A Proposed Five Storey School Building With The Use of Fly Ash

ii
A Proposed Five-Storey School Building with the Use of Fly Ash as an Additive
Material for Portland Cement at St. Anthony School, San Andres, Manila
Project By
Magcaleng, Kenneth Rogie D.

Mallillin, John Eric A.
Punzalan, Jan Jhonnel T.
Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

(SCEGE)
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology

Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila City
December 2012
iii
Executive Summary
Availability of rooms such as classrooms is one of the major problems arising on

schools. Escalating number of population with increasing number of school children
enrollees is one of the main factors of lack of classrooms.
With this project, we were given the opportunity to provide a design of a private
school building for the surrounding and nearby residents of San Andres, Manila. The
design of a five-storey school building includes fly ash material added to mortars to
minimize the cost of materials in mixing the cement, day lighting that will be considered
and ventilation system in the corridor part of the building in order to minimize the used of
energy. The said project provides from an existing of 12 up to 28 numbers of classrooms.
There will be an auditorium constructed at the fifth floor of the building. This project will
decongest the classrooms of the main private school building and give comfortable
learning facility to the students and public school teachers as well.
iv
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Presenting the Challenges
2.1 Problem Statement
2.2 Project Objective
2.3 Design Norms Considered
2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
2.5 The Project Beneficiary
2.6 The Innovative Approach
2.7 The Research Component
2.8 The Design Component
2.9 Sustainable Development Concept
Chapter 3: Environmental Examination Report

3.1 Project Description
7
7
3.1.1 Project Rationale
3.1.2 Project Location
3.1.3 Project Information
3.1.4 Description of Project Phases
3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational Phase
3.1.6 Construction Phase
3.1.7 Operational Phase
10
3.1.8 Abandonment Phase
11
3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving
12
Environment
3.2.1 Physical Environment
12
3.2.2 Biological Environment
12
3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment
12
3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project
13
3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation
13
3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental

Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at
Various Stages of Development
13
3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant

Impacts on the Physical and Biological Resources
14
3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic

Effects/Impacts of the Project
3.4 Environmental Management Plan
15
16
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and

Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost
and Responsibilities
16
3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and

Enhancement Measures
18
3.4.3 Monitoring Plan
19
3.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements
20
Chapter 4: The Research Component
21
4.1 Introduction
21
4.2 Review of Related Literature
22
4.3 Methodology
32
Chapter 5: Detailed Engineering Design

5.1 Loads and Codes
34
37
5.1.1 Introduction
37
5.1.2 Codes
37
5.1.3 Dead Loads
38
5.1.4 Live Loads
38
5.1.5 Earthquake Loads
41
5.1.6 Wind Loads
41
5.2 Structural Design

5.2.1 Introduction
43
43
vi
5.2.2 Beam Design
43
5.2.3 Column Design
43
5.2.4 Slab Design
43
5.2.4.1 One Way Slab
43
5.2.4.2 Two Way Slab
44
5.2.5 Design of Trusses
44
5.2.5.1 Design Consideration
44
5.2.5.2 Design of Howe Truss
48
5.2.6 Design of Foundation
54
5.2.6.1 Introduction
58
5.2.7 Design of Concrete Mix
64
Chapter 6: Budget Estimation
74
Chapter 7: Project Schedule
82
Chapter 8: Promotional Material
86
Conclusion and Summary
88
Recommendation
90
Acknowledgement
91
References
92
Appendices
Article Type Paper
Beam Design
Column Design
Slab Design
Slump Test
Soil Investigation Report
Worksheet for Design of Concrete
Price List
Compression Test of Flyash Concrete Results
Original Project Report Assessment Sheet by Panel Members
English Editor Assessment and Evaluation Rubric
Accomplished Consultation Forms
vii
Compilation of Assessment Forms (Rubrics)

Copy of Engineering Drawings and Plans
Copy of Project Poster
Photocopy of Receipts
Relevant Pictures
Other required forms
Student Reflections
Resume of Each Member
List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs

Figures
Fig. 3.0 The Vicinity Map of Saint Francis Building
Fig. 3.1 Map View of the Location of the Proposed Project
Fig. 5.1 Shorter Direction Top Bar
59
Fig. 5.2 Longer Direction Top Bar
60
Fig. 5.3 Shorter Direction Bottom Bar
60
Fig. 5.4 Longer Direction Bottom Bar
61
Fig. 5.5 Shorter Direction Bottom Bar Result
62
Fig. 5.6 Longer Direction Bottom Bar Result
62
Fig. 5.3 Shorter Direction Top Bar Result
63
Fig. 5.4 Longer Direction Top Bar Result
63
Fig. 7.1 Gantt Chart
83
Fig. 7.2 Project Network Diagram
84
Fig. 7.3 Project Calendar
84
Fig. 7.4 Project Team Planner
85
Fig. 9.0 Ratio Between Compressive Strength and Time
88
viii
Tables
Table 1.0 2010 Census and Housing and Population of
National Capital Region (NCR), Philippines 2
Table 3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted

Environmental Issues/Impacts and their
Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development
14
Table 3.2 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and

Enhancement Measures, Estimated
Cost and Responsibilities
16
Table 3.3 Monitoring Plan
20
Table 5.3 Support Reactions End Forces
49
Table 5.4 Member End Forces
49
Table 5.5: Summary of Concrete-Mix Parameters

from Material Testing
Table 5.6 A tabulated Summary of computed values is shown below:
70
73
Chapter 1
Introduction
Educational problems in the Philippines have gone through many changes and
developments for the past few years. The continuous process made great impact in the
lives of millions of Filipinos. Relatively, the changes have given both advantages and
disadvantages, the latter causing the downfall of many people. There are numerous
questions concerning the issues and problems existing in the Philippine educational
system as to how to attain the kind of quality of education that Filipinos have been
searching and longing for.
The high cost of materials in construction hampered the efforts of different
institutions to build new structures. Learning institutions such as schools have small
budgets from the government because of the need to fund various other priorities.
On the other hand, the private sector in the country has been a major provider of
educational services, accounting for about 7.5% of primary-school enrollment, 32% of
secondary-school enrollment and about 80% of tertiary-school enrollment. Private
schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization. Per unit costs in private
schools are generally lower when compared to public schools. This situation is more
evident at the tertiary level. Government regulations have given private education more
flexibility and autonomy in recent years, notably by lifting the moratorium on
applications for new courses, new schools and conversions, liberalizing the tuition fee
policy for private schools, replacing values education for third and fourth years with
English, mathematics and natural science at the option of the school, and issuing a
revised manual of regulations for private schools last August 1992.
In the school year 2001/02, there were 4,529 private elementary schools (out of a
total of 40,763) and 3,261 private secondary schools (out of a total of 7,683). In 2002/03,
there were 1,297 private higher education institutions (out of a total of 1,470).
Chapter 2
Presenting the Challenges
2.1 Problem Statement
The area of San Andres, Manila is composed mostly of residential sections with
some sections classified as commercial. Students from Paco and Malate study at the
school here because it is one of the well-known elementary and secondary schools in
Manila. Although the population of Manila (from the table 1.0) does not increase
significantly, the numbers of student enrollees has grown further as stated (table1.1).
Table 1.0 2010 Census and Housing and Population of National Capital Region (NCR),
Philippines
Total Population
Population Growth
Rate
Region/Province/Highly
Urbanized City
Philippines
l-May-90
l-May-00
l-May-10
1990- 2000- 19902000
2010
2010
60,703,810 76,506,928 92,337,852 2.34
1.90
2.12
National Capital Region 7,948,392
9,932,560
11,855,975 2.25
1.78
2.02
City of Las Pinas
297,102
472,780
552,573
4.75
1.57
3.15
City of Makati
453,170
471,379
529,039
0.39
1.16
0.78
City of Malabon
280,027
338,855
353,337
1.92
0.42
1.17
City of Mandaluyong
248,143
278,474
328,699
1.16
1.67
1.41
City of Manila
1,601,234
1,581,082
1,652,171
-0.13
0.44
0.16
City of Marikina
310,227
391,170
424,150
2.34
0.81
1.58
City of Muntinlupa
278,411
379,310
459,941
3.14
1.95
2.54
City of Navotas
187,479
230,403
249,131
2.08
0.78
1.43
City of Paranaque
308,236
449,811
588,126
3.85
2.72
3.28
City of Pasig
397,679
505,058
669,773
2.42
2.86
2.64
City of San Juan
126,854
117,680
121,430
-0.75
0.31
-0.22
City of Valenzuela
340,227
485,433
575,356
3.62
1.71
2.66
Caloocan City
763,415
1,177,604
1,489,040
4.43
2.37
3.39
Pasay City
368,366
354,908
392,869
-0.37
1.02
0.32
Pateros
51,409
57,407
64,147
1.11
1.12
1.11
Quezon City
1,669,776
2,173,831
2,761,720
2.67
2.42
2.55
Taguig City
266,637
467,375
644,473
5.77
3.26
4.51
2.2. Project Objective

The main objective of this project is to study and design a five-storey building to
be constructed with low cost and efficient materials that conform to the standards and
specifications on building construction. This includes the day lighting system that can
minimize expenses for electricity. An eco-friendly ventilation system will also be added
to reduce the cost of energy.
2.3 Design Norms Considered

Efficiency in cost is one of the design norms of the proposal. It should be
considered because the main purpose of this project is to reduce the expenses for building
construction and decrease energy dependency. Sustainability will be achieved through its
collaboration with green engineering.
The stability of the structure is one of the important design norms. It should meet
the desired standards and specifications in order to be strong and resilient against
earthquakes and disasters.
Spacing is also a design norm since students need more space to enable them to
relax and to promote ease of movement. Spacing is very important in order to allow
students to concentrate on their work and activities. This will enable their knowledge to
improve and accelerate their effective learning with their teachers.
2.4 Major and Minor Civil Engineering Fields

The civil engineering areas to be covered are structural, construction and
geotechnical engineering. Structural engineering will focus on the superstructures. For
construction engineering, it will focus on the materials needed in construction. It will
emphasize the mixtures of the materials that can be alternatives source of materials on the
making of the cement. Environmental engineering will focus on the design of the energy
efficiency of the building. With the combination of natural lighting effects and an
ecofriendly ventilation system, this project will help keep nature at an ecological
balanced state.
2.5 The Project Beneficiary
Saint Anthony School is the selected beneficiary since the number of student
enrollees continues to increase. On the other hand the availability of classrooms is
limited. The availability of land to be acquired and on which can be built new facilities is
very minimal since nearby areas are already occupied by mixed residential and
commercial establishments.
The school director decided to choose Saint Francis Building since the current
school building consists of only three floors. But the current building needs to be
demolished because of the quality and stability conditions of the structure. This will give
way to a new and higher structure.
With the addition of new facilities such as classrooms and laboratories, the
learning activities of the students will continue and the project can be an inspirational
model to the other public and private schools.
2.6 Innovative Approach
In this project, the help of different technological developed programs and software
was needed to make the project possible and to better improve the design and plan. The
following tools were used:
ETABS
This program is an integrated model that computes moment resisting frames,
frames with reduced beam sections or side plates, rigid and flexible floors,
composite or steel joist floor framing systems, etc.
AutoCAD
This program helped in the detailed drawing and laying out of the plan and
specifications of the project. This included the architectural and structural plan.
STAADPro
This software application program eased the design and analysis of members and
checked the adequacy and stability of the structures.
2.7 Research components

