element is typically
obligatory while other elements are optional, an agreement between the head and
its modifiers, are usually observed in some languages, for instance, the case of
number and gender agreement between noun and adjective in the Arabic nominal
group. However, languages vary so widely in the restrictions they assign to this
agreement. In the English nominal group, for instance, this agreement is observed
between articles and nouns but overlooked between nouns and adjectives. By
contrast, Arabic seeks such agreement in both cases. This is a potential area of
structural shifts in translation. Another type of dependency relations is that of the
exclusion relation which is useful for defining some grammatical classes such as
the verbs of state in English which do not agree with auxiliaries for the
progressive

aspect, and proper nouns whi

For example:
Source Language

Target Language

Old man

Laki-laki tua

Old

man in the source language text i

(man). Meanwhile in the target language it becomes laki-laki tua which is

constructed of head (laki-laki) + modifier (tua).

2
5

b.

Class Shifts
A class shift means the grouping of the constituents of a unit according to the

way they operate in the structure of another unit next higher in rank. In other
words, a class refers to any set of items having the same possibilities of operation
in the structure of a particular unit. Class shift occurs when the translation
equivalence of a source language item is a member of a different class from the
original item. It is a change in word class. Catford defines class shifts following
Hallidaystion definithat grouping of members of by operation in the structure
of the uni 2004:45). Structure shifts entail class dependence of class on structure
(Catford, 1965:119). For

Source Language

Target Language

A polite smile

Tersenyum sopan

In this example, English noun phrase a polite smile is translated into

Indonesian verb phrase tersenyum sopan. Class shift can be identified from the
change of noun phrase into verb phrase.

c.

Intra-System Shifts

A system refers to the closed number of elements among which a choice

must be made. In fact, the terms available in each system in one language can
show fundamental differences from the terms of the same system in another
language. This can be considered a major source of shifts at this level of
language description. In other words, intra system shifts refer to those changes
that occur

26

internally within a system. The equivalence is said to occur at a non corresponding

term in the target language system. All languages have their systems of number,
deixis, articles, etc. intra-system shifts happen when a term is singular in the
source text and its textual equivalent is plural, or vice versa (a change in number
even though the languages have the same number system). It is worth noting here
that the translator is compelled to be bound by the source language chosen by the
writer; otherwise, her/his performance is destined to be
erroneous. For example:
Source Language

Target Language

Trousers

Celana

The word of trousers in the source language is a plural form. It is translated into
celana in the target language in a singular form.

d.

Unit Shifts
The descriptive units of the grammar of any language are arranged into

meaningful stretches or patterns. One single instance of these patterns is called

unit. Unit shifts occur when translation equivalent of a source text unit at one rank
is a unit at a different rank in the target language. It includes shifts from
morpheme to a word, word to phrase, clause to sentence, and vice versa. For
example: a phrase into a word
Source Language

Target Language

The lord

Tuhan

27

There are some factors causing translation shifts to occur. Catford (1965:93)
studied that there are two factors which affected the equivalence of translation
shifts. They are linguistic and cultural factors. These two factors brought two
equivalents. They are linguistic and cultural equivalents. This finding of Caford is
very significant because it consists of both important approaches toward
equivalence, namely, linguistic and cultural approaches. He states that linguistic
factors are those which exist at the levels of concrete form and abstract meaning
of any chunk of language. In addition, cultural factors are those factors that cannot
be seen at the level of form or meaning of language, however, they exist among
the background of mind of speakers and writers of source language.
Shift in translation is the core problem in this study; therefore, the theory of
shift in translation is essential to be discussed. This sphere refers to the first and
second problems; those are identifying the types of shift in translation on the data
source and explain the factors causing translation shifts to occur. The theory
applied to this study which is most relevant to the data is the theory of translation
proposed by Catford (1965).

2.3.2 Loss, Gain and Skewing of Information

According to Nida (1975:27), all type loss of information, 2) gain of informat states that a
translator should have good knowledge of the languages and cultures.

The linguistic knowledge that should be mastered includes morphology, lexis,

syntax, and semantics while cultural knowledge should be sufficiently possessed

28

as the background of the user of these languages. As a matter of fact, it is very

difficult to find the lexical equivalent between the target language culture and the
source language culture since they are very different from each other. The lexical
meaning of the two languages is not exactly the same. There is a tendency of loss,
gain, and skewing of information.

2.3.2.1 Loss of Information

Baker (1992: 40) refers to loss as "omission of a lexical item due to
grammatical or semantic patterns of the receptor language". If the meaning
conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development
of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators
can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question. There
are cases where omission is required to avoid redundancy and awkwardness (Nida,
1975: 228) and this strategy is particularly applied if the source language tends to
be a redundant language.
The category of plural in English is both morphologically conditioned (e.g.
child/children, mouse/mice), and phonologically conditioned (e.g. book/books,
box/boxes, pen/pens). In some circumstances, a plural noun is also preceded by a
determiner showing plurality (some books or three pens). If the 'double'
expression of such category is reflected in Indonesian, redundancy will occur. It is
by convention that the category of plural in Indonesian is lexically formed by
repetition of the noun buku-buku (book-book) or by adding a noun quantifier such
as beberapa (some) or tiga (three).

29

Once a given noun is in the plural form, the quantifier has to be deleted. On
the other hand, once there exists a quantifier denoting plurality, the noun in
question should be in the singular form or the repetition of the noun should be
avoided (e.g. three books). In the example, the noun phrase three books is
translated into Indonesian, tiga buku. The repetition of the noun is avoided since
the plurality can be denoted by the quantifier (tiga); therefore, the plural form is
translated in the singular form.

2.3.2.2 Gain of Information

Information which is not present in the source language text may be added to
the target language text. According to Newmark (1988: 91), information added to
the translation is normally cultural (accounting for the differences between the
source language and the target language culture), technical (relating to the topic),
or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words). The additional information may
be put in the text (e.g. by putting it in brackets) or out of the text (e.g. by using a
footnote or annotation).
Gain of information for specification purposes is also required "if ambiguity
occurs in the receptor language formation and if the fact that greater specificity
may be required so as to avoid misleading reference" (Nida, 1975: 227). It may
also be required due to the shift of voice and the alteration of word classes to
avoid misinterpretation. There are some examples of gain of information occuring
in the process of translation. First, the English sentence is in the active voice, I cut
my finger, whereas its Indonesian translation is in the passive voice, jari saya

30

tersayat oleh pisau. The addition of information, oleh pisau in the target language,
is needed if the Indonesian native speaker means that he or she did it by accident.
Another example is I am broke that is translated uang saya habis. In this example,
the translator added a direct reference to money in the target language, whereas in
the source language money is implied object. Thus, the reader of the Indonesian
version does not have to make any inferences and gain of information has
occurred in an effort to clarify the meaning.

2.3.2.3 Skewing of Information

According to Nida (1975:227), skewing of information means the translation
of items from the source language which is not the exact equivalence in the target
language. For example:
SL: Are you sleepy, John? TL: Tolong perhatikan, John!

There is no exact equivalent from the source language into the target
language, but the meaning of the source language is actually John is hoped to pay
attention and respect to someone/something. It is not exact equivalent in the target
language due to the real situation of the context is when the student does not pay
attention to the teacher, therefore, the teacher has to admonish him by using the
interrogative sentence. Therefore, it can be concluded that the form and meaning
that are changed in the target language is possible to be done, as long as, the
meaning of the target language refers to the real context of the source language.

31

2.4 Research Model

The basic theories applied in this study are illustrated in the research model
to show the relationship of the topic, problems, and theoretical framework in order
to get the findings.

32

Shift in Translation of Complex Noun

Phrase from English into Indonesian in
Oprah

SL
ENGLISH

1. What types of shifts in

translation of complex noun
phrase occur in the
translation of Oprah from
English into Indonesian?

TL
INDONESIAN

Theory of Shifts in
translation (Catford,
1965)

2. What factors causing shifts in

translation of complex noun
phrase to occur in the
translation of Oprah from
English into Indonesian?

3.

What loss, gain and skewing

of information are found in
the translation of Oprah from
English into Indonesian?

Qualitative Approach Methods

DATA
ANALYSIS

Theory of Loss, gain

and skewing of
information (Nida,
1975)

FINDINGS

33

This

study is entitled Shifts in Tra

English into Indonesian in Oprah. There are three problem are the types of shifts in translation of
complex noun phrase in the translation of
Oprah, the factors causing shifts to occur in translation itself and the types of loss,
gain and skewing of information found in the translation of Oprah. In this case, it
used some theories to analyse those problems above, in which, the first problem
and the second problem were analyzed by applying the theory of translation
proposed by Catford, whereas, the third problem was analyzed by applying the
theory of translation proposed by Nida.
This study applies the qualitative approach in which the data was analyzed
descriptively. The main data source was taken from the book entitled Oprah and
its Indonesian translation that has the same title, Oprah. The method used in this
study is observation method. There were several stages. The first step was reading
both English biography and its Indonesian version thoroughly to find out the
sentences which contain the shift in translation of complex noun phrases. The next
step was taking notes of the various shifts in translation of complex noun phrase
from English into Indonesian occuring in Oprah. The various shifts in translation
of complex noun phrase were classified into appropriate categories and the last
step was classifying and analyzing the data into appropriate categories based on
the theories.
The method used to analyze the data is the qualitative descriptive method.
After being collected, the data was listed in parallel between the source language
and the target language. Then, the complex noun phrases found in the source

34

language was compared with their Indonesian translations. The next step was
identifying and analyzing the data by applying the theory of translation proposed
Catford (1965) to identify the shifts in translation and the factors determining
shifts. After analyzing the shifts in translation of complex noun phrase, it focused
on the loss, gain, and skewing of information occurring in the data for which the
theory of translation proposed by Nida (1975) was used. Tree diagram of syntactic
structure and descriptive form were used to present the data analysis. Finally, from
those all analysis, the findings of the study can be found and formulated.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

Research method signifies the method which is applied by the researcher in

conducting the research (Sudaryanto, 1993). The research method in this study is
focused on some aspects, namely: research approach, data source, method and
technique of collecting data, method and technique of analyzing data, and method
and technique of presenting the data.

3.1 Research Approach

This study applies the qualitative approach in which the data was analyzed
descriptively. The categorization of complex noun phrase was showed using the
tree diagrams. Shifts in translation and factors causing shifts to occur were
analyzed using the theory proposed by Catford (1965). Shift consists of two types,
namely level shifts and category shifts in this study. This study is very important
when there is a tendency to loss, gain and skewing of information.

3.2 Data Source

The main data in this thesis was taken from the biography entitled Oprah
which is written by Kitty Kelley and was published in 2010, as well as the
Indonesian version that has the same title, Oprah, which is translated by Rina
Buntaran and was published in 2011. It is about the life story of Oprah. Oprah
Winfrey is the subject of a new biography by the ever scandalous Kitty Kelley.

35

36

Complex personality, Oprah Winfrey, is the most successful African-American

woman in this nationsnt,smart,diligenthistoryandgenerous. SheShe is v is also egomaniacal,
paranoid, exploita stairs.). How it must chafe the billio Kelleys book.

The biography along with its translation was chosen as the data in this study
because the fact that the biography provides many shifts in translation of complex
noun phrases which are relevant to the problems discussed and analyzed in this
study. Furthermore, the occurence shifts in the biography and its Indonesian
translation is an interesting study. In addition, the research of shifts in the
biography has not been conducted very often, and moreover, this biography
contains a lot of data that are relevant to the problems.

3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The method of collecting data in this study is observation method. It is known
as observation method because phenomenon is really observed (Sudaryanto,
1993). This method of observation was applied at once with the implementation of
note-taking technique in order to find, identify and classify the data. The data
collected in this study was primary data since they were directly collected from
the data source using the observation method and note-taking technique.
Due to technique of collecting data, the data was collected through several
stages. The first step was reading the English biography and its Indonesian version
thoroughly to find out the sentences which contain the shift in translation

37

of complex noun phrases. All examples which were categorized as complex noun
phrases in the source language and their Indonesian translations were underlined,
noted down and then taken as data for the analysis. The last step was classifying
the data into appropriate categories and analyzing the data based on the problem
of the study and related to theories.

