This article is about the World War II espionage organisa- Brussels, an export rm with branches in many major
tion. For other uses, see Red Orchestra (disambiguation) European ports. Following the fall of Belgium in May
and Rote Kapelle (disambiguation).
1940, he moved to Paris and established the cover rms
of Simex in Paris and Simexco in Brussels. Both companies sold black market goods to the Germans and made
The Red Orchestra (German: Die Rote Kapelle) was
the name given by the Gestapo to an anti-Nazi resistance a prot doing so. Belgian-born socialite Suzanne Spaak
joined the Trepper group in Paris after seeing the conduct
movement in Berlin, as well as to Soviet espionage rings
operating in German-occupied Europe and Switzerland of the Nazi occupiers in her country.
during World War II.
Name
Trepper group
5 RED THREE
Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group
5 Red Three
There was one part of the Red Orchestra which was outside the reach of German security forces: Die Roten Drei
(Sender) (the Red Three (stations)") in Switzerland. It
Counterintelligence Corps 1947 le on Red Orchestra member was headed by Alexander Rad (codename DORA), a
Maria Terwiel.
Hungarian migr, Communist, and geographer. The
Roten Drei was founded in 1936, when Rad arrived in
Schulze-Boysen had been active in opposition to the Geneva. By April 1942, the organization had been estabNazis before Hitler took power, but then joined the Luft- lished with Rad as group leader, and also had three subwae for cover. In private, he continued to meet with group leaders: Rachel Dbendorfer (codename SISSY),
3
Georges Blun (LONG), and Otto Pnter (PAKBO).[1] All
told, an estimated 5,000+ messages were sent by the Rote
Drei within the span of about 3 years.[4]
Rad's group collected much useful information in
Switzerland, and had some contacts inside Germany. Perhaps most importantly, Rad was also in touch with the
Lucy spy ring, which had very valuable contacts inside
Germany, and was linked to British intelligence.
Some people have speculated that the Lucy ring was used
by British intelligence to pass Ultra information to Soviet
intelligence without revealing the codebreaking operation
that was its source, but most historians don't agree with
this theory.[5]
In 19441945, Rad was recalled to the USSR, and
charged with spying for Britain and the U.S. He was imprisoned for eight years, but was released and rehabilitated after Stalin's death.
See also
Heinrich Mller
People from the Red Orchestra (espionage)
Pltzensee Prison
Schwarze Kapelle
White Rose Student anti-Nazi resistance group
Films about the Red Orchestra: GDR 1971, FRG
1972, FRG 2003
References
8 External links
Pltzensee Memorial Centre
BFCentral
on Sophia Poznanska
Book review of Red Orchestra by Anne Nelson.
Random House website. Retrieved April 7, 2010
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