The materials that will be used in the construction of the school building will be
made of a combination of cement and fly ash for concreting. The materials were
examined for a comparative analysis of the cost and quality of low cost materials and
conventional materials.
The right placing of windows in corridors that maximize air flow was emphasized
with the use of metal louvers (used to control the daylight condition for energy savings).
Energy efficient methods of air circulation were examined in order to supply fresh air to
the building.
2.8 Design components
These were the following:
Substructure
It covered the design of foundations, their footing and the adequacy of the
load capacity of the structure with the limited settlements of the soil.
Superstructure
The superstructure will be composed of reinforced concrete beams,

columns and slabs. The design depended on such loads as weight, superimposed
and seismic. NSCP 2010 and UBC were used.
Roofing design
Every member of the truss was planned and analyzed because of the
factors that may affect the condition of the roofs. Wind loads, dead loads and roof
live loads were consequently designed with precision and accuracy.
2.9 Sustainable Development

As the number of school children continues to increase, more facilities such as
classrooms are also needed. Building structures incorporated with low cost materials such
as combining alternative materials will pave the way for the encouragement of different
learning institutions. The reduced expenses of the proposed project will help since
alternative materials will be applied instead of conventional materials which cost more.
Naturally ventilated buildings feel more comfortable than ones that are air
conditioned. But the site of the building, with factors such as topography and the
proximity of other buildings and main roads, may well prevent this from being feasible.
Chapter 3
Environmental Examination Report

3.1 Project Description
3.1.1 Project Rationale
San Andres is a district located in the south east of the City of Manila. Although it
only has a small land area, it is the second most densely populated district in Manila after
Tondo. The district is home to two private schools, St. Scholastica's College and St.
Anthony School. In order to alleviate overcrowding and accommodate the growing
school population, it was proposed to study the design and construction of a five-storey
school building at St. Anthony School that is both an eco-friendly sustainable structure
and structurally stable. The aim of this project is to provide a place for comprehensive
education that will support each individual in society to achieve their potential as a
human being. It will also equip the students with the skills to maintain a healthy and
productive existence, to grow into resourceful and socially active adults, and to make
cultural and political contributions to their communities.
3.1.2 Project Location
St. Anthony School at San Andres, Manila is the chosen site since the school
needs improvement in the upgrading the facilities due to its old structural stability and to
accommodate more students and teachers. (See tables 2.1 & 2.2.)
3.1.3 Project Information
The project is a design of a five-storey school building and will be located in

Singalong St., St Anthony School, San Andres, Manila. It will be an eco-structure
because it will be made of sustainable low cost materials. It will be one of the most
economical designs and be made of cheap and alternative materials that will be funded by
the private school. Air ventilation along corridors will be built according to the plan.
Figure 3.0 The vicinity map of Saint Francis Building
Saint Francis
Building
Figure3.1 Map view of the location of the Proposed Project
3.1.4 Description of Project Phases
The project will have four phases: pre-construction/operational, construction

phase, operational and abandonment. The pre-construction/operational phase includes the
things to be done before the project starts; it is the preparation before the construction and
operational phases. The construction phase includes the preparation of the site and
construction of the structure. The operational phase of the project discusses how it
operates or works. And lastly the abandonment phase discusses what should be done with
the project if it is unoccupied.
3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operation phase
3.1.5.1 Preparation of Construction Documents
Construction documents are part of the legal contract between the property owner
and general contractor.
10
3.1.5.2 Design review and commentary
To identify design conflicts as part of a pre-construction constructability review.
3.1.5.3 Construction phasing, sequencing and site logistics
Construction planning includes site investigation, site management, obtaining

permits, scheduling, excavation planning, estimating, value engineering and quality
control.
3.1.6 Construction phase
3.1.6.1 Clearing and Grubbing
Clearing and grubbing consists of removing all objectionable materials from

within the work site.
3.1.6.2 Excavation
Excavation of soil by cut and fill is needed in order to place the sub-structure or
the foundation itself.
3.1.6.3 Building Structure
This consists of the construction of the footing, beams, slabs, columns and walls.
3.1.6.4 Water and Sewer Lines
This is the construction of pipe lines for water supply and sewer drainage lines.
11
3.1.7 Operational Phase
3.1.7.1 Framing
Framing is a building technique based around structural members, usually

called studs, which provides a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings
are attached.
3.1.7.2 Insulation and Sheetrock
Insulation and Sheetrock is done after framing and mechanical inspections are
finished. After insulation and sheetrock taping, bedding and texturing of the interior walls
can be started.
3.1.7.3 Flatworks
Flatworks can be done simultaneously while the structure is nearly in completion.

Flatworks include any patios, all sidewalks and driveways.
3.1.8 Abandonment Phase
3.1.8.1 Removal of Waste
During construction, demolition and land clearing debris results from construction
activities; these materials can be recycled, reused or salvaged. The proper disposal of
waste is necessary.
12
3.1.8.2 Dismantling of Structures and Equipment
After the dismantling of equipment and structures, restoration plans are to be put
out, some of these are re-vegetation, leveling and backfilling, and the repair of road
networks.
3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment
3.2.1 Physical Environment
The location of the proposed project is surrounded mostly by residential structures

and some commercial establishments and also it is accessible due to the nearby roadways.
The area of the project location has minimal space therefore a small portion of the
quadrangle inside the school is enough to re-construct a five-storey school building. The
size of the lot is 680.93 square meters. The project will maximize the size of the available
area by adding new rooms, laboratories and an auditorium.
3.2.2 Biological Environment

Within the area, there is a garden beside the existing building. Vegetation living
in the vicinity is absent because of unplanned zoning. Different establishments have
sprouted in the area. Roads and pathwaysare made up of concrete and only a few trees are
present which means animal and plant life are not concerns to address. The atmospheric
condition in the area is impaired due to the pollution produced by the vehicles in the
roads near the site.
3.2.3 Socio- Cultural, Economic and Political Environment
In the social aspect, a school is going to be built, wherein lively relationships

between individuals may therefore be formed and, likewise, the said institution covering
primary and secondary education can therefore instill the Filipino value of giving high
13
importance to education. In the economic aspect, by applying modern techniques like the
use of natural day lighting and constructing well ventilated facilities, expenses for energy
can be reduced in the near future. In addition, the project will promote employment
within the area and those who live near the area. Other than that, additional facilities like
classrooms, laboratories, and an auditorium will help the quality of education of the said
institution.
3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project
There would be no significant change in the environmental condition with/without

the construction of the proposed project; in climate, atmosphere, etc. since there is a
small amount of plants within the location, with the construction of the project there
would be a minimal impact on the environment due to replacing the existing three-storey
school building.
3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation
3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level

of Significance at Various Stages of Development
14
Table 3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of
Significance at Various Stages of Development
Predicted Environmental
Issues/Impacts
Level of Significance
Water Quality
Low Impact
Air Quality
Low Impact
Noise Pollution
Low Impact
Waste Generation
Moderate Impact
Population Density
High Impact
3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on Physical and Biological

Resources
3.3.2.1 Existing Land Uses
The proposed site for constructing a new building is a three-storey existing

building that will be demolished first before a new one can be built.
3.3.2.2Atmospheric Condition
The atmospheric condition in the area is not at its best condition. The quality of
the present atmospheric condition has been impaired because the site is situated near the
main roads of San Andres, Manila.
15
3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project
Since the major purpose of this project is to accommodate more students in St.
Anthony School, it will greatly improve the education occurrence of the residents of San
Andres Manila by adding more facilities such as laboratories and an auditorium to the
proposed project.
16
3.4 Environmental Management Plan
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
Table 3.2Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
Impact
Mitigation
Responsibilities
Proper surface and ground drainage,

Water Quality
Conservation of water during construction
Contractor
phase to ensure efficient water use.

Site and stock pile enclosure (sand
stockpiles and tiles boxes were enclosed once
on-site);
On-site mixing in enclosed or shielded areas
(Mixing of small quantities of materials was
done in the open air near the respective
works);
Proper unloading operations (piled
Air Quality
curbstone and sand piles, no recorded

accidents), manual transport of materials onsite, no heavy trucks were allowed to enter
into the construction area;
Keeping hauling routes free of dust and
regularly cleaned through water spraying after
each activity;
Construction safety nets were used to
prevent dust from reaching and affecting
Contractor
17
pedestrians;
Water was frequently sprayed to reduce dust
dispersion.
Surface water and groundwater are not
expected to be affected by the project
activities since the paint used is water-based
Water Quality
(as an alternative to petroleum solvents);
Contractor
Oil and lubricants from vehicles and

machinery are considered negligible since the
on-site use of machinery is not significant.
limiting the noisiest construction activities
to daytime hours to the greatest extent
possible
Noise Pollution
building permanent noise barriers during the
Contractor
early phases of construction (where

construction sequencing allows) in order to
reduce noise levels.
Waste transport and disposal at designated
disposal sites (integrated solid waste
Waste
Generation
management).
Construction wastes are collected in isolated
Contractor
areas and disposed of according to declared

collection schedules.
Population
Density
Use of construction safety nets for public

safety.
Contractor
18
3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
3.4.2.1 Mitigation Measures for the Project Design

3.4.2.1.1 Dust Production
To prevent dust along roadways, circulation and access roads used by the
collection trucks should be paved. To prevent dust from the unloading of wastes in the
facility, a high quality paving capable of withstanding frequent truck traffic should be
used to cover the receiving area.
3.4.2.1.2 Public Hazards
Proper fencing at a minimal height of three meters around the whole site should
be ensured in order to prevent unauthorized access to the facility.
3.4.2.2 Mitigation Measures for the Construction Phase
During the construction phase, it is essential to adopt strategies to prevent or

minimize dust emissions, noise generation, health and safety hazards, and negative
impacts related to the generated construction wastes. The main control measures should
be included within the construction contracts and be considered as requirements from
contractors.
3.4.2.2.1 Noise and Dust Emissions
The major mitigation measures required to reduce noise and dust emissions are
mainly during the construction phase. The recommended mitigation measures for dust
emissions are on-site mixing and unloading operations, and ensuring adequate
maintenance and repair of construction machinery.
19
3.4.2.2.2 Construction Wastes
All waste resulting from construction works, land reclamation, or any other
activity should be collected and disposed of appropriately such as in a sanitary landfill or
an alternative government-permitted disposal site. Uncontrolled littering in the facility
and surrounding areas should be prevented.
3.4.2.2.3 Health and Safety Hazards
To prevent accidents, members of the public should not be allowed to access the
construction site at any time, especially after working hours. This is ensured by proper
site closure, fencing, and securing the site using a night guard. In case of visits by local
monitoring teams, the teams should respect the safety codes set by the site management
and should be accompanied by the responsible personnel.
3.4.2.3 Mitigation Measures for the Operation Phase
3.4.2.3.1 Noise Pollution
To reduce objectionable noises, the collection and transport of wastes to the

facility should be performed at times not to create traffic, nor to disturb the public during
hours of sleep. Noise from the plant should not reach objectionable levels, and working
hours (7:00 am to 6 pm) should not be exceeded. The various incoming trucks to the
location should be equipped with proper mufflers to reduce noise.
3.4.3 Monitoring Plan
In the process of construction a person will be assigned to make sure that each
and every mitigation and enhancement measure included will then be followed. The
monitoring must be strictly followed to ensure safety.
20
Table3.3 Monitoring Plan
Impact
Measure
Monitoring
Air Quality
Masks
Daily
Noise Pollution
Noise Control
Weekly
Waste Generation
Check of waste
Daily
Population
Crowd control
Daily
3.4.4 Contingency Plan
In the duration of the construction, the construction area, just like any other
construction project, will have a safety area that will have every first aid material that
may be needed and someone who knows how to perform first aid. Also in the duration of
project construction and even after construction, there should be assured safety by having
emergency measures and equipment like fire extinguishers and alarms.
3.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements
To be built is an environment-friendly structure that will serve as a school that

will offer primary education. For the proponents institutional responsibilities and
agreements, it was agreed to make it a point to consider the environmental effects of this
project as well as the structural codes to be followed and to therefore comply with the
requirements of the local government in the case of building an establishment in the
vicinity.
It was made a point to coordinate with the local government, DENR
(Department of Environment and National Resources) and DEPED (Department of