3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The method used to analyze the data in this study is qualitative descriptive
method proposed by Djajasudarma (1993). It is a method that is aimed to describe
the data systematically, factually, and accurately the characteristics and
correlations that occur among the phenomenon.
As far as the technique of analyzing the data is concerned, the data was
analyzed through several stages. After being collected, the data was listed in
parallel between the source language and the target language. Then, the complex
noun phrases found in the source language were compared with their Indonesian
translations. The next step was identifying and analyzing the data by applying the
theories proposed by Catford (1965). After analyzing the shifts in translation of
complex noun phrase and the factors causing shifts to occur, it was focused on the
loss, gain, and skewing of information occurring in the data for which the theory
proposed by Nida (1975) was used.

38

3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting Data

The result of the analysis is presented in formal and informal method as
proposed by Sudaryanto (1993). He states that there are two methods of
presenting the analyzed data; they are informal and formal methods. The informal
method refers to the method of presenting the analyzed data using words, meaning
that the findings can be described using word, natural language, while the formal
method refers to the presentation of the analyzed data using symbols, diagrams,
figures and tables.
This study belongs to the qualitative descriptive method; therefore, it is
presented in the form of description in both English as the source language and
Indonesian as the target language. The analysis of the syntactic structure of
complex noun phrase is presented using formal method, which is in the tree
diagram proposed by Chomsky (2002) in order to analyze the complex noun
phrases occurring in the source language and compared with the syntactic
structure of complex noun phrases in their Indonesian translations.

CHAPTER IV
SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE FROM
ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN IN OPRAH

The following section is concerned with the analysis of shift in translation of

complex noun phrase, the factors causing shift to occur and loss, gain and skewing
of information found in English and Indonesian translation. The analysis is based
on the theory of translation proposed by Catford (1965) in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation and Nida (1975) in Language Structure and Translation. The examples
containing complex noun phrases were taken from the book entitled
Oprah which is written by Kelley (2010) and its Indonesian translation that has the
same title, Oprah, which is translated by Buntaran (2011). The discussion involves
level shifts and category shifts. This study uses the tree diagram to categorize the
phrase, in which its theory is proposed by Chomsky (2002).

4.1 Types of Shifts of Complex Noun Phrase Occur in the Translation of

Oprah
As stated in the previous chapter tha correspondence in the process of going from the source
language to the target
language (Catford, 1965:73). Shifts occur when the source language text is
translated into different grammatical or phonological form in the target language
text. Catford states that there are two major types of shifts, they are level shifts and
category shifts.

39

40

4.1.1 Level Shifts

Shift of level is when a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation
equivalent at a different level. It includes shifts from grammar to lexis and viceversa. Catford (ibid) points out that, cases of shifts from grammar to lexis are quite
frequent in translation between languages. The following are the examples of level
shift found in the translation of Oprah.

[ 4-1 ]
SL: Hattie Mae was working for the Leonards then they were the richest
white people in Kosciusko and the made sure that Oprah had every
thing their own little girls had.
TL: Hattie Mae saat itu bekerja untuk Keluarga Leonard-mereka orang
kulit putih terkaya di Kosciusko dan mereka memastikan Oprah punya
segalanya yang dimiliki anak-anak perempuan mereka sendiri.
(data 1)
CNP in the SL: the
D

richest

white

people

Premod. 1 Premod.2

Head

CNP in the TL: orang

kulit putih

terkaya

Head

Post mod.1

Post mod.2

SL:

TL:
NP
D

NP
NP

Adj
the

NP
NP

Adj

N
N

richest
people

NP
terkaya

orang
white

Adj

kulit putih

41

By looking at the tree diagram above, it can be said that complex noun phrase
in the source language has the constituents of determiner (the as the article),
premodifiers (richest and white as adjectives), and head (people as a noun). It is
translated into Indonesian, orang kulit putih terkaya, that consists of head (orang
as a noun), and post modifiers (kulit putih is a noun phrase and terkaya as
adjectives).
There is a change of grammatical unit in the source language to a lexical unit
in the target language as can be identified from the word richest that has a function
as an adjective in the source language. In English grammar, richest is an adjective
that is a regular form for the superlative adjective. The basic word of richets is rich,
and its comparative is richer. Those words are comparable in the greater and lesser
degree. Those words are translated into Indonesian, kaya, lebih kaya, and terkaya.
If we want to say that someone or something has more of a quality than any other,
the prefix ter- or paling is put before the adjective, such as the example terkaya.
According to the theory of translation proposed by Catford, it is called level shift
that is the change in the irregularrichestin for English intoterkaya ainlexisIndonesian.

[ 4-2 ]
SL: She had even then an extraordinary sense of self-confidence, an eerie
comprehension of what was expected of her as a budding television
star.
TL: Bahkan saat itu dia sudah punya rasa percaya diri yang luar biasa,
sebuah pemahaman menakutkan tentang apa yang diharapkan pada
dirinya sebagai bintang televisi yang sedang berkembang.
(data 3)

42

CNP in the SL: an

eerie

comprehension

D Premod.

CNP in the TL:

sebuah

of what was expected

Head

Post mod.

pemahaman menakutkan

Head

tentang apa yang

Post mod.1 diharapkan pada dirinya..

Post mod. 2

SL:

TL:
NP
D

RC
NP

Adj
an

PP
NP

NP
PP

eerie

RP

NP
RC

comprehension
of

P
Adj

apa yang

tentang
menakutkan

sebuah pemahaman

what was expected.

Complex noun phrases can be viewed from the tree diagrams above. Complex
noun phrase in English is categorized by determiner (an as the article), premodifier
(eerie as an adjective), head (comprehension as a noun), and post modifier (of
what was expected of her as a budding television star as a complex prepositional
phrase). Meanwhile, Indonesian complex noun phrase has the constituents of a
noun phrase (sebuah pemahaman menakutkan), and a complex prepositional
phrase (tentang apa yang diharapkan pada dirinya sebagai bintang televisi yang
sedang berkembang).

43

As stated in the previous example, relative clause is inserted in the complex

noun phrase. Relative clause in the source language is the passive voice, what was
expected and its Indonesian translation is apa yang diharapkan. Here, the tense
used in the relative clause is simple past in passive voice as can be identified from
the auxiliary was and verb in the past participle expected, and those are translated
into Indonesian using the prefix di- and the suffix -kan to make passive verb in
Indonesian, diharapkan. Based on the explanation above, it can be indicated that
level shift occurs in the translation in which there is a change from grammar to
lexis.
On the other hand, level shift can be identified from the existence of noun
phrase a budding television star inserted in the complex prepositional phrase, it is
categorized into the grammatical item a + Ving + noun translated into Indonesian
using the lexical items yang sedang, bintang televisi yang sedang berkembang.
The intended meaning is a television star who is budding (just like a sleeping man
which is supposed to mean a man who is sleeping rather than a man who sleeps).
According to Catford, the type of shifts in the translation above is called level shift
that a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation
equivalent at a different level.

[ 4-3 ]
SL: She exercised with manic fitness guru Richard Simmons, danced with
ethnic dancers, and interviewed a prostitute who had killed a client.
TL: Dia berolahraga dengan sang mania kebugaran Richard Simmons,
menari dengan penari etnik dan mewawancarai pelacur yang telah
membunuh seorang pelanggannya.
(data 9)

44

CNP in the SL: a

prostitute

who had killed

a client

Post mod.1

Post mod.2

Head

CNP in the TL: pelacur

yang telah membunuh

seorang pelanggannya

Post mod.1

Post mod.2

Head
SL:

TL:
NP
D

NP
NP

N
a

NP
RC

RP

prostitute

VP
VP

who

NP

V
had

RC

AuxVP
NP
D
killed

pelanggannya

RP Asp.Mrkr seorang

N
N

membunuh
yang telah

pelacur
a

client

In the example above, it can be seen that shift occurs in the process of
translation. Complex noun phrase in English consists of determiner (a), head
(prostitute as a noun), and post modifiers (who had killed as a relative clause and a
client as a prepositional phrase). Meanwhile, its Indonesian translation pelacur
yang telah membunuh seorang pelanggannya can be categorized into a head
(pelacur as a noun), and post modifiers (yang telah membunuh as a relative clause
and seorang pelanggannya as a prepositional phrase).

45

Based on the explanation above, there is a shift occuring in the translation, and
it can be identified from the occurrence of relative clause in both languages. It
consists of the relative pronoun (who) and the auxiliary (had) + past participle
(killed). Viewed from the verb in the relative clause, it can be identified that the
tense used is past perfect tense which the auxiliary (had) is followed by the past
participle (killed). Therefore, it is translated into telah membunuh in Indonesian.
According to the theory of translation proposed by Catford, the type of shift
occuring in the translation is namely level shift which is a change in grammatical
unithad killedin the source languagetelahmembunuhtoinlexicalthe target language.

[ 4-4 ]
SL: It was a carefully managed event and the location or context was
upper-most in her mind.
TL: Hal itu merupakan peristiwa yang dikelola dengan cermat dan yang
terpenting bagi Diana adalah lokasi atau konteksnya.
(data 23)
CNP in the SL: a
D

carefully

managed

event

Premod.1

Premod.2

Head

CNP in the TL: peristiwa

Head

yang dikelola
Post mod.1

dengan cermat
Post mod.2

46

SL:

TL:
NP
D

AP
NP

Adv
a

PP
NP

VP
N

carefully
managed

RC
NP

event

Adj
P

V
RP

cermat
dengan

yang dikelola

peristiwa
The example above shows that those phrases are complex noun phrases.
English complex noun phrase in the source language has the construction of
determiner (a as the article), premodifiers (carefully as an adverb and managed as
a verb that is modifying the noun event), and head (event as a noun). Meanwhile,
its Indonesian translation is peristiwa yang dikelola dengan cermat which can be
categorized into a noun (peristiwa), a relative clause (yang dikelola), and a
prepositional phrase (dengan cermat). In this example, level shift occurs in the
relative clause in both languages.
Based on the explanation above, there is a shift occuring in the translation, and
it can be identified from the occurrence of relative clause in both languages.
Relative clause in the source language is managed. According to Quirk and
Grenbaun (1985: 1048), relative clauses generally function as restrictive or nonrestrictive modifiers of noun phrases and are therefore functionally parallel to
attributive adjectives. Meanwhile, in Indonesian grammar, the clause is preceded
by yang and is called a relative clause. Yang links the relative clause to the

47

preceding noun, the head noun of the phr in English (Alwi, 2003:247).

Here, the relative pronoun is omitted and it is possible. It thatshould b

was managed. It consists ofthat), auxiliarythe (wasrelative)andthe pro
verb (managed). Viewed from the verb in the relative clause, it can be identified
that the tense used is simple past tense in passive voice which the auxiliary is was
and then it is followed by the verb in the past participle. In English grammar, it is
sometimes possible to omit the relative pronoun when it is the object. In the
sentence above, the relative pronoun is the object. The most obvious feature of this
type of reduced clause is that the relative pronoun is left out and the verb following
the noun always ends in past participle replacing passive verbs. Therefore, it is
translated into yang dikelola in Indonesian.
According to the theory of translation proposed by Catford, the type of shift
occuring in the translation is namely level shift which is a change in grammatical
unitmanaged in the source languageyangdikelolaintothlexicatar language.

4.1.2 Category Shifts

According to Catford (1965: 75), category shifts refer to unbounded and rankbounded translation. The first being approximately normal or free translation in
which source language and target language equivalents are up at whatever rank is
appropriate. It is clear that category shift is unbound, which might be normal of

48

free translation, depending on what rank is appropriate. It includes structure shift,

class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift.

