APUSH Study Guide Class notes

09/23/09 - Belief the salvation could be obtained by good works

Aim: Why is the Mayflower Compact considered as one of the foundations What options did Puritans have? (a) Conformity (b) silence (c)
of colonial American democracy? emigration (d) revolt

Themes: toleration, democracy, rule of law, justice Primogeniture: eldest son gets inheritance

Vocabulary: puritan pilgrims, ordinance, Dread Sovereign Compact (The Manumission: purchase freedom of slave by slave/others
'dread sovereign' referred to in the document used the archaic definition of
dread; meaning awe and reverence (for the King), not fear), jurisdiction, Pilgrims: (1) Separatists: they weren’t seeking reform
covenant
(2) Yeomen farmers
Names: (Mayflower family): William Brewster, John Carver, Edward
Winslow, William Bradford → Mayflower families (3) Country artisans

Stuart Monarchy (4) Penniless/Poor

James I (1603-1625); Charles I (1625-1649) executed; Charles II (1660- (5) They came from congregation and moved to Holland
1685); James II (1685-1688)
(6) Refugees
* Protestant Doctrine
(7) Pilgrim leaders- Reverend John Robinson: learned and polished;
Lutheran/Calvinism: salvation is attained by faith as opposed to Catholic William Bradford: leader, writer; William Brewster: Cambridge
doctrine of Salvation through Sacrament and good work → Predestination: educated affluent… Mayflower Compact
John Calvin emphasized only those predestined would attain salvation “Elect
WASP (White Anglo Saxon Protestants) (and Catholics)
of God/Saints”; priesthood of believers… every man his own priest
Puritans
Anglican Church of England:
- Reform the Church from within
-Supremacy Act of 1534 (an Act of the Parliament of England under King
Henry VIII declaring that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the - Skilled Workers -Rich -Educated -Oxford/Cambridge
Church in England' and that the English crown shall enjoy "all honours,
dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, - Carpenters - Non-Separatists - Masons -Blacksmiths
profits, and commodities to the said dignity.")
(2) Puritans were on a mission for God
Roman Catholic Hierarchy Anglican Church Hierarchy
(3) Puritans wanted to build in the wilderness a kind of spiritual
God God community

Pope King (Henry VIII) (4) “Building a city upon a hill”

Cardinal Archbishop Puritans wanted to fulfill God’s grand design → in New England they
established the Congregational Church → John Winthrop
Archbishop Bishop
Puritan Values
Bishop Priest
(1) Sobriety (2) Hard-work (3) Frugality (4) Honesty (8) Piety
Priest Individual Christians (5) Industriousness (6) Individualism (7) Freedom of Conscience

English Puritans/Pilgrims remove candlesticks, crucifixes, crosses, 09/30/09

pictures, images, change liturgy (A rite or body of rites prescribed for
public worship) *civil body politic *obey just and equal laws *for the Aim: How did the Puritans reconcile their own religious dissent
general good from the church of England with their persecution of dissenters
like Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams?
09/24/09
* New England divided
Aim: How did religion aid colonization in America (17th cen.)?
*Problems in the Bible Commonwealth
- Persecution by Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud of Puritans
1. Church and state were closely related
-Puritans accused Laud of Armenian
2. Taxes collected supported the church
 APUSH Study Guide Class notes
3. Other religious groups were persecuted stressed the importance of individual relationship with God over
obligation to obey civil laws
4. People who flouted the authority of the church and gov’t were put (a) to
death (b) banished (c) fucked I mean flogged :X (d) fined accused of antinomian heresy

Roger Williams: Founder of Rhode Island 10/01/09

− Vocal Separatist Aim: How did the New England Confederation deal with Indian
attacks (1643-1684)?
− Cambridge graduate
Vocabulary: Confederation
According to Williams
* Chief Massasoit (Wampanoag Tribe) welcomed Pilgrims/Puritans,
(a) Massachusetts was holding fraudulent title to Indian land made peace with them

(b) The charter should be sent back to England for correction
(c) he wanted separation of church and state
(d) Non-puritans cannot vote → correct this
(e) no tax supporting church
(f) civil authorities shouldn’t regulate religious matters
(g) he wanted religious liberty → Rhode Island
Roger William → south to Narragansett
Anne Hutchinson → Portsmouth
William Codington → Newport
Samuel Gorton →Warwick RI
Metacomet, son of Massasoit, aka King Philips: hostile to
Pilgrims/Puritans
Was the Massacre of the Pequot Indians (1637) justified?
Pequot struck at English colonies in Connecticut
New England Confederation
Inter-colonial union (weak, but strongest inter-colonial gov’t before
the Revolution)
Purpose: to meet common danger from Dutch, French, and Indians
Membership: Plymouth, Connecticut, New Haven, Massachusetts
Bay
Problems: Indian attacks, foreign threats, internal differences,
boundary disputes

