NEBOSH IGC: - WEEK 2

Element 1:- Movement of People and Materials

Hazards to pedestrians
Slips, trips and falls on same level
Falls from height
Collisions with moving vehicles
Precautions for accidents on Staircases
Removal of obstructions
Provision of non-slip surfaces
Reflective edging
Adequate lighting
Effective maintenance
Use of signs
Width
Provision of handrails
Dimensions treads and risers
Landings
Consider disabled persons
Avoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down
Causes of accidents on staircases opposite of above
Accidents on walkways almost the same
Hazards of fork trucks
Overturning
Overloading
Loss of loads
Collision with other vehicles
Collision with pedestrians
Explosions and fire
Why can trucks overturn
Travelling on gradients that are too steep
Travelling forwards when descending slopes
Overloaded or unevenly loaded
Travelling over soft or uneven ground
Travelling over slippery surfaces
Travelling too fast
Striking kerbs or other edges
Not suitable for the task
Carrying loads at dangerous heights

To avoid overturning opposite of above

Parking of fork trucks
Put in neutral
Put on handbrake
Switch off engine
Remove key
Give key to appropriate person
Forks on floor
Mast slightly forward
Parked in suitable location
No blocking of exits
Additional hazards of electric fork trucks
Hydrogen gas released during battery charging
Electricity problems
Manual handling of liquids
Corrosive acids
They are quiet
Driver selection
Suitable age
Medical examination
Routine medical checks at regular intervals
Assessment after prolonged absences
Capable of Training
Refresher training
Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas
Segregation
Suitable parking areas
Avoid reversing if possible
One-way systems
Avoid sharp or blind bends
Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways
Vision aids
Speed limits
Signallers (Banksmen)
Protection from fumes
Protection from materials falling off
High visibility jackets

Module 1: Movement of People & Vehicles

List EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended during a drivers
work break
(8)
This question was generally well answered & most candidates were able to cite a number
of rules that need to be followed when leaving a fork-lift truck unattended, such as
Returning the truck to a designated parking area where possible

Applying the brake & leaving controls in a neutral position

Ensuring the forks are resting on the floor & the mast tilted slightly forward

Avoiding the obstruction of walkways, exits & fire points

& removing the ignition key & returning it to a responsible person

Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid accidents involving

reversing vehicles within a workplace
(8)
This question has been used previously & produced very little difficulty for the majority of
candidates, who were able to specify a variety of precautionary measures
Better candidates presented a hierarchical range, from
Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way & drive-through systems,
turning circles etc)

Tthrough the separation of vehicles & pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc)

& aspects of vehicles & workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles & at
blind corners, refuges, lighting, etc)

To procedural measures (use of banks men, site rules, driver training, etc)

Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in
areas where vehicles are in use
(8)
Answers generally included references to
Segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic

Appropriate road markings

Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc) &
audible warnings on vehicles

Other relevant measures that were mentioned included the

Drawing up & enforcement of site rules

The provision of refuges

The wearing of high-visibility clothing

A good standard of housekeeping

& training for, & supervision of all concerned

Battery-powered fork-lift trucks are used to move palletised goods within a

warehouse
(i)
Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery-powered fork-lift
trucks
(4)
(ii)
Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of
pedestrians in the areas
where the fork-lift trucks are operating
(8)
(iii)
Outline EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended during a
drivers work break (8)
No Examiners Report is available for Part (a)!
See last question for Examiners Report for part (b)!
Part (c) of the question was generally well answered & most candidates were able to cite a
number of rules that need to be followed when leaving a fork-lift truck unattended, such as
Returning the truck to a designated parking area where possible

Applying the brake & leaving controls in a neutral position

Ensuring the forks are resting on the floor & the mast tilted slightly forward

Avoiding the obstruction of walkways, exits & fire points

& removing the ignition key & returning it to a responsible person

Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards

Manual Handling Injuries
External:- Cuts, bruises, abrasions, crush injuries
Internal:- Strains, Tears, Hernias
Hierarchy to reduce handling injuries
Avoid handling
Assess
Implement controls
Manual Handling Risk Assessment
Load
Weight
Size
Shape
Rigidity
Difficult to grasp
Unstable
Sharp, hot, cold etc.
Individual
Sex
Stature
Individual capability
Training
Persons assessment of own capability
Task
Holding away from trunk
Twisting
Stooping
Reaching upwards
Large vertical movement
Long carrying distances
Strenuous pushing or pulling
Unpredictable movement of loads
Repetitive handling
Insufficient rest or recovery
Work rate imposed by the process
Environment
Constraints on posture
Poor floors
Variations in levels
Hot/Cold/ humid conditions
Poor lighting

Correct Kinetic Handling Technique

Assess the load
Close to load as possible
Secure grip
Suitable feet position
Back straight
Bend the knees
Load close to the body
Smooth movement
Conveyors
Hazards
Trapping in drive mechanisms
Traps, Nips, Drawing in
Sharp edges
Items jamming conveyor
Falling objects
Riding or crossing conveyor
Impact with objects
Noise
Manual handling
Electrical hazards

Precautions
Guards, No loose clothing
Pop out rollers, nip guards
Edge protection, eliminate edges
Adequate design
Edge guards, barriers
Bridges, complete enclosure
Helmets, padding
Hearing protection
Mechanical handling
Suitable electrical equipment

Types of Cranes
Mobile
Tower
Gantry
Overhead
Cranes may fail because of
Overturning
Overloading
Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane
Loss of load
Failure of load
Lack of maintenance
Failure of load bearing part

Safe use of Cranes

Suitable crane
Suitable ground conditions
Use of outriggers
Avoidance of obstructions
Care near overhead power lines
Designated and protected area
Suitable and tested lifting tackle

Correct slinging technique

Competent personnel
Load near ground if travelling
Good visibility
Good communications
Suitable storage for fuels etc
Hazards opposite of above plus
Use of crane in high winds
Employee safety during lifting
Trained personnel
Properly trained equipment
Equipment has had statutory inspections
Warning of lift taking place
No employee to walk under load
Ensure load is secure
SWL of crane and tackle not exceeded
Lifted to correct height
Moved at appropriate speed
Adequate supervision
Lifting Accessories (Tackle)
Main Hazards
Overloading/used above safe working load
Incorrect use e.g. too wide an angle with chains
Insecure attachment of load
Damage to tackle
Incorrect slinging method
Failure to examine and inspect pre-use
Incompetent staff
Precautions opposite of above

Element 2: Mechanical & Manual Handling

(a)
Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person
required to lift a load from the ground
(6)
(b)
Give TWO examples of how a manual handling task might be avoided

(2)

Many organisations provide manual handling training for their employees & so candidates
should have had little difficulty in answering part (a) of the question
Better candidates initially emphasised the need to
Address the size & weight of the load

& the location to which it is to be moved

& then outlined a technique that included issues such as the correct positioning of
the feet

