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Faculty of Chemical Engineering

LABORATORY SUBMISSION FORM


Name
Title of Experiment
Course code
Course name
Group member
ASSVIN
DURGAA
ELTON

DEVANANTHAN MUNUSAMY
ADSORPTION IN PACKED BED
EKB 2131
Chemical Engineering Lab 3
ID

CRITERIA
1. ABSTRACT
2. OBJECTIVES

List all the objectives based on the experiment

3. DATA & RESULT

Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete


label and units.

4. DISCUSSION (2 Page ONLY)

Very
poor

Poor

Good

Very
Good

Excellen
t

1-2

3-4

5-6

7-8

9-10

1-4

5-8

9-12

13-16

17-20

1
1-4

2
5-8

3
9-12

4
13-16

5
17-20

Explanations of the referred table and figure are presented


after the table and figure.
Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and
objective of experiment.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

Summary of the results to relate the findings or results


with the theory applicable to the experimental.
Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement
procedure, or experimental procedures for future.

REFERENCES (AT LEAST 3)


APPENDICES

Attach ONE calculation made in this experiment

FORMATS
PARTICIPATION AND ATTITUDE
TOTAL (90%)
Chop received:
1

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO

CONTENT

PAGE NUMBER

Abstract

Introduction

3-5

Procedure

5-6

Result and Discussion

6-10

Conclusion and recommendation

10

References

10

Appendix

11-12

1.0 ABSTRACT
2

This trial was performed to contemplate the adsorption in a pressed bed for a strong fluid
framework and to plot the leap forward bend of adsorption for a given framework. A 20liter of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) arrangement was arranged and filled in food
tank. The stream rate of food was fix to 10 LPH. At that point, the arrangement from
outlet of segment 1 which load with initiated charcoal was taken out as a specimen and
the example was use to gauge optical densities with the assistance of spectrophotometer
and the worth was recorded. The trial was done until the optical densities accomplish
relentless state. Utilizing the information, convergence of test was figured together with
the length of unused bed of section 1. At relentless state, which is at 70th moment, the
convergence of test is .As time expands the optical densities of tests increment and
additionally the grouping of test increment. The length of unused bed for given
framework got from this examination was m. There are a few mistakes while getting the
outcomes. Keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish a superior result, gloves must be
wear while taking care of the cuvette to maintain a strategic distance from unique finger
impression and dust on the cuvette clear site and to get exact estimation of optical
thickness.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Adsorption hardware is utilized to tie or follow atoms or particles to a surface in a
procedure stream. This gear is utilized for modern applications, for example, smell
control, the recuperation of unstable solvents, for example, benzene, ethanol, and
trichloroethylene, and the drying of procedure gas streams. They additionally are
consolidated into ecological frameworks for recovery or remediation of defiled water or
air streams. Stuffed bed safeguards use a stationary adsorbent to channel streams. These
frameworks are utilized as a part of uses extending from huge modern operations to expel
hurtful VOCs (unstable natural carbons) to little shopper utilizes as channels and gas
veils. Imperative properties including weight drop and future of the adsorbent are
exceptionally unsurprising in these sorts of frameworks (Raman, Rishabh and Shailendra,
2014).
Adsorption finds broad applications in industry. Firstly, in paint industry where the paint
ought not contain broke up gasses as generally the paint does not hold fast well to the
surface to be painted and in this manner will have a poor covering power. The
