Hollow Reinforced Masonry Retaining Wall Example PDF

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RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS

In accordance with International Building Code 2009
Tedds calculation version 2.6.07
Retaining wall details

Stem type;
Cantilever
Stem height;
hstem = 700 mm
Stem thickness;
tstem = 200 mm
Angle to rear face of stem;
= 90 deg
Stem density;
stem = 24 kN/m 3
Toe length;
ltoe = 250 mm
Heel length;
lheel = 200 mm
Base thickness;
tbase = 200 mm
Key position;
pkey = 250 mm
Key depth;
dkey = 150 mm
Key thickness;
tkey = 150 mm
Base density;
base = 24 kN/m 3
Height of retained soil;
hret = 500 mm
Angle of soil surface;
= 0 deg
Depth of cover;
dcover = 200 mm
Depth of excavation;
dexc = 200 mm
Retained soil properties

Soil type;
Medium dense well graded sand
Moist density;
mr = 21 kN/m 3
Saturated density;
sr = 23 kN/m 3
Effective angle of internal resistance;
r = 30 deg
Effective wall friction angle;
r = 0 deg
Base soil properties

Soil type;
Medium dense well graded sand
Soil density;
b = 18 kN/m 3
Cohesion;
cb = 0 kN/m 2
Effective angle of internal resistance;
b = 30 deg
Effective wall friction angle;
b = 15 deg
Effective base friction angle;
bb = 30 deg
Allowable bearing pressure;
Pbearing = 200 kN/m 2
Loading details
Live surcharge load;
SurchargeL = 10 kN/m 2
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250
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200
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10 kN/m2
200
200
200
1050
700
500
3.3 kN/m2
150
9.6 kN/m2
33.9 kN/m2
5.7 kN/m2
250
150
250
650
General arrangement
Calculate retaining wall geometry

Base length;
lbase = ltoe + tstem + lheel = 650 mm
Base height;
hbase = tbase + dkey = 350 mm
Moist soil height;
hmoist = hsoil = 700 mm
Length of surcharge load;
lsur = lheel = 200 mm
- Distance to vertical component;
xsur_v = lbase - lheel / 2 = 550 mm
Effective height of wall;
heff = hbase + dcover + hret = 1050 mm
- Distance to horizontal component;
xsur_h = heff / 2 - dkey = 375 mm
- Distance to horizontal component above key;
xsur_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 2 = 450 mm
Area of wall stem;
Astem = hstem tstem = 0.14 m 2
xstem = ltoe + tstem / 2 = 350 mm
Area of wall base;
Abase = lbase tbase + dkey tkey = 0.153 m 2
xbase = (lbase2 tbase / 2 + dkey tkey (pkey + tkey / 2)) / Abase = 325 mm
Area of moist soil;
Amoist = hmoist lheel = 0.14 m 2
xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist lheel2 / 2) / Amoist = 550 mm
xmoist_h = heff / 3 - dkey = 200 mm
- Distance to horizontal component above key;
xmoist_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 3 = 300 mm
Area of base soil;
Apass = dcover ltoe = 0.05 m 2
xpass_v = lbase - (dcover ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Apass = 125 mm
xpass_h = (dcover + hbase) / 3- dkey = 33 mm
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Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient;
KA = sin( + r)2 / (sin()2 sin( - r) [1 + [sin(r + r) sin(r - ) /

(sin( - r) sin( + ))]]2) = 0.333
Passive pressure coefficient;
KP = sin(90 - b)2 / (sin(90 + b) [1 - [sin(b + b) sin(b) / (sin(90 +

b))]]2) = 4.977
From IBC 2009 cl.1807.2.3 Safety factor

Load combination 1;
1.0 Dead + 1.0 Live + 1.0 Lateral earth
Sliding check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem;
Fstem = Astem stem = 3.4 kN/m
Wall base;
Fbase = Abase base = 3.7 kN/m
Moist retained soil;
Fmoist_v = Amoist mr = 2.9 kN/m
Total;
Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v = 10 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall

Surcharge load;
Fsur_h = KA SurchargeL heff = 3.5 kN/m
Fmoist_h = KA mr heff2 / 2 = 3.9 kN/m
Total;
Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fsur_h = 7.4 kN/m
Check stability against sliding

Base soil resistance;
Fexc_h = KP cos(b) b (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = 5.3 kN/m
Base friction;
Ffriction = Ftotal_v tan(bb) = 5.8 kN/m
Resistance to sliding;
Frest = Fexc_h + Ffriction = 11.1 kN/m
Factor of safety;
FoSsl = Frest / Ftotal_h = 1.502; > 1.5

PASS - Factor of safety against sliding is adequate
Overturning check
Wall stem;
Wall base;
Total;
Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v = 10 kN/m