Keeping the back straight

Bending only the knees

& lifting smoothly while keeping the load close to the body
A storeman is required to place boxes of metal components by hand on to shelved
racking
(i)
List FOUR types of injury to which the employee may be at risk while carrying
out
this task
(4)
(ii)
Outline the factors in relation to the task & the load that will affect the risk of
injury (4)
In answering part (i) of the question, only better candidates recognised the need to refer to
specific types of injury such as
Slipped disk, torn ligaments

Tendon sprain or hernia

Given that the question related to manual handling & stacking potentially heavy
boxes, there was, in addition, the possibility that the boxes or their contents could fall
causing
Cuts
Abrasions & even fractures
In part (ii), the more successful candidates were those who read the question carefully &
realised that no marks were available for factors relating to the individual or the
environment
The question outlined the task to be performed & this should have led candidates to
consider the rate of work, in terms of
The number of boxes to be lifted & the frequency of lifting

& the vertical & horizontal distances that the boxes are required to be lifted or
carried, particularly if they have to be lifted from the ground &/or placed on high
shelves

The need for excessive

Pulling

Or pushing of the load

& twisting of the body should also have been considered

Outline the factors that may affect the level of risk from manual handling in relation
to
(i)
The load
(4)
(ii)
The individual
(4)
Part (i) of the question explored candidates knowledge of the ways in which the nature of a
load can present a risk of injury during manual handling activities
Candidates should have identified matters such as
The size & weight of the load

The possibility that the contents might move & the load become unbalanced

The position of the centre of gravity

Difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load

& the presence of sharp edges

Part (ii) required candidates to outline the factors relating to the individual carrying out the
handling operation
These include
Body size & strength in relation to the task to be carried out (which can be age or
gender-related)

Physical handicaps or restrictions caused by illness, disability or pregnancy

Lack of training in manual handling

& inappropriate clothing or footwear

The question was concerned only with the load & the individual but many answers
also addressed factors connected with the task & the environment

Element 3:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Precautions in maintenance of Work Equipment
Use of permit to work
Isolation/locking off
Dissipation of stored energy
Segregation
Safe means of access
Use of PPE
Competent personnel
Ensure safe environment (allow to cool)
Hazards of maintenance work opposite of above plus
Chemicals
Biological
Asbestos
Hot or cold
Pressure to complete work
Mechanical Hazards of Machinery
Entanglement
Traps
Impact
Contact cutting stabbing puncture
Ejection
ENTICE
Draw examples of entanglement, crushing, drawing in, shear
Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery
Chemical/biological hazards
Dust and fumes
Ergonomics
Electricity
Fire/explosion
Hazardous substances
Manual handling
Noise
Radiation
Stability of machine
Temperature extremes
Ultra violet light
Vibration

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Office machinery:- Photocopier and Shredder

Common hazards
Electrical
Ergonomic
Noise
Stability of machine
Other Hazards
Photocopier
Drawing in
Trap between moving parts
Chemicals
Ultra violet light

Document shredder
Drawing in to cutters
Contact with cutters
Dust

Manufacturing/Maintenance Machinery: Bench top grinder/Pedestal drill

Common Hazards
Electricity
Ergonomics
Dust
Stability of machine
Other hazards
Bench top grinder
Contact with rotating wheel
Drawing into the trap between the tool
rest and wheel
Ejected parts of wheel or workpiece
Fire and sparks
Vibration

Pedestal drill
Entanglement
Contact (Stabbing/puncture)
Impact from an unsecured workpiece
Cutting from swarf
Ejection of a broken bit or materials
Manual handling

Agricultural/Horticultural Machinery:- Cylinder mower and strimmer

Common Hazards
Biological e.g. animal droppings
Chemicals e.g. herbicides
Electrical
Fire/explosion if petrol
Ergonomics
Manual handling
Noise and vibration
Ejection of materials
Other Hazards
Cylinder mower
Contact with rotating blades
Entanglement in blades

Strimmer
Contact with cutter
Entanglement with cutter

11

Retail Machinery:- Waste Compactor/Checkout Conveyor

Common hazards
Electricity
Ergonomics
Manual handling
Other Hazards
Waste Compactor
Impact
Crush
Biological infection from waste

Checkout Conveyor
Drawing in traps
Non-ionising radiation (Scanner)

Construction Machinery:- Cement Mixer/Circular Saw

Common Hazards
Dust
Electricity
Stability of machine
Ergonomics
Trapping between fixed and moving parts
Noise
Other Hazards
Cement Mixer
Entanglement
Chemicals
Manual handling

Circular Saw
Drawing into rotating blade
Contact
Ejection of materials

Machinery Hierarchy of Controls

Fixed guards
Other guards or protection devices
Protective devices (Jigs, Holders, Push Sticks)
Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision
Fixed Guards:- A physical barrier not connected to machine controls which has no
moving parts and requires a tool to remove it
Fixed Guards
Advantages
Minimal maintenance
Only defeated by deliberate act
Only visual inspection
May protect against other hazards e.g.
noise, dust, ejection of materials

Disadvantages
Not linked to machine controls
No protection when removed
Access to dangerous parts when
removed
More difficult to remove not practical
when frequent access required
Tends to be left unfixed when frequent
access required
May hamper visibility

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Interlock Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine is in a
dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or opening the guard causes the machine
to become safe
Interlock Guard
Advantages
Allow safe access for feeding materials
Convenient to use
Less likely to be deliberately defeated
Speeds up operations

Disadvantages
Increase the complexity of the machine
Difficult to test and maintain
May need a brake or time delay
Components could fail in service
Regular maintenance required
May not fail to safety

Module 3: Work Equipment Hazards and Controls

Outline the FOUR main categories of guards & safeguarding devices that may be
used to minimise the risk of contact with dangerous parts of machinery
(8)
Answers to this question were rather variable
Many candidates could name the 4 main categories of guards & safeguarding
devices (often inspired by the acronym FIAT)
But were either unable to provide the necessary additional detail that an outline
requires or became confused between the various types
Most candidates initially mentioned fixed guards described
A physical barrier

Held in its place at all times

Not linked to the machine operation & requiring a special tool for its removal

Next, interlocked guards could have been described as

A guard linked mechanically, electrically, or pneumatically to the machine operation

& preventing access when the machine is in a dangerous position

While also preventing operation of the machine when the guard is open

A third category of guard, the adjustable or self-adjusting guard, is essentially a

fixed guard that has elements that can be adjusted (or which adjust themselves) to allow for
the material being processed
Typical examples can be found on circular saws & drill chucks
Lastly, the trip device (for example
A pressure mat

Probe

Or photo-electric system)

stops movement of the machine when approach is detected

13

While not really main type of guard due to its limited application, credit was given
to candidates who referred to automatic (or self-acting) guards within their 4 types
An automatic guard is linked to the machine mechanism & physically moves an
operator from the danger zone

Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills & outline in EACH
case how injury may occur
(8)
These include
Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck

Stabbing injuries from the end of the bit

Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions

& ejection of, or impact by, unclamped workpieces, made worse by the fact that the
workpiece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit

Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal swarf produced by the drilling
process
Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards
from moving parts of machinery
(i)
Entanglement
(2)
(ii)
Crushing
(2)
(iii)
Drawing-in
(2)
(iv)
Shear
(2)
No Examiners Report is available

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Element 4:- Electrical Hazards and Control

Main Hazards of Electricity
Burns
Shock
Arcing
Fire
Explosions
Secondary Effects of Electricity
Falls from height
Unintentional movement of machine
De-activation of control measures
Loss of information
Throw off
Health effects of Electricity on the body
Damage to nervous system
Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)
Internal burns
External burns
Muscular contractions
Stopping breathing
Stopping of the heart
Factors Influencing severity of electrical shock
Voltage
Current
Time
Conductivity or resistance
Current path
Action on finding someone in contact with electricity
Isolate the supply if possible
Summon help
Give first-aid if capable
Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
Causes of Electrical Fire
Inadequate circuits
Overloaded circuits
Incorrect fuses
Damaged insulation
Loose connections
Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
Overheating of cables

15

Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances

The appliance:Battery operated
Checked before use
Suitable selected equipment
Properly maintained equipment
The Lead:Ensure not run over by vehicles
Dragged over rough services
Trapped in machinery
Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals
Continuous flexing
Joints, Connections and plugs:Makeshift temporary connections
Leads getting pulled out
Poor made connections
Fuse being replaced
Battery operated
Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents
Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses i.e.
break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster
Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a path to
earth lower than the human body
Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source
of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure
Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of
electrical shock can be greatly reduced
Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into the system with
the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly
and interrupt the supply
Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation
User checks
Equipment is of an approved standard
Wiring and casing are free from damage
Cables are correctly routed
System not overloaded
Correct fuses
Plug properly wired and gripped
Competent users
Using reduced voltage in wet conditions
Using RCDs

16

Office Environments
Suitable equipment manufactured to appropriate standards
Avoid the use of trailing cables
Avoid multi-socket extensions
Control private electrical equipment brought from home
Report defective and damaged equipment
Ensure effective heating
Switch off overnight
Test appliances at regular intervals

17

Element 4: Electrical Hazards & Controls

(a)
Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the body
(4)
(b)
Outline the emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electrical
shock (4)
For part (a), most candidates were bale to specify the two main effects of electricity on the
human body as interference with nerve/muscle action & tissue burns
Although some were content to rely on vague references to shock or heart
attack, which were insufficient as a description
More able candidates included reference to
Cardio-respiratory effects

In particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm

As far as tissue burns are concerned, candidates should have referred to the
Main sites of damage as being the entry & exit points

& to the possibility of damage to internal organs

For part (b), the first action on discovering a person having suffered an electric shock
should always be
To summon help & following this

If the person is still in close proximity to the live part

Isolate the supply

Or push the person clear using a non-conductive implement

First-aid should then be administered, which, depending on the severity of the

shock, may include cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
If successful, an airway should be maintained by placing the victim in the recovery
position & breathing should be monitored until medical help arrives

(a)
Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the body
(4)
(b)
Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of harm of injury from
contact with electricity
(4)
For part (a), most candidates were able to specify the two main effects of electricity on the
human body as interference with nerve/muscle action & tissue burns, although some were
content to rely on vague references to shock or heart attack, which were insufficient as a
description
More able candidates included reference to
Cardio-respiratory effects

In particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm

As far as tissue burns are concerned, candidates should have referred to the main
sites of damage as being
The entry & exit points

18

& to the possibility of damage to internal organs

For part (b), many answers concentrated almost entirely on the voltages involved
Relatively few candidates outlined additional factors such as
The route taken through the body

The length of contact time

The general health & age of the person involved

& those factors that might affect the size of current passing through the body

In particular, there was little understanding of resistance, based on such things as

Dryness of the skin

Natural body resistance

Ground conditions

& type of footwear

Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when
using a portable electrical appliance on a construction site

(8)

For this question, there was a large range of issues available to those candidates who
could envisage working conditions on a construction site & outline the practical measures
required to reduce the risk of injury from the use of portable electrical equipment
Relevant measures include
The appropriate selection of equipment such as battery-operated appliances or
those operating at a reduced voltage (typically 110v)

Cables connected to the power supply with proper connectors

The use of RCDs

Training of operators in the checking procedures to be followed before use

The introduction of a regular appliance inspection & testing procedure

& the avoidance of using in wet conditions

As with past questions on electricity, there was a mixed response, with some candidates
showing their knowledge of the subject to good effect & others struggling to gain marks
Many candidates appeared confused with terms such as reduced low voltage, &
abbreviations such as PAT & rcd
Answers generally tended to concentrate on maintenance & inspection issues although, as
always, there were some generic, rather vague & decidedly optimistic references to PPE &
training when nothing else came to mind

19

Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety in an office
environment
(8)
Surprisingly few candidates offered comprehensive answers for the range of checks
required to achieve electrical safety in an office environment
Answers could have included reference to visual inspections for
Damage to cables

Plugs & sockets

The need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating

& checking that equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded & cable are not in
vulnerable positions
The equipment itself should be checked to ensure suitability & conformity with recognised
standards (e.g. CE marking) & a specific testing procedure for portable appliances should
be in place
As well as a procedure for reporting defects or damage
Many answers were based on best practice in factories or on construction sites
Rather than the range of routine checks that should be undertaken in an office environment

20

Element 5:- Fire Hazards and Control

Causes of fire
Arson
Electrical faults
Misuse of electrical equipment
Smokers materials
Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Unsafe storage of materials
Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Welding/hot work
Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen
Flash point:- The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when
brought to a source of ignition
Classes of fire
A
Combustible solids (Coal, paper etc.)
B
Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)
C
Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen, propane)
D
Metals
F
Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats)
Method of Heat Transfer
Direct Contact:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel heats
up and eventually ignites.
Conduction:- Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts
Radiation:- Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a materials at a distance
from the fire.
Convection:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under
ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.

Fire precautions to minimise the risk to people in the event of fire

Suitable Fire/smoke detection
Fire Alarms:Suitable
Regular Testing
Contact with emergency services
Means of escape
Travel distances
Stairways

21

Fire doors
Signage
Emergency lighting
Assembly points
Means of fighting the fire
Suitable extinguishers
Properly sited extinguishers
Training in use of extinguishers
Extinguishers properly maintained
Emergency evacuation procedures
Fire marshals
Fire notices
Fire drills
Roll calls
Provisions for disabled
Limiting numbers of persons

22

Element 5: Fire
(a) Explain, using a suitable sketch, the significance of the fire triangle
(4)
(b) Identify THREE methods of heat transfer & explain how EACH can cause the
spread of fire
(6)
(c) Outline measures that should be taken to minimise the risk of fire from electrical
equipment
(8)
(d) Explain why water should not be used on fires involving electrical equipment (2)
Part (a) of this question required candidates to explain, with a clearly labelled diagram, that
each side of the fire triangle represents one of 3 elements, namely
Fuel

Oxygen

& a source of ignition

that must be present for combustion to occur
This part of the question was generally well answered

See next question for part (b)!