disintegrated gasses are along these lines, expelled by appropriate adsorbents amid
assembling. Further, all surfaces are secured with layers of vaporous, fluid or strong
movies. These must be expelled before the paint is connected. Appropriate fluids do this,
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which adsorbs these movies. Such fluids are called wetting operators. The utilization of
soul as wetting specialist in furniture painting is surely understood. Furthermore, in
softening of hard water where the utilization of particle exchangers for softening of hard
water is based upon the rule of contending adsorption generally as in chromatography. In
expelling dampness from air in the capacity of sensitive instruments. Such instruments,
which might be hurt by contact with the damp air, are kept out of contact with dampness
utilizing silica gel. At last, in safeguarding vacuum where in Dewar carafes initiated
charcoal is set between the dividers of the jar so that any gas, which goes into the annular
space either because of glass flaw or dispersion however glass, is adsorbed (Mahsa,
2014).
Point of interest of adsorption is the effortlessness of gear required and they are generally
reasonable to manufacture. Moreover, adsorption as a general strategy for immobilizing
catalysts is that as a rule no reagents and just at least enactment steps are required.
Adsorption has a tendency to be less troublesome to the enzymatic protein than
compound method for connection on the grounds that the coupling is for the most part by
hydrogen bonds, numerous salt linkages, and Van der Waal's powers. In this regard, the
technique bears the best likeness to the circumstance found in regular organic films and
has been utilized to model such frameworks. Inconvenience of adsorption is at whatever
time up to achievement it is practicable to take the adsorbent bed logged off.
Accordingly, keeping in mind the end goal to have a persistent stream of item it is
important to have more than one bed of adsorbent in the set up. The most straightforward
set up requires 2 beds in which one experiences adsorption while alternate experiences
recovery. This is talked about further in the accompanying segment. By and by, more
than 2 beds are regularly utilized which presents the requirement for complex channeling
and valve game plans together with a control framework. In addition, Adsorption is
dependably an exothermic procedure and desorption can in this manner be affected by
raising the temperature of the adsorbent. In warm recovery forms, it is hard to warmth
and cool vast beds of exceptionally permeable adsorbents rapidly due to poor warmth
exchange qualities. Poor warmth exchange prompts long warming and cooling times,
which makes the requirement for extensive beds.
The upsides of adsorption in pressed bed are, it is a demonstrated and highly utilized
procedure in light of the low vitality and support costs, the straightforwardness and the
unwavering quality. It likewise requires a constrained measure of supervision and
support. The weaknesses are, an extensive section and huge adsorbent amounts are
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required. This outcomes in high venture and operational expenses. The couple of uses of
adsorption are, charcoal is utilized as a decoloriser as it adsorbs the shading matter from
the hued arrangement of sugar., silica gel adsorbs dampness from the desiccators, silica
and alumina gels are utilized as adsorbents for evacuating dampness and for controlling
moistness of rooms, actuated charcoal is utilized as a part of gas veils as it adsorbs all the
dangerous gasses and vapors and sanitizes the air for breathing lastly, adsorption
procedures are helpful in completing heterogeneous catalysis.
3.0 PROCEDURE
1.) By dissolving known amount of KMn04 in 20 liters of water, 20 liters of colored
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)