 All four combined Success: Defeat of King Philips (King Philips’ War, 1775)

Connecticut Lasting Impact of King Philips’ War

Founded (163^) by Thomas Hooker (1) Loss of Population

- not founded for religion but for good soil, space, and liberal gov’t (2) Many died of starvation

Connecticut: New Haven founded for good land, trade w/Indians trading post, (3) Independent before the war, they now looked to Britain
and fertile land
(4) Crops destroyed
Puritanism was the only recognized religion and the church received tax
(5) Puritans portrayed Native Americans as blood-thirsty and violent
support
MUST KNOW: Salutary Neglect (an undocumented, though long
Connecticut: Pequot War (Indian War)
standing British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of
Fundamental Order of Connecticut parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient
to Great Britain), The Dominion of New England
Anne Hutchinson
10/02/09
Considered a threat
Aim: Why did the British authorities create the Dominion of New
Massachusetts Bay Authorities England?

Salvation cannot be earned through good deeds *The Dominion of New England was comprised of eight previously
separate colonies stretching from New Hampshire to New Jersey
Saints accountable to God not man
Purpose: To streamline administration of its colonies
No covenant of work but grace
 APUSH Study Guide Class notes
For colonial defenses 10/05/09

To make colonies accountable to British rule
Increase royal control over colonies
Combine colonies into larger administrative units
Do away with representative assemblies
Governor Edmund Andros
Aim: What were the characteristics of the middle colonies? (NY,
PA, NJ, DE)
New York
A. Rise of Dutch in North America
1. Henry Hudson: Englishman employed by the Dutch East Indian
Company (1609) travelled up the Hudson River

2. New Netherlands founded (1623-1624) by Peter Minuit.

- obnoxious - dictator/autocratic -restricted town meetings
Manhattan brought for $30.00
- Dismissed MA assembly Massachusetts Bay charter was revoked 3. New Amsterdam (later NYC) founded by Dutch
(1684), colonial legislature abolished → very unpopular (1689:
Andros overthrown) 4. Patronage- Aristocratic Structure, huge estates

(1) Has hatred towards Puritans B. Fall of New Netherlands

(2) He was loyal to the king 1. Indians in retaliation of Dutch violence massacred settlers, wall
street was a defense center
(3) Former governor of NY
2. New England hostile to the growth of New Netherland, saw
(4) He had been a soldier Dutch as a threat

(5) De undermined the Puritan Church by imposing Anglicanism 3. Swedes trespassed on Dutch Land of Delaware River established
New Sweden (1638-1655)
(6) He challenged earlier land titles
4. (1655) Dutch force led by Peter Stuyvesant end Swedish rule
(7) Levy new taxes 5. (1665) Charles II ordered military removal of Dutch from New
Netherland. Peter Stuyvesant’s forces surrendered like pussies
(8) Stopped piracy
Middle Colonies
(9) Stopped profiteering
Lack of distinctive institutions such as
(10) He reduced liberties
A. (1) Slavery
End of Dominion of New England → Glorious Revolution → William
and Mary on the throne → asserted principles of Parliamentary (2) Town meetings

Effect of the Glorious Revolution B. Middles colonies were a promiscuous breed having a distinctive
American trait; ethnic and religious heterogeneity
(NY) Leisler refused to surrender forts to the new gov’ner
C. Had excellent land for farming
Leisler Rebellion Class struggle
D. Known as bread colonies for export of grain also grew fruits and
veggies and all those yummy shit
Wealthy Merchants →
supported by Gov’ner E. More aristocratic than New England and Southern Colonies
Nicholson vs. Farmers
F. Fewer industries than New England/Southern Colonies
Leisler led a mob against: Small traders
* New Jersey (1664) started as Quaker Settlement; two proprietors
oligarchy in NY Shopkeepers received area from Duke of York

Against Anglican ruling → supported by Leisler * Delaware was granted its own assembly in 1703

Trade monopoly Remained under the gov’ner of Penn until Amer.