In answering part (c) of this question, Examiners expected candidates to outline measures
such as
The proper selection of equipment to ensure its suitability for the task

Pre-use inspection by the user

Establishing correct fuse ratings, ensuring circuits & sockets are not overloaded

Disconnecting or isolating the equipment when it is not in use

& ensuring that electrical motors do not overheat (e.g. by checking that vents are
uncovered)

Additional measures include the need to

Uncoil cables (particularly extension leads) to prevent the build up of heat &
protecting cables form mechanical damage

Importantly, electrical equipment & systems should be subject to regular inspection,

testing & maintenance by competent persons
This should ensure, for instance, that contacts are sound, thereby reducing the
likelihood of electrical arcing
For part (d) , most candidates could explain that using water on an electrical fire can lead
to electric shock since water is a good conductor of electricity
Carbon dioxide & dry powder were correctly identified as suitable extinguishing agents
where electrical equipment is involved but references to halon were discounted due to the
fact that its use has now been banned

23

Identify the FOUR methods of heat transfer & explain how EACH can cause the
spread of fire
(8)
The four methods of heat transfer that should have been identified in answer to this
question are
Conduction

Convection

Radiation

& direct burning

The last of these is normally considered a method in its own right but is, in fact, a
combination of the other methods
Having identified the methods, many candidates appeared to find difficulty in explaining
how each method may cause the spread of fire
Sufficient understanding, however, could be demonstrated by the appropriate use of
practical examples
For instance
Heat can be transferred through metal beams or other parts of a structure by
conduction

It can be carried by rising air currents (convection) to cause a build-up of hot gases
under ceilings

It can be radiated through the air causing heating of material at a distance from a
fire

&, perhaps what is the most obvious method, combustible material in direct contact
with flames can itself catch fire

(a)
In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material (fuel)
that falls within EACH of the classes of A, B, C & D
(4)
(b)
Identify TWO methods of heat transfer & explain how EACH method
contributes to the spread of fire
(4)
Examiners were concerned that only a few candidates appeared to have a knowledge of
the standard classification of fires & were able to give relevant examples of materials that
fell within the four classes
Reference should be made to course notes or texts for the classes of fire to which
the question relates
List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of fire starting in a workplace
(8)
Candidates could have chosen from a list including
The control of smoking & smoking materials, good housekeeping to prevent the
accumulation of waste paper & other combustible materials

Regular lubrication of machinery

Frequent inspection of electrical equipment for damage

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Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed

Controlling hot work

Security measures to prevent arson

The provision of proper storage facilities for flammable liquids

& the segregation of incompatible chemicals

Several candidates, perhaps in haste, did not pay sufficient attention to the wording of the
question & included measures that were more relevant to a situation where a fire had
already broken out, such as the
Provision of alarms

Fire-fighting equipment

& evacuation systems

Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a building in
the event of a fire
(8)
A good answer to this question would have included an outline of such
requirements as
The means for raising the alarm

An acceptable distance to the nearest available exit

Escape routes of sufficient width

Clear signing of escape routes

The provision of emergency lighting

Escape routes kept clear of obstructions with the fire door closed to prevent the
spread of smoke

The provision of fire-fighting equipment

The appointment of fire marshals

Procedures for the evacuation of those with a physical impairment (in relation to
hearing, sight or mobility)

& the need to practice the evacuation plan at regular intervals

Many candidates focused their answers on good evacuation techniques & provided
detailed information on what an emergency evacuation plan should include
However, they did not address many of the above-mentioned requirements, which are
designed to ensure that the evacuation plan works effectively
Once again, there were a significant number of candidates who provided a list & not an
outline as required

25

Element 6:- Chemical and biological health hazards and

controls
Target Organs:- A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed to
or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent
Examples:- Mercury, Lead the brain
Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs
Bodies defences against dust
The hair and wetness of the nose
The change of direction of the larynx
Sneezing and coughing
The hair cells in the respiratory tract
Tears and blinking of the eyes
Dermatitis
Symptoms:- Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, reddening, cracking of skin
Protective measures against dermatitis
Eliminate the substance
Substitution of the substance
Barrier creams,
Good hygiene practices
PPE
Routes of entry in the body
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Direct entry
Injection
Acute effects:- Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure which
is usually reversible e.g. Alcohol intoxication of the liver.
Chronic:- Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure
leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver damage caused by consuming
Alcohol for many years.

Classification of Hazardous Substances

Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated
contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. Petrol

26

Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by burning e.g.
acids
Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause
damage to health
Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or
chronic damage to health
Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic
damage to health
Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer
Information on Manufacturers Safety data sheets
Identification of the substance
Manufacturers information
Composition of the ingredients
First-aid precautions
Fire-fighting measures
Handling and storage
PPE
Disposal considerations
Transport information
Regulatory information
Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube)
Draw it
Advantages
Low cost
Takes little time
Immediate result
Little training
Information during spillage
Good for coarse indication

Disadvantages
Inaccurate
Positioning of tube
Only a snap shot
Inefficient
Chemical use only
Substance specific

Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal

Control of health hazards
Eliminate
Reduce by substitution
Isolate:Total Enclosure
Segregate the people
Control
Engineering Control (LEV)

27

Maintenance of controls
Change the work pattern or method
Hygiene and housekeeping
PPE
Discipline
Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.
Ventilation systems alarmed
PPE
Emergency showers, eye wash facilities
Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures
Evacuation procedures
Isolation of the area
Evacuation of the employees at risk
PPE for staff involved in clear up
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Main Parts:- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan
Draw it
LEV becomes inefficient because of:Blocked filters
Lack of maintenance
Position of hood
Unauthorised alterations
Broken ducting
Wear of fan blades
Incorrect settings
Increased contaminant level
Inadequate design
Failure of operators to use it
Checks opposite of above
Specific Agents
Ammonia
Strongly alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can cause
irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract in small concentrations. Large
concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs. Eye protection and respiratory
protection essential.
Asbestos
Main types:- Blue, Brown and White
Diseases:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma

28

Uses
Pipe lagging
Wall and roof panels
Ceiling tiles
Textured coatings
Insulation materials
Gaskets
Brake linings
Carbon Dioxide
Colourless and odourless gas which is heavier than air. Low levels increases the rate of
respiration and high levels depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and
even death. Produced in fermentation process e.g. breweries.
Carbon Monoxide
Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete combustion occurs
e.g. boilers, vehicle exhausts
Inhalation of the gas results in headache, drowsiness, flushed pink appearance and
ultimately asphyxiation
Chlorine
A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell which is highly irritant to the respiratory system.
Dusts
Nuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and conditions such as
asbestos, Silicosis.
Dust Identification
Visual signs of dust
Dust lamps
Static or personal sampling
Health surveillance
Control measures for dust
Elimination
Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders
Enclosure of the process
Local exhaust ventilation
Vacuuming instead of sweeping
Damping down
Limiting time of exposure
Limiting numbers exposed
Respiratory protective equipment
Lead
A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating contaminated food but
usually by breathing fumes or dust.