Education) to have guidelines to follow and to be monitored for the betterment of both
the owner of the project and the people that surround the area.
21
Chapter 4
4. Research Component
4.1 Introduction
A large number of innovative alternative building materials and low cost

construction techniques have been developed through intensive research efforts during
the last three to four decades that satisfy functional as well as specification requirements
of conventional materials/techniques and that provide ways of bringing down
construction costs. Fly ash, an industrial by-product from thermal power plants with a
current annual generation of approximately 108 million tones and with proven suitability
for a variety of applications as admixture in cement/concrete/mortar, lime pozzolana
mixture (bricks/blocks) etc., is such an ideal material that attracts a lot of attention. Fly
ash utilization in building materials has many advantages, like cost effectiveness, being
environmental friendly, increases in strength, and the conservation of other natural
resources and materials.
Fly ash or pulverized fuel ash, an artificial pozzolana, is the residue from the
combustion of pulverized coal used as fuel. During the combustion of coal, the products
formed are classified into two categories, viz. bottom ash and fly ash. The bottom ash is
that part of the residue which is fused into particles. Fly ash is that part of the ash which
is entrained in the combustion gas leaving the boiler. Most of this fly ash is collected in
either mechanical collectors or electrostatic precipitators.
Fly ash is disposed of either by dry or wet systems. Most power plants in India
use the wet disposal system. Different types of coal produce different quantities of ash,
depending on the concentration of mineral matter in the respective types of coal. In India
the coal contains a very high percentage of rock and soil and therefore the ash contents
are as high as 50%.
22
Ash may be classified into two groups as Class C and Class F, based on the nature
of their ash constituents. One is bituminous ash (Class F) and the other is the lignite ash
(Class C). Lignite ashes contain more calcium oxide and magnesium oxide than ferric
oxide, but bituminous ash contains more ferric oxide than calcium and magnesium
oxides. The average particle size of lignite fly ash is considerably coarser than the
bituminous variety. Also free lime is present in all the lignite fly ashes. The lignite ash
(Class C) in India is produced at Neyveli Thermal Power Plant and the most of the other
power plants in India produce bituminous ashes (Class F).
4.2 Review of Related Literature
4.2.1 Fly Ash
Fly ash is a byproduct of coal burning power plants and is classified as pozzolan.
The particles of fly ash are spherical in shape, generally finer than cement. Fly ash in
bulk is very similar to cement in its appearance and its physical and chemical properties
(ASCC & ACI).
When used in cement in concrete mix, fly ash reacts with calcium hydroxide, a
chemical by product of cement hydration, producing the same binder as Portland cement.
Through this pozzolanic reaction, fly ash is a part of the total cementitous material.
When fly ash is used in concrete it is usually replace part of the Portland cement content.
Because reactions vary, the mix must be proportioned specifically for the cement and fly
ash being used (ASCC & ACI).
23
4.2.2High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete
Fly ash, a principal by-product of coal-fired power plants, is well accepted as a

pozzolanic material that may be used either as a component of blended Portland cements
or as a mineral admixture in concrete. In commercial practice, the dosage of fly ash is
limited to 15%-20% by mass of the total cementitious material. Usually, this amount has
a beneficial effect on the workability and cost economy of concrete but it may not be
enough to sufficiently improve the durability to sulfate attack, alkali-silica expansion, and
thermal cracking. For this purpose, larger amounts of fly ash, on the order of 25%-35%
are being used.
Although 25%-35% fly ash by mass of the cementitious material is considerably

higher than 15%-20%, this is not high enough to classify the mixtures as High Volume
Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete according to the definition proposed by Malhotra and Mehta.
From theoretical considerations and practical experience it has been determined that, with
50% or more cement replacement by fly ash, it is possible to produce sustainable, highperformance concrete mixtures that show high workability, high ultimate strength, and
high durability.
4.2.3High Performance Concrete
The characteristics defining an HVFA concrete mixture are as follows:
A minimum of 50% of fly ash by mass of the cementitious materials must be

maintained.
Low water content, generally less than 130 kg/m,3 is mandatory.
Cement content of generally no more than 200kg/m3 is desirable.
For concrete mixtures with specified 28-day compressive strength of 30 MPa or

higher, slumps >150 mm, and water-to-cementitious materials ratio of the order of
24
0.30, the use of high-range water-reducing admixtures (superplasticizers) is

mandatory.
For concrete exposed to freezing and thawing environments, the use of an airentraining admixture resulting in adequate air-void spacing factor is mandatory.
For concrete mixtures with slumps less than 150 mm and 28-day compressive
strength of less than 30 MPa, HVFA concrete mixtures with a water-tocementitious materials ratio of the order of 0.40 may be used without
superplasticizers.
4.2.4 Characteristics of Fly Ash
Fly ash is a diverse substance. The characteristics of fly ash differ depending on
the source of the coal used in the power plant and the method of combustion.
Cenospheres, hollow spherical particles as part of fly ash, are believed to be formed by
the expansion of C02 and H20 gas, and evolved from minerals within the coal being burnt.
The predominant forces are, however, the pressure and surface tension on the melts, as
well as gravity. The predominantly spherical microscopic structure of fine fly ash is
related to the equilibrium of the forces on the molten inorganic particle as it is forced up
the furnace or smoke stack against gravity. The molten inorganic particles cool down
rapidly, maintaining their equilibrium shape. A similar situation is found in spherical
drops of water falling from a faucet.
Because cenospheres are hollow, they have a low bulk density. The percentage of
cenospheres increases with the ash content in the coal, and decreases with the
concentration of Fe203. This indicates that Fe2C>3 is concentrated in the higher density
fraction of fly ash, which is to be expected from the high density of Fe203 (5.25 g/cm3)
and Fe304 (5.17 g/cm3). The iron species should not contribute significantly to the
infrared spectra.
The inorganic material is entrained over years in the coal melt during the
combustion of coal in the furnace, and with some, but limited, fusing of the molten
particles. Some of the vaporized low boiling elements, for example alkali metal salts,
25
coalesce to form submicron particles. Some of the vaporized compounds, most notably
the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, adsorb
onto the surface of the fly ash particles. The surface of fly ash particles is, therefore,
commonly enriched in carbon, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium
4.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fly Ash
4.2.5.1 Advantages
Fly ash improves concrete workability and lowers water demand. Fly ash particles
are mostly spherical tiny glass beads. Ground materials such as Portland cement are solid
angular particles. Fly ash particles provide a greater workability of the powder portion of
the concrete mixture which results in greater workability of the concrete and a lowering
of water requirement for the same concrete consistency. Pump ability is greatly enhanced.
1. Low water/cement ratio

2. Low permeability
3. Resistance to sulfate
4. Minimization of alkali-silica reaction
5. Minimum segregation
6. Decreasing in heat of hydration
7. ncreasing the strength
8. Smooth concrete surface
9. Perfect concrete rheology
10. Environment-friendly
Fig. 3.1 Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Concrete and Conventional Concrete
26
Source: A Ground Breaking Presentation to the Management Association of The Philippines by EJ

Fransman of SAPTASCO- Septeber 2009
4.2.5.2 Disadvantages
1. Slower strength gain

2. Longer setting times
3. Air content control
4. Seasonal limitations
5. Color variability
The structural effects of fly ash may be more critical, but cosmetic concerns also
affect its use in concrete. It is more difficult to control the color of concrete containing fly
ash than mixtures with Portland cement only. Fly ash also may cause visual
inconsistencies in the finished surface, such as dark streaks from carbon particles.
27
4.2.6 Mechanisms by which fly ash improves the properties of concrete
A good understanding of the mechanisms by which fly ash improves the

rheological properties of fresh concrete and ultimate strength as well as the durability of
hardened concrete is helpful to insure that potential benefits expected from HVFA
concrete mixtures are fully realized. These mechanisms are discussed next.
4.2.6.1 Fly ash as a water reducer
Too much mixing-water is probably the most important cause for many problems
that are encountered with concrete mixtures. There are two reasons why typical concrete
mixtures contain too much mixing-water. Firstly, the water demand and workability are
influenced greatly by particle size distribution, particle packing effect, and voids present
in the solid system. Typical concrete mixtures do not have an optimum particle size
distribution, and this accounts for the undesirably high water requirement to achieve
certain workability. Secondly, to plasticize a cement paste for achieving a satisfactory
consistency, much larger amounts of water than necessary for the hydration of cement
have to be used because Portland cement particles, due to the presence of an electric
charge on the surface, tend to form flocs that trap volumes of the mixing water.
It is generally observed that a partial substitution of Portland cement by fly ash in

a mortar or concrete mixture reduces the water requirement for obtaining a given
consistency. Experimental studies by Owen and Jiang and Malhotra have shown that with
HVFA concrete mixtures, depending on the quality of fly ash and the amount of cement
replaced, up to a 20% reduction in water requirements can be achieved. This means that
good fly ash can act as a superplasticizing admixture when used in high-volume. The
phenomenon is attributable to three mechanisms. First, fine particles of fly ash get
absorbed on the oppositely charged surfaces of cement particles and prevent them from
flocculation. The cement particles are thus effectively dispersed and will trap large
amounts of water, which means that the system will have a reduced water requirement to
achieve a given consistency. Secondly, the spherical shape and the smooth surface of fly
28
ash particles help to reduce inter-particle friction and thus facilitate mobility. Thirdly, the
particle packing effect is also responsible for the reduced water demand in plasticizing
the system. It may be noted that both Portland cement and fly ash contribute particles that
are mostly in the 1 to 45 m size range, and therefore serve as excellent fillers for the
void space within the aggregate mixture. In fact, due to its lower density and higher
volume per unit mass, fly ash is a more efficient void-filler than Portland cement.
4.2.6.2 Drying shrinkage
Perhaps the greatest disadvantage associated with the use of Portland-cement