4.1.2.1 Structure Shifts

These are amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation;
they occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total
translation. Structure shift is the change of grammatical position of source language
in its translation in target language. The following English-Indonesian instance is
an example of structure shift found in the bilingual books entitled
Oprah.

[ 4-5 ]
SL:
Theythebest werelocalnews team in America, said Wi
TL: Mereka timadalahberitalokalterbaik di Amerika, kata Willi
F.Baker.
(data 5)

CNP in the SL: the

D

CNP in the TL: tim

Head

best

local

news

team

Premod.1 Premod.2 Premod.3 Head

berita
Post mod.1

local

terbaik

Post mod.2 Post mod.3

49

SL:

TL:
NP

NP
NP

Adj
the

NP
NP

N
best

NP
NP

terbaik
lokal

tim
news

local

Adj

berita

team

Complex noun phrase consists of determiner, premodifier, head, and post

modifier as can be seen in the source language that complex noun phrase has the
constitution of determiner (a as the article), premodifier (best local news as a noun
phrase), and head (team as a noun). This phrase is translated into Indonesian, tim
berita lokal terbaik, which can be categorized into a noun phrase (tim berita lokal),
and an adjective (terbaik). Based on the explanation above, it is known that there
is an occurrence of translation shift in this example in which the grammatical
structure in the source language is changed in the target language.
It can be drawn using the thenumbers,(1),best
(2), local (3), news (4), and team (5), meanwhile in the target language, it can be
drawn like tim (5), berita (4), lokal (3), and terbaik (4). This structure can be seen
from the example described using the arrows. The positions of words between the
source language and the target language are not the same. In the source language,
the word (team) is placed at the back whereas the translation of team in Indonesian
(tim) is placed in front of the modifier. Team (tim) is the head of the complex noun

th

50

phrase in the example. Based on theory of translation proposed by Catford (1965),

the type of translation shifts in the example is namely structure shift that is the
change of the position of word structure in both languages without changing the
meaning of the message of the source language.

[ 4-6 ]
SL: Having created Morning Exchange di Cleveland, Ohio, the highestrated local morning program in the country and the template for
ABCs Good Morning America, Bakers in Baltimore.
TL: Setelah menciptakan Morning Exchange di Cleveland, Ohio, program
pagi lokal berperingkat paling tinggi di Amerika dan template dari
acara Good Morning America stasiun ABC-mandat Baker adalah
melakukan yang sama di Baltimore.
(data 7)
CNP in the TL: the highest

rated

local

D Premod. Premod. Premod.

CNP in the TL: program

Head

morning

program

Premod.

Head

pagi local berperingkat

Postmod. Postmod. Postmod.

paling tinggi
Postmod.

51

SL:

TL:
NP

AP
NP

Adj

AP
NP

the

V
highest

RC
NP

rated

NP
NP

local

N
N

tinggi
paling

berperingkat
lokal

morning

program program pagi

In the example above, the English

local morning program

Adv
V

NP

Adj

is

complexthehighestnoun-rated

translated into the

phras
Indon

program pagi lokal berperingkat paling tinggi, thus, there is a s the process of translation,
namely, structure shifts. It is the grammatical change
between the structure of the source language and that of the target language.
This translation has the same technique as the previous example. English
complex noun phrase can be classified using numbers, namely, the (1), highestrated (2), local (3), morning (4), and program (5). The positions of these numbers
in the target language are changed, such as program (5), pagi (4), lokal (3),
berperingkat paling tinggi (2). The change of the position structures in both
languages can be seen from the example drawn using the arrows. According to the
translation theory of translation proposed by Catford, the type shifts of this
example is structure shift that changes grammatically between the structure of the
source language and the target language.

52

[ 4-7 ]
SL: Her grandmothers hadsmalllongagobeenwoodenchopped shac down for firewood, and
the outhouse had disappeared into decades of
underbrush.
TL: Gubuk kayu kecil neneknya sudah lama dirobohkan dan dijadikan
kayu bakar dan outhousenya telah dikubur dibawah semak belukar
selama berpuluh-puluh tahun.
(data 12)
CNP in the SL: Her grandmothesmallwoodenrs
D

CNP in the TL: Gubuk

Head

shack

Premod.1 Premod.2

kayu

keci
l

Head

neneknya

Post mod.1 Post mod.2

Post mod.3

SL:

TL:
NP
D

NP
NP

N
her

AP
NP

Adj

NP
NP

Adj
Adj

grandmothersAdjN

neneknya
kecil

small
wooden

gubuk

kayu

shack

It is showed that structure shift which is a change in position of words in the

translation without changing the word class and the meaning of the message of the
source language occurs in the example above. English complex noun phrase has
the constituents of determiner (her grandmothersasgenitivefunction like a

53

possessive

determiner (her) and a genit

(small wooden as an adjective phrase), and head (shack as a noun). It is translated

into Indonesian a complex noun phrase, gubuk kayu kecil neneknya that can be
categorized as a noun (gubuk), adjectives (kayu and kecil), and a noun (neneknya).
By looking at the categorization of those phrases, it can be seen that the positions of he
words in both languages change. It can be explained by using the numbers; therefore, the
source language is (1) her grandmothers,(2)small,(3) wooden, and (4) shack , meanwhile, its
Indonesian translation is (4) gubuk, (3) kayu, (2) kecil, (1) neneknya. Based on the
explanation above, it is known that structure shift occurs in the translation in which the
positions of the words between both languages are not the same.

[ 4-8 ]
SL: I thinkthe firstweweretraditionaltoputheron women the cover, and we had her on
many times. (Kelley, 2010: 204)
TL: Menurut saya,majalahkamiwanita tradisionaladalahpertama yang
menaruh fotonya disampul depan dan kami sering melakukannya.
(data 14)
CNP in the SL: the
D1

first
D2

CNP in the TL: majalah

Head

traditional
Premod.2

womensmagazine
Premod.3

wanita tradisional
Post mod.1 Post mod.2

Head

pertama
Post mod.3

54

SL:

TL:
NP
D

AP
NP

Adj
the

NP
NP

Adj
first

NP
NP

N
N

traditional

Adj
Adj

pertama
tradisional

majalah

wanita

womensmagazine
The structure shift can be seen in this translation in which there is the change
of grammatical structure in the target language without changing the meaning of
message of the source language. The complex noun phrase in the source language
is constituted by a determiner (a as the article), a premodifier (first traditional
womensasanoun phrase), and a head (magazine as a noun). Meanwhile, the
complex noun phrase in the target language consists of nouns (majalah and
wanita), adjectives (tradisional and pertama). The position of words in the source
language and the target language is not the same. In spite of different position, the
meaning of the message in the source language does not change in the target
language.

[ 4-9 ]
SL: In the hope of generating more bombs sweeps, Oprah booked her first celebrity
interview with the woman.
TL: Berharap akan memicu peringkat tinggi lagi di minggu peringkat
bulan Februari 1988, Oprah melakukan wawancara selebritinya yang
pertama dengan wanita.
(data 15)

55

CNP in the SL: her

first

D1

D2

CNP in the TL: wawancara

celebrity

interview with the woman

Premod.

Head

selebritinya yang pertama

Head

Post mod.1

Post mod.

dengan wanita

Post mod.2

SL:

Post mod.3

TL:
NP

NP

NP
Adj

her

PP
NP

N
first

AP
NP

RC
PP

celebrity

interview

NP
NP

with

N
N

N
P

Adj

wanita

RP dengan
N

pertama
yang

wawancara selebritinya
the

woman

By looking at the example above, it can be seen that a shift occurs in the
process of translation. According to the theory of translation proposed by Catford,
it is called a structure shift in which the positions of words in both languages are
not the same. The complex noun phrase in the source language has the constituents
of a determiner (her as a possessive determiner), premodifier (first celebrity as a
noun phrase), head (interview as a noun), and post modifier (with the woman as a
prepositional phrase). Meanwhile, the complex noun phrase in the target language

56

consists of a noun phrase (wawancara selebritinya), a relative clause (yang

pertama), and a prepositional phrase (dengan wanita). It is called a structure shift
since the positions of the head and modifier in the source language and the target
language change in which the head of the complex noun phrase in the source
language is at the back, whereas the head of the complex noun phrase in the target
language is in front of modifier.

[ 4-10 ]
SL: She brought the same high moral fervor to the making of Beloved.
TL: Oprah membawa semangat moral tinggi yang sama ke dalam
pembuatan Beloved.
(data 21)
CNP in the SL: the
same
high
moral
D Premod.1 Premod.2 Premod.3

CNP in the TL: semangat moraltinggi

Head Post mod.1 Post mod.2

fervor
Head

to the making..
Post mod.

yang sama ke dalam ..

Post mod.3

Post mod.4

57

SL:

TL:
NP
D

NP
NP

Adj
the

AP
NP

RC

Adj
same

NP
N

high

Adj

NP
NP

NP
P

moral

PP

RP
Adj

ke dalam...

sama
yang

tinggi
fervor

semangat

moral

to the making of Beloved

In the example above, it is

showed that structure shift occurs in this

translation. The English complex noun phrase has the constituents of a determiner
(a), premodifier (same high moral as an adjective phrase), head (fervor as a noun),
and post modifier (to the making of Beloved as a prepositional phrase). Meanwhile,
it is translated into Indonesian a complex noun phrase, semangat moral tinggi
yang sama ke dalam pembuatan Beloved, which consists of a noun phrase
(semangat moral tinggi), a relative clause (yang sama ke dalam pembuatan
Beloved). In this case, there is an occurrence of translation shift in which the
grammatical structure in the source language changes in the target language.
It can be categorized using the numbers as followsw a (1), same (2), high (3),
moral (4), fervor (5), to the making of Beloved (6), whereas its Indonesian
translation the order is as follow semangat (5), moral (4), tinggi (3), yang sama (2),
ke dalam pembuatan Beloved (6). As explained above, the structure shift occurs in

58

the translation, which changes the grammatical position without changing the
meaning of the message and word class of the source language.

[ 4-11 ]
SL: This was to be her first feature film production, although she had
been producing made-for-television films on ABC under the banner of
Oprah Winfrey Presents, and most high ratings, if not rave reviews. (349)
TL: Itu akan menjadi produksi film fiturnya yang pertama, meski dia
sudah memproduksi film-film yang dibuat untuk televise di ABC di
bawah bendera Oprah Winfrey Pres memenangkan peringkat tinggi, jika bukan
ulasan yang hangat.
(data 22)
CNP in the SL: her
D

first
feature
Premod.1 Premod.2

CNP in the TL: produksi

Head

film
production
Premod.3 Head

film

fiturnya

yang pertama

Post mod.1

Post mod.2

Post mod.3

SL:

TL:
NP

AP
NP

Adj
her

RC
NP

N
first
feature

NP
NP

NP
N

Adj
RP

N
N

pertama
yang

fiturnya

film production
produksi film
It can be identified that a shift occurs in the example above. The shift can be
known by comparing the tree diagrams above. According to Catford, the type of
shift in this example is structure shift that changes the position of word structure in

59

the translation without changing the meaning of the message of the source
language. It can be identified from the tree diagram that complex noun phrase in
the source language consists of determiner (her), premodifier (first feature film as a
noun phrase) and head (production as a noun) whereas its Indonesian translation,
the complex noun phrase has the constituents of noun phrase (produksi film
fiturnya) and a relative clause (yang pertama). In this case, the positions of the
head word in the source language and the target language are not the same; the
head word in the source language is at the back of the modifier, whereas the head
word in the target language is in front of the modifier. It can be seen from the
example that is drawn using the arrows. This change is called the structure shift
which is the change of grammatical position of the source language in its
translation in target language.
There is a reference which can be used to support the analysis above, it is a
thesis written by Mahasari (2012). She discusses the x-bar theory used in analyzing
the translation shift of the English noun phrase into Indonesian with reference to
The Twilight: New Moon. There is an example of shift analyzed and related to this
study. This thesis uses x-bar diagram to categorize the word class in a phrase. The
following is an example of structure shift:
SL: Carlisle put all the dirty gauze into an empty crystal bowl (p.36)
TL: Charlie meletakkan semua kasa kotor ke dalam mangkuk kristal
kosong (p.50)

60

NP in the SL: an
D

empty
Premod.1

NP in the TL: mangkuk

Head

crystal
Premod.2

kristal
Post mod.1

SL:

bowl
Head

kosong
Post mod.2
TL:

NP

NP

NP
Adj

NP
NP

an

N
N

empty
crystal

Adj
N
kosong

mangkuk

kristal

bowl

As can be seen in the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase an empty crystal
bowl in the source language can be categorized as a determiner (a), premodifier
(empty as an adjective and crystal as a noun), and head (bowl as a noun).
Meanwhile the target language, which is also a noun phrase, has the constituents of
nouns (mangkuk and kristal), and an adjective (kosong). As explained above, a
shift can be identified from the translation of crystal bowl which is constructed by
a modifier (crystal) + head (bowl) of the the translation is made up of the head
(mangkuk) + modifier (kristal). This is a structure shift that changes in
grammatical structure without changing the meaning of the message of the source
language.
In this case, the examples of structure shift found in this thesis and this
present study have the same constituents, namely, the modifier and head. The

61

theory used to explain English noun phrase is proposed by Quirk and Grenbaun
(1985), whereas the Indonesian grammar used in the target language is proposed
by Alwi (2003). The x-bar diagram is used to classify the word classes in a phrase.
Furthermore, the explanation of the structure shift in this example is the same as
the data of this study, which changes in grammatical structure or the position of
word without changing the word class and the meaning of message of the source
language.