Surcharge load;
Fsur_h = KA SurchargeL (heff - dkey) = 3 kN/m
Fmoist_h = KA mr (heff - dkey)2 / 2 = 2.8 kN/m
Base soil;
Fexc_h = -KP cos(b) b (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = -5.3 kN/m
Total;
Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fexc_h + Fsur_h = 0.5 kN/m
Overturning moments on wall

Surcharge load;
Msur_OT = Fsur_h xsur_h_a = 1.4 kNm/m
Mmoist_OT = Fmoist_h xmoist_h_a = 0.9 kNm/m
Base soil;
Mexc_OT = Fexc_h xexc_h = 0.2 kNm/m
Total;
Mtotal_OT = Mmoist_OT + Mexc_OT + Msur_OT = 2.4 kNm/m
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Restoring moments on wall

Wall stem;
Mstem_R = Fstem xstem = 1.2 kNm/m
Wall base;
Mbase_R = Fbase xbase = 1.2 kNm/m
Mmoist_R = Fmoist_v xmoist_v = 1.6 kNm/m
Total;
Mtotal_R = Mstem_R + Mbase_R + Mmoist_R = 4 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning

Factor of safety;
FoSot = Mtotal_R / Mtotal_OT = 1.675; > 1.5

PASS - Factor of safety against overturning is adequate
Bearing pressure check

Wall stem;
Wall base;
Surcharge load;
Fsur_v = SurchargeL lheel = 2 kN/m
Base soil;
Fpass_v = Apass b = 0.9 kN/m
Total;
Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fpass_v + Fsur_v = 12.9 kN/m

Surcharge load;
Fsur_h = KA SurchargeL (heff - dkey) = 3 kN/m
Fmoist_h = KA mr (heff - dkey)2 / 2 = 2.8 kN/m
Base soil;
Fpass_h = max(-KP cos(b) b (dcover + hbase)2 / 2, -(Fmoist_h + Fsur_h)) = 5.8 kN/m
Total;
Ftotal_h = max(Fmoist_h + Fpass_h + Fsur_h - Ftotal_v tan(bb), 0 kN/m) = 0 kN/m
Moments on wall
Wall stem;
Mstem = Fstem xstem = 1.2 kNm/m
Wall base;
Mbase = Fbase xbase = 1.2 kNm/m
Surcharge load;
Msur = Fsur_v xsur_v - Fsur_h xsur_h_a = -0.3 kNm/m
Mmoist = Fmoist_v xmoist_v - Fmoist_h xmoist_h_a = 0.8 kNm/m
Base soil;
Mpass = Fpass_v xpass_v - Fpass_h xpass_h = 0.3 kNm/m
Total;
Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Mmoist + Mpass + Msur = 3.2 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure

Distance to reaction;
x = Mtotal / Ftotal_v = 248 mm
Eccentricity of reaction;
e = x - lbase / 2 = -77 mm
Loaded length of base;
lload = lbase = 650 mm
Bearing pressure at toe;
qtoe = Ftotal_v / lbase (1 - 6 e / lbase) = 33.9 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel;
qheel = Ftotal_v / lbase (1 + 6 e / lbase) = 5.7 kN/m 2
Factor of safety;
FoSbp = Pbearing / max(qtoe, qheel) = 5.908;

PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure
RETAINING WALL DESIGN

In accordance with ACI 318-08
Tedds calculation version 2.6.07
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Concrete details
Compressive strength of concrete;
f'c = 28 N/mm 2
Concrete type;
Normal weight
Reinforcement details
Yield strength of reinforcement;
fy = 420 N/mm 2
Modulus of elasticity or reinforcement;
Es = 199948 N/mm 2
Cover to reinforcement
Front face of stem;
csf = 40 mm
Rear face of stem;
csr = 50 mm
Top face of base;
cbt = 50 mm
Bottom face of base;
cbb = 75 mm
From IBC 2009 cl.1605.2.1 Basic load combinations

Load combination no.1;
1.4 Dead
1.2 Dead + 1.6 Live + 1.6 Lateral earth
1.2 Dead + 1.0 Earthquake + 1.0 Live
0.9 Dead + 1.0 Earthquake + 1.6 Lateral earth
Loading details - Combination No.1 - kN/m2
Shear force - Combination No.1 - kN/m
Bending moment - Combination No.1 - kNm/m
Stem
0.46
1.41
0
-0.2
2.37
2
Heel
1.42
1.9
Toe
Key
0.83 0.35
0.46
0.35
0.46
0.46
1.41
0.3
0.1
0
Date
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Stem
0.37
0.39
1.1
1.21
2.18 0.3
0.39
0.87 0.39
1.1
1.21
0.3
0.39
1.9
1.6
0.37
0.54
0.54
0.37
-0.4
-1.5
3
0.1
4
3.82
-0.6
2
Heel
4
Key
Toe
1.4
3
0.9
0.54
0.37
X
Z
1.86
0.8
0.5
2
-0.3
-0.2
-0.6
3
0.1
4
Key
Heel
0.2 0.3
0.91
0.54
0.54
Toe
1.22 0.22
0.3
0.71 0.3
0.91
0.22
0.3
Stem
0.5
3
0.4
0.54
Check stem design at base of stem