29

Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the nervous system
sometimes death in severe cases.
Organic Solvents
These dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and degreasing agents.
They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room temperature so their vapours can be drawn
into the lungs.
Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects may be headaches,
nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and in extreme cases in death.
Isocyanates
Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray painting of vehicles
and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams.
Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma.
Silica
Found in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from breathing it in which can lead
to the lung disease silicosis.

30

Biological Agents
Leptospirosis or Weils disease
Bacteria found in the urine of female rats and the most common source is in river water,
sewers etc. Enters the body through puncture of the skin or ingestion. Attacks the kidneys
and liver causing high temperatures and may be fatal.
Legionella
An airborne bacterium found in water sources such as cooling towers, stagnant water etc. It
is caused by inhalation of airborne droplets of water containing the legionella bacteria
leading to a form of pneumonia i.e. breathing difficulties, high temperature and possible
death. Those at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly people with chest
problems. Control measures involve temperature control and monitoring, avoiding dead
legs legs in pipework, biocide treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.
Hepatitis
A disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and jaundice. It is caused
by hazardous substances or a virus. Health workers and those handling bodily fluids are
most at risk. The control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices.
Control measures for Biological Hazards
Cleaning and disinfection
Water treatment
Vermin control
Containment of the biological agent
Avoidance of sharp implements
Proper disposal of contaminated waste
Immunisation
Persona hygiene
PPE
Waste Storage
Sufficient storage area
Clearly the label the storage area
Ensure storage area secure
Protect storage area with bunds etc.
Store different types of waste separately
Never store incompatible waste together
Select appropriate containers
Keep quantities of waste to a minimum
Protect waste from the elements

31

Element 7:- Physical and psychological hazards

Ergonomics
The study of the relationship between workers and their environment, work equipment and
work task.
Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)
Causes of WRULDs
Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
Twisting movements
Squeezing
Hammering
Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
Symptoms
Numbness in fingers
Pains in hands or arms
Restriction of joint movement
Soft tissue swelling
Factors to be considered during risk assessment
Force exerted
Frequency and duration of operation
Repetition of movement without rest or recovery
Posture
Constraints on space
Environment
Improve above plus:Mechanise task
Use correct tools and equipment
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs)
Health effects
Upper limb pains and discomfort
Eye and eyesight effects
Epilepsy
Radiation effects on pregnant women
Fatigue and stress

Workstation requirements
Adequate lighting
Minimum noise
Ample legroom

32

Suitable screen at eye level

Suitable softwear
Keyboard
Work surface
Suitable work chair
Footrest if necessary

Health effects of remaining seated for a long time

Vertebral and muscular damage
High blood pressure
Circulation problems
Suitable Seat for sedentary workers
Good lumbar support
Good width and depth
Ability to adjust seat back and height
Stable base
Ability to swivel
Provision of arm rests
Welfare and Environment issues
Welfare
Sufficient toilets
Washing facilities
Eating and changing facilities
Clothing storage
Seating
Rest areas
Arrangements for non-smokers
Working environment
Temperature
Ventilation
Lighting
Room dimensions
Suitable work stations and seating
Weather protection for outdoor workstations

Health effects of poor lighting

Eye strain
Headaches
Poor posture
Tripping over unseen objects
Increased likelihood of human error
Increased time to vacate work area

33

Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lighting

The tasks being undertaking
The size and layout of the work area
The equipment used
Availability of natural light
Shift times/work patterns
Suitable number of artificial light
Contrast levels
Glare
Areas in shadow
Need for localised lighting
Maintenance of lighting
Adequate emergency lighting

Noise
Noise terminology
Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second measured in Hertz
Intensity:- The loudness of the noise
Decibel:- The sound pressure level
A Weighting:- A filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the human ear
perceives the noise
Hearing Damage
Acute
Stress
Temporary threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus
Blast deafness

Chronic
Noise induced hearing loss
Permanent threshold shift
Permanent tinnitus
Prebyacusis

Noise Control
Source
Design
Damping
Isolate
Maintenance
Path
Screens and barriers
Enclosure
Absorption
Silencer

34

The Person
Distance
Time exposed
Information and training
Limitations on Personal Hearing Protection
Not worn correctly
Not fitted correctly
Not properly maintained
Uncomfortable or inconvenient to wear
Needs constant management commitment
May introduce secondary risks
Hand-Arm Vibration
Health Effects
Tingling in the hands and extremities
Numbness and blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful joints
Reduction in manual dexterity
Reduction in the sensation of touch
Control Measures
Elimination
Reduce the degree of vibration
Select low vibration equipment
Select ergonomically designed equipment
Maintenance of equipment
Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
Reduce the time workers exposed
Introduce health surveillance
Gloves and heated pads
Information and training on the nature of risks

Work in a Hot Environment

Health effects
Skin burns
Cataracts
Dehydration
Heat cramps
Headaches
Fainting
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Cold drinks
PPE

35

Work in Cold Environment

Health effects
Hypothermia
Loss of concentration
Shivering
Frost bite
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Hot drinks
Insulated clothing
Radiation
Non-Ionising
Type
Infrared
Lasers
Microwaves
Ultra-violet
Health effects
Burns
Reddening of the skin
Cataracts
Arc eye
Temporary sterility
Ionising Radiation
Type
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Ray
Neutron

Use in Industry
Heating and brazing
Cutting, Bar code readers
Food preparation, Signal transmission
Welding

Use in Industry
Smoke detectors
Thickness testing
Non-Destructive testing
Medical
By product nuclear fission

Acute effects from high dose

Reddening of the skin
Radiation sickness, Nausea, Vomiting,
Diarrhoea
Hair loss
Death

Chronic Effects
Cancers
Sterility
Hereditary defects
Effects on unborn children
Death

Control Measures
Time
Distance
Shielding

36

Others
PPE
Environmental and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
Good hygiene practices
Training and supervision
Violence at work
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers
Hospitals
Schools
Cash transactions
Delivery/collection of money
Control measures
Training and information
The environment
Design of the job
Communication
Lone working
Reporting and recording incidents
Stress
Physical Effects
Headaches
Dizziness
Aching neck and shoulders
Skin rashes
Prone to infections
Panic attacks
Raised heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers

Psychological effects
Increased anxiety
Reduced concentration
Irritability
Sudden mood changes
Inability to cope
Reduced work output
Increased use of alcohol, etc
Poor sleep patterns