4.1.2.2 Class Shifts

A class refers to any set of items having the same possibilities of operation in
the structure of a particular unit. Class shift occurs when the translation
equivalence of a source language item is a member of a different class from the
original item (Catford, 1965: 78). It is a change in word class. There are some
examples of class shifts found in the translation of Oprah, as follows:

[ 4-12 ]
SL: Itabig riskwasfor Chris. TL:Keputusan itu beresiko besar
bagi Chris.
(data 3)
NP in the SL: a
D

VP in the TL: beresiko

Head

big

risk

Premod.

Head

besar
Post mod.

62

SL:

TL:
NP

VP
NP

Adj

V
N

Adj
beresiko

big

AP

besar

risk

As viewed from the example above, it can be seen that the noun phrase in the
source language has the constituents of a determiner (a), premodifier (big as an
adjective), and head (risk as a noun). The English noun phrase is translated into the
Indonesian verb phrase which has the constituents of verb (beresiko) and adjective
(besar). In the example, it can be seen that the noun phrase is an object, meanwhile,
its Indonesian translation is the predicate that has a function as a verb phrase. By
looking at the categorization above, there is a change in grammatical class and it
occurs when the equivalent translation of the source language item is a component
of a different class in the target language. According to the theory of translation
proposed by Catford, it is called class shift in which a shift of one source language
item translated into the target language which belongs to a different grammatical
class.

[ 4-13 ]
SL: She sounded inane as she walked the icy grounds of the death camp.
TL: Oprah terdengar bodoh ketika berjalan dipermukaan tanah yang
membeku di kamp kematian itu.
(data 11)

63

CNP in the SL: the

D

CPP in the TL: di

icy

grounds

Premod.

of the death camp

Head

permukaan tanah

Post mod.

yang membeku

Head

di kamp kematian itu

Post mod.1

SL:

Post mod.2

TL:
NP

PP
NP

Adj
the

RC
NP

N
icy

RC
PP

grounds

NP
NP

D
of

PP
NP

P
N

the

di kamp.
membeku

yang
tanah

di
death

RP
N

PP

permukaan

camp

Based on the tree diagram above, this example is called a class shift which is
the change in a grammatical class. The English complex noun phrase in the source
language has the constituents of a determiner (the), premodifier (icy as an
adjective), head (grounds as a noun) and post modifier (of the death camp as a
prepositional phrase). Meanwhile the target language is a complex prepositional
phrase consisting of prepositional phrase (di permukaan tanah), relative clause in
active voice (yang membeku), and a prepositional phrase (di kamp kematian itu).
By looking at the explanation above, there is a change of phrase in these languages;
a complex noun phrase in the Source language is translated into a complex

64

prepositional phrase in the target lagauge. Thus, it can be said that there is a shift
occuring in the process of translation. According to the theory proposed by Catford,
this type of shift is called class shift as these texts belong to different grammatical
classes.

[ 4-14 ]

SL: One is particularly joyful: a model of a coffin with an aluminum

cover that reads, Gone Fishing in Crys
TL: Ada satu yang sangat lucu: berbentuk peti mati dengan tutup
aluminium bertuliskan; Sedang Memancing di Sungai Crystal Clear.
(data 13)
CNP in the SL: a
model
of a coffin
with an aluminum cover
D Head
Post mod.1
Post mod.2

CVP in the TL: berbentuk

Head
SL:

peti mati
Post mod.1

dengan tutup aluminium

Post mod.2
TL:

NP
D

NP
NP

N
a

NP
PP

P
model

PP
NP

D
of

NP
NP

VP
PP

N
N

aluminium
tutup

dengan
mati

coffin

berbentuk

peti

with an aluminum cover

In the example above, it seems that a class shift occurs in the process of
translation which can be identified from the change of the phrase in both languages.

65

In the source language, it is a complex noun phrase which is contructed by

determiner (a), head (model as a noun) and post modifier (of a coffin with an
aluminum cover as a complex prepositional phrase). Meanwhile, in the target
language, it is translated into Indonesian, a complex verb phrase that has the
constituents of a verb (berbentuk), noun phrase (peti mati), and prepositional
phrase (dengan tutup aluminium). The change in grammatical class can be seen in
this translation. Hence, according to the theory proposed by Catford, this type of
shift in translation is called class shift which occurs when the equivalent
translation of a source language item is a component of a different class in the
target language.

[ 4-15 ]
SL: a heatedIhaddiscussion with the producer.
TL: Sayaberdebat hebat dengan produser.
(data 16)
CNP in the SL: a
D

heated

discussion

Premod.

CVP in the TL: berdebat

Head

Head

hebat
Post mod.1

with the producer

Post mod.

dengan produser
Post mod.2

66

SL:

TL:
NP

NP
NP

Adj
a

PP
NP

VP

N
heated

PP
P

P
Adj

NP

discussion

produser
dengan

Nberdebat

hebat

with
the

producer

In the example above, there is a change in grammatical class. It means that

the source language has the different class from the target language. This change
can be identified from the English complex noun phrase that is constructed by a
determiner (a), premodifier (heated as an adjective), head (discussion as a noun),
post modifier (with the producer as a prepositional phrase) which is translated into
a complex verb phrase consisting of a verb (berdebat), an adjective (hebat), and a
prepositional phrase (dengan produser). Based on the explanation above, there is a
change in grammatical class between the source language and the target language.
Therefore, based on the theory proposed by Catford, this type of shift in translation
is called class shift in which one source language item is translated into the target
language belonging to a different grammatical class.

[ 4-16 ]
SL: Oprah and Gayle walk the red carpet with their pinkie fingers linked
and Stedman trailing behind them.

67

TL: Oprah bersama Gayle berjalan dikarpet merah dengan kelingking

saling bertautan dan Stedman mengekor di belakang mereka.
( data 19)
CNP in the SL: the
red
carpet
with their pinkie fingers linked
D
Premod.
Head
Post mod.

CPP in the TL: di

karpet merah
Head

dengan kelingking saling bertautan

Post mod.2

SL:

TL:
NP

VP

NP
Adj

VP
NP

N
red

NP
PP

carpet

PP
NP

D
with

N
their

pinkie
fingers

PP
NP

P
VP
V

Adv
N

NP
NP

Adj
N

bertautan
saling

kelingking

dengan
merah

di

karpet

linked

It is known that a change in grammatical class occurs in the process of

translation by looking at the tree diagram above. It can be identified from the
source language which is a complex noun phrase which is constructed from a
determiner (the), a premodifier (red as an adjective), a head (carpet as a noun), and
a post modifier (with their pinkie fingers linked as a prepositional phrase),
meanwhile, its Indonesian translation is a complex prepositional phrase that

68

consists of two prepositional phrases; they are di karpet merah and dengang
kelingking saling bertautan in Indonesian. According to the theory of translation
proposed by Catford, the type of shift changing the grammatical class is called a
class shift.

4.1.2.3 Unit Shift

A unit shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a source text unit at one
rank is a unit at a different rank in the target language. It includes shifts from
morpheme to a word, word to phrase, clause to sentence, and vice versa. The
following are the examples of unit shifts found in the translation of Oprah

[ 4-17 ].
SL: Despite the antiestablishment resolutions of her delegation, Oprah
did not return home a political activist.
TL: Meski delegasinya menyampaikan resolusi anti kemapanan, Oprah
tidak peluang sebagai seorang aktivis politik.
(data 2)
CNP in the SL: the
D

antiestablishment
Premod.

Clause in the TL: delegasinya

S

resolutions
Head

menyampaikan
P

of her delegation
Post mod.

resolusi anti kemapanan

O

69

SL:

TL:
NP

NP

NP

Adj
the

NP
N

antiestablishment

N
PP

P
D

NP

delegasinya
NP

resolutions

VP

NP

NP

menyampaikan
N

resolusi
anti kemapanan

of
her

delegation

It is known that a change in higher rank occurs in the process of translation

by looking at the tree diagram above. In this example, it can be seen that the an
English complex noun phrase in the source language has the constituents of a
determiner (the), premodifier (antiestablishment as an adjective), head (resolutions
as a noun) and post modifier ( of her delegation as a prepositional phrase).
Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into a sentence which is
constructed by a subject (delegasinya as a noun), a predicate (menyampaikan as a
verb) and an object (resolusi anti kemapanan as a noun phrase). In this translation,
there is a change in rank and it can be identified from the translation of the phrase
into a sentence. Here, the higher rank can be identified from the translation of a
phrase into a sentence. According to the theory proposed by Catford, this type of
translation shift is called a unit shift that involves a change in rank. It departs from
formal the correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank
in the source language is the unit at a different rank in the target language.

70

[ 4-18 ]
SL: It was an amazing display of gluttony.
TL: Demonstrasi kerakusan itu menabjubkan.
(data 6)
CNP in the SL: an
D

amazing
Premod.

display
Head

of gluttony
Post mod.

Sentence in the TL: Demonstrasi kerakusan itu

S
SL:

menabjubkan
P

TL:
NP

S
NP

Adj
an

NP
NP

N
amazing

NP
PP

N
NP

display

VP
D

itu

menabjubkan

N Demonstrasi kerakusan
of

gluttony

In the example above, a complex noun phrase in English as a source

language consists of a determiner (an), premodifier (amazing as an adjective),
head (display as a noun), and post modifier (of gluttony as a prepositional phrase).
Meanwhile,

its

Indonesiandemonstrasitranslationkerakusanitu

menabjubkan. It has the constituentsdemonstrasikerakusan as ofa a sub

noun phrase) and predicate (menabjubkan as an adjective). Hence, there is a shift

71

occurring in the process of translation, namely, a unit shift that is a change in

higher rank.
[ 4-19 ]
SL: It was the most natural process for me.
TL: Prosesnya begitu alami bagi saya.
(data 8)
CNP in the SL: the
D

most
Premod.1

Sentence in the TL: Prosesnya

S

natural
Premod.2

process
Head

begitu alami
P

NP

for me
Post mod.

bagi saya
Compl.