Depth of section;
h = 200 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Chapter 10

Design bending moment combination 2;
M = 1.9 kNm/m
Depth of tension reinforcement;
d = h - csr - sr / 2 = 144 mm
Compression reinforcement provided;
No.4 bars @ 8.858" c/c
Area of compression reinforcement provided;
Asf.prov = sf2 / (4 ssf) = 563 mm 2/m
Tension reinforcement provided;
No.4 bars @ 198 mm c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided;
Asr.prov = sr2 / (4 ssr) = 640 mm 2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.14.3.5;
smax = min(18 in, 3 h) = 457 mm

PASS - Reinforcement is adequately spaced
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Depth of compression block;
a = Asr.prov fy / (0.85 f'c) = 11 mm
Neutral axis factor - cl.10.2.7.3;
1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05 (f'c - 28 N/mm 2) / 7 N/mm 2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
Depth to neutral axis;
c = a / 1 = 13 mm
Strain in reinforcement;
t = 0.003 (d - c) / c = 0.029445
Section is in the tension controlled zone
Strength reduction factor;
f = min(max(0.65 + (t - 0.002) (250 / 3), 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Nominal flexural strength;
Mn = Asr.prov fy (d - a / 2) = 37.1 kNm/m
Design flexural strength;
Mn = f Mn = 33.4 kNm/m
M / Mn = 0.058
PASS - Design flexural strength exceeds factored bending moment
By iteration, reinforcement required by analysis;
Asr.des = 36 mm 2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.10.5.3;
Asr.mod = 4 Asr.des / 3 = 48 mm 2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than minimum area of reinforcement required
Rectangular section in shear - Chapter 11
Design shear force;
V = 6.5 kN/m
Concrete modification factor - cl.8.6.1;
=1
Nominal concrete shear strength - exp.11-3;
Vc = 0.17 (f'c 1 N/mm 2) d = 129.2 kN/m
s = 0.75
Design concrete shear strength - cl.11.4.6.1;
Vc = s Vc = 96.9 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.067
PASS - No shear reinforcement is required
Horizontal reinforcement parallel to face of stem
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.14.3.3;
Asx.req = 0.002 tstem = 400 mm 2/m
Transverse reinforcement provided;
No.3 bars @ 200 mm c/c each face
Area of transverse reinforcement provided;
Asx.prov = 2 sx2 / (4 ssx) = 713 mm 2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required

Check base design at toe
Depth of section;
h = 200 mm
Depth of footing above bottom reinforcement;
df = h - cbb - bb = 112.3 mm
Minimum footing depth - cl.15.7;
dmin = 152.4 mm
FAIL - Depth of footing above bottom reinforcement is less than 6 in

M = 1.2 kNm/m
d = h - cbb - bb / 2 = 119 mm
No.4 bars @ 5.906" c/c
Abt.prov = bt2 / (4 sbt) = 845 mm 2/m
Abb.prov = bb2 / (4 sbb) = 845 mm 2/m
smax = min(18 in, 3 h) = 457 mm

a = Abb.prov fy / (0.85 f'c) = 15 mm
1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05 (f'c - 28 N/mm 2) / 7 N/mm 2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
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c = a / 1 = 18 mm
t = 0.003 (d - c) / c = 0.017302
f = min(max(0.65 + (t - 0.002) (250 / 3), 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Mn = Abb.prov fy (d - a / 2) = 39.4 kNm/m
Date
M / Mn = 0.033
Abb.des = 26 mm 2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.7.12.2.1;
Abb.min = 0.0018 h = 360 mm 2/m
Design shear force;
V = 8.4 kN/m
=1
Vc = 0.17 (f'c 1 N/mm 2) d = 106.7 kN/m
s = 0.75
Vc = s Vc = 80 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.105
Check base design at heel
Depth of section;
h = 200 mm

M = 0.8 kNm/m
d = h - cbt - bt / 2 = 144 mm
No.4 bars @ 5.906" c/c
Abb.prov = bb2 / (4 sbb) = 845 mm 2/m
Abt.prov = bt2 / (4 sbt) = 845 mm 2/m
smax = min(18 in, 3 h) = 457 mm

a = Abt.prov fy / (0.85 f'c) = 15 mm
1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05 (f'c - 28 N/mm 2) / 7 N/mm 2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
c = a / 1 = 18 mm
t = 0.003 (d - c) / c = 0.021579
f = min(max(0.65 + (t - 0.002) (250 / 3), 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Mn = Abt.prov fy (d - a / 2) = 48.3 kNm/m
M / Mn = 0.017
Abt.des = 14 mm 2/m
Abt.min = 0.0018 h = 360 mm 2/m
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Design shear force;
V = 7 kN/m
=1
Vc = 0.17 (f'c 1 N/mm 2) d = 129.2 kN/m
s = 0.75
Vc = s Vc = 96.9 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.073
Check key design
Depth of section;
h = 150 mm