Causes of Stress
Culture
Demands
Control
Relationships
Change
Role
Individual
Environment

37

Control measures for stress

Selecting suitable employees
Training
Clearly defined roles
Clearly work objectives
Comfortable working environment
Good lines of communication
Realistic work schedules
Employee involvement
Grievance procedure
Impartial investigation of stress
Management support

38

Elements 6 & 7: Chemical & Biological Health /Physical &

Psychological Hazards & Controls
Outline the measures an employer might consider to minimise the risk of violence against
employees
(8)
With many occupations exposed to the risk of violence from members of the public,
particularly in the service industries, there was a wide range of practical measures that
could have been outlined
Better answers looked at measures that encompassed the broad aspects of
Environment

Job factors

Individual protection

& general security

Only by addressing a wide range of issues, rather than concentrating on just

physical security measures for instance, could high marks be obtained
The design of public areas, in terms of dcor, seating, the means of providing information
(e.g. on waiting times) & the absence of obvious barriers, can help to reduce the build-up of
confrontation & violent episodes
A balance must be drawn, however, between presenting a calm & open
environment & protecting staff from any violent incidents that could arise
Hence, there will often be a need for
Wide counters

Coded locks on doors

CCTV systems

Panic buttons

& alarm systems

Whether these are made discreet or obvious will depend upon the particular
circumstances
Some situations, particularly those involving money, may mean that the risk is too
great to avoid the use of some sort of physical separation, such as security screens,
between employees & members of the public
Many occupations, such as estate agents & social workers, involve interaction with the
public outside work premises
In these cases, measures such as the
Avoidance of carrying large amounts of cash

Implementing appointment systems

Client risk assessment

& accurate record-keeping may need to be considered

39

The risks to lone workers should be given particular attention, with the need in certain
circumstances to avoid lone working altogether &/or to implement regular check-in
procedures & to issue panic alarms
In addition to designing the workplace & the task to minimise the risk of violent assault, staff
will need to be trained in the procedures & possibly how they might recognise the early
signs of aggressive behaviour & avoid, defuse or otherwise deal with a violent situation
In certain circumstances, the employment of security staff & the provision of PPE (e.g.
bullet or stab proof vests, helmets etc) may be required
In general, answers tended to be limited, sometimes because candidates seemed to have
only one situation in mind, such as that faced by health service workers
Others referred in vague terms to measures such as the need for stringent security but
without giving any detail or examples of what this might mean
Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of employees in
the workplace
(8)
In answering, candidates could have chosen from a variety of factors such as
Ill-health & absence records

First-aid treatments

Complaints from employees

The findings of risk assessments

The results of inspections or monitoring activities

Changes in methods of work

& the relevant requirements of current legislation & approved codes of practice

(a)
Describe the differences between acute & chronic health effects
(b)
Identify the factors that could affect the level of harm experienced by an
employee exposed to a toxic substance
(4)

(4)

For part (a), candidates should have explained that, in the case of acute health effects, the
adverse effects appear after a single or short term exposure to the agent, & the response is
invariably rapid or immediate
In most cases, acute effects recede on cessation of exposure (the obvious
exception being death)
Chronic health effects, on the other hand, usually result from prolonged or repeated
exposure to the agent
The response is normally gradual, often progressive & irreversible, & may go
unrecognised for long periods of time
There were few good answers to this part of the question, with many candidates
unable to differentiate between the 2 types of health effect
Answers to part (b) were to a slightly better standard, with candidates identifying factors
such as
The route of entry of the toxic substance into the body

& the associated mode of exposure (e.g. contact, inhalation etc)

40

The concentration

Physical state

& toxicity of the substance

The level, duration & frequency of exposure

The effectiveness of the control measures in place

& the personal factors such as the age, gender, health status & susceptibilities of
those exposed

A large item of process machinery is to be cleaned manually with a flammable

solvent before being partially dismantled for repair
(i) Identify FOUR possible health effects from exposure to the solvent
(4)
(ii) Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when using such
flammable solvents
(8)
(iii) Outline further precautions that might be needed in order to ensure the health
& safety of those carrying out maintenance work
(8)
In answering part (i), most candidates were able to identify four possible health effects
associated with the use of solvents
Most organic solvents are associated particularly with dermatitis & narcotic effects
that range from headaches & drowsiness through to unconsciousness & death
Psychological changes may be experienced
Exposure to solvent vapours may also cause irritation of the mucous membranes of
the eyes & respiratory tract, & absorption into the body may lead to kidney or liver damage
For part (ii), Examiners expected candidates to outline safety precaution such as
The removal of potential sources of ignition from the site of the operation

The provision of adequate ventilation

limiting the quantity of solvent in use at any one time

Clear marking of containers

Ensuring that suitable fire-fighting equipment is in place

The provision of personal protective equipment such as gloves, & eye & respiratory
protection

& ensuring that operatives are informed of, & trained in, the procedures for the safe
use of solvents, especially those concerned with the cleaning of brushes & disposal
of rags

Part (iii) required candidates to imagine the problems, other than exposure to solvents that
might be encountered by the maintenance staff working on the large item of equipment

41

Hence, candidates should have had in mind issues associated with the machinery itself
(mechanical & non-mechanical hazards), access to the site of work & the possible
movement of heavy components

Good answers included reference to

The possible need to operate under a permit-to-work system

The isolation of services/power to the plant

the release of stored energy or securing moving parts

Ensuring hot parts are allowed to cool

Segregation of the area in which the operation is to be carried out

The provision of safe access for persons & materials (possibly by providing
scaffolding & lifting equipment)

Ensuring good levels of lighting & ventilation

The provision of PPE (e.g. hard hats, harnesses & eye & skin protection)

& the use of competent personnel who have been made fully aware of the
precautions & emergency procedures necessary & are properly supervised

A computer user has complained of neck & back pain

Outline the features associated with the workstation that might have contributed
towards this condition
(8)
In general, this question was not answered well by most candidates, mainly because they
seemed better prepared to state what a DSE workstation should have then to identify the
features that may have led to the condition described
Better answers referred to aspects of poor workstation layout such as
The screen at an incorrect height or poorly positioned causing repeated head
movements

The chair at an incorrect height or the seat back incorrectly adjusted

The lack of a document holder

& glare or reflections on the screen that force the computer user to adopt an
awkward posture to avoid them

Other possibilities, such as exposure to draughts, poor general or local lighting & the citing
of ancillary equipment (e.g. printer), also existed

42

Outline the factors that would contribute towards the development of WRULDs

(8)

In their responses to this question, many candidates concentrated solely on display screen
equipment issues & outlined factors such as workstation layout & the failure to provide
sufficient breaks from the task
Others produced lengthy answers in which they repeated the same items in different ways,
thus losing time but gaining few marks
Better candidates took a broader view & referred to additional factors such as
Space constraints resulting in poor working postures