NP
Adv

the

NP
NP

Adj
most

N
NP

natural

AP

prosesnya
PP

Adv
Adj

begitu
N

process

AP
PP
P

alami

N
bagi

for

NP

saya

me

In this example, it can be seen that the an English complex noun phrase in
the source language has the constituents of a determiner (the), premodifier (most as
an adverb and natural as an adjective), head (process as a noun) and post modifier
( for me as a prepositional phrase). Meanwhile in the target language, it is
translated into a sentence which is constructed by a subject (prosesnya as a noun),

72

a predicate (begitu alami as an adjective phrase) and a complement (bagi saya as a

prepositional phrase). In this translation, there is a change in rank and it can be
identified from the translation of the phrase into a sentence. Here, the higher rank
can be identified from the translation of a phrase into a sentence. According to the
theory proposed by Catford, this type of translation shift is called a unit shift that
involves a change in rank. It departs from formal the correspondence in which the
translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is the unit at a
different rank in the target language.

[ 4-20 ]
SL: Tina hasbigstudentneverofOprah beenandhasno time to spend answering
questions about her.
TL: Tina tidak pengamatnyapernahdanmenjaditidakpunyawaktu
menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang dirinya.
(data 10)
CNP in the SL: a
big
student
of Oprah
D Premod.
Head
Post mod.

Noun in the TL: pengamatnya

Head
SL:

TL:
NP

NP
Adj

NP
N

big

PP
P

student

pengamatnya
NP
N

of

Oprah

73

In the example above, the English complex noun phrase in the source
language has the constituents of a determiner (a), premodifier (big as an adjective),
head (student as a noun), and post modifier (of Oprah as a prepositional phrase).
Meanwhile in the target language, it consists of a noun (pengamatnya). In the
process of translation, it can be seen that there is a change in rank, that is, a change
in lower rank occurs. It is the change from a phrase into a word. Therefore, based
on the theory of translation proposed by Catford, this type of shift is called unit
shift, that is, a change in rank.

4.1.2.4 Intra System Shift

Intra system shift refers to the change that occurs internally within a system.
The equivalence is said to occur at a non corresponding term in the target language
system. All languages have their systems of number, deixis, articles, etc. intrasystem shift happens when a term is singular in the source text and its textual
equivalent is plural, or vice versa (a change in number even though the languages
have the same number system). There are some examples of intra system shifts
found in the translation of Oprah.

[ 4-21 ]
SL: She was the beloved sister-woman who knew the sorority secrets, some
of which she divined from how-to books such as Sarah Ban
Breathnachs

TL: Dia adalah sang saudari yang mengetahui rahasia perkumpulan

wanita, beberapa diantaranya dia gali dari buku-buku how-to seperti
Simple Abundance karya Sarah Ban Breathnach, sebuah buku
pedoman untuk wanita.
(data 17)

Simpleanadvicebook Abundance,forwomen.

74

CNP in the SL: an

D

advice
Premod.

CNP in the TL: sebuah buku

D
Head
SL:

book
Head

pedoman
Post mod.1

for women
Post mod.

untuk wanita
Post mod.2
TL:

NP
D

NP
NP

N
an

PP
NP

advice

NP
PP

P
book

N
for

NP
NP

women

N
N

wanita
untuk

pedoman

sebuah

buku

In the example above, it is showed that the English complex noun phrase
has the constituents of a determiner (an), premodifier (advice as a noun), head
(book as a noun), and post modifier (for women as a prepositional phrase), whereas
its Indonesian translation is also a complex noun phrase consisting of a determiner
(sebuah), head (buku as a noun), post modifier 1 (pedoman as a noun), and post
modifier 2 (untuk wanita as a prepositional phrase). Based on the categorization
above, an intra system shift can be identified from the word women in the source
language and its Indonesian translation wanita. Women (wanita) has a function as a
noun. In the example above, the word women is a plural form which is translated
into a singular form wanita in Indonesian. The translation of women in Indonesian
is wanita-wanita, but it is mentioned in this translation. Although it is translated

75

into a singular form, it does not change the meaning of the message of the source
language.

[ 4-22 ]
SL: In contrast, Donahue once gave Senator Dole a full house, and offered
a platform to politicians of both parties, engaging in spirited debates
with Gery Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Ross Perot, and Bill
Clinton.
TL: Sebaliknya, Donahue pernah memberi Senator Dole waktu satu jam
penuh dan menawarkan sebuah platform untuk politikus dari kedua
partai, terlibat dalam perdebatan sengit antara Gerry Ford, Jimmy
Carter, Ronald Reagan, Ross Perot, and Bill Clinton.
(data 18)
CNP in the SL: a
D

platform
Head

CNP in the TL: sebuah

D

to politicians of both parties

Post mod.

platform
Head

untuk politikus dari kedua partai

Post mod.

SL:

TL:
NP

NP
NP

NP
PP

PP

P
platform

NP
N

to

NP
PP

politicians

PP
NP

D
of

NP
N

politikus

parties sebuah platform

partai
kedua

dari

untuk
both

D
P

76

The example above is a complex noun phrase consisting of a determiner (a as

the article), head (platform as a noun), and post modifier (to politicians of both
parties as a complex prepositional phrase). It is translated into a complex noun
phrase in Indonesian that is constructed by a determiner (sebuah), noun (platform),
and complex prepositional phrase (untuk politikus dari kedua partai). There is an
occurrence of translation shift in this example in which the intra system shifts
occur when a term is singular in the source text and its textual equivalent is plural,
or vice versa (a change in number even though the languages have the same
number system). In the data, there are two examples which refer to the intra system
shift. First, the word politicians in the source language is translated into Indonesian
politikus. The source language is in the plural form whereas the target language is
in the singular form. Here, the repetition is avoided since the Indonesian readers
can understand the meaning clearly. Second, it can be seen that the word parties in
the source language has a function as a plural form which is translated into
Indonesian, partai, that functions as a singular form. The repetition is avoided
because of the word both in front of the word parties. It means that the noun after
the word both refers to plural noun.

[ 4-23 ]
SL: Shortly after the outbreak of mad cow disease (bovine spongiform
encephalopathy) in Britain was linked to a neurological disease
afflicting humans, Oprah presented a show on April 16, 1996, titled
Dangerous
Food.
TL: Tak lama sesudah berjangkitnya penyakit sapi gila (bovine spongiform
encephalopathy) di Inggris dikaitkan dengan sebuah penyakit saraf
yang menjangkiti manusia, Oprah menyajikan sebuah acara pada

77

tanggal

16 April

Berbahaya).
(data 24)
CNP in the SL: a
D

neurological
Premod.

CNP in the TL: sebuah

D

penyakit
Head

SL:

disease
Head

afflicting humans
Post mod.

saraf
Post mod.1

yang menjangkiti manusia

Post mod.2

TL:
NP

RC
NP

Adj

AP
NP

NP
RC

neurological
disease

RP
Adj

yang..
saraf

sebuah

penyakit

afflicting humans
By looking at the tree diagram, it is known that the complex noun phrase in
English has the constituents of a determiner (a), premodifier (neurological as an
adjective), head (disease as a noun), and post modifier (afflicting humans as a
relative clause in active voice and a noun), meanwhile the complex noun phrase in
Indonesian is made up of a determiner (a), a noun phrase (penyakit saraf), and a
relative clause in active voice (yang menjangkiti) and a noun (manusia). The word
humans in the target language is a plural noun, but it is translated into a singular
form manusia in Indonesian. However, the different forms do not change the
meaning of the message of the source language. Therefore, based on the theory of

1996 berjudul

78

translation proposed by Catford, it is an example of an intra system shift that

occurs internally within a system
.
[ 4-24 ]
SL: Unfortunately, Whoopis remarks years laer Oprah was still so angry she would not
invite Whoopi to the
Legends Weekendtedin 2005sheto celebratehosthe
accomplishments of African American women.
TL: Sayangnya, komentar Whoopi dilaporkan di tahun 1998, dan tujuh
tahun kemudian Oprah masih begitu marah sehingga tidak mau
mengundang Whoopi ke Legendsi Week tahun 2005 untuk merayakan prestasi wanita
African American.
(data 26)
CNP in the SL: the
D

accomplishments
Head

CNP in the TL: prestasi

Head

of African American women

Post mod.

wanita African American

Post mod.

SL:

TL:
NP

NP

NP

NP

N
the

PP
P

N
NP

accomplishments
of
African American women

NP
N
African American

prestasi wanita

79

In the example above, it is showed that an intra system shift occurs in the
translation. According to the theory proposed by Catford, the intra system shift
refers to the changes that occur internally within a system. The equivalence is said
to occur at a non corresponding term in the TL system. Moreover, in this example,
there are singular and plural forms, and these terms are also regarded as formal
correspondence. The corresponding plural form in the source language for
accomplishments and women is the repetition of the words prestasi (prestasiprestasi) and wanita (wanita-wanita) in Indonesian, but the Indonesian system
shows them in singular forms, namely, prestasi and wanita.
The examples of shifts found in the translation of Oprah are supported by
another thesis related to this study. The supporting example of shifts in translation
is taken from the thesis written by Mahasari (2007). In this thesis, she discusses the
types of category shifts that involve structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and
intra system shifts found in the translation of The Twilight-New Moon. The
example that is used to support this study is taken from the example of intra system
shift. The intra system shift can be indicated by considering the example below:
SL: Two tourists have gone missing off a trail outside a crescent lake
TL: Dua turis hilang dari jalan setapak di luar danau sabit.
NP in the SL: Two
D

tourists
Head

NP in the TL: Dua

D

turis
Head

80

The x-bar diagram is chosen to categorize the phrase, as follow:

NP

NP

two

tourists

dua

turis

It is known that an intra system shift occurs in the translation. The noun phrase
in the source language has the constituents of a determiner (two as a quantifier)
and noun (tourists as a head). Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into
a noun phrase that consists of a determiner (dua as a quantifier) and head (turis as
a noun). The intra system shift can be seen from the noun tourist which is in the
plural form and is translated into turis which is singular form. A change occurs
internally within a system

4.2 Factors Causing Shifts to Occur and Types of Loss, Gain and Skewing of
Information Found in the Translation of Oprah
This section discusses about the factors causing shifts to occur and the types
of loss, gain, and skewing of information found in the translation of Oprah. There
are two theories of translation used to analyze those problems; they are the theory
of translation proposed by Catford (1965) which is used to identify the factors of
translation, and the theory of translation proposed by Nida (1975) which is to
explain the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information.
This section aims at discovering the accuracy and effectiveness of cultural
and linguistic factors in finding equivalence. Equivalence is the central and
integral part of the theory proposed by Catford. His cultural and linguistic factors

81

which influence the equivalent appear to exist cross linguistically. These factors
are closely related to the shifts occuring in the translation of Oprah. In addition,
the types of loss, gain and skewing of information are also explained in
this section. Those problems are analyzed based on the types of shifts in
translation, such as level shifts and category shifts.

4.2.1 Factors Causing Level Shifts to Occur Occur and Types of Loss, Gain
and Skewing of Information Found in the Translation of Oprah
This part discusses the factors causing the level shifts to occur, as well as, the
types of loss, gain, or skewing of information found in the data. Let see the data
below:
1. SL: Hattie Mae was working for the Leonards then they were the richest
white people in Kosciusko and the made sure that Oprah had everything
their own little girls had.
TL: Hattie Mae saat itu bekerja untuk Keluarga Leonard-mereka orang
kulit putih terkaya di Kosciusko dan mereka memastikan Oprah punya
segalanya yang dimiliki anak-anak perempuan mereka sendiri.
2. SL: She had even then an extraordinary sense of self-confidence, an eerie
comprehension of what was expected of her as a budding television
star.
TL: Bahkan saat itu dia sudah punya rasa percaya diri yang luar biasa,
sebuah pemahaman menakutkan tentang apa yang diharapkan pada
dirinya sebagai bintang televisi yang sedang berkembang.
3. SL: She exercised with manic fitness guru Richard Simmons, danced with
ethnic dancers, and interviewed a prostitute who had killed a client.
TL: Dia berolahraga dengan sang mania kebugaran Richard Simmons,
menari dengan penari etnik dan mewawancarai pelacur yang telah
membunuh seorang pelanggannya.
4. SL: It was a carefully managed event and the location or context was
upper-most in her mind.
TL: Hal itu merupakan peristiwa yang dikelola dengan cermat dan
yang terpenting bagi Diana adalah lokasi atau konteksnya.