M = 0.1 kNm/m
d = h - cbb - k / 2 = 70 mm
No.3 bars @ 7.874" c/c
Ak.prov = k2 / (4 sk) = 356 mm 2/m
Ak.prov = k2 / (4 sk) = 356 mm 2/m
smax = min(18 in, 3 h) = 450 mm
a = Ak.prov fy / (0.85 f'c) = 6 mm
1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05 (f'c - 28 N/mm 2) / 7 N/mm 2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
c = a / 1 = 7 mm
t = 0.003 (d - c) / c = 0.025487
f = min(max(0.65 + (t - 0.002) (250 / 3), 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Mn = Ak.prov fy (d - a / 2) = 10 kNm/m
Mn = f Mn = 9 kNm/m
M / Mn = 0.016
Ak.des = 6 mm 2/m
Ak.min = 0.0018 h = 270 mm 2/m
Design shear force;
V = 2 kN/m
=1
Vc = 0.17 (f'c 1 N/mm 2) d = 63.2 kN/m
s = 0.75
Vc = s Vc = 47.4 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.042
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Transverse reinforcement parallel to base

Abx.req = 0.0018 tbase = 360 mm 2/m
Transverse reinforcement provided;
No.3 bars @ 200 mm c/c each face
Area of transverse reinforcement provided;
Abx.prov = 2 bx2 / (4 sbx) = 713 mm 2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
40
50
No.3 bars @ 200 c/c

horizontal reinforcement
parallel to face of stem
No.4 bars @ 225 c/c
No.4 bars @ 198 c/c
No.4 bars @ 150 c/c
50
75
No.4 bars @ 150 c/c
No.3 bars @ 200 c/c
No.3 bars @ 200 c/c

transverse reinforcement
in base
Reinforcement details

Hollow Reinforced Masonry Retaining Wall Example PDF

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RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS

Retaining wall details

Angle to rear face of stem;

Height of retained soil;

Angle of soil surface;

Retained soil properties

Medium dense well graded sand

Effective angle of internal resistance;

Effective wall friction angle;

Base soil properties

Medium dense well graded sand

Effective angle of internal resistance;

Effective wall friction angle;

Effective base friction angle;

Allowable bearing pressure;

Pbearing = 200 kN/m 2

Calculate retaining wall geometry

lbase = ltoe + tstem + lheel = 650 mm

hbase = tbase + dkey = 350 mm

Moist soil height;

hmoist = hsoil = 700 mm

Length of surcharge load;

lsur = lheel = 200 mm

- Distance to vertical component;

xsur_v = lbase - lheel / 2 = 550 mm

Effective height of wall;

heff = hbase + dcover + hret = 1050 mm

- Distance to horizontal component;

xsur_h = heff / 2 - dkey = 375 mm

- Distance to horizontal component above key;

xsur_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 2 = 450 mm

Area of wall stem;

Astem = hstem tstem = 0.14 m 2

- Distance to vertical component;

xstem = ltoe + tstem / 2 = 350 mm

Area of wall base;

Abase = lbase tbase + dkey tkey = 0.153 m 2

- Distance to vertical component;

Area of moist soil;

Amoist = hmoist lheel = 0.14 m 2

- Distance to vertical component;

xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist lheel2 / 2) / Amoist = 550 mm

- Distance to horizontal component;

xmoist_h = heff / 3 - dkey = 200 mm

- Distance to horizontal component above key;

xmoist_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 3 = 300 mm

Area of base soil;

Apass = dcover ltoe = 0.05 m 2

- Distance to vertical component;

xpass_v = lbase - (dcover ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Apass = 125 mm

- Distance to horizontal component;

xpass_h = (dcover + hbase) / 3- dkey = 33 mm

Using Coulomb theory

KA = sin( + r)2 / (sin()2 sin( - r) [1 + [sin(r + r) sin(r - ) /

Passive pressure coefficient;

KP = sin(90 - b)2 / (sin(90 + b) [1 - [sin(b + b) sin(b) / (sin(90 +

From IBC 2009 cl.1807.2.3 Safety factor

1.0 Dead + 1.0 Live + 1.0 Lateral earth

Fstem = Astem stem = 3.4 kN/m

Fbase = Abase base = 3.7 kN/m

Moist retained soil;