Revolution
 APUSH Study Guide Class notes
10/06/09

Aim: How did democracy develop in early America? (1607-1763) 10/07/09

Democratic Development in Colonial America Aim: What factors brought about the first Great Awakening?
(1730-1740s)
(1619) Formation of the Virginia House of Burgesses
Great Awakening (1730-1740s)
(1620) Mayflower Compact
1. First mass social movement in America
(1629) New England town meetings
2. Spread principally throughout the middle and Southern
Colonial assemblies: Governors had difficulties making laws without
colonies
assemblies
3. Two primary issues (a) Crisis within the ministry (to what
(1639) Fundamental Order of Connecticut; First written constitution in
degree should organizational purity be maintained?) (b) Crisis
between clergy and laity (e.g. ministers salaries, degree of
America
political control exercised by the congregation)
(1643) New England Confederation
Reasons for the Great Awakening
(1649) Maryland Act of Toleration
1. Increase in material comfort
(1676) Bacon’s Rebellion
2. Great Concerns for this world and not the next life
(1683) NY chapter of liberties
3. Decline in spiritual warmth
(1691) Leisler’s Rebellion
4. Decline in church membership
(1720) Enlightenment
5. Rise of towns
(1735) Zenger case (Free press)
6. Progress in science
(1740) Great Awakening
7. Westward movement
(1754) Albany Plan of Union (inter-colonial gov’t)
European influence on the Great Awakening
(1764) Paxton Boys
1. Theodore Frelinghuysen from Westphalia
(1771)Carolina Regulator Movement
2. William Tennet-Irish
(1713-1763) Salutary Neglect
3. John Wesley- England
Undemocratic features
4. George Whitfield → Itinerant- Traveling preachers
Absence of checks and balances between the governor and legislature,
Arminianism: challenged Calvinism; predestination
property and religious qualification restricted voting and holding office,
women could not vote
*Half-way Covenant: Attempt by New England clergy in 1662 to
counteract declining church membership by allowing children of
What is democracy?
church members to join the church even though they not
Frequent elections, checks and boundaries, freedoms, gov’t for the people by experienced salvation; were however not allowed voting and
the people, consent of the governed, majority rule minority rights, people’s communion rights
rights, equality, political legitimacy, free speech/religion, no crisis of
succession (sep of church/state power) Old Light New Light

Triangular Trade Skeptical of the Great

Awakening; this is among
(stuff here was blocked by the door he would not close -_-… tell me if you the Congregationalists Supported the Great
know what goes here) (Puritans) Awakening

*among the Presbyterians-

supported ministers and
 APUSH Study Guide Class notes
skeptical of revivalism/great 4. Repressed sexual wishes, puberty, lack of education
awakening
5. Tension produced by uneven distribution of wealth
Oral Notes (I heard him say this shit so it must mean something)
6. Uneven economic growth
John Winthrop’s grandson
7. class and social religious conflict
“Layman’s terms”
8. bad rye, convulsion ergotism, ergot fungus, whatever the fuck
pulpit: where you preach from that’s supposed to mean

Congregational Church 9. Scapegoat theory by Dr. Thomas Szasz

How do we get young people to church? → they ask → result: half-way 10. Were the girls play-acting? (horny? jkjk)
covenant
Accusers Accused
Communion: partaking of the eukarysts
Salem Village
Salem Town
Divorced can’t take communion either
Poor sector Prosperous sector
Doctrinal Problems
Failed dreams
Ivy League school made to train Congregationalists against Populists
Wealthy powerful easterners
Lost hope of Salem village Accused wealthy
- Harvard and Yale → congregation
Westerners independent women
Princeton → Presbyterian
Bad Rye → could cause hallucination
UPenn→ Denomination
Lexicon
Brown → Baptist
McCarthyism: accuse w/out evidence
Rutgers → Dutch Reformed

all trained to properly train officials 10/09/09

Aim: How do we compare family life in the South and New

10/08/09
England colonies?
Aim: How did the witchcraft hysteria of the 1680s and 1690s result from a
Puritan Families (stable)
gap between the expectations of a united community and the realities of a
diverse and divided one? A. Based on fear and love
Names 1. Patriarchal/Nuclear

- Increase Mathers 2. Father is the boss

- Cotton Mathers (President of Harvard) 3. Women kept house and educated house

- William Phips (Governor) 4. The virtue most impressed on children was obedience

- Tituba Slave (1/2 black ½ Indian) Barbados 5. High birth rate, low mortality rate; closely knit towns

Rev. Parris 6. Women accepted subordinate role

Abigail William, Betty Parris, Judge Samuel Sewall 7. cannot vote/preach

Possible Causes of the Salem Witch Trials 8. do not have control over property, wage, body

1. Socio-economic causations 9. divorce was impossible

2. Hysteria hypothesis 10. they cannot enter into contract

3. Was it inner conflict? (inner penis! jkjk) 11. marry early and have many children
 APUSH Study Guide Class notes
12. abusive husbands punished • overseers white, foremen negro, house slaves, field
slaves, slave drivers
13. grandparents important
• STONO REBELLION just for the fuck of it
New England
10/13/09
Clean water Cool air Healthy Air Rocky soil fishing
Aim: Why did British colonial diversity in the 18th century produce
Southern Colonies
political union that seemed utterly impractical?
1. Women had more property rights; reasons males die early
1. Question: Was America an 18th century mosaic or a melting pot?
2. One parent families
2. Question: To what degree is the statement that “Europe, not
England, is the parent country of America” accurate?
3. family values non-existent
3. Any references to English colonies must be qualified.
4. lack of grandparents
Sources of Immigration
5. shortened lives
• Swiss Swedes Highland Scots Germans
6. weak family life