concrete is cracking due to drying shrinkage. The drying shrinkage of concrete is directly
influenced by the amount and the quality of the cement paste present. It increases with an
increase in the cement paste-to-aggregate ratio in the concrete mixture, and also increases
with the water content of the paste.
Clearly, the water-reducing property of fly ash can be advantageously used for
achieving a considerable reduction in the drying shrinkage of concrete mixtures.
The significance of this concept is illustrated by the data in Table 2 which shows
mixture proportions of a conventional 25 MPa concrete compared to a superplasticized
HVFA concrete with similar strength but higher slump. Due to a significant reduction in
the water requirement, the total volume of the cement paste in the HVFA concrete is only
25% as compared to 29.6% for the conventional Portland-cement concrete which
represents a 30% reduction in the cement paste-to-aggregate volume ratio.
29
Table 2 Comparison of cement paste volumes
Conventional concrete
HVFA concrete
kg/mJ
m3
kg/mJ
m3
Cement
307
0.098
154
0.149
Fly ash
154
0.065
Water
178
0.178
120
0.120
Entrapped air (2%)
0.020
0.020
Coarse aggregate
1040
0.385
1210
0.448
Fine aggregate
825
0.305
775
0.287
Total
2350
0.986
2413
0.989
w/cm
0.58
0.39
Paste: volume
0.296
0.254
Percent
30.0%
25.7%
4.2.6.3 Thermal cracking
Thermal cracking is a serious concern in massive concrete structures. It is

generally assumed that this is not a problem with reinforced-concrete structures of
moderate thickness, e.g. 50-cm thick or less. However, due to the high reactivity of
modem cements, cases of thermal cracking are reported even from moderate-size
structures made with concrete mixtures of high-cement content that tend to develop
excessive heat during curing. The physical-chemical characteristics of ordinary Portland
cements today are such that very high heat-of-hydration is produced at an early age
compared with that of normal Portland cements available 40 years ago. Also, high-early
strength requirements in modem construction practice are usually satisfied by an increase
in the cement content of the concrete mixture. Further, there is considerable construction
activity now in the hot-arid areas of the world where concrete temperatures in excess of
60C arc not uncommon within a few days of concrete placement.
For unreinforced mass-concrete construction, several methods are employed to

prevent thermal cracking, and some of these techniques can be successfully used for the
30
mitigation of thermal cracks in massive reinforced-concrete structures. For instance, a 40MPa concrete mixture containing 350 kg/m1 Portland cement can raise the temperature of
concrete by approximately 55-60C within a week if there is no heat loss to the
environment. However, with a HVFA concrete mixture containing 50% cement
replacement with a Class F fly ash, the adiabatic temperature rise is expected to be 3035C. As a rule of thumb, the maximum temperature difference between the interior and
exterior concrete should not exceed 25"C to avoid thermal cracking. This is because
higher temperature differentials are accomplished by rapid cooling rates that usually
result in cracking. Evidently, in the case of conventional concrete it is easier to solve the
problem cither by keeping the concrete insulated and warm for a longer time in the forms
until the temperature differential drops below 25C or by reducing the proportion of
Portland cement in the binder by a considerable amount. The latter option can be
exercised if the structural designer is willing to accept a slightly slower rate of strength
development during the first 28 days, and the concrete strength specification is based on
90-days instead of 28-day strength.
4.2.6.4 Water-tightness and durability
In general, the resistance of a reinforced-concrete structure to corrosion, alkaliaggregate expansion, sulfate and other forms of chemical attacks depends on the watertightness of the concrete. The water-tightness is greatly influenced by the amount of
mixing-water, type and amount of supplementary cementing materials, curing, and
cracking resistance of concrete. High-volume fly ash concrete mixtures, when properly
cured, are able to provide excellent water-tightness and durability. The mechanisms
responsible for this phenomenon arc discussed briefly below.
When a concrete mixture is consolidated after placement, along with entrapped

air, a part of the mixing-water is also released. As water has low density, it tends to travel
to the surface of concrete. However, not all of this "bleed water" is able to find its way to
the surface. Due to the wall effect of coarse aggregate particles, some of it accumulates in
the vicinity of aggregate surfaces, causing a heterogeneous distribution of water in the
31
system. Obviously, the interfacial transition zone between the aggregate and cement paste
is the area with high water/cement and therefore has more available space that permits the
formation of a highly porous hydration product containing large crystals of calcium
hydroxide and ettringite. Micro cracks due to stress are readily formed through this
product because it is much weaker than the bulk cement paste with a lower water/cement.
It has been suggested that micro cracks in the interfacial transition zone play an
important part in determining not only the mechanical properties but also the
permeability and durability of concrete exposed to severe environmental conditions. This
is because the rate of fluid transport in concrete is much larger by percolation through an
interconnected network of micro cracks than by diffusion or capillary suction. The
heterogeneities in the micro cracks of the hydrated Portland-cement paste, especially the
existence of large pores and large crystalline products in the transition zone, are greatly
reduced by the introduction of fine particles of fly ash. With the progress of the
pozzolanic reaction, a gradual decrease occurs in both the size of the capillary pores and
the crystalline hydration products in the transition zone, thereby reducing its thickness
and eliminating the weak link in the concrete microstructure. In conclusion, a
combination of particle packing effect, low water content, and pozzolanic reaction
accounts for the eventual disappearance of the interfacial transition zone in HVFA
concrete, and thus enables the development of a highly crack-resistant and durable
product.
4.2.7 Carbon Content of Fly Ash

It has been reported that concrete containing fly ash can be durable to the effects
of freezing and thawing provided it has a stable air-void system. There have been reports
of carbon content in the fly ash reducing the effectiveness of air-entraining agent.
Sturrup, Hooton and Clendennning (1983) found that doubling the carbon content
required a double dosage of air-entraining admixture for entraining about 6.5 1 % air.
They mentioned in their findings that as long as the required air contents are obtained,
32
carbon content in the fly ash does not adversely affect the performance of fly ash
concrete vis-a-viz the effects of freezing and thawing.
4.3 Methodology
In order to come up with the design of the project, necessary data were gathered
from the population statistics and economic activity of San Andres, Manila, as well as the
population density of students needed by the school, up to the soil properties of the
proposed school.
After obtaining the necessary information needed for the project, a five-storey
school that can accommodate students of San Andres, Manila was designed. As the
number of students continues to rise, more and more school facilities such as classrooms
are needed by the school.
As the materials are known for the design of the project, initial cost estimation
was done in order to know that the funds can be raised by the school institution. Since the
objective of the proposal is to reduce the cost of the materials used in the design of the
project, the school can afford and utilize them properly.
33
START
Data Gathering (population

of students on the location)
Develop Draft Plan
Consultation of Draft Plan
Design Process
Estimation of the Project
END
Figure 1.0 Flow Chart of Project
34
Chapter 5
Detailed Engineering Design
Design was conducted according to National Structural Code of the Philippines
2010 Vol. 1. The Ultimate Strength Design approach was used as a design criterion. All
load combinations were entered into the model, and the combined load effects were
compared to the reduced nominal strengths of the members. In addition to analyzing
members under typical load effects, for seismic design, a drift criterion accounting for
plastic deformation was enforced.
The structure was designed for serviceability: Deflections of beams under service
live load are limited to L/240 and story drifts under 50-year wind events (unfactored wind
load) are limited to L/400. A computer model was constructed in ETABS to conduct
three-dimensional frame analysis of the structure. The model included only the main
beams and the columns; the floor beams and decking were designed by hand. Lateral
loads were applied to diaphragms at each floor; diaphragms were assumed rigid as
justified by a diaphragm flexibility study.
Dead, live, roof live and snow loads were calculated in accordance with NSCP
2010. Rain loads were assumed to be negligible compared to the roof live load.
Calculations of gravity loads are included. Dead loads were calculated, including the
weight of all structural components (columns, main beams, floor beams, and floor
system), cladding, and a superimposed dead load of 25 psf on the roof and 15 psf on all
floors.
The LRFD load combinations were used to find maximum compression, tension,
shear force and bending moment in all members. This strength requirement governed
member selection of non-moment frame columns and braces. In these cases, the lightest
members were chosen to resist loads in critical members, and member sections were
35
repeated if reasonable. In all other cases, either story drifts or serviceability requirements
governed member selection. Serviceability
A beam deflection criterion of L/240 was used under service live load for all
beams. For all simply-supported beams in the structure, this deflection limitation
controlled the selection. The service wind story drift limitation of L/400 was met and did
not control for any members. This is because the lateral force-resisting system was
already very stiff to handle seismic loads.
According to NSCP 2010 Section 410, analysis included here the investigation of
reinforced concrete beams subject to steel yielding, and decision if it is to be designed as
non-rectangular or rectangular, singly-reinforced or doubly-reinforced concrete beams.
Included here are the determination of strength reduction factor and the steel ratio. Also
included were the axial capacity analysis of columns and the design of ties and vertical
bars.
According to NSCP 2010 Section 411, analysis included here the determination of
size of stirrups and their spacing, and also the investigation if the reinforced concrete has
the capacity to resist shearing forces. Code provisions for design ranges from a simplified
design to a much detailed design when given axial, flexure and shear reaction altogether.
According to NSCP 2010 Section 413, analysis included here the stress spread, and the
design and spacing of steel bars in a two way slab. It facilitates on how the bars would be
placed along the slab using the direct design method. Code provisions set also the
maximum bending moments at each faces of the members.
According to NSCP 2010Section 415, analysis of concrete footings included the
investigation of concrete footings under one-way and punching shear failure, and how the
reinforcing bars would be laid out in both directions of the footing. It has a provision on
the minimum thickness of footings and the location of the critical section for both oneway and punching shear.
36
Estimation and budget schedule are based on the technical data coming from a
professional Quantity Surveyor and/or Cost Engineer. The project schedule is prepared
and outlined using Microsoft Project containing all the significant and critical project
activities. Also included here are geotechnical profiles and field results of our project,
such as borehole results, soil consistence, cohesion and unit weight of the soil profile.
To facilitate the output of our project more accurately, the structural design
specifications shall be shown, like the beam, column, footing and slab schedule, at which
is presented the exact details like the number and size of top and bottom bars, the
concrete beam dimensions, and the effective depth of the structural members, per every
level and unit of our project. Preliminary data for design loads that served bases for our
structural design shall also be included, like the dead, live, superimposed, wind and other
essential loads of our project provided by NSCP 2010.
37
5.1 Loads and Codes
5.1.1 Introduction
The structural design of the five-storey hospital structure conforms to the National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 for Volume 1: For Buildings and other Vertical
Structures and to the American Concrete Institute Code for Buildings. All values used in
the design are found in NSCP 2010: Minimum Design Loads. Seismic considerations are
in reference according to Uniform Building Code 1997.
5.1.2 Codes
SECTION 103: CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE:
Nature of Occupancy: I Essential Facilities

