Nov 12

Math Explanations
November 16, 2015

Trig identities for A + B + C =

Suppose A + B + C = , then
tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
A
B
C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2
2
2

1.1

Problem 1b

Some formatting can be done in text mode (for example, you can make the font italic or boldface),
but for most mathematical symbols, youll have to use math mode. Math mode is most often
introduced and ended with a $. For example, in math mode I can write the equation x + y = 7 and
the program takes care of spacing. Its also easy to write Greek letters (, ), exponents (2x+y ),
and subscripts (x1 ). Look in any LaTeX guide to find a list of symbols and formatting commands.

References

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if I want to remind you where I discussed math mode, I can mention that it was in Section ??.
If youre looking at the pdf file, you see the correct reference, but in the TeX file I typed a label
that I had attached to that section. (You may need to typeset your document more than once to
make the references show up correctly.) Labels work for definitions, theorems, questions, sections,
diagrams, and equations, among others.

Geometric inequalities

3.1

In a triangle ABC

3 3
sin A + sin B + sin C
2
3
cos A + cos B + cos C
2

Proof: Jensen / perturbation

(1 cos A)(1 cos B)(1 cos C) cos A cos B cos C
cos4

A
B
C
s3
+ cos4 + cos4
2
2
2
2abc

a + b + c 2 bc cos A + 2 ca cos B + 2 ab cos C

sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C

9
4

3 3
sin A sin B sin C
8

1+ 5
sin A + sin B sin C =
2
sin
tan2

A
B
C
1
sin sin
2
2
2
8

A
B
C
+ tan2 + tan2 1
2
2
2

cot A + cot B + cot C

3 3
sin A cos B + sin B cos C + sin C cos A
4
!
r


A
B
C
1
2r

max sin , sin , sin

1+ 1
2
2
2
2
R
with equality if and only if the triangle is isosceles with apex angle greater than or equal to 60
and
!
r


A
B
C
1
2r
min sin , sin , sin

1 1
2
2
2
2
R
with equality if and only if the triangle is isosceles with apex angle less than or equal to 60
We also have

r
r
r
2r
2r
r
1
cos A + 1
R
R
R
R
and likewise for angles B, C, with equality in the first part if the triangle is isosceles and the
apex angle is at least 60 and equality in the second part if and only if the triangle is isosceles with
apex angle no greater than 60
Further, any two angle measures A and B opposite sides a and b respectively are
related according to
A>B

if and only if a > b

which is related to the isosceles triangle theorem and its converse, which state that A = B
if and only if a = b.
By [[Euclid]]s [[exterior angle theorem]], any [[exterior angle]] of a triangle is greater than either
of the [[interior angle]]s at the opposite vertices:ref name=PL/rpp. 261
180 A > max(B, C)
If a point D is in the interior of triangle ABC, then
BDC > A
For an acute triangle we have
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C < 1

with the reverse inequality holding for an obtuse triangle.

Posamentier, Alfred S. and Lehmann, Ingmar. The Secrets of Triangles, Prometheus Books,
2012. p.286
Lu, Zhiqin. An optimal inequality, Mathematical Gazette 91, November 2007, 521523.
Svrtan, Dragutin and Veljan, Darko. Non-Euclidean versions of some classical triangle inequalities, Forum Geometricorum 12, 2012, 197209. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2012volume12/FG201217index.html
Scott, J. A., A cotangent inequality for two triangles, Mathematical Gazette 89, November
2005, 473474.
Birsan, Temistocle (2015), Bounds for elements of a triangle expressed by R, r, and s, Forum
Geometricorum 15, 99103. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2015volume15/FG201508.pdf
Eulers inequality R 2r, where = holds iff ABC is equilateral.
(Proof: By Eulers identity d2 = R(R 2r), where d = OI.)