liquid was prepared.


Valve v1 v10 was closed and the main switches was ensured to be at OFF position.
The colored water was filled into the feed tank.
Activated charcoal was kept in the column.
Electric supply was connected to the set up and valve of the chosen column was

opened and the by pass valve v2 was partially opened.


6.) The pump was switched ON.
7.) The flow control valve v1 and by pass valve v2 was opened and adjusted.
8.) The stop watch was also started simultaneously.
9.) The samples was collected from outlet of the chosen column after a time intervals and
the time was noted down.
10.)
11.)

The optical densities of the samples was measured.


The experiment was run till the change in color of

outlet liquid become almost stable.


12.)
When experiment is over, the supply of feed was
stopped by closing the valve v1.
The pump and main power supply was switched OFF.
The feed tank was drained by opening valve v9.
The product tank was drained by opening valve v10.

13.)
14.)
15.)

Equations to be used
To calculate the length of unused bed of column-1
LUB 1

L1 ( S B )
=
S

Diagram 1 : Set up of adsorption in packed bed


4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Length of column L1 = 1 m
Length of column L2 = 0.5 m
Length of column L3 = 0.3m
F = 10 LPH
O.D.F = 0.365
Sr. No.

(min)

O.D

0.365

15

0.090

30

0.100

45

0.112

60

0.110

75

0.113

90

0.116

105

0.117

Table 1 : Observation data for optical densities (O.D) of sample for every 10 minutes
interval

This experiment was performing to study the solid liquid system adsorption. 2.0L of
potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution was used in this experiment. Table 1 shows the
data given, which is the length of column used in the experiment. This data is used in the
calculation of length of unused bed (LUB).
Samples were collected from the outlet from column-1 and the optical density was
measure with the help of spectrophotometer. All the data was tabulated in table 2. Optical
density measure in spectrophotometer, as the visible light pass through the cuvette that
contain the sample the light is scatter. The amount of light scatter is measured. The optical
density is measured as a ratio between the measured intensities of the incident light and light
passing through the sample.
Using the data optical density of samples obtained, the concentration of sample was
obtained using the linear equation. Calculated concentration was tabulated in table 2. As
shown in table 2, the concentration of sample was increase with respect to time which is from
60th minute to last 80th minute. This is because the optical density is directly proportional to
the concentration. The concentration of sample is increase due to the pH level of potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) increase where it changes from acidic to basic. The H+ ion on the
KMnO4 adsorbate on the surface of activated charcoal by weak up the van der Waals forces
7

between the particles. The concentration obtained at 80th minute is 0.0156 and C/CF value is
0.08321
Sr.No.
1

theta
0

O.D.
0.365

15

0.09

30

0.1

45

0.112

60

0.11

75

0.113

90

0.116

105

0.117

C
0.111
0.011
2
0.004
6
0.004
6
0.004
0.005
1
0.009
8
0.015
6

C/Cf
1
0.096
2
0.038
11
0.038
11
0.032
94
0.041
62
0.083
21
0.136
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Table 2: Calculated concentration of samples and concentration over


concentration samples

G 2 : The effect of concentration of samples over concentration of feed at every 15


minutes time interval at 10 LPH

Based on these 2 values of b and s , the length of unused bed of column 1 (LUB1)
was calculated to be 0.8333m, by using the formula provided where the height of the column
used was 1m.Generally, the length of unused bed does not change with the total bed length.
For systems with favorable isotherm, the concentration profile in the mass-transfer zone
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acquires a characteristic shape and width that do not change as the zone moves down the bed.
Test with different bed lengths have breakthrough curve of the same shape, but with longer
beds, the mass-transfer zone is a smaller fraction of the bed length, and greater fraction of the
bed is utilized. But according to the result obtained, there is a slight difference between these
two values. This may be due to some minor errors occur during conducting this experiment.
The example of errors that could be occurred is the flow rate was low so to achieve the
constant optical density it takes a while. The other error was small particles of dust on the
clear side of cuvette, which will affect the reading of optical density.

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION


The length of unused bed for given system obtained from this experiment was
0.8333m. From the graph plotted, it can be conclude that the concentration significantly
increases with respect to time. This experiment was performing successfully, as adsorbed
onto the activated charcoal, the solution turning from color to de-color; this provides a visual
example of adsorption. There are few errors occurs while conducting this experimrnt.In order
to achieve a better result, the flow rate of fluid should be high. This will not only save time
but also help to take accurate value. Must wear gloves while handling the cuvette to avoid
fingerprint and dust on the cuvette clear site and to get accurate value of optical density.

6.0 REFERENCES

1. Mahsa, J. (2014), Adsorption performance of packed bed column for nitrate


removal using PAN-oxime-nano Fe2O3. [Online]. [Accessed: 6th April 2016]
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082290/
2. Raman, K., Rishabh, K. and Shailendra, G., "An effect technique for removal
of K and MnO4 ions through adsorption in aqueous solution by using
activated charcoal, The pharmaceutical and Checimal Journal, vol. 2, pp. 2025, 2014.
3.

Borah D., Satokawa S., Kato S. and Kojima K., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 319,
2008, 53-62.

APPENDIX
1.) LUB1 =

L 1(SB)
(m)
S

s = (60 minutes + ( 45minutes / 2 )


= 82.5 minutes

B = 45minutes

Therefore,

LUB1 = [ (82.5 minute) - (45 minutes) ]


45 minutes

= 0.8333 m

Chart Title
0.2
0.15

0.1
0.05
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Figure 3 : Graph of optical density Vs concentration which used to substituted y values


inside y-equation to find concentration (x)

10

Table 3 : Data Table

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