Excessive force or awkward hand movements needed to carry out an operation

The frequency with which tasks need to be repeated

The use of vibrating tools & equipment

& the involvement of vulnerable workers such as those with pre-existing conditions
& pregnant women

(a)

Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen
equipment (DSE)
(4)
Identify the features of a suitable seat for use at a DSE workstation
(4)

(b)

Significant health risks associated with display screen equipment relate to a range of workrelated upper limb disorders caused by poor posture &/or repetitive movement
Such conditions can cause pain, swelling, soreness or stiffness in fingers, wrists,
elbows or shoulders
Other risks are eye-strain or migraine from
Uncorrected eyesight problems

Poor workstation layout

Fatigue

Stress

&, in rare cases, facial dermatitis (which is thought to be more related to the working
environment than the workstation or equipment itself)

Many candidates referred in general terms to pain or strain without identifying the parts of
the body affected, while others simply stated work related upper limb disorders with no
indication that they understood the meaning of the term
In contrast, answers to part (b) were to a much higher standard, with most candidates
identifying such factors as
Stability (or five points contact with the floor)

The ability to adjust seat height

& seat back (to provide good lumbar support)

The provision of armrests where appropriate

43

& the facility to swivel, tilt & move the seat with ease when required

Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels of noise

(8)

Answers to this question were particularly disappointing given both the importance of the
subject in relation to occupational health & the prominence afforded to noise on courses &
in past exam questions
Many candidates found difficulty in expressing clearly what they meant & some produced
short lists that included terms like deafness with no further explanation
Of those who did refer to noise-induced hearing loss, many did not then go on to outline the
condition in terms of
Physiological damage to the sensory hair cells in the inner ear, affecting sounds
within the audible frequency range

& progressively worsening with continued exposure

Relatively few candidates differentiated between the acute & chronic effects of
noise

For instance, although most candidates mentioned tinnitus, & recognised

that it is characterised by a ringing or other sound in the ears, very few referred to
its temporary or permanent nature

Similarly, there was little distinction made between temporary & permanent
threshold shift (with the latter describing noise-induced hearing loss)

This is despite the fact that most people have experienced the acute effects
of noise at some time

Other acute effects include stress & fatigue & trauma (e.g. burst eardrum)
caused by exposure to sudden loud noise

In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools
(i)
Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individuals (4)
(ii)
Outline the control measures that may be used to minimise the risk of such
effects (4)
For part (i), typical symptoms are
Numbness & blanching of the fingers

& swollen painful joints

Leading to a reduction in both the manual dexterity & tactile sensation

Many candidates referred to the physiological effects of vibration, such as constriction of

blood vessels, rather then the symptoms displayed or described by those affected
Such answers did not attract marks
Answers to part (ii) were generally to a better standard, with some presented in a
hierarchical order

44

In some cases, it might be possible to alter the work process in order to

Eliminate or reduce the use of vibrating tools

(or perhaps to reduce the pressure upon the tool required by the operator)

Ways of reducing the degree of vibration, or changing its characteristics, should be

explored by
Proper selection of equipment

&/or by good standards of maintenance

Risk can also be reduced by

Limiting the time that operators are exposed

By introducing a health surveillance/health promotion programme

& by appropriate personal protective equipment (such as gloves to keep hands

warm)

Outline the health & safety risks associated with welding operations

(8)

Given the variety of types of welding, & the broad range of hazards that can be presented,
an outline of the associated risks should have posed little problem
Many candidates, however, concentrated on identifying the hazards rather than the risks
Depending on the type of welding, risks may include
Electric shock

Tripping over trailing cables or pipes

Injuries from the handling of cylinders

& the problems associated with oxygen enrichment leading to an increased risk of
fire &/or explosion

Better candidates referred to the effects of fume inhalation, damage to the eyes
from UV light, burns to the skin & the increased risk of fire from hot materials or sparks
(a)
Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in a workplace
(4)
(b)
Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of
airborne dust
(6)
(c)
Outline, using practical examples where appropriate, the control measures
that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a work environment
(10)
Part (a) was less well answered, with most candidates able to identify only a limited
number of indications, such as
Visible signs of dust (in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes)

& complaints of discomfort by employees

Other examples could have included cases of

45

Impaired health linked to exposure (possibly detected by health or medical

surveillance)

The results of workplace monitoring

& problems associated with plant & equipment such as blocked filters

Part (b) was not well answered with surprisingly few candidates able to provide an
adequate description of how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of
airborne dust
The majority mentioned coughing & sneezing but only the better informed referred to the
filtering effect of nasal hairs & to the role of the mucus in the respiratory tract & bronchi,
which allows dust particles to be trapped & then carried upwards by tiny hairs (cillia)
Fine dust particles reaching the bronchioles may be subject to the engulfing action of
scavenging cells (macrophages) & absorbed into the blood stream. Or causing the eyes to
water & dust particles to be removed
Good answers to part (c) generally followed the first part of the control hierarchy & referred
to control measures such as
Elimination (e.g. by introducing pre-formed components or outsourcing the dusty
operation)

Substitution (e.g. of powder by granules, liquid or paste)

Isolation of the process in a separate room

Enclosure (in a glove box, for instance)

The provision of LEV

& suppression by damping down & carrying out cleaning operations by vacuuming
rather than sweeping

Some candidates concentrated solely extraction, some providing a lot of inappropriate

details on LEV systems
Some candidates also mentioned dilution ventilation, although generally this has little effect
on airborne dust levels
Other candidates did not read the question with sufficient care & referred to PPE & reduced
exposure times, neither of which reduces levels of dust in the air
Identify the information that should be included on a hazard data sheet supplied with
a hazardous substance
(8)
The information that should be contained on a hazard data sheet includes
The name of the substance

Its chemical properties & composition

The nature of the hazard

Relevant standards (e.g. occupational exposure standards)

Precautions to be taken in its transport, handling & use

46

Measures to be taken in an emergency (e.g. spillage or accidental exposure)

including first-aid treatment

& disposal requirements

Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to prevent slip & trip
hazards in an engineering factory
(8)
In answers to this question
Examiners were looking for an outline of precautionary measures such as
The initial design & layout of the workplace, with designated walkways & non-slip
floors

A system of maintenance that ensures the prompt repair of floor defects such as
holes & bumps

Procedures for avoiding & dealing with spillages

The provision of adequate lighting & highlighting strips to warn of a difference in

levels

A good standard of housekeeping (including the proper management of cables &

hoses)

& procedures for reporting defects & incidents

(a)
(b)

Identify the types of hazard against which gloves could offer protection
Outline the practical limitations of using gloves as a means of protection

(4)
(4)

Some good responses were provided for part (a) of the question, with most candidates
able to identify
Chemical