7. Restless poor whites Spanish Jews Portuguese Jews Scandinavian

Southern Dynasty (supposed to be a triangle) Huguenot French Protestants Dutch

Planter aristocracy Finns Irish

Yeomen farmers Religion

White trash (clay eaters, hillbillies) • Quakers Methodists Seventh day men

Mountain whites Roman Catholics Jews Presbyterians

-------- Regulators N/S Carolina

Slave Rebellion Stono was a slave rebellion begun on Sunday, Scotch-Irish

September 9, 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the
• Devout Presbyterians Hated Catholics and Anglicans
largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies prior to the
American Revolution.
Tough Stubborn Touchy Combative
--------
Full of energy Challenged pacifism for Quakers
Planter Aristocracy Provided
Clannish Unyielding Very independent lawless
• Educational leadership Battled Indians lived on the frontier

• Political leadership German-Americans

• Financial leadership Politically Passive, Socially self-sufficient, well-knit communities,

skilled, productive farmers, they were Lutherans
• Monopolistic

• Code of honor, dueling

• Military duties

• Avoided commerce trade as occupation

• hunting, horse racing, big house

• Hierarchy: House slaves → field slaves → slaves →

foremen
10/14 2. Fur (Beaver) Trade

Aim: What was the long range of purposes of the Albany 3. Rival for World Trade
Congress? (1754)
4. Religious Conflict
ALBANY PLAN (Congress) To create an intercolonial gov’t
5. Land Claim Squabble
- Other attempts at intercolonial gov’t:
**Important Content**
(1) New England Confederation (fail)
• Ohio company
(2) Stamp Act Congress (fail)
• Ohio River Valley
(3) Dominion of New England (fail)
• General Braddock
Question:
• George Washington
(1) What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union?
• Salutary neglect
(2) What were the proposals contained in the plan?
• Proclamation Line of 1763
(3) Why did the colonial legislature turn down the plan?
Describe the frontier type of war between 2 nations looked in • Treaty of Paris 1763
a bitter struggle for power in North America. Britain against
France. • *Fort Duquesne

Purpose • Fort Necessity

French and Indian War
1. Levy Taxes • General Wolfe and Jeffrey Amherst turned the tide for
England
2. Raise troops -More global
1756-1763
3. Regulate trade -They lost
Salutary neglect
4. Sign treaties with Indians Between British and
1764
5. Recruit Iroquois Indians French in reality
Cherokee Rebellion (1759-1761)
6. Common Defense
Pontiac Rebellion (1764)
Why was the Albany Plan rejected?
Why was Britain suffering defeat in the initial stages of the
1. It raised taxes and gave England too much power
French and Indian War?
2. The Iroquois feared the colonies were too disunited to
- Colonial volunteers could not meet standards
defeat the French
- The British advance was in formation without breaking ranks
3. London did not want the colonies united
- They fought in the open; straight line
4. Colonies didn’t want to share their taxing power
William Pitt
-- Iroquois were buffer between French and English—
1. Ignored cautious and incompetent generals
10/19
2. Picked young and energetic leaders
Aim: What was the impact of the French and Indian war on
the relationship between Britain and its colonies? 3. England sent more British troops to the colonies

Causes of the French and Indian War 4. Spain entered the war on behalf of Britain

1. Fishing Rights 5. He persuaded the Indians to join colonists

6. Planned strategies
7. Return military control to local assemblies
8. Local farmers provided supplies
- This gave English merchants a monopoly of colonial
import trade
- Certain enumerated (listed) goods from the west indies,
tobacco shipped only to Britain

9. Strengthened the British navy - Colonial governors were to keep records

**Treaty of Paris (1763) Staple Act of 1663

Buy only from England
• France gave Canada to Britain Plantation Duty Act of 1673
Sell only to England
• Britain returns → Martinique and Guadalupe Navigation Act of 1696
Import non-English goods
• France gets fishing rights to Newfoundland Woolens Act of 1699 only through England

• Spain gives Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba Hat Act of 1732 Cannot compete with
• France gave up all land west of the Mississippi as well as Molasses Act of 1733 England to produce goods
the Port of New Orleans
(Some shit about Halifax, Nova Scotia?)
10/20
Vice-Admiralty Court: Established by 1696 Navigation Act
Aim: How did Britain establish imperial control over her
→ Military style court → No juries → Punish Violators of
American colonies after the French and Indian War?
navigation Act (sent to Halifax, Nov.Sco… So that’s the Halifax
The idea of tightening bonds of empire came from in response shit?)
to the Dutch.
*Board of Trade: Control commerce with colonies; review
Tightening Imperial Control legislation

