The single-line diagram shows a 31-bus interconnected power system.

10

6
5

8
23

29

11

19

G
24
12
30

13
20

25

14
21
31
26
16

22

15
27
17
18

G
28

The system base is 100 MVA. Based on the data given below:
1. Taking into consideration the load allocated above, select appropriate
transmission line voltage ratings, MVA ratings, and distances necessary to supply
these loads. Then determine the per unit transmission line impedances for the
lines shown on the single-line diagram. Show your calculations.
2. Select appropriate transformer voltage and MVA ratings, and determine the per
unit transformer leakage impedances for the transformers shown on the singleline diagram.
3. Build the single-line diagram and models on Power World.
4. Develop a generation schedule for the 4 generator buses using MATLAB functions
and use the results in the powerflow solution.

5. Using the power flow program, run a base-case power flow. Show the results
using the simulator. Flag any high/low bus voltages for which 0.95 V 1.05 pu
is violated, and any lines or transformer flows that exceed normal ratings.
6. If the base case shows any high/low voltages or ratings exceeded, then correct
the base case by making changes. Explain the changes you have made.
7. Repeat the power flow program step above. Rerun the power flow program and
show your results.
Bus Data and Load Schedule
Bus
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Bus
Type
PQ
PQ
PV
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PV
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PV
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
PQ
Slack
PQ

Nominal
Voltage
230 kV
230 kV
115 kV
115 kV
230 kV
230 kV
230 kV
115 kV
69 kV
69 kV
115 kV
115 kV
69 kV
69 kV
230 kV
230 kV
230 kV
69 kV
115 kV
69 kV
115 kV
115 kV
69 kV
230 kV
230 kV
230 kV
230 kV
69 kV
115 kV
115 kV
230 kV

Load Real
Power
43 MW
28 MW
0 MW
23 MW
18.6 MW
30 MW
22 MW
9.4 MW
6.3 MW
15.2 MW
42 MW
0 MW
12.7 MW
16.8 MW
34 MW
37 MW
0 MW
5.2 MW
19.9 MW
0.8 MW
40 MW
26 MW
2.5 MW
46 MW
33 MW
44 MW
81 MW
2.3 MW
15.3 MW
0 MW
74 MW

Power
Factor
0.9
0.95
1
0.92
0.91
0.96
0.87
0.94
0.86
0.87
0.91
1
0.73
0.89
0.94
0.95
1
0.63
0.97
0.66
0.89
0.93
0.99
0.89
0.96
0.86
0.93
0.91
0.95
1
0.91

Maximum
Generator
Power Output

300 MW / 0.9 PF

250 MW / 0.95 PF

350 MW / 0.9 PF

400 MW / 0.9 PF

Branch Data

Start Bus
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
11
11
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
19
19
21
23
24
25
26
26
27
29
30

End Bus
2
5
3
4
8
6
7
9
24
9
11
19
29
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
26
17
18
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
31
28
30
31

Circuit Type
Line
Line
Transformer
Line
Line
Line
Line
Transformer
Line
Transformer
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Transformer
Line
Transformer
Transformer
Line
Line
Line
Transformer
Transformer
Line
Line
Transformer
Line
Line
Line
Line
Transformer
Line
Transformer

Line Distance / Transformer Tap

Range
50 km
20 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
35 km
25 km
45 km
40 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
35 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
60 km
30 km
55 km
80 km
65 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
70 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
45 km
65 km
70 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
50 km
55 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
25 km
60 km
40 km
55 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%
65 km
0.9 to 1.1 in steps of 2.5%

Generator cost data:

The following are the cost functions for the 4 generators in the system:
C1=450+8.0P1+0.004P1^2

P1,max=300;PF1=0.90.Connected to bus 3

C2=360+9.0P2+0.006P2^2

P2,max=250;PF2=0.95.Connected to bus 12

C3=720+10.0P3+0.0034P3^2
C4=180+6.0P4+0.0048P4^2

P3,max=350;PF3=0.90.Connected to bus 17
P4,max=400;PF4=0.90.Connected to bus 30

Standard Transformer Sizes:

Voltage Class

MVA Rating

All voltages

10, 15, 25, 50 MVA

Standard Transformer Impedance Range:

High Voltage
Winding (kV)
115
230
230

Low Voltage
Winding (kV)
69
69
115

Impedance Limit
Min
Max
9%
14%
12.5%
18%
14%
20%

Approximate Efficiency
2 MVA 10 MVA 50 MVA
98.60% 99.12% 99.45%
98.50% 99.11% 99.44%
98.40% 99.10% 99.44%

Electrical Characteristics of Bare Aluminum Conductors, Steel-Reinforced (ACSR)

Aluminum
Area
(kcmil)

Strands
(Al /
Fe)

Outside
Diamete
r
(inches)

954

54/7

1.196

795

26/7

1.108

636

54/7

0.977

556

30/7

0.953

336

26/7

0.721

266

6/7

0.633

GMR,
Ds (ft)

0.0403
0
0.0375
0
0.0329
0
0.0328
0
0.0244
0
0.0066
4

Available Tower Designs

The following tower designs are available

Approximat
e Current
Carrying
Capacity @
75 C

AC
AC
Resistance
Resistance
@ 50 C
@ 25 C
(ohms/mile
(ohms/mile
) 75% of
) small
current
currents
capacity

1010

0.0982

0.1128

900

0.1170

0.1288

770

0.1480

0.1688

730

0.1680

0.1859

530

0.2780

0.3060

460

0.3520

0.5520

69 kV H-Frame

69 kV Single Circuit Steel Tower

69 kV Double Circuit Steel Tower

115 kV H-Frame

115 kV Single Circuit Steel Tower

115 kV Double Circuit Steel Tower

230 kV Double Circuit Steel Tower