82

In example (1), the English complex noun phrase is the richest white people
and its Indonesian translation is orang kulit putih terkaya. The level shift can be
identified in this example because the superlative adjective inserted in the noun
phrase. As explained in the previous section that the word richest is the superlative
adjective; therefore, in its Indonesian translation, it is terkaya. The prefix teroccurs in its Indonesian translation. Thus, it can be concluded that linguistic
factors importantly cause the level shifts to occur in the translation. Viewed from
both phrases, gain of information occurs in this translation.The word kulit in the
target language is added to emphasize the adjective white that belongs to the head
of noun phrase people.
In example (2), level shift is applied in the structure syntactically. It is identified
from the relative clause what was expected in the source language that is constructed by
the grammatical item tobe + Verb past participle which is translated into the prefix (di-)
and suffix (-kan) in the base verb harapin Indonesian. It can be identified as the
translation of grammatical item a + Ving + noun, a budding television star, which is
translated into the lexical items, yang sedang, bintang televisi yang sedang berkembang.
As explained above, it can be indicated that the level shift occuring in this example is
affected by linguistic factor. There is no occurrence of loss, gain, and skewing of
information in this translation. The translator has transferred all meaning of the message
from the source language into the target language. In this case, the omission of the
article an is not called the loss of information since the whole meaning of the message of
the source language has been translated by the translator. In Indonesian grammar, the

83

article a/an or the is often omitted as the omission of the article does not affect the
meaning of the message of the source language. In this case, it is not necessary
when the reader can understand the translation well..
Linguistic factors also affect the occurence of the structure shift in the
example (3). English complex noun phrase consists of the noun phrase (a
prostitute), the relative clause in passive voice (who had killed), and the noun
phrase (a client). Its Indonesian translation is also the complex noun phrase that
has the constituents of the noun (pelacur), the relative clause in active voice (yang
telah membunuh), and the noun phrase (seorang pelanggannya). In this case, the
level shift results from the linguistic factors because of the translation of the
relative clause in active voice in both languages. In English, it consists of the
relative pronoun (who) and the auxiliary (had) + past participle (killed). Viewed
from the verb in the relative clause, it can be identified that the tense used is past
perfect tense which the auxiliary (had) is followed by the past participle (killed).
Therefore, it is translated into telah membunuh in Indonesian. In this data, the
types of loss, gain, and skewing of information do not occur in this translation.
The factor causing the level shift to occur in the example (4) is the linguistic
factors. English complex noun phrase consists of determiner (a), a premodifiers
(carefully as an adverb and managed as verb in the relative clause), and head
(event as a noun). Its translation is also the complex noun phrase that has the
constituents of head (peristiwa as a noun), post modifiers (yang dikelola as the
relative clause in passive voice and dengan cermat is the adjective phrase). In this
case, the level shift results from the linguistic factors because of the translation of

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the relative clause in passive voice in both languages. It is the change in

grammatical unit (managed or it can be elaborated to be that was managed into
lexical unit yang dikelola. In this data, it is possible to omit the relative pronoun
and the verb be (along with any other auxiliaries) before the relative clause in the
passive voice, before prepositional phrase, and before progressive (continous) verb
structure.

4.2.2 Factors Causing Category Shifts to Occur and Types of Loss, Gain and
Skewing of Information Found in the Translation of Oprah
Category shifts involve structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra
system shifts. This section discusses the factors that cause these shifts to occur as
well as the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information found in the translation
of Oprah.

A. Structure Shifts
1. SL: Theythebest werelocalnews team in America, said William
TL: Mereka timadalahberitalokalterbaik di Amerika, kata Willi
F.Baker.
2. SL: Having created Morning Exchange di Cleveland, Ohio, the highest-rated
local morning program in the country and the template for
ABCs Good Morning America, Bakers in Baltimore.
TL: Setelah menciptakan Morning Exchange di Cleveland, Ohio, program
pagi lokal berperingkat paling tinggi di Amerika dan template dari
acara Good Morning America stasiun ABC-mandat Baker adalah
melakukan yang sama di Baltimore.
3. SL: Her grandmothers hadsmalllongagobeenwoodenchopped shac down for firewood, and
the outhouse had disappeared into decades of
underbrush.

85

TL: Gubuk kayu kecil neneknya sudah lama dirobohkan dan dijadikan
kayu bakar dan outhousenya telah dikubur dibawah semak belukar
selama berpuluh-puluh tahun.
4.

SL: I thinkthe firstweweretraditionaltoputheron women

the cover, and we had her on many times. (Kelley, 2010: 204)
TL: Menurut saya,majalahkamiwanita tradisionaladalahpertama yang
menaruh fotonya disampul depan dan kami sering melakukannya.

5. SL: In the hope of generating more bombs sweeps, Oprah booked her first celebrity interview
with the woman.
TL: Berharap akan memicu peringkat tinggi lagi di minggu peringkat
bulan Februari 1988, Oprah melakukan wawancara selebritinya yang
pertama dengan wanita.
6. SL: She brought the same high moral fervor to the making of Beloved.
TL: Oprah membawa semangat moral tinggi yang sama ke dalam
pembuatan Beloved.
7. SL: This was to be her first feature film production, although she had been
producing made-for-television films on ABC under the banner of
Oprah Presents,Winfrey and most had won t
ratings, if not rave reviews
TL: Itu akan menjadi produksi film fiturnya yang pertama, meski dia
sudah memproduksi film-film yang dibuat untuk televise di ABC di
bawah bendera Oprah Winfrey Pres memenangkan peringkat tinggi, jika bukan ulasan
yang hangat.
In data (1), the grammatical position without changing the meaning of
message of the source language changes. The English complex noun phrase is the
best local news team, which is translated into Indonesian and its translation is tim
berita lokal terbaik. As viewed from those phrases, it can be indicated that the
linguistic factor is the factor causing the structure shift to occur in the translation.
The reason why the linguistic factors cause the structure shift to occur is related to
the role of grammatical position. In the English grammar, the position of a noun
head is in the right side or after the modifier. Meanwhile, in the Indonesian
grammar, the position of the noun head is in the left side or before the modifier. In

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this translation, the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information are not found.
The translator has translated all the information in the target language.
In example (2), the positions of the words in both languages change. The
English complex noun phrase is the highest-rated local morning program and its
Indonesian translation is program pagi lokal berperingkat paling tinggi. The core
of this translation is the position of the noun head in the source language is at the
back, especially before the post modifier or after the premodifier, whereas, the
position of the noun head in the target language is in the front of the modifier.
However, the grammatical structures of the source language and the target
language are not the same; the change in meaning of message in the source
language takes place. Based on the explanation above, the factors that cause shifts
to occur are linguistic factors. The types of loss, gain, and skewing of information
were not found in this translation either since all meaning of the message of the
source language has been transferred into the target language by the translator. The
occurrence of loss, gain, or skewing of information was not found in the process of
translation.
In example (3), the linguistic factors cause the structure shift to occur. It can
be identified from the change in the grammatical structures in both languages. The
English-Indonesian example is the complex noun phrase. The type of shift in
translation occuring in the process of translation is called the structure shift. It is
the change in grammatical structure from the source language into the target
language without changing the meaning of message in the source language.
Grammatical form is a linguistic form, thus, it refers to the linguistic factor which

87

causes the structure shift to occur. No loss, gain, or skewing of information found
in this example.
The English complex noun phrase in example (4) is the first traditional
womens . magazineItistranslatedinto Indonesian as a complex noun phrase,
majalah wanita tradisional pertama yang. It can be seen that the positions of
words in both languages change. In Indonesian the head of a noun is put in front of
the modifier whereas in English the head of a noun is put at the back of the
modifier. Thus, based on the explanation above, it can be said that there are
linguistic factors causing the structure shift to occur in the process of translation.
In addition, loss and gain of information occur in this translation. Loss of
information can be womenidentifi.Thedwomenwordfisomaofthe plural noun, but it is translated
into a singular form in Indonesian. The meaning of
women in Indonesian is para wanita or wanita-wanita. It is a plural noun but its
translation is wanita as a singular form. Once a given noun is in the plural form,
the quantifier has to be deleted. On the other hand, once a quantifier denoting
plurality exists, the noun in question should be in the singular form or the
repetition of the noun should be avoided. It is not translated into a plural form to
avoid redundancy. Meanwhile, gain of information found in the target language is
the words of fotonya and depan. Those words are added in the translation to make
the meaning of the source language clearer.
In example (5), the English complex noun phrase her first celebrity interview
with the woman is translated into the Indonesian complex noun phrase,
wawancara selebritinya yang pertama dengan wanita. As described in the
previous section, a

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structure shift occurs in the translation. It involves a grammatical change between

the structure of the source language and that of the target language. Therefore, it
can be concluded that the factors causing shifts to occur in the translation are
linguistic factors. It refers to the grammatical structure. On the other hand, a gain
of information was found in this translation. The gain of information can be
identified from the word yang in the target language. As stated in the previous
section that yang has the function as a relative pronoun which is used in the
translation to make the phrase acceptable by readers and avoid the redundancy and
awkwardness.
In example (6), a structure shift occurs in the process of translation because of
linguistic factors. It can be identified from the change in grammatical structure in
both languages, English and Indonesian. There is a grammatical change between
the structure of the source language and that of the target language. Moreover, the
gain of information occurs in the translation. It was found in the words yang and
dalam in the target language. Those words are added in the translation to avoid the
ambiguity in the target language.
Lingustic factors also affect the structure shifts to occur in the example (7).
The English complex noun phrase is her first feature film production and its
Indonesian translation is produksi film fiturnya yang pertama. The core of this
translation is the position of the noun head in the source language is at the back,
especially before the post modifier or after the premodifier, whereas, the position
of the noun head in the target language is in the front of the modifier. However, the
grammatical structures of the source language and the target language are not

89

the same; the change in meaning of message in the source language takes place.
Based on the explanation above, the factors that cause shifts to occur are linguistic
factors. The types of loss, gain, and skewing of information were not found in this
translation either since all meaning of the message of the source language has been
transferred into the target language by the translator. The occurrence of loss, gain,
or skewing of information is not found in the example above.
In this case, the analysis of the factors causing shifts to occur is also
supported by the previous thesis written by Mahasari (2012). The example used to
explain the reason why shifts occur is the previous example in which the English
noun phrase is an empty crystal bowl and its Indonesian translation is mangkuk
kristal kosong. This example is related to this problem in which structure shifts
occur in this translation. It is affected by linguistic factors in which the
grammatical structures in both languages change; modifier + head in the source
language and head + modifier in the target language. The positions of the head and
modifier in both languages are not the same; the head of the source language is at
the back of the modifier, whereas the head of the target language is in front of
modifier. Viewed from the translation, the occurrence of loss, gain, or skewing of
information was not found.

B. Class Shifts
1. SL: Itabig riskwasforChris. TL:Keputusan itu
beresiko besar bagi Chris.
2. SL: She sounded inane as she walked the icy grounds of the death camp.

90

TL: Oprah terdengar bodoh ketika berjalan dipermukaan tanah yang

membeku di kamp kematian itu.