• Preferential tariffs Writ of Assistance: James Otis, declared Writ of Assistance was
an abuse of civil rights → went to England to argue against
• import duties English constitution/ Rights of Man → lost the case

• the use of general search warrants 10/21

• royal control of colonial courts Aim: How did new restraints and burden on colonists affect
relations with England?
• colonial laws disallowed by the Board of Trade
(1) Restraints on legislative action
Navigation Act of 1651 (refer to sheet with all the acts)
(2) Restraints of Territorial Expansion
Purpose: to keep colonial track out of foreign hands
(3) Restraints on colonial trade
1) The Navigation Act of 1651had several loopholes. It took
the other Navigation Acts for the English to control colonial (4) Imposition of new taxes
trade.
RESTRAINTS ON LEGISLATIVE ACTION
Specific rules:
1759: Restrictions on the ability of Virginia Assembly to pass
1) All trade between England and her colonies or between one laws timely
colony and another was to be in English ships, ¾ should be
1764: Currency Act limited colonial legislature’s ability to issue
English crews. Ships not built in England or her colonies
paper money
should be formally registered in England in order to qualify.
1767: limited the size of colonial assemblies
2) Colonial imports from Europe with few exceptions like
wine and salt could be shipped only by way of England. They 1774: Intolerable Act
had to pay duty and be reloaded.
Coercive Act
RESTRAINTS ON TERRITORIAL EXPANSION 1765

1763: Proclamation Line A. Stamp Act Congress

1774: Quebec Act enlarges Quebec at the expense of colonies 1. Attempt at intercolonial gov’t
with claims in the Ohio River Valley
2. Several colonies united and met in New York to
RESTRAINTS OF COLONIAL TRADE discuss the stamp tax issue

1762: Writ of Assistance 3. The Congress decided on the Non-importation act,

not to import any British goods until it’s repealed
1763: Peacetime use of navy and customs officers to enforce the
Navigation Acts 4. They still declared their loyalty to the King and
obedience to the Parliament
1767: Vice-Admiralty court
B. Sons of Liberty
1774: Boston ports closed
1. “Join or Die”
IMPOSITION OF NEW TAXES
2. Formed in every colony
*1764: Sugar taxes
3. Members were lawyers, merchants, artisans
1765: Quartering Act; Stamp Act
4. Organized to resist the tax on stamps
1773: Tea Act
5. They broke into the houses of tax collectors
1774: Quartering Act
C. Committee of Correspondence
1765-1766… George Grenville
1. Formed by Samuel Adams (1772)
• Internal tax
2. Wrote letters among colonies to help each other
• Stamp Act 1765 share ideas and learn about common problems

• Sugar Act 1764 3. Agreed that an attack on one colony is an act on

all colonies
• Currency Act 1764
D. Committee of Safety
• Quartering Act 1765
1. Formed by John Hancock
• Proclamation Line 1763
2. Had power to call out the militia collected guns
• Stamp Act repealed and ammunitions

• 1763: customs collectors, royal inspectors, naval patrol to 1771: Regulator Movement (Vigilante group) (Economic)
enforce laws
- Opposed to corruption - high cost for court fees
Lord Townshend (all acts were repealed)
- High taxes -Currency Act (no money) → unable to
Chancellor, Exchequer, External Tax, Glass, Tea, Paper, Paint, pay their taxes and debt - wanted more representation
Writ of Assistance
- Failure to take power from Eastern Elites
Lord North: Prime Minister
Question: Was the American Revolution two struggles
DECLARATORY ACT: England could pass any laws against the British for independence and another between
the privileged and unprivileged for control of the state
10/22 gov’t? First for home rule, and second for rule at home.

Aim: How did colonists resist England’s oppression? Intercolonial gov’t: New England Confederation,
Dominion of New England, Albany Congress, Stamp Act
Congress
10/23 Second Continental Congress

Aim: What were the purposes, work, and accomplishments of MAY 1775
the first and second Continental Congress?
1. No reconciliation- Parliament refused to give up its
Sept. 5 – Oct. 26th 1774 power to tax colonies

First Continental Congress 9/1774- Philadelphia 2. Colonies still loyal to the crown

1. They reaffirmed their allegiance to the crown 3. Richard Lee proposes Declaration of Independence

2. They denied the authority of parliament 4. George Washington made commander

3. Goal: Defense of colonial rights 5. Called for an army, post office, navy

4. They agreed to disobey all intolerable acts 6. Authorized printing of money

5. Break all trade with Britain, Ireland, and the West indies 7. Olive branch of petition

6. Economic Sanction on Britain: Non-importation and non-
consumption of British goods; non-exportation
7. Pledged to each other direct support
8. Britain refuses to give in
9. 56 delegates only Georgia not represented
Jefferson to write the declaration of independence
-most of the first six presidents came from VA
10/26
Aim: How did Thomas Paine have such a gift for
provocation?