Mechanical

Biological

Radiation

& electrical hazards

Extremes of temperature & wet work were also mentioned

Part (b) proved a little more difficult & most candidates were content to outline only
limitations relating to the loss of feeling & other tactile issues
Better candidates referred additionally to the possibilities of
Localised heating of the hand that opens the pores & increases skin permeability

Invisible leaks

Allergic response to the glove material

& entanglement with machinery

47

Other than those relating to the physical environment

Outline the options that might be available to an organisation to reduce stress levels
amongst its employees
(8)
There were however, numerous other causes that could have been outlined
These can be broadly categorised into those relating to work arrangements
(Shiftwork, unsocial hours, excessive overtime, lack of adequate breaks, etc)

Work demands (too high or too low, repetitive or monotonous work, lack of control
over the job, mismatch between skills & job requirements etc)

& relationships with others (general relationships with supervisors or peers poor
lines of communication & issues of harassment, bullying discrimination, abuse &
violence)

Employees may also, of course, face pressures in their private lives (financial,
marital, etc) that can increase general stress
Outline FOUR types of engineering control that may be used to reduce noise in the
workplace, giving a practical example of EACH
(8)
In answering this question, those candidates who could apply the theory of noise reduction
to the scenario described inevitably performed better than those who mentioned noise
reduction techniques in the abstract
Examiners were looking for response that outlined means such as
Insulating the noise by the erection of barriers or screens

Fitting a silencer to the chisel &/or lagging it with a jacket

Covering exposed surfaces with absorbent material

Minimising exposure times by carrying out the operation where possible at times
when employees of the factory are not at work

& providing hearing protection for the operator & workers

Unfortunately, there were relatively few candidates who showed evidence of a good
general understanding of how the noise reduction techniques of
Insulation

Absorption

& isolation/segregation
could be applied in the circumstances described

Outline the factors that might reduce the effectiveness of the LEV system

(8)

Most candidates were able to outline at least a reasonable range of factors

Better candidates addressed both underlying factors, such as
Poor design & a lack of maintenance &/or periodic testing

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& the more immediate factors

Such as the hood being placed too far from the source of the emission

Damaged or blocked filters

Unauthorised alteration to the system

incorrect settings

A faulty fan

& possible changes to the process leading to increased dust emissions

Outline the issues that should be addressed by an organisation when developing a

system for the safe collection & disposal of its waste (8)
In answering this question, candidates were expected to outline such issues as the
identification of waste by
Its hazardous properties (e.g. general, biological or special waste) & by its nature
(e.g. solid or liquid)

The quantity produced

The need for separation of incompatible wastes

The means for containing waste & its marking & labeling

The provision of safe storage on site & the methods of transportation to & from the
storage facility

The appointment of a competent &/or licensed waste carrier

Possible pollution issues arising from spillages

The competence & training of staff

& the keeping of the necessary records

Most candidates had trouble with this question & produced answers that referred vaguely to
COSHH & risk assessments
Without addressing the specific issues associated with the development of part of a waste
management system

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Element 8:- Construction Activities Hazards and Control

Site Precautions for children
Fencing
Security
Cameras
Warning signs
Visit schools
Take children to site on visits
Lock away vehicle keys
Lock away hazardous chemicals
Remove ladders
Cover holes
Reduce heights of materials
Hazards for repair of Flat Roof
Falling off
Falling through
Access
Hot bitumen
Burning gases
Fumes
Fire
Manual handling
Ladders
Hazards in use
Falling off
Overreaching
Carrying up materials
Unsuitable ladder
Ladder not properly secured
Incorrect angle
Not reaching above landing place
Aluminium ladders near electrical lines
Scaffolding
Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold
Inspection checking the above are correct Plus
Staggered joints
Not overloaded
Suitable access
Show how scaffold is attached to the building
Mobile Tower Scaffold

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Precautions
Erected by competent persons
Pre use inspections
Positioned on firm ground
Correct height to width ratio 3.5 x Narrowest side
Use of outriggers to broaden base
Tying in to adjacent structure
People and materials removed before moving
Handrails and toeboards
Suitable work platform
Not overloaded
Hazards opposite of above
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms
Hazards
People falling or being thrown
Materials falling
Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure
Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by
Equipment failure
Unsuitable ground conditions
Defective or unused outriggers
Overloading of the carrier
Struck by load
Struck by another vehicle
Interference with controls
Precautions opposite of above
Suspended access cradles and platforms
Precautions
Pre-use inspections
Supports to building of adequate strength
Suitably maintained
Safe access and egress
Not exceed safe working load
Guard rails and toeboards fitted
Safety harnesses worn
Limitations on use in strong winds

Excavations
Main hazards
Undermining foundations
Collapse

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Underground services
Persons falling in
Vehicles close to edge
Access and egress
Hazardous atmospheres
Flooding
Contamination
Type of soil
Removal of soil
Precautions for above
Precautions for underground services
Plan job
Locate cables
Avoid cables
Safe digging procedures
Hazards of Demolition
Underground and over head services
Falls from height
Fall of materials
Premature collapse
Health hazards
Gases and vapours
Noise
Vibration
Ionising radiations
Biological hazards
Precautions opposite of above plus
Exclusion zones
Safe method of demolition
PPE

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Element 8: Construction
Outline the precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of injury when work
is carried out on a pitched (sloping) roof
(8)
This question sought to test candidates knowledge of the precautions that should be taken
to reduce the risk of injury when working on sloping roofs
The majority provided reasonable answers & referred to many of the relevant
precautions such as
The provision of safe access to the roof & roof edge protection

The use of crawling boards or roof ladders

Identifying & covering roof lights

Arrangements for moving tools & materials to & from the roof

The issue of wearing of PPE such as helmets, footwear & harnesses

The employment of a trained & competent workforce

& the need to stop the work activity during adverse weather conditions

(a)
(b)

Explain the meaning of the term hazard

Outline the main hazards associated with demolition work

(2)
(6)

There are no Examiners Report available for part (a)!

Part (b) of the question was generally well answered by most candidates
The main hazards associated with this type of work include
Falls from a height

Falling debris & premature collapse

Use of explosives

Contact with noise from equipment & heavy plant

Dust (possibly including asbestos)

& the possible presence of services such as electricity, gas & water

Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of children who
might be tempted to gain unauthorised access to a construction site
(8)
This question was generally well answered with the majority of candidates able to outline a
hierarchy of measures that started with precautions to prevent entry by the
Use of fencing

Warning against the dangers by means of signs

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& monitoring using security patrols or CCTV

This was followed by reference to the need, should entry be gained to make the site
itself safe by
Isolating services

Reducing heights of materials

Covering or fencing excavations as well as removing ladders & denying access to

scaffolding

Better candidates also considered further precautions such as securing

Tools

Chemicals

Equipment

& vehicles

& working with the community including visits to schools

Some candidates again did not take careful note of the question & outlined the hazards
instead of the precautions
There were also a few examples of candidates referring to very similar precautions as
separate issues, which did not always provide the breadth of answer expected

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