Public School Buildings
SECTION 104: DESIGN REQUIREMENTS:
104.1 Strength Requirement: Strength capacity of the school building

104.2 Serviceability Requirement: Stiff and durable
104.3 Analysis: Load and resistance factor design
104.4 Foundation investigation
104.5 Design Review: Engr. Divina Gonzales
SECTION 105: POSTING AND INSTRUMENTATION
SECTION 106: SPECIFICATIONS, DRAWINGS, AND CALCULATIONS
SECTION 108: EXISTING STRUCTURES:
38
5.1.3 Dead Loads
All Floors
Dead Load
Load
Unit
Mechanical Duct Allowance
0.2
kPa
Plaster on Concrete
0.24
kPa
Elec. & Plumb Allowance
0.1
kPa
Acoustical Fiber Board
0.05
kPa
Cement Finish (25mm)
1.53
kPa
Ceramic or Quarry Tile (20mm)
1.10
kPa
kPa
4.22
kPa
Ceiling:
Floor Finishes
Partitions:
Concrete Hollow Blocks
Total Dead Load
5.1.4Live Loads
First Floor
Live Load
Load
Unit
Classrooms
1.9
kPa
Corridors above ground floor
4.8
kPa
Restrooms
2.4
kPa
Ground Floor corridors
4.8
kPa
Exit Facilities
4.8
kpa
Total
18.7
kPa
39
Second Floor
Live Loads
Loads
Unit
Classrooms
1.9
kPa
4.8
kPa
Restrooms
2.4
kPa
4.8
kPa
Exit Facilities
4.8
kpa
Total
18.7
kPa
Live Loads
Load
Unit
Classrooms
1.9
kPa
4.8
kPa
Restrooms
2.4
kPa
4.8
kPa
Exit Facilities
4.8
kpa
Total
18.7
kPa
Live Loads
Load
Unit
Classrooms
1.9
kPa
4.8
kPa
Restrooms
2.4
kPa
4.8
kPa
Exit Facilities
4.8
kpa
Total
18.7
kPa
Third Floor
Fourth Floor
40
Fifth Floor
Live Loads
Loads
Unit
Classrooms
1.9
kPa
4.8
kPa
Restrooms
2.4
kPa
4.8
kPa
Exit Facilities
4.8
kpa
Total
18.7
kPa
Sixth Floor/ Roof Deck

Load
Unit
Catwalk
1.9
kPa
Basic Floor Areas
1.9
kPa
Exit Facilities
4.8
kPa
Total
8.6
kPa
Live Loads
Total Live Load =
18.7 (First Floor)

+18.7(Second Floor)
Total Live Load =
+18.7(Third Floor)
+18.7(Fourth Floor)
+30.7(Fifth Floor)
+8.6(Roofdeck)
Total Live Load
114.1 kPa
41
5.1.5Earthquake Loads
Design Considerations
Ct = 0.0731 (Concrete)
Overstrength Factor, R = 3.5 (ordinary concrete frame)
Soil Profile Type = SD
Zone no. = 4
Seismic Zone Factor, Z = 0.4
Ca = 0.44Na = 0.44
Cv = 0.64Nv = 0.768
Seismic Source Type = A
Na = 1.00
Nv = 1.2
Occupancy Category = I
Importance Factor I = 1.5 (Essential Facilities)
Valley Fault System
5.1.6 Wind Load
Design Considerations
The design shall conform to the NSCP Zone Classification Basic Wind Speed:
Manila Area (Zone 4):

V = 200 kph = 125 mph
Iw = 1.15
Exposure, B
42
5.1.6 Load Combinations
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
U = 0.9D + 1.4E
U = 1.0D + 1.0W
U = 1.0D + 0.12E
Where:
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = load effects of earthquake
43
5.2 Structural Design

5.2.1 Introduction
Using application software such as STAAD and ETABS, the design of the
proposed school building will be utilized precisely and effectively. STAAD was used for
the two trusses that will cover the open spaced of the structure. ETABS designed the
whole super structure since the roof deck is made of reinforced concrete. Lastly, the
application software SAFE concentrated on the design of the foundation of the structure.
SAFE is an application that focuses on the design of the foundation; the data processed in
ETABS can be transferred through this program.
5.2.2 Beam Design
Using ETABS, the design and analysis of beams was computed.
***See Appendix
5.2.3 Column Design
Using ETABS, the design and analysis of columns was computed.
***See Appendix
5.2.4 Slab Design
Using ETABS, the design and analysis of slab was computed.
5.2.4.1 One Way Slab
***See Appendix
44
5.2.4.2 Two Way Slab
***See Appendix
5.2.5 Design of Truss
The design of the truss in the structure to be considered is the open space found in
corridors of the school building. In order to prevent an overflow of water during typhoons
the materials used in the truss analysis are made of Howe Truss. The roof in the truss is
made of polycarbonate sheets.
5.2.5.1 Design Consideration

Polycarbonate Sheet (w = 4.0 kg/m2)
Polycarbonate Sheet Thickness, 4.5mm
Roof Live Load, RLL = 0.6 kPa
Dead Load,DL = 0.096 kPa
Wind Load, WL = 0.6109 kPa
= 23.50
fy = 170 MPa
Bay Distance, L = 3 m
45
C 3 x 4.1
Weight, w (kg/m)
6.14
Area, A (mm2)
781
Section Modulus about X,
18.14
Sx(x 103 mm3)

Section Modulus about Y,
3.36
Sy(x 103 mm3)
Orientation
Reference: Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP)

Steel Manual
C 3 x 4.1:
Sx = 18.14 mm3
Sy = 3.36 mm3
Wt = RLL + DL + WL
Wt = 0.6 + 0.096 + 0.6109
Wt = 1.3069 KPa
WT
Load along x-axis:

Wx = Wt cos
Wx = 1.3069 cos 23.5
Wx = 1198.5189 N/m
Load along x-axis:
Wy = Wt sin
Wy = 1.3069 sin 23.5
Wy = 521.0952 N/m
23.5o
46
Actual stress along x-axis:
MPa
Actual stress along y-axis:
MPa
Allowable stress along x-axis:
MPa
Allowable stress along y-axis:
MP
47
Checking for Adequacy:
Since 0.964 falls under 0.9 to 1.0, then the section of the purlins is adequate and
economical.
Top Chords, Bottom Chords and Web Members
The Section & Its Properties
Orientation
L 20 x 20 x 3
Weight, w (kg/m)
0.88
Area, A (mm2)
112
Radius of Gyration about X,

rx(mm)
Radius of Gyration about Y,
ry(mm)
5.9
5.9
48
5.2.5.2 Design of Howe Truss
STAAD Model
3D Model
49
STAAD Output
Table 5.3Support Reactions End Forces
JOINT
12
LOAD
FORCE-
FORCE-
FORCE-
MOM-X MOM-Y
MOM Z
0.00
8 .99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-25.17
1.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
STAAD Output
Table 5.4 Member End Forces
MEMBER LOAD
JT AXIAL SHEAR- SHEAR- TORSION MOM- MOMY
-3.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.47
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1. 47
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
50
-0.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-3.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-3.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-3.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
51
10
11
12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-10.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
10.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
-16.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
16.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
-17.98
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12
17.98
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12
0.00
0 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12
7.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-7.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
52
13
14
15
16
17
1.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12
-1.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
-0.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4 .49
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-4.49
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8 .99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-8.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
53
18
19
20
21
1. 47
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
-1.47
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
-3.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-4.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
4 .57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-11.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
54
5.2.6 Design of Foundation

It is essential to carry out investigation before preparing the design of civil
engineering works. The investigation may range in scope from simple examination of the
surface soils, with or without a few shallow trial pits, to a detailed study of the soil and
ground water conditions for a considerable depth below the ground surface by means of
boreholes and in-situ and/ or laboratory test on the soils encountered. The extent of the
investigation depends on the importance of the structure, the complexity of the soil
conditions, and the information already available on the behavior of the existing
foundations similar on soils. Thus, it is not the normal practice to sink boreholes and
carry out soil tests for single or two story structure since normally, there is adequate
knowledge of the safe bearing pressure of the soil in any particular locality. Only in
troublesome soils such as peat or loose fill would it be necessary to sink deep boreholes,
possibly supplemented by soil test. More extensive ground conditions where there is no
information available on foundation behavior of similar structures. Since the structure to
be design is school building, it is very important to consider the type of soil to design the
foundation efficiently and precisely. The type of soil to be design is the clayey soil
there ore we use ra t or matt oundation
Information was extracted from site investigation to facilitate foundation design.
This includes
General topography of the site which affects foundation design and

construction e.g., surface configuration, adjacent property, presence of water
course, and so on.
Location of buried services such as power lines, telephone cables, water

mains, sewer pipes and so on.
General geology of the area within particular reference to the principal

geological formations underlying the site.
Previous history and use of the site including information of any defects and
failures of structure built on the site.
55
Any special features such as possibility o0f earthquake, flooding, seasonal

swelling etc.
Availability and quality of local construction materials.
A detailed record of soil rock strata, ground water conditions within the zone
affected by foundation loading and of any deeper strata affecting the site
conditions in any way.
In designing the foundation of the structure, SAFE application was used. SAFE
application is software that focuses on foundation design. This software designs different
footings, from square footings, rectangular footings, combined footings, to matt footings
and other kinds of footings. In the design of footings Structural Analysis of Finite
Element was used. Matt Foundation is the type of foundation to be used in the design of
substructure of the proposed building. SAFE is the ultimate tool for designing concrete
floor and foundation systems. From framing layout all the way through to detail drawing
production, SAFE integrates every aspect of the engineering design process in one easy
and intuitive environment. It provides unmatched benefits to the engineer with its truly
unique combination of power, comprehensive capabilities, and ease-of-use. Laying out
models is quick and efficient with the sophisticated drawing tools, or use one of the
import options to bring in data from CAD, spreadsheet, or database programs. Slabs or
foundations can be of any shape, and can include edges shaped with circular and spline
curves. Post-tensioning may be included in both slabs and beams to balance a percentage
of the self-weight. Suspended slabs can include flat, two-way, waffle, and ribbed framing
systems. Models can have columns, braces, walls, and ramps connected from the floors
above and below. Walls can be modeled as either straight or curved.
We used raft foundation in designing soil foundation including different
parameters used in mat foundation design. Modulus of subgrade reaction, assumptions
and considerations to analyze mat as rigid or flexible foundation, loads that should
account in mat foundation design, thickness rigidity relationship of mat, and thickness
deflection relationship of mat was analyzed in the foundation design. In this post, we
learned about analysis model that are used in computer software SAFE.
56
In this model finite elements are formed from object based model. Rectangular finite
element mesh is developed depending on maximum allowable element size.
Computer oriented method for structural analysis is used to solve plates (raft)
supported on elastic foundation. These rectangular finite elements are interconnected to
adjacent one only at corners (nodes) and a isolated spring that resembles to soil are used
in modeling.
Raft foundation is analyzed in SAFE based on classical theory for thick plates
supported on the winkler foundations. The isolated spring assumed in modeling soil is
called winkler foundation. This theory takes in to account the deformation due to
transverse shear of the plate. This model is shown in the figure below.
Mat foundations can include nonlinear uplift from the soil springs, and a
nonlinear cracked analysis is available for slabs. Generating pattern surface loads is
easily done by SAFE with an automated option. Design strips can be generated by SAFE
or drawn in a completely arbitrary manner by the user, with complete control provided
57
for locating and sizing the calculated reinforcement. Finite element design without strips
is also available and useful for slabs with complex geometries.
Comprehensive and customizable reports are available for all analysis and design
results. Detailed plans, sections, elevations, schedules, and tables may be generated,
viewed, and printed from within SAFE or exported to CAD packages.
SAFE provides an immensely capable yet easy-to-use program for structural
designers, providing the only tool necessary for the modeling, analysis, design, and
detailing of concrete slab systems and foundations.
58
5.2.6.1 Introduction
In designing the foundation of the structure, SAFE application was used. SAFE
application is software that focuses on foundation design. This software designs different
footings, from square footings, rectangular footings, combined footings, to matt footings
and other kinds of footings. In the design of footings Structural Analysis of Finite
Element was used. Matt Foundation is the type of foundation to be used in the design of
substructure of the proposed building.
From the recommended soil investigation, the presence of the very loose/soft
alluvial deposits between 0 to 9m depth would discourage the use of a shallow
foundation. This layer is settlement prone and/or highly compressible based on the SPT
blow counts. It is also strongly susceptible to liquefaction during a strong earthquake,
causing major damage to the structure under such an event. The soil bearing capacity is
estimated to be less than 25 kpa, considerably too low to support the structure without
shear failure and the settlement is extremely very excessive.
Higher bearing pressures of as high as 250 kPa can be generated below the bottom
level of the alluvium. However, this will require mat footings and a deep foundation
involving piles just to reach the hard strata wherein the stability of the foundation can be
assured.
Properties of Concrete to be considered in SAFE software:
Concrete Compressive Strength c
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 24650 Mpa
Mpa
59
Properties of rebars to be considered in SAFE software:

Weight Per unit Volume, 77 KN/m3
Modulus of Elasticity, E =200000 Mpa
Fy = 414 Mpa
Fu= 550 Mpa
Fig. 5.1 Shorter Direction Top Bar
60
Fig. 5.2 Longer Direction Top Bar
Fig 5.3 Shorter Direction Bottom Bar
61
Fig 5.4 Longer Direction Bottom Bar
Soil
Subgrade Modulus
Subgrade modulus of the soil from soft up to the hardest part which is bed
rock may vary from 100 to 500 lb/ in3.
From the soil investigation report, the subgrade modulus of the soil was
found to be clayey which makes the value up to 100 lb/ in3.
= 27000 KN/m3
62
After run analysis ..
Fig. 5.5Longer Direction Bottom Bar Result
Fig 5.6 Longer Direction Bottom Bar Result
63
Fig 5.7 Shorter Direction Top Rebar Result
Fig5.8 Shorter Direction Top Rebar Result
64
5.2.7 Design of Concrete Mix

A concrete mix proportion requires an intelligent guess of optimum combination
based on previous experiences or relationships previously derived. The process to obtain
a satisfactory mix starts with:
Preliminary
Computations
Trial Mix
Checking
Adjustments
Trial Mix
Concrete mix proportioning must be executed properly. External factors, such as

moisture condition of aggregates, place where mixing is to be conducted; handling,
placing, transporting and weather conditions affect fresh and hardened properties of a
designed mix.
There are two applicable methods employed in designing the concrete
proportions, based on a Philippine setting. Under the ACI method, the absolute volume of
a concrete mix is taken to be one cubic unit of the material; thus, the sum of the
proportions of cement, water, air entrainments and aggregates must also be equal to 1
cubic unit by definition of concrete itself. On the other hand, the approximate sand-andwater content method, a required submittal by the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH), makes use of three basic specifications: a) the water-cement ratio is
taken to be 0.57, b) the fineness modulus (FM) of sand is 2.75, and c) slump of concrete
is 75 mm. In excess of these parameters, corrections among the proportions must be
applied in order to comply with these requirements. Compared to the absolute volume of
the concrete mix adopted in ACI method, it is taken as the reciprocal of the cement factor
(CF), which is expressed in the number of bags of cement needed to make per 1 cubic
unit of concrete. Similarly, the sum of the proportions of cement, water, air entrainments
and aggregates must also be equal to that amount.
It is to be noted that the proportions to be prepared under either of the two methods are
starting mixes only. In the course of mixing operations, the quality of concrete should be
65
periodically checked for the following: workability, net water content and cement as per
yield test. Should it fail to meet the requirements according to the method employed,
adjustments shall be made to ensure the consistency of concrete throughout the structure.
The following presents the steps employed in designing a concrete mix:

Method 1 The ACI Method
1) Given the design compressive strength o concrete, c, identi
the corresponding
water-cement ratio (Table E-3). Interpolation might be needed.
2) Obtain the water requirement (Table E-4) taking the following parameters:
a) Type of Coarse aggregates (Angular/Rounded)
b) Maximum Aggregate Size (MAS)
c) Slump
3) From the corresponding water requirement, identify the percentage of entrapped

air (Table E-4).
4) Use Table E-5 to identify the volume of coarse aggregates given the following
parameters:
a) Fineness modulus (sand)
b) MAS
5) Number of bags of cement required

N=
6) Absolute volume of cement

|Vcement| =
(Gc = sp.gr. of cement)
66
7) Absolute volume of water

|Vwat| =
8) Absolute volume of air = 1 x % entrapped (item 3)
9) Absolute volume of cement paste (|Vp|) = sum of items 6, 7 and 8
10) Absolute volume of solid aggregates = 1 - |Vp|
11) Absolute volume of gravel:
=
12) Absolute volume of sand:

= Absolute Vol. of Solid Aggregates Absolute Vol. of Gravel
Correcting the quantities of water, sand and gravel

13)
Field Moisture (FM)

= moisture content - absorption
14) Correction of Weight of Sand and Gravel

Corr. = Uncorr. (1 +
15) Corrected Quantity of Water

Corr. = Uncorr. (s
s, g, = difference between the corrected and uncorrected weights of sand,

gravel and air, respectively,
16) Tabulate Results (Sample Below):
67
Material
Abs.
Volume
Sp. Gr
Uncorrected Corrected Wt.
H2O
Wt. (kg)
(kg)
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Water
Air
17) Quantity Take-off (for filling a structural component)
Wt. of material =
V is the volume of the structural element required to fill.
*Considering quantity losses, multiply the quantity of material by 1.1
The concrete mix design concrete must produce a workable concrete mixture
having properties that will not exceed the maximum and/or minimum values defined in
the special provision. Workability in concrete defines its capacity to be placed,
consolidated, and finished without harmful segregation or bleeding. Workability is
affected by aggregate gradation, particle shape, proportioning of aggregate, amount and
qualities of cementitious materials, presence of entrained air, amount and quality of high
range water reducer, and consistency of mixture. Consistency of the concrete mixture is
its relative mobility and is measured in terms of slump. The higher the slump the more
mobile the concrete, affecting the ease with which the concrete will flow during
placement. Consistency is not synonymous with workability. Two different mix designs
may have the same slump; however, their workability may be different.
The qualities of the cementitious paste provide a primary influence on the
properties
of
concrete.
Proper
selection
of
the
cementitious
content
and
68
water/cementitious ratio is dependent on the experience of the concrete producer and

becomes a very important first step in preparing a design.
For workable concrete, a higher water cementitious ratio is typically required
when aggregate becomes more angular and rough textured. The presence of air, certain
pozzolans, and aggregate proportioning will work to lower the water cementitious ratio;
however the most significant reduction in water demand comes through the use of high
range water reducing chemical admixture. Water/cementitious ratio is determined from
the net, per unit, quantity of water and total cementitious materials (by weight). The net
water content excludes water that is absorbed by the aggregates. For a given set of
materials and conditions, as water/cementitious ratio increases, strength and unit weight
will decrease. Compressive strength is a concrete parameter used in combination with
unit weight and air content to evaluate the durability of the superstructure concrete's
exposure to freeze / thaw action, and exposure to deicing salts. It is important to note that
the designer of the bridge structure does not recognize the benefit of increased
compressive strength. The slab still relies on a minimum design compressive strength
(f'c) of 4000 psi at 28-days. Proportioning of aggregates is defined by the volume of fine
aggregate to the volume of coarse aggregate, as a percent. The lower percentage of fine to
total aggregate provides an increase in compressive strength at the expense of
workability. The gradation, particle shape and texture of the coarse aggregate along with
fineness modulus of the fine aggregate will determine how low the fine to total aggregate
percentage can be for a given workability requirement.
Once the cement content, pozzolan content, water/cementitious ratio, and fine to
total aggregate percentage are defined for the concrete's intended use in the
superstructure, proportioning of the mix in terms of design batch weights can begin.
Specific gravities must be accurately defined for each material being utilized in order to
proportion the mix properly by the absolute volume method. Cement is typically accepted
as having a specific gravity of 3.15. Pozzolans will typically vary between 2.22 and 2.77
depending on the type of pozzolan (fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume) and its source. Pozzolan
suppliers should readily be able to provide current values for their material. Approximate
specific
gravities
are
identified
for
each
source
on
the
Department's
69
Approved/Prequalified Materials list; however, they should not be considered the most
current. Bulk specific gravity, in the saturated surface dry condition, must be used to
proportion the fine and coarse aggregate. Accurate testing of one or more samples of fine
and coarse aggregate must be accomplished by the Contractor as part of any
proportioning for a mix design. It is of great benefit to identify the geologic ledges from
which a crushed stone coarse aggregate is produced. Subsequent shifts in benching at the
aggregate source may cause significant shifts in bulk specific gravity and absorption.
These are important aggregate properties to monitor as part of concrete quality control.
Proportioning concrete by the absolute volume method involves calculating the volume
of each ingredient and its contribution to making one yd3 or 27 ft3 of concrete. Volumes
are subsequently converted to design weights, which then become the basis for actual
production of concrete from the plant. For cementitious materials and water, the weight
to volume conversion is accomplished by dividing the weight (lbs) by the specific gravity
of the material and again dividing by the density of water (62.27 lbs/ft 3 at 73.4 F).
Converting from volume to weight is accomplished simply by taking the known volume
(ft3) of the ingredient and multiplying by the specific gravity of the ingredient and again
multiplying by the density of water (62.27 lbs/ft3 at 73.4 F). Volume to weight
conversions for aggregates is accomplished by the same series of computations; however,
bulk specific gravity (SSD) must be used. The target air content is established at 6.5% by
the special provision, which converts to a volume of 1.76 ft3 within a cubic yard of
concrete.
70
(Using ACI Method)

Portland Cement
Type I
Type of Aggregate
Angular
Max Size of Coarse

Aggregates
19
mm
Max Density of Water
1000
kg/m3
Wt. of Cement
40
kg/bag
Slump
75 to 100
mm
1586.28
kg/m3
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Fineness Modulus
2.4
Sp. Gravity
3.2
2.57
2.5
Moisture Content
5.4
2.99
Absorption
2.33
2.33
Natural
Angular
Unit Wt. of Coarse