10. First Continental Congress was made up of: - He was a tutor, tobacconist, corset maker, self-educated

- Cautious moderates 1. Why do colonists want to be British?

- Anxious conservatives 2. Monarchy is deeply footed in superstition, dangerous to

liberty, inappropriate for America
-Impatient radicals
3. Argued a case for independence
11. Drew up a list of grievances
4. Time for compromise has passed
12. Created “Congressional Association”
5. Calls the king “Royal brute”, Ruffian, and hardened
9/1774: First Continental Congress pharaoh
Suffolk Resolution Joseph Galloway Plan 6. Abolish the monarchy in favor of republicanism
(Speaker of Penn)
7. George III is a tyrant
1. Economic Sanction 1. Reconciliation with
against Britain Britain 8. Thomas Paine provided an ideological framework for
ACCEPTED

all persuasions, liberal conservatives lay claim to him

REJECTED

2. Military preparation 2. Reintroduce the

3. Asks George III to ease
off
4. Protest the coercive acts
5. Ask for repeal of 13 laws
since 1763
Albany Plan 9. He attacked hereditary aristocracy and calls for a
democracy
3. Accommodation with
Britain 10. America has grown into a new and different nation with
interest of its own
11. The Period of debate us closed. Paine is now making a
case for independence

12. “I offer nothing but Plain truth, Simple facts, and

Common sense.”
13. Thomas Paine was a deist (religious but no organized D. Jefferson’s draft was edited
practice). He wrote several books The Rights of Man (1791-
92), (1794-96) The Age of Reason, The Crisis Entire passages were taken out

14. Paine helped redirect the attack from parliament to the king. George was blamed for slavery → omitted
He was not only asking for independence but to overthrow
Jefferson wanted to free the slaves → rejected
the monarch.
Changes – unremitting injuries → repeating injuries
15. “How can an island rule a continent?”
Neglected utterly to utterly neglected
Quotations
16 changes made by Franklin and Adams
“These are the times that try men’s soul” --The Crisis
31 changes made by committee of five
“Summer soldiers and sunshine patriots”
39 changes made by congress
“Time makes more converts than reason”
Entire paragraphs taken out
“A government that cannot preserve peace is no gov’t at all and
in that case we pay our money for nothing” * Declaration of Independence is NOT a constitution. It
is a document to justify a rebellion
DIVISIONS IN SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
Written on animal skin parchment
Moderates Radicals
There are only facsimiles (copies of original)
John Dickinson wanted Samuel Adams, John Adams,
compromise, Patrick Henry, Ben Franklin 1. Preamble
conciliations, desire for
peace. Continued loyalty. Radical approach-wanted 2. List of grievances (27)
Modest reform wrote independence
“Olive Branch of 3. Formal declaration of independence
Adopted “Declaration of the
petition”
causes and necessity of taking up Economic Political Infringement on
arms” Injustices Injustices Human Rights

Provided continental army, - A lot of loyalists fled to Canada

printed currency, open trade to all
but Britain -Right to life, liberty, property (John Locke) → pursuit of
happiness in D-o-I

-no references to Parliament → directly attacks king only

10/27
usurpations: wrongful seizures of power
Aim: How did the Declaration of Independence express the
ideals of the American Revolution? 10/28

A. Sources used by Jefferson Aim: Were Washington’s successes of British blunder

responsible for American victory in the revolutionary war?
(1) Draft of the VA constitution authored by Jefferson
British Plan
(2) VA Declaration of Rights by George Mason
1. Win the war quickly
(3) John Locke
2. Cute New England from the rest of the colonies
B. The Declaration of Independence is the ideological
constitution of the US 3. a) Divide and conquer

C. It established how the future gov’t is going to be run b) Cut off the south, middle, and northern colonies by
taking NY
4. Battles were fought on trails, forests, swamps, and roads - Fishing rights off the Canadian coast

5. NY was chosen as the base of British operation; NY had - Mississippi River new boundary
splendid (wow, gay, splendid?) seaport; it’s centrally located.
It had lots of supporters who oppose independence.
(b) The British occupied and captured NYC, Charleston,
Philadelphia

6. Early Battles
MAY 1775: Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain boys of
Vermont, Benedict Arnold-captured British garrisons
JUNE 1775: Bunker Hill; Breed Hill → British won

7. 1777: British focus on the Middle Colonies

Summer 1776: Washington escapes from Long Island to
Manhattan to New Jersey

8. Battle of Saratoga: most important battle of the war

9. 1777: Washington retired to Valley Forge (winter)