3. SL: One is particularly joyful: a model of a coffin with an aluminum

cover that reads, Gone Fishing in Crys
TL: Ada satu yang sangat lucu: berbentuk peti mati dengan tutup
aluminium bertuliskan; Sedang Memancing di Sungai Crystal Clear.
4. SL: a heatedIhaddiscussion with the producer.
TL: Sayaberdebat hebat dengan produser.
5. SL: Oprah and Gayle walk the red carpet with their pinkie fingers linked
and Stedman trailing behind them.
TL: Oprah bersama Gayle berjalan dikarpet merah dengan kelingking
saling bertautan dan Stedman mengekor di belakang mereka.
In example (1), the noun phrase in English is translated into the verb phrase.
A big risk is translated into beresiko besar. It can be translated into a noun phrase;
however, the translator prefers translating it into the complex verb phrase in
Indonesian. In this case, the change in grammatical class is carried out by the
linguistic factors. The complex noun phrase is translated into the complex verb
phrase when the auxiliary was in the target languaget is integrated with the word
risk to make the grammatical class different, thus, it can be changed as a verb
because it is supported by the occurrence of the auxiliary in the source language.
As stated above that it can be translated into the same phrase; therefore, its
Indonesian translation is resiko besar. Thus, it can be concluded that the class shift
occurring in the translation is determined by the linguistic factors.
In example (2), the complex noun phrase in English, the icy grounds of the
death camp is translated into the complex prepositional phrase in Indonesian,
dipermukaan tanah yang membeku di kamp kematian itu. In this case, the the
translator carried it out into the different phrase. The class of phrase is changed to

91

avoid the ambiguity and to make it acceptable by the readers. Therefore, it can be
said that the English complex noun phrase is translated into the complex
prepositional phrase is based on the linguistic factors because this translation is
related to the grammatical class. Moreover, loss and gain of information occur in
the example above. It can be seen from the words di, permukaan, and yang in the
target language. The word yang is added to relate the two prepositional phrases in
the translation. In addition, it is added to the word dipermukaan; the translator
added it to make the sentence more accurate and acceptable. The gain of
information can be seen from the words di, permukaan, and yang in the target
language. Those words are not found in the source language because the
grammatical classes in the source language and the target language are not the
same. The translator should add some words to make the sentence more accurate
and acceptable.
In example (3), the class shift that occurs in the translation is carried out by
linguistic factors as can be seen that the souce language contains the complex noun
phrase a model of a coffin with aluminum cover, meanwhile the target language
contains the complex verb phrase berbentuk peti mati dengan tutup aluminium.
Viewed from the context of the source language, this translation is more accurate
to be implemented in which the whole context in the target language is not
ambigous. As explained in the previous example, it is affected by the linguistic
factors because this translation is shift that is the change in grammatical class.
Thereore, linguistic is the important role in the translation. In this translation, there
is no loss, gain, or skewing of information found. All information in the source

92

language is transferred into the target language, although it is in a different

grammatical class.
The linguistic factors also affect the occurrence of the class shift in example
(4). The complex noun phrase a heated discussion with the producer is translated
into a complex verb phrase berdebat hebat dengan produser. This example is
similar to example (1) in which the occurrence of the change of the noun into verb
in the target language is caused by the use of the auxiliary had in the source
language. It is integrated with the word discussion that has functions as a noun.
Thus, the integration between the auxiliary had and the noun discussion causes the
difference in grammatical class in the translation, especially the verb berdebat.
This translation is more accurate than if it is translated into the same phrase, debat
hebat dengan produser. If the source language is translated into the same phrase in
the target language, it will not be accurate and acceptable by the readers. Therefore,
the translator has to change the grammatical class in the target language with no
loss of information.
In the last example of class shifts, the English complex noun phrase is the red
carpet with their pinkie fingers linked which is translated into an Indonesian
complex prepositional phrase, di karpet merah dengan kelingking saling bertautan.
Based on the translation above, it can be concluded that linguistic factors cause the
class shift to occur. Actually, it can be translated into the same phrase karpet merah
dengan kelingking saling bertautan without di. Viewed from the context of the
source language, if the translation has the same phrase as in the source language,
then the translation will result in ambiguity and awkwardness. Therefore,

93

the grammatical class in the source language is changed in the target language to
avoid the awkwardness of the context in the target language. In this case, the
readers can also understand the meaning of the message of the source language
well. On the other hand, loss and gain of information occur in the process of
translation. Loss of information can be seen from the words their, and fingers.
Those are not translated into Indonesian. Meanwhile, gain of information was
found in the word saling. It is to emphasize the meaning of their pinkie fingers
linked.

C. Unit Shift
1. SL: Despite the antiestablishment resolutions of her delegation Oprah did
not return home a political activist.
TL: Meski delegasinya menyampaikan resolusi anti kemapanan, Oprah
tidak peluang sebagai seorang aktivis politik.
2. SL: It was an amazing display of gluttony. TL:
Demonstrasi kerakusan itu menabjubkan.
3. SL: It was the most natural process for me.
TL: Prosesnya begitu alami bagi saya.
4. SL: Tina hasbigstudentneverofOprah beenandhasno time to spend
answering questions about her.
TL: Tina tidak pengamatnyapernahdanmenjaditidakpunyawaktu
menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang dirinya.
In example (1), the English complex noun phrase is translated into a sentence
in Indonesian, they are the antiestablishment resolutions of her delegation and
delegasinya menyampaikan resolusi anti kemapanan. Based on the change in a
grammatical unit, it is affected by linguistic factors. This change is acceptable in
the language grammatical when the reader can understand the meaning of the

94

message in the source language. In the source language, it has the constitution of
determiner (the), premodifier (antiestablishment as an adjective), head (resolution
as a noun), and post modifier (of her delegation as the prepositional phrase).
Meanwhile, its Indonesian translation consists of subject (delegasinya as a noun),
predicate (menyampaikan as a verb), and an object (resolusi anti kemapanan). This
categorization belongs to the language grammatical. Therefore, it can be concluded
that this shift occur in the translation due to linguistic factors. In addition, gain of
information is found in the translation when the predicate menyampaikan in the
target language is added to make complete the sentence that consists of subject,
predicat, and object.
Example (2) is also carried out by the linguistic factors. It can be identified
from the translation of the English complex noun phrase an amazing display of
gluttony into a sentence, demonstrasi kerakusan itu menabjubkan. Actually, it can
be translated into the same phrase, a complex noun phrase. On the other hand, loss
and gain of information are not found. This is the expression of the translator to
make the translation better and equivalent to the source language.
In example (3), the English complex noun phrase is translated into a sentence
in Indonesian, they are the most natural process for me and prosesnya begitu alami
bagi saya. This example is carried out by the linguistic factors as the factor causing
the unit shift to occur in the translation. The translation is more accurate and
acceptable to the readers. In addition, the types of loss, gain, or skewing of
information are not found in the translation.

95

In the last example (4), the source language a big student of Oprah is a
complex noun phrase, whereas in the target language pengamatnya is a noun.
There is a change in a lower rank, resulting from the cultural factor. In this
translation, the skewing of information was found which can be seen that there is
no exact equivalent from the source language into the target language. The concept
big student in the context is like a supervisor of Oprah, not a senior in the instution.
The meaning of the student is commonly someone who attends an educational
institution.Actually, the meaning of the source language in whole context is
someone who in charge of overseeing and directing a project or people. Therefore,
the complex noun phrase a big student of Oprah is translated into a noun
pengamatnya. As explained above that the Indonesian translator has an
understanding that the concept big student in the context is like a supervisor of
Oprah. It is translated after understanding the whole meaning in the context.

D. Intra System Shifts

1. SL: She was the beloved sister-woman who knew the sorority secrets, some
of which she divined from how-to books such as Sarah Ban
Breathnachs

TL: Dia adalah sang saudari yang mengetahui rahasia perkumpulan

wanita, beberapa diantaranya dia gali dari buku-buku how-to seperti
Simple Abundance karya Sarah Ban Breathnach, sebuah buku
pedoman untuk wanita.
2. SL: In contrast, Donahue once gave Senator Dole a full house, and offered a
platform to politicians of both parties, engaging in spirited debates
with Gery Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Ross Perot, and Bill
Clinton.
TL: Sebaliknya, Donahue pernah memberi Senator Dole waktu satu jam
penuh dan menawarkan sebuah platform untuk politikus dari kedua
partai, terlibat dalam perdebatan sengit antara Gerry Ford, Jimmy
Carter, Ronald Reagan, Ross Perot, and Bill Clinton.

Simpleanadvicebook Abundance,forwomen.

96

3. SL: Shortly after the outbreak of mad cow disease (bovine spongiform
encephalopathy) in Britain was linked to a neurological disease
afflicting humans, Oprah presented a show on April 16, 1996, titled
Dangerous
Food.
TL: Tak lama sesudah berjangkitnya penyakit sapi gila (bovine
spongiform encephalopathy) di Inggris dikaitkan dengan sebuah
penyakit saraf yang menjangkiti manusia, Oprah menyajikan
sebuah acara pada tanggal 16 Apri Food (Makanan Berbahaya)
4. SL: Unfortunately, Whoopis remarks years laer Oprah was still so angry she would not
invite Whoopi to
the Legendsshe hostedWeekendin2005to celebrate the
accomplishments of African American women.
TL: Sayangnya, komentar Whoopi dilaporkan di tahun 1998, dan tujuh
tahun kemudian Oprah masih begitu marah sehingga tidak mau
mengundang Whoopi ke Legendskannyadi Week tahun 2005 untuk merayakan
prestasi wanita African American.
In example (1) the English complex noun phrase is translated into an
Indonesian complex noun phrase. In this case, the plural form in the source
language and singular form in the target language show that linguistic factors
cause the intra system shift to occur. In addition, there is a loss of information
found in the translation. It can be seen from the word women in the source
language. This is a plural noun; therefore, it should be translated into Indonesian,
wanita-wanita. But, in this case, it is translated into a singular form. It is done so
in order that redundancy will not occur.
Example (2) shows that the English complex noun phrase is a platform to
politicians of both parties meanwhile the Indonesian complex noun phrase is
platform untuk politikus-politikus dari kedua partai. Viewed from the phrases in
both languages, there are linguistic factors causing the intra system shift to occur.
It can be seen from the change in noun, plural to singular. Here, loss of

97

information was also found. It can be found in the source language in that the word
party is translated into the singular noun in the target language. The word parties is
a plural noun, but it is translated into a singular form partai. It is deleted to avoid
the repetition.
The intra system shifts occur in example (3). The source language contains a
complex noun phrase a neurological disease afflicting humans. Meanwhile, the
target language contains a complex noun phrase sebuah penyakit saraf yang
menjangkiti manusia. In this case, the linguistic factors cause the intra system shift
to occur. It can be seen from the change within a system, plural-singular. It refers
to the linguistic factor. Moreover, loss and gain of information was found in the
translation. The word humans is a plural noun; therefore, it should be translated
into manusia-manusia. In this translation, the translation of humans is manusia that
functions as a singular form. The word yang is added in the target language. It
functions as a relative pronoun.
In example (4), there is a change within the system. Here, the source language
is the accomplishments of African American women and it is translated into
prestasi wanita African American. Viewed from the example, it is carried out by
the linguistic factors because it refers to the grammatical system, like plural form
and singular form. On the other hand, there is a loss of information found in the
translation. It can be seen from the words accomplishments and women. Those are
the plural nouns, but they are translated into singular nouns. The repetition of the
noun should be avoided, so redundancy will not occur.