Aggregate.
Type
TABLE5.5: Summary of Concrete-Mix Parameters from Material Testing
1) Water-Cement Ratio (From Table E-3)

W-C Ratio (L/40kg
Value
Strength (MPa)
Upper Limit
34.47
17.75
Required
28.00
Lower Limit
27.58
21.30
bag)
71
= 18 L/40 kg bag
2) Water Requirement (From Table E-4)
MAS = 19 mm
Type = Angular
Slump = 75 100
Use: 0.018m3 x
= 18 L
3) Entrapped Air: (From Table E-4)
From corresponding column in item (2)
2%
4) Volume of Coarse Aggregate
MAS: 19 mm
FM of Sand = 2.37
Absolute Vol. of Coarse
Fineness Modulus of
Aggregate (m3)
Sand
2.40
0.65
Required
2.37
Upper Limit
2.60
0.63
Value
Lower
Limit
x = 0.653
5) Number of bags per volume of concrete: (Calc. W/C Ratio)
= 9.63 bags of cement
6) Absolute volume of cement
72
= 0.1204 m3
|Vcement| =
7) Absolute volume of water

|Vwat| =
= 0.2030 m3
8) Absolute volume of air = 1 x 0.02 = 0.02
9) Absolute volume of cement paste (|Vp|)
= 0.1204 + 0.2030 + 0.02 = 0.3434
10) Absolute volume of solid aggregates

= 1 0.3434 = 0.6566
11) Absolute volume of gravel:

=
= 0.426
12) Absolute volume of sand:

= 0.6566 0.4143 = 0.378
73
Table 5.6 A tabulated summary of computed values is shown below:
Material
Abs.
Volume
Sp. Gr
H2O
Uncorrected Corrected Wt.

Wt. (kg)
Cement
0.1270
3.15
1000.00
40
Sand
0.378
2.69
1000.00
101.68
Gravel
0.426
2.731
1000.00
116.34
Water
0.20
1.00
1000.00
18
Air
0.02
(kg)
(required to
find)
(required to
find)
(required to
find)
(required to
find)
74
Chapter 6
Budget Estimation
Based on the estimates made for the design of A Proposed Five-Storey School
Building with the Use of Fly Ash as an Alternative Material for Portland Cement at St.
Anthony School, San Andres Manila, it is established that the total cost of the design was
estimated to be amounting of Php 57,896,081.50 with an area of 810.25 sq.m.. Without
having the flyash as an additive to portland cement the probable cause of our proposed
project will be Php 58,528,408.81, it saves about Php 632,327.31.
Since construction costs are incurred over the entire construction phase of a
project, it is often necessary to determine the amounts to be spent in various periods to
derive the cash flow profile, especially for large projects with long durations.
Consequently, it is important to examine the percentage of work expected to be
completed at various time periods to which the costs would be charged. More accurate
estimates may be accomplished once the project is scheduled, but some rough estimate of
the cash flow may be required prior to this time.
In general, the work on a construction project progresses gradually from the time
of mobilization until it reaches a plateau; then the work slows down gradually and finally
stops at the time of completion.
The contractor's bid estimate often reflects the desire of the contractor to win the
job as well as the estimating tools at its disposal. The larger contractors have wellestablished cost-estimating procedures while others do not and rely on publicly available
pricing information or a rough estimate of their time and resources. Since only one
tendering contractor will be successful, all effort devoted to cost estimating will be a loss
to the contractors who are not successful.
75
In many cases when the cost estimate indicates that the project costs will exceed
the available funds, the owner and architect will identify a list of alternates which are
items that are to be either added back into the project if the bids are lower than
anticipated, or deducts which are then deleted from the project if the bids run too high.
Alternates which are identified for deletion are items which usually do not affect the
functionality or the basic program for the facility, but require qualitative changes to the
materials or design. The cost estimate accounts for all items that will generally be
included in the general contractors id The cost estimate is prepared
reaking down
the items of work using a standard format and determining the cost of each item from
experience and a database of current construction cost information.
76
A more reliable method is based on the concept of value of work

completed which is defined as the product of the budgeted labor hours per unit of
production and the actual number of production units completed, and is expressed in
budgeted labor hours for the work completed. Then, the percentage of completion at any
stage is the ratio of the value of work completed to date and the value of work to be
completed for the entire project. Regardless of the method of measurement, it is
informative to understand the trend of work progress during construction for evaluation
and control.
Consequently, the contractor may put in the least amount of possible effort for
making a cost estimate if it believes that its chance of success is not high.
If a tendering contractor intends to subcontract parts of the project, it may request price
quotations for the various tasks to be subcontracted to appropriate specialized firms.
Therefore, the general subcontractor shifts the burden of cost estimating to
subcontractors. If all or part of the construction is to be undertaken by the main contractor
themselves, a bid estimate may be prepared on the basis of the quantity takeoffs from the
drawings provided by the client or on the basis of the construction procedures devised by
the contractor for implementing the project. I*'or example, the cost of a pad foundation of
a certain type and size may be found in commercial publications on cost data which can
be used to facilitate cost estimates from quantity takeoffs.
However, the contractor may wish to assess the actual cost of construction by
considering the actual construction procedures to be used and the associated costs if the
project is deemed to he different from typical designs. Hence, items such as labour,
material and equipment needed to perform various tasks should always be taken into
consideration for the cost estimates.
Budget Estimation
PROJECT :Proposed Five Storey Building
LOCATION:San Andres St. corner Singalong St. Malate Manila
SUBJECT : Budgetary Cost Estimate
ITEM
I.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
II
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Description of Work
GENERAL REQUIREMENT:
MOBILIZATION :
Demobilization
Temporary Facilities
Plans,Documentation,& Fees
Permits & Licenses
Bonds & Insurance
Premium for Contractor's All-Risk Insurance
Security ,Safety,Medical ,Communication & Testing
Temp. Water & power suppies
EARTH WORKS :
Excavation:
a. Mechanical / Equipment
b. Manual
Earthfill /backfilling with compaction
Dewatering
Gravel fill ( Gravl Bedding)
Soil poisoning
Polythelene sheet(Moisture Protection)
Hauling of unsuitable materials
Qty.
Unit
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
1,554.00
666.00
1,620.00
1.00
74.00
880.00
740.00
1.00
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
lot
cu.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
lot
MATERIAL / LABOR
Unit Cost
Amount
50,000.00
50,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
150,000.00
150,000.00
150,000.00
120,000.00
120,000.00
70,000.00
70,000.00
190,000.00
190,000.00
250,000.00
250,000.00
90,000.00
90,000.00
Sub-total.
1,170,000.00
600.00
550.00
250.00
50,000.00
720.00
75.00
60.00
100,000.00
Sub-total.
935,760.00
366,300.00
405,000.00
50,000.00
53,280.00
66,000.00
44,400.00
100,000.00
2,020,740.00
77
III
A
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
CIVIL / STRUCTURAL WORKS:

CONCRETE IN-PLACE
Slab on fill ( Concrete w/ flyash3,000 psi)
Footing Foundadation ( concrete w/ flyash 4,000 psi)
Column
Beams
Suspended slab
Cistern tank
Septic tank
Stairs
Linter Beam /Stiffiner column
B
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
C.
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
74.00
444.00
172.8
336.00
370.00
63.00
32.00
70.00
22.00
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
cu.m.
4,500.00
4,950.00
4,950.00
4,950.00
4,950.00
4,950.00
4,950.00
4,950.00
4,950.00
Sub-total.
333,000.00
2,197,800.00
855,360.00
1,663,200.00
1,831,500.00
311,850.00
158,400.00
346,500.00
108,900.00
7,806,510.00
REBARS IN-PLACE
Slab on fill
Footing Foundadation
Column
Beams
Suspended slab
Cistern tank
Septic tank
Stairs
2,516.00
53,762.50
53,481.60
73,584.00
42,180.00
6,615.00
5,920.00
7,742.00
1,485.00
kgs.
kgs.
kgs.
kgs.
kgs.
kgs.
kgs.
kgs.
kgs.
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
Sub-total.
163,540.00
3,494,562.50
3,476,304.00
4,782,960.00
2,741,700.00
429,975.00
384,800.00
503,230.00
96,525.00
16,073,596.50
FORM WORKS:
Footing Foundadation
Column
Beams
Suspended slab
Cistern tank
Septic tank
432.00
1,297.50
2,100.00
3,341.00
410.00
208.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
610.00
610.00
610.00
610.00
610.00
610.00
263,520.00
792,085.00
1,281,000.00
2,038,010.00
250,100.00
126,880.00
78
7.0
8.0
Stair
455.00
72.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
610.00
610.00
Sub-total.
277,550.00
43,920.00
5,073,065.00
VI
1
2
ROOFING WORKS:
Structural Roof Truss
Polycarconate Sheet 4.5 mm Thk.
79.00
79.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
1,600.00
1200.00
Sub-total.
126,400.00
94,800.00
221,200.00
VII
1.0
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS:
MASONRY :
Laying of CHB 4" ( 100mmThk)
Laying of CHB 6" (150mm Thk.)
PLAIN CEMENT PLASTERING
a. Exterior Cement Plastering
b. InteriorCement Plastering
TILE WORKS:
a. Floor tiles Homogeneous non -skid tiles
b.Wall tiles ( Toilet partition)
c. Marble finish
216.00
1,910.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
485.00
685.00
104,760.00
1,308,350.00
840.00
3,530.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
380.00
350.00
319,200.00
1,235,500.00
3,520.00
432.00
12.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
1,000.00
950.00
4,500.00
Sub-total.
3,520,000.00
410,400.00
54,000.00
6,952,210.00
CEILING WORKS
a.Rubbed concrete
b.Ficem board 4.5mm thk. For C.R.
3,263.00
330.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
80.00
850.00
216,040.00
280,500.00
PAINTING WORKS
a. Exterior Wall
b. Interior wall
c. Ceiling
d Steel casement Windows / Louver Window
e. Wood Doors
840.00
330.00
860.00
1,326.00
262.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
250.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
250.00
Sub-total.
210,000.00
72,600.00
189,200.00
291,720.00
65,500.00
829,020.00
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
79
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
VIII
MILL WORKS with / FINISH HARDWARE:

a. Solid Wood DOORS
b. Hollow core wood flush door (Marine) for toilet
b. CUBICLE DOOR ( Laminated)
54.00
10.00
56.00
sets
sets
sets
13,500.00
8,500.00
4,500.00
Sub-total.
729,000.00
85,000.00
252,000.00
1,066,000.00
78.00
78.00
sets
sets
10,500.00
8,700.00
819,000.00
678,600.00
20.00
sets
12,000.00
240,000.00
METAL WORKS
a.Steel Casement Window with glass 5mm thk.
b. Awning Aluminum Window with glass-5mm thk.
c. Steel Louver Window @ Stair portion(Ventilating
window)
d. Steel Louver Window @ roof deck( Ventilating
window)
e. Stair Railing
f. Balcony Railing
8.00
sets
12,000.00
96,000.00
226.50
36.00
lm.
lm.
1,200.00
1,200.00
Sub-total.
271,800.00
43,200.00
2,148,600.00
CARPENTRY WORKS:
a. Blackboard w/ frame
b. Flat form
c. Fisem board ceiling
27.00
27.00
330.00
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
10,000.00
11,000.00
850.00
Sub-total.
270,000.00
297,000.00
280,500.00
847,500.00
WATER PROOFING WORKS:

a. Comfort room
b. Roof Deck with concrete topping
c. Fire wall ( Damproofing)
330.00
105.00
516.20
sq.m.
sq.m.
sq.m.
750.00
1,300.00
650.00
Sub-total.
247,500.00
136,500.00
335,400.00
719,400.00
SANITARY / PLUMBING WORKS:

a. Water closet
b. Urina
c. Lavatory
70.00
20.00
40.00
sets
sets
sets
6,000.00
4,000.00
3,500.00
420,000.00
80,000.00
140,000.00
80
d. Floor drain(Jaman)
e. Plumbing Fittings & accessories
f. Inatallation of cold water line
g. Installation of sewer line
h. Drainages line connecting to existing
i. Over head water tank 4,000 gals.
j. 5Hp Transfer pump
k. 5 Hp Buster pump
50.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
pcs.
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
units
units
450.00
80,000.00
667,500.00
295,000.00
150,000.00
350,000.00
56,000.00
52,000.00
Sub-total.
22,500.00
80,000.00
667,500.00
295,000.00
150,000.00
350,000.00
112,000.00
104,000.00
2,421,000.00
ELECTRICAL WORKS:
a. Roughing -in
b. Lighting fixtures
c. Wires & Cables
f. Wiring devices
g. Panel board Main CB 800 A
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
421,000.00
395,500.00
325,000.00
154,000.00
435,000.00
Sub-total.
421,000.00
395,500.00
325,000.00
154,000.00
435,000.00
1,730,500.00
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM:
1.00
lot
4,500,000.00
4,500,000.00
XI
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT FEE
1.00
lot
1,500,000.00
1,500,000.00
XII
ARCHITECT & ENGINEERS DESIGNERS FEE

TOTAL PROJECT COST
1.00
lot
2,325,000.00
GRAND TOTAL
2,325,000.00
57,896,081.50
IX
81
82
Chapter 7
Project Schedule
Prior to beginning project construction, the contractor normally prepares a bill of

material that lists the types of material, the amount, the supplier and the cost. The bill of
material also should relate the material to the specific construction activity. Purchase
order is an agreement to purchase items from a supplier and may include several different
materials and activity codes and multiple delivery dates. The purchase order is used for
ordering material and for payment by accounting.
Note that not only the plan and the schedule are related, but also many of the
elements of the plan are interrelated. For example, most of the choices in the plan (length
of stay, type of accommodations, means of transportation, type of activities, food, etc.)
affect the budget. Since different means of transportation have longer time durations than
others, they may affect not only the cost but the schedule as well. Clearly, a lack of
clarity of scope before the project starts may lead to heated arguments and dissatisfaction.
In real projects, it may lead to huge budget overruns, schedule delays, and different
parties1 dissatisfaction. Therefore, it is important to have a clear understanding of the
project's scope (objectives), and decide who the "project manager" is. Many issues are at
stake in this example, but demonstrating the concepts of planning and scheduling is our
objective.
Once a project starts, certain aspects can easily deviate or go astray. This
deviation can be overspending, a schedule slippage, a departure from the objective/scope,
or something else. It is of utmost importance to knowat all timeswhere you stand in
relation to where you planned to be (the baseline). If you find yourself behind schedule or
over budget, you must know why and then take corrective action to get back on track or,
at least, minimize the deviation. If the deviation is positive, actual performance was
probably better than that expected in the baseline plan.
83
Planning, scheduling, and project control arc extremely important components of

project management. However, project management includes other components, such as
cost estimating and management, procurement, project/contract administration, quality
management, and safety management. These components are all interrelated in different
ways. The group of people representing all these disciplines is called the project
management team. It is usually headed by the project manager (PM).
Fog 7.1 Gantt Chart
84
Fig 7.2Project Network Diagram
Fig. 7.3 Project Calenda
85
Fig 7.4 Project Team Planner
86
Chapter 8
Promotional Materials
Perspective View
Front Elevation
87
Rear Elevation
Left Elevation
88
Conclusion and Summary

The stud is entitled A Proposed Five-Storey School Building With the Use of
Fly Ash as an Additive Material for Portland Cement at St. Anthony School, San Andres
Manila Through e periment indings on the mixing of fly ash from concrete cement this
study arrived at a slower phase of increase in strength than an ordinary mixture of plain
concrete cement. Even though its rate of increase strength is gradual over plain cement,
its phase of development for compressive strength exceeds than of plain cement after one
or two months of duration.
50
Compressive Strength (MPa)
45
44.45
40
38.25
35.46
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Age (Days)
Fig.9.0 Ratio between Compressive Strength and Time
Statistical analyses of compression tests have shown that the use of fly ash often
lowers the variability of strengths (lower coefficient of variation). This can result in a
reduction in overdesign, ielding a direct cost savings to the concrete producer by
increasing compressive strength.
89
Fly ash is an integral material to be added to the plain cement. From the different
studies made and which have been proven, it can be concluded that as the age of the
material continues to increase the durability and strength imply that it is safe for building
construction.
Fly ash is one of the materials that comply with green engineering. This is a waste
material coming from manufacturing industries, particularly from power plants. In the
Philippines, coal power plants are one of the major producers of fly ash. From the
production of electricity, waste is generated from burning coal--ash. These ashes are
characterized by different abilities. Different countries regulate waste generation to
reduce the pollution created by coal power plants. There will be a big impact on the
environment since 40% of the electricity in the Philippines is generated by coal power
plants.
There is much potential from the properties and chemistry of fly ash. There are a
lot of benefits if the government regulates and fully utilizes the fly ash from power plants.
If implemented wisely and regularly, community projects such as housing can be boosted
through the use of fly ash products. Vulnerable coastal areas could be protected by
seawater breakers made of fly ash concrete Earning car on credits is a possi ilit
because 30% less cement needs to be manufactured.
90
Recommendations
Further studies should be done to consider more use of fly ash in the country in
order to reduce the project cost of a structure especially in the production of concrete
mix. Moreover this waste product of power plants will have a positive environmental
impact when used as an additive in the concrete mix.
Further studies should also be done to consider the conservation of energy like
applying metal louvers to surround a building as the air ventilation for the whole building
in order to optimize the capabilities of the structure and to further boost the potential of a
structure as being eco-friendly and economical.
Finally, further studies should also be done to improve the function of the
structure and to improve its overall potential for providing good service to humans as
well as to nature.
91
Acknowledgement
We owe our deepest gratitude to our Almighty Father, who has given us an opportunity to
learn, to explore and to discover new things in our thesis and to be able to apply what we
have learned in our previous subjects.
We would like to thank our parents especially to Engr. Victor and Helen
Mallillin, Mr. Francisco Punzalan and Mrs. Amalia Punzalan, and Angelica Mallillin
who are always there to support us in our studies and for always looking forward to our
good career. They always become inspirations for us to pursue the path we choose
despite various difficulties. We would also like to thank our thesis adviser, Engr. Divina
Gonzales, who was always there when we encountered difficulties and if we had
questions in our thesis.
In addition, we would like to thank our thesis professor, Engr. Francis Aldrine
Uy, who has the attitude and characteristics of being a great engineer; he taught us and
guided us all throughout our thesis. Without his guidance and persistent help this thesis
project would not have been possible. I thank Pozzolanic Philippines Incorporated who
provided us data and materials for the comparative analysis of cement and fly ash.
92
References
Abdullah et al. (2011). Malaysia Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Cement and Concrete.
Lambert Academic Publisher
ASEP (2010). National Strucutral Code of the Philippines 2010, 6th edition, volume 1
(Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures).
Helmuth, R. (1987) Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete.
INTRON (1992). Fly Ash as Addition to Concrete: Research carried out by INTRON,
Institute for Material and Environmental Research, Netherlands.
Joshi, R. & Lohita, R. (1997). Fly Ash in Concrete: Production, Properties and Uses
(Advances in Concrete Technology). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
Joshi, R. & Lohita, R (2000). Properties of Fly Ash Cement (Advances in Concrete
Technology).
King, B. (2005). Making Better Concrete: Guidelines to using Fly Ash for Higher
Quality, Eco-friendly Structures. Green Building Press
Malhotra, V. & Moltra (2008). High-performance, High-volume Fly Ash Concrete for
Building Sustainable and Durable Structures
Malhotra, V. & Ramezanianpour, A.(1994), Fly Ash in Concrete
93
Paramkusam & Srivastava (2010). Stabilization of Contaminated Soil with Fly Ash and
Cement Kiln Dust: A Laboratory Study
Phillips, E. (1981). Laboratory Analysis of Pozzolan (fly ash) concrete.
Sear et al. (2001). Properties and Use of Coal Fly Ash.
Thomas, M. (2007). Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete
Wesche, K. (1991). Fly Ash in Concrete: Properties and performance, E & Fn Spon

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A Proposed Five Storey School Building With The Use of Fly Ash

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Magcaleng, Kenneth Rogie D.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Mapua Institute of Technology

Availability of rooms such as classrooms is one of the major problems arising on

Chapter 2: Presenting the Challenges

2.1 Problem Statement

2.2 Project Objective

2.3 Design Norms Considered

2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering

2.5 The Project Beneficiary

2.6 The Innovative Approach

2.7 The Research Component

2.8 The Design Component

2.9 Sustainable Development Concept

Chapter 3: Environmental Examination Report

3.1.1 Project Rationale

3.1.2 Project Location

3.1.3 Project Information

3.1.4 Description of Project Phases

3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational Phase

3.1.6 Construction Phase

3.1.7 Operational Phase

3.1.8 Abandonment Phase

3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving

3.2.2 Biological Environment

3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment

3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental

3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant

3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic

3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and

3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and

3.4.3 Monitoring Plan

3.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

Chapter 4: The Research Component

4.2 Review of Related Literature

Chapter 5: Detailed Engineering Design

5.1.3 Dead Loads

5.1.4 Live Loads

5.1.5 Earthquake Loads

5.1.6 Wind Loads

5.2 Structural Design

5.2.2 Beam Design

5.2.3 Column Design

5.2.4 Slab Design

5.2.4.1 One Way Slab

5.2.4.2 Two Way Slab

5.2.5 Design of Trusses

5.2.5.1 Design Consideration

5.2.5.2 Design of Howe Truss

5.2.6 Design of Foundation

5.2.7 Design of Concrete Mix

Chapter 6: Budget Estimation

Chapter 7: Project Schedule

Chapter 8: Promotional Material

Conclusion and Summary

Compilation of Assessment Forms (Rubrics)

List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs

Fig. 3.1 Map View of the Location of the Proposed Project

Fig. 5.1 Shorter Direction Top Bar