(a) Supplies were scarce, food and clothing
(b) Baron con Steuben helped out

10. Benedict Arnold Traitor

(b) France btwn an ally

11. Maquis de Lafayette

12. Franco-American Alliance

13. American Revolution turned into a world war

Catherine the Great of Russia organized the League of
Armed Neutrality

14. George Rogers Clark

Frontier seized several ports along the Ohio River
John Paul Jones (he added Jones b/c he was a criminal…
Yeah, Jones makes a BIG difference *sarcasm) → naval
leader captured ships
Nathaniel Greene cleared the South
Battle of Yorktown last war → where British surrendered
NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY *** (a plot hatched in 1783
near the end of the American Revolutionary War resulting
from the fact that many of the officers and men of the
Continental Army had not received pay for many years.)

Peace Treaty of Paris (1783)

- Loyalists couldn’t further be persecuted

- Confiscated property of loyalists to be returned

- American states should pay their debt

- Recognition of Independence

Britain gave Florida to Spain (reverse of Treaty of Paris of 1763,

where Spain gave British Florida for Cuba)
11/04 11. No national court system

Aim: How did the Articles of Confederation fit the needs of the 12. Amendments only with the consent of all states
New Nation?
13. 9 out of 13 states required to pass a law
The Period 1781-1787 was known as the critical period (Fiske)
14. No executive force to enforce or carry out acts of Congress
The Articles of Confederation was a league of friendship
* Captain Daniel Shay’s Rebellion
It could not deal with serious problems (1783-1787)
1785+1787: Northwest Ordinance
- Articles of Confederation is a loose alliance of states
11/05
Power of Confederation
Aim: How did the Confederation deal with problems facing the
- make treaties new nation?

- send and receive ambassadors Daniel Shay’s Rebellion

Agrarian Unrest
- set up a monetary system Reasons:
Economic Recession
- build a navy
Big Tax Increases
- raise an army Foreclosures
Lack of currency
- fix universal standard weights and measures Overconsumption and under-consumption of crops
Demand for paper money
- settle disputes among states Imprisonment of farm debtors
Unresponsive legislature
- regulate Native American affairs
Rebels were mostly farmers and revolutionary war veterans
Articles Shay took over the Springfield court from hearing foreclosure
cases
1. No President Attack failed → Shay fled to Vermont
Shay was condemned to death but was pardoned
2. No Supreme Court
Social Changes
3. Only Congress - No titles granted in state constitutions
- Primogeniture abolished
Problems faced by the US under the Articles of Confederation
Northwest Territories
1. Foreign countries had to deal with each state independently
to be ruled by a governor three Judges, appointed by
2. Foreign nations were unwilling to make treaties Confederation

3. Lack of power to trade Northwest Ordinance (1784)

- Divide Land into Districts
4. Lack of military power - Future statehood
- Sell land for revenue
5. Lack of power to enforce treaties - Rectangular Plot: 6 by 6; each plot 640 Acres
- Privatize Land
6. Threat of withdrawal by states was common
Northwest Ordinance (1785)
7. Congress had little money
- Survey the land
8. Courts were broken up by armed mobs - Make maps
- Identify Lakes, Rivers, Mines, Mills
9. Congress powerless to collect taxes and duties
- Surveyed land to be solid in auction
10. Congress powerless to conduct interstate commerce and - Individuals who bought land will hold title
foreign trade - mark up into townships
- One section reserved for education Why did the Federalists win?
- 646 Acres at $1 per acre 1. Momentum
2. Prominent inspired leaders
Northwest Ordinance (1787) 3. Political skills and determination
- How should the territories be governed? - superior word power
1. No slavery allowed in the Northwest Territories - better organizational skills
2. Territories should be organized into 3 to 5 states
3. 5000 or more freemen 21 years or over- township with an * Bill of Rights were added → addressed to Congress
assembly, governor, congressman
4. 60,000 freemen 21 yrs or older- statehood 11/09
5. Trial by jury, freedom of speech; freedom of religion to be
guaranteed Aim: Why is the constitution called a bundle of compromises?