R
abc + a3 + b3 + c3
a b c
2 a b c

+ + 1
+ +
2
r
2abc
b c a
3 b c a
R
(b + c) (c + a) (a + b)

+
+
2
r
3a
3b
3c
 3 


R
a b
b c  c a
+
+
+
8

r
b a
c b
a c
R
2(a2 + b2 + c2 )

r
ab + bc + ca
3

a3 + b3 + c3 8s(R2 r2 )
in terms of the semiperimeter s;
r(r + 4R)

3T

in terms of the area T

s 3 r + 4R
and
s2 16Rr 5r2
in terms of the semiperimeter s; and
p
2R2 + 10Rr r2 2(R 2r) R2 2Rr s2
p
2R2 + 10Rr r2 + 2(R 2r) R2 2Rr
also in terms of the semiperimeter.ref name=SV/rpp. 206ref name=BirsanBirsan, Temistocle (2015), Bounds for elements of a triangle expressed by R, r, and s, Forum Geometricorum
15, 99103. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2015volume15/FG201508.pdf /refrpp. 99 In the latter double inequality, the first part holds with equality if and only if the triangle is isosceles with
an [[apex (geometry)apex]] angle of at least 60, and the last part holds with equality if and only
if the triangle is isosceles with an apex angle of at most 60. Thus both are equalities if and only if
the triangle is equilateral.ref name=Birsan/rpThm. 1
Further,
9r
1 1 1
9R
+ +
.
2T
a b
c
4T
Blundons inequality states that

s (3 3 4)r + 2R
For incircle center I, let AI, BI, and CI extend beyond I to intersect the circumcircle
at D, E, and F respectively. Then
AI
BI
CI
+
+
3.
ID IE
IF
In terms of the vertex angles we have

cos A cos B cos C

2

R 2

===Circumradius and other lengths===

For the circumradius R we have

18R3 (a2 + b2 + c2 )R + abc 3

and
4

a2/3 + b2/3 + c2/3 37/4 R3/2 .

We also have

a+b+c3 3R
9R2 a2 + b2 + c2

ha + hb + hc 3 3 R
in terms of the altitudes,
m2a + m2b + m2c

27 2
R
4

in terms of the medians, and

bc
ca
2T
ab
+
+

a+b b+c c+a

R
in terms of the area.
Moreover, for circumcenter O, let lines AO, BO, and CO intersect the opposite sides
BC, CA, and AB at U, V, and W respectively. Then
3
OU + OV + OW R
2
For an acute triangle the distance between the circumcenter O and the orthocenter H
satisfies
OH < R,
with the opposite inequality holding for an obtuse triangle.
===Inradius, exradii, and other lengths===
For the inradius r we have

1 1 1
3
+ +
a b
c
2r
9r ha + hb + hc
in terms of the altitudes, and
q

ra2 + rb2 + rc2 6r

in terms of the radii of the excircles. We additionally have

s( a + b + c) 2(ra + rb + rc )
and
abc
a3 b3 c3

+
+
r
ra
rb
rc

The exradii and medians are related by

rc ra
ra rb
rb rc
+
3
+
ma mb mb mc mc ma
In addition, for an acute triangle the distance between the incircle center I and orthocenter
H satisfies

IH < r 2
with the reverse inequality for an obtuse triangle.
Also, an acute triangle satisfies
r2 + ra2 + rb2 + rc2 < 8R2 ,
in terms of the circumradius R, again with the reverse inequality holding for an obtuse
triangle.
If the internal angle bisectors of angles A, B, C meet the opposite sides at U, V,
W then
1
AI BI CI
8
<

4
AU BV CW
27
If the internal angle bisectors through incenter I extend to meet the circumcircle at X, Y
and Z then
1
1
1
3
+
+

IX
IY
IZ
R
for circumradius R, and
0 (IX IA) + (IY IB) + (IZ IC) 2(R 2r)
If the incircle is tangent to the sides at D, E, F, then
EF 2 + F D2 + DE 2

s2
3

for semiperimeter s.
Euler Line L. Let y = dist(I, L). u be the longest side, and v be the longest median. Then
d/s < d/u < d/v < 1/3
Erdos-Mordell inequality
dist(P, AB) + dist(P, BC) + dist(P, CA) 12 (P A + P B + P C)
A triangle is equaliteral iff for every P in the plane,
4(P D2 + P E 2 + P F 2 ) P A2 + P B 2 + P C 2
where D, E, F are projections of P to the three lines of the triangle sides.

3.2

In a quadrilateral ABCD

Ptolemys inequality: AB CD + BC DA AC BD, where = holds iff ABCD is cyclic.

6

3.3

Isoperimetric inequality in a plane

For a plane closed curve, 4A L2 , where A is the area and L is the length of the curve.
Proofs: Hurwitzs Fourier series proof (1902); E. Schmidts proof using basic calculus (1938)

Let Q = 4A/L2 . Then 0 < Q 1. For a regular n-gon, Qn = n tan

.
n
sourse: aops, wikipedia https : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo ft rianglei nequalities