98

In this case, the intra system shifts also occur in the previous thesis written
by Mahasari (2012) The source language is two tourists have gone missing off a
trail outside a crescent lake and its Indonesian translation is dua turis hilang dari
jalan setapak di luar danau sabit. The intra system shift can be identified from the
English noun phrase two tourists and its Indonesian translation dua turis. Here, the
factors causing the intra system shift to occur is the linguistic factor that refers to
the grammatical system, like plural form and singular form. The plural form in the
source language is translated into a singular form such as tourists which are
translated into turis; it should have been translated into turis-turis. In this case, the
repetition is avoided since the plurality can be denoted by the quantifier dua;
therefore, the plural form is translated in the singular form.
Based on the explanation above, the example of the previous thesis is similar to
the example in this present study in which the intra system shift can be identified
from the use of the plural form in the source language which is translated into the
singular form and this shift occurs because of the linguistic factor. The loss of
information was also found in the example of the previous thesis; therefore, it can
be concluded that the types of loss, gain and skewing of information often occur in
the translation to make the translation more accurate and acceptable by the readers.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on problems and the analysis in the previous chapter, there are some
conclusions that can be formulated and presented as follows:
1. The complex noun phrase in English can be translated into Indonesian in
two forms; they are complex noun phrase and non-complex noun phrase. A
shift can be identified by grouping the phrase and its Indonesian
translation in accordance with the limitation of study and then it can be
categorized as the appropriate types of shift using the tree diagram
proposed by Chomsky (2002). There are some shifts in the translation of
complex noun phrase found in the book entitled Oprah, as well as its
Indonesian version that has the same title, Oprah, is used as the target
language. All types of shifts categorized by Catford (1965) is found in the
biography such as level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and
intra system shifts. In this study, Indonesian complex noun phrases as the
target language are found in level shifts, structure shifts, and intra system
shifts whereas Indonesian non complex noun phrases are found in class
shifts and unit shifts.
2. There are two factors causing shifts to occur in the translation, they are
linguistic factors and cultural factors. Based on the analysis, it can be
concluded that linguistic factors are more dominant to determine level
shifts, structure shifts, class shifts and intra system shifts occuring in the

99

100

translation, meanwhile, cultural factors affects unit shifts occuring in the

translation.
3. In addition, the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information proposed
by Nida (1975) usually occur when rendering the meaning of the message
from the source language text into the target language text. Based on the
result of the analysis, there are two types of information found in the data,
they are loss and gain of information. The occurence of the loss, gain and
skewing of information in the process of translation is caused by the
structural differences in both languages. In order to make the translation
natural, the only the equivalent transfer of the source language into the
target language that is done. Thus, the occurence of loss, gain or skewing
of information cannot be avoided due to structure of the source language
or linguistic system and cultural background are different in the target
language.
There is a reference that is related to this study. The example of shifts
between these studies has the same constitution, namely, modifier and head.
However, this study focuses on complex noun phrase, meanwhile, the study that is
used to be a reference focuses on simple noun phrase. Complex noun phrase can
be composed by determiner, premodifier, head, and post modifier. This study
compares the complex noun phrases in source language and their translation by
using narrows. It is not applied in the thesis used to be a reference.

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5.2 Suggestions
A translator should be aware of the notions and application of translation
shifts and equivalences. It is necessary for a translator to have complete mastery
over the grammatical structure of both the source language and the target
language, thus, the cultures of both languages should be known well. Shift in
translation is an unavoidable matter in translating. Consequently, a translator
should understand the meaning of the noun phrase in the source language and be
able to translate it into the target language to make the translation accurate and
acceptable.

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APPENDIX
No. Source Language Text

Target Language Text

Type of shift

1.

Hattie Mae was working

Hattie Mae saat itu bekerja

Level Shifts

for the Leonards then

untuk Keluarga Leonard-

they were the richest

mereka orang kulit putih

white people in

terkaya di Kosciusko dan

Kosciusko and the made

mereka memastikan Oprah

sure that Oprah had

punya segalanya yang dimiliki

everything their own

anak-anak perempuan mereka

little girls had. (Kelley:

sendiri.

2010: 22)

(Buntaran, 2011: 24)

Despite the
antiestablishment
resolutions of her
delegation, Oprah did
not return home a
political activist. (Kelly,
2010:54)

Meski delegasinya

It a bigwasrisk for

Keputusanberesikobesarit

Chris.

bagi Chris.

(Kelley, 2010: 73)

(Buntaran, 2011: 83)

She had even then an

Bahkan saat itu dia sudah

extraordinary sense of

punya rasa percaya diri yang

self-confidence, an eerie

luar biasa, sebuah pemahaman

comprehension of what

menakutkan tentang apa yang

was expected of her as a

diharapkan pada dirinya

budding television star.

sebagai bintang televisi yang

(Kelley, 2010:77)

sedang berkembang.

2.

3.

4.

Unit Shifts

menyampaikan resolusi anti

kemapanan, Oprah tidak
peluang sebagai seorang
aktivis politik. (Buntaran,
2011:61)
Class Shift

Level Shift

(Buntaran, 2011: 87)

5.

Theythewerebest

Merekatim adalaberita

Structure

local news team in

lokal terbaik di Amerika,

Shift

104

105

America, s

William F.Baker.

F.Baker.

(Buntaran, 2011: 99)

(Kelley, 2010: 88)

6.

7.

It was an amazing

Demonstrasi kerakusan itu

display of gluttony.

menabjubkan.

(Kelley, 2010: 94)

(Buntaran, 2011: 106)

Having created Morning

Setelah menciptakan Morning

Structure

Exchange di Cleveland,

Exchange di Cleveland, Ohio,

Shift

Ohio, the highest-rated

program pagi lokal

local morning program

berperingkat paling tinggi di

in the country and the

Amerika dan template dari

template fo

acara Good Morning America

Good Morning America,

stasiun ABC-mandat Baker

Bakers man

adalah melakukan yang sama

Unit Shift

do the same in Baltimore. di Baltimore.

8.

9.

(Kelley, 2010: 97)

(Buntaran, 2011: 108)

It was the most natural

Prosesnya begitu alami bagi

process for me.

saya.

(Kelley, 2010: 101)

(Buntaran, 2011: 113)

She exercised with manic

Dia berolahraga dengan sang

fitness guru Richard

mania kebugaran Richard

Simmons, danced with

Simmons, menari dengan

ethnic dancers, and

penari etnik dan

interviewed a prostitute

mewawancarai pelacur yang

who had killed a client.

telah membunuh seorang

(Kelley, 2010: 102)

pelanggannya.

Unit Shift

Level Shifts

(Buntaran, 2011: 114)

10.

Tina hasa n

Tina tidak p

big student of Oprah and

pengamatnya dan tidak punya

has no time to spedn

waktu menjawab pertanyaan-

Unit Shift

106

answering questions

pertanyaan tentang dirinya.

about her.

(Buntaran, 2011: 167)

(Kelley, 2010: 149)

11. She sounded inane as she

Oprah terdengar bodoh ketika

walked the icy grounds

berjalan dipermukan tanah

of the death camp.

yang membeku di kamp

(Kelley, 2010: 181)

kematian itu.

Class Shift

(Buntaran, 2011: 203)

12. Her grandmo

Gubuk kayu kecil neneknya

Structure

small wooden shack had

sudah lama dirobohkan dan

Shift

long ago been chopped

dijadikan kayu bakar dan

down for firewood, and

outhousenya telah dikubur

the outhouse had

dibawah semak belukar selama

disappeared into decades

berpuluh-puluh tahun.

of underbrush.

(Buntaran, 2011: 205)

(Kelley, 2010: 183)

13. One is particularly

Ada satu yang sangat lucu:

joyful: a model of a

berbentuk peti mati dengan

coffin with an

tutup aluminium bertuliskan;

aluminum cover that

Sedang Memancing di Sungai

reads, Gon

Crystal Clear.

Crystal Cle

(Buntaran, 2011: 207)

Class Shift

(Kelley, 2010: 184)

14. I thinkthe firstwe

Menurut saya

Structure

traditional

majalah wanita tradisional

Shift

magazine to put her on

pertama yang menaruh fotonya

the cover, and we had her

disampul depan dan kami

on many times.

sering melakukannya.

(Kelley, 2010: 204)

(Buntaran, 2011: 228)

107

15. In the hope of generating

Berharap akan memicu

Structure

more bombshell ratings

peringkat tinggi lagi di minggu

Shift

for the Feb

peringkat bulan Februari 1988,

sweeps, Oprah booked

Oprah melakukan wawancara

her first celebrity

selebritinya yang pertama

interview with the

dengan wanita. (Buntaran,

woman.

2011: 235)

(Kelley, 2010: 210)

16. I ahadheated

Sayaberdebat hebat dengan

discussion with the

produser.

producer.

(Buntaran, 2011: 239)

Class Shift

(Kelley, 2010: 214)

17. She was the beloved

Dia adalah sang saudari yang

Intra System

sister-woman who knew

mengetahui rahasia

Shifts

the sorority secrets, some

perkumpulan wanita, beberapa

of which she divined

diantaranya dia gali dari buku-

from how-to books such

buku how-to seperti Simple

as Sarah Ban

Abundance karya Sarah Ban

Breathnach

Breathnach, sebuah buku

Abundance, an advice

pedoman untuk wanita.

book for women.

(Buntaran, 2011: 322)

(Kelley, 2010: 289)

18. In contrast, Donahue

Sebaliknya, Donahue pernah

Intra System

once gave Senator Dole a

memberi Senator Dole waktu

Shift

full house, and offered a

satu jam penuh dan

platform to politicians of

menawarkan sebuah platform

both parties, engaging in

untuk politikus-politikus dari

spirited debates with

kedua partai, terlibat dalam

Gery Ford, Jimmy

perdebatan sengit antara Gerry

Carter, Ronald Reagan,

Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald

108

Ross Perot, and Bill

Reagan, Ross Perot, and Bill

Clinton.

Clinton.

(Kelley, 2010: 318)

(Buntaran, 2011: 355)

19. Oprah and Gayle walk

Oprah bersama Gayle berjalan

the red carpet with their

di karpet merah dengan

pinkie fingers linked and

kelingking saling bertautan

Stedman trailing behind

dan Stedman mengekor di

them.

belakang mereka.

(Kelley, 2010: 325)

(Buntaran, 2011: 363)

20. Shortly after the outbreak

Class Shift

Tak lama sesudah

Intra System

of mad cow disease

berjangkitnya penyakit sapi

Shift

(bovine spongiform

gila (bovine spongiform

encephalopathy) in

encephalopathy) di Inggris

Britain was linked to a

dikaitkan dengan sebuah

neurological disease

penyakit saraf yang

afflicting humans,

menjangkiti manusia, Oprah

Oprah presented a show

menyajikan sebuah acara pada

on April 16, 1996, titled

tanggal 16 April 1996 berjudul

Dangerous

Dangerous Fo

(Kelley, 2010: 337)

Berbahaya).
(Buntaran, 2011: 376)

21. She brought the same

Oprah membawa semangat

Structure

high moral fervor to the

moral tinggi yang sama ke

Shift

making of Beloved.

dalam pembuatan Beloved.

(Kelley, 2010: 349)

(Buntaran, 2011: 389)

22. This was to be her first

Itu akan menjadi produksi film

Structure

feature film production,

fiturnya yang pertama, meski

Shifts

although she had been

dia sudah memproduksi film-

producing made-for-

film yang dibuat untuk televise

television films on ABC

di ABC di bawah bendera

109

under the banner of

Oprah Winfre

Oprah Winf

yang kebanyakan

Presents,

memenangkan peringkat

won their time slots with

tinggi, jika bukan ulasan yang

high ratings, if not rave

hangat. (Buntaran, 2011:389)

reviews.
(Kelley: 2010: 349)
23. It was a carefully

Hal itu merupakan peristiwa

managed event and the

yang dikelola dengan cermat

location or context was

dan yang terpenting bagi Diana

upper-most in her mind.

adalah lokasi atau konteksnya.

(Kelley, 2010: 335)

(Buntaran, 2011: 374)

24. Unfortunate
remarks were reported in
1998, and seven years
laer Oprah was still so
angry she would not
invite Whoopi to the
Legends We
hosted in 2005 to
celebrate the
accomplishments of
African American
women.
(Kelley, 2010: 350)

Sayangnya, komentar Whoopi

dilaporkan di tahun 1998, dan
tujuh tahun kemudian Oprah
masih begitu marah sehingga
tidak mau mengundang
Whoopi ke Le
Weekend yang
di tahun 2005 untuk
merayakan prestasi wanita
African American.
(Buntaran, 2011: 390)

Level Shifts

Intra System
Shifts