Number of delegates at the convention: 55

11/06
Demigods: Benjamin Franklin (81), John Dickinson (55), James
Aim: Why was the country divided over the constitution’s Madison (36), Alexander Hamilton (42)
adoption?
- Patrick Henry refused to attend “I smell a rat.”
(1787) the constitutional convention exhibited some forms of - Samuel Adams was not chosen as a delegate; Jefferson, John
class warfare Adams, and Paine were in Europe

- Large states versus small states A. Great Compromise

- Urban vs. rural Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia introduced a resolution-
- rich vs. poor Representation in Congress should be by population
- creditor vs. debtor - William Patterson of New Jersey introduced a resolution for
- farmers vs. landowners equal representation in Congress
- social upheaval at the convention - Roger Sherman of Connecticut introduced a compromise: a
senate and congress, encompassing ideas → Great Compromise
Federalist Anti-Federalist B. Three-Fifths Compromise
- Southern states wanted slaves counted for representation in
Leaders - Alexander Hamilton - Patrick Henry
Congress but not taxed
- George Washington - George Mason
- James Madison - George Clinton - Northern states wanted slaves to be taxed since they were
- John Jay - Samuel Adams property but not for representation
- John Adams - Richard Henry Lee → Result: The 3/5th Compromise
- Ben Franklin - Each 5 slaves will count as three persons for both taxation and
Support - Landowners - Small Farmers
representation
Professions - Bankers - Non-commercial C. Tariffs (Taxes of Imports)
- Merchants - shopkeepers The South did not want its exports to Britain taxed, but North
- Businessmen - craftsmen wanted tariffs to protect its business from foreign competition
- Lawyers - laborers Compromise: Congress will tax import but not export
- Planter class - agrarian
- Writers/Newspapers - less well-educated D. Slave Compromise
- frontiersmen - Those against slave trade wanted it abolished → continued to
1808 though
FEDERALISTS ANTI-FEDERALISTS
* Compromise: Presidency
1. Centralization of power; 1. Stronger power to states 1. Should the president be elected by Congress?
strong central gov’t 2. A need for Bill of Rights 2. Should the president serve for life?
2. No need for Bill of 3. Only amend the Articles of
Rights 3. Should the president be elected by state governors?
Confederation
3. Change the Constitution 4. Liberty more important than Compromise- president elected indirectly by people
4. Protect private property private property
and trade 5. Opposed to constitution 11/10
5. Upper class group 6. The constitution did not provide
conservative business Aim: Why was George Washington considered a great president?
adequate protection of human
owners
rights. The new national gov’t could Is he “Father of the Nation”?
6. The constitution provided
stability evolve into monarchy/tyranny
George Washington 2. Treaty of Amity and Commerce aka Jay’s Treaty
American were asking for:
A. 1. French and Indian War (1754-1763) - Frontier posts
2. Member Virginia House of Burgesses (1759-1774) - Boundaries should be vacated by British
3. Delegate to Continental Congress (1774-1775) - ship seizure impressments of American sailors
4. Commander-in-Chief of continental army during
Revolutionary War (1775-1783) Compensation of slaves taken on Britain
- President of the Constitutional Convention (1787)
- Election as President First Term (1789) 3. Hamilton financial plan
- Election as President Second Term (1792) - pay state debt
- fund state debt
B. Cabinet - establish a bank
- Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson - pay foreign debt
- Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton - tax on whiskey
- Secretary of War Henry Knox - tariffs
Attorney-General Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753-1813)
Administration Hamilton Jefferson

C. Precedents - Devout Anglophile - Devout Francophile

1. Relying on department heads for advice - Support strong central gov’t - Support strong state gov’t
2. Chief executive has a right to pick their own cabinet - Support national bank - Oppose a national bank
3. Two-term presidency - loose constructionism - Strict Constructionism
4. Appointing chief justices from outside the bench and not by
Pinckney Treaty → New Orleans
seniority
Doctrine of *Implied Powers
D. Bill of Rights (1791) → Article I, Section 8 → Proper of necessary clause (Elastic
- Indian affairs Plan)
1791: Treaty of Greenville- Washington sent “mad” Anthony - Whiskey Rebellion
Wayne to defeat Indians in the Northwest territories
11/13
E. Proclamation of Neutrality
(1793) War between France vs. Britain, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Aim: Why was the presidency of John Adams a
and Netherlands controversial period?

Election of 1796
F. Whiskey Rebellion 1794
A. 1. Boston Massacre defended British Captain Preston
G. Jay Treaty (1795) and Citizen Genét
2. Member of Massachusetts legislature (1770-1774)
H. Pinckney Treaty (1795) 3. Member of Continental Congress (1774-1777)
- Normalization of relations with Spain 4. 1778-1788 Diplomat to France and Britain
5. Vice President (1789-1797)
Unwritten Constitution
1. Cabinet- part of the executive branch B. Election of 1796
2. Political parties
3. Lobbying John Adams Thomas Jefferson
4. Judicial Review → Supreme Court could declare laws
1. Federalist Jeffersonian-Democrat
* John Jay → first chief justice 2. Despot longing for 1. Man of the people
American Monarch 2. Strong state gov’t
Jay Treaty (1795) → Pinckney Treaty → port of New Orleans 3. Distrust of people 3. Applauded French Revolution
4. Favor lifetime for senators 4. British-America’s main enemy
11/12 5. Strong central gov’t 5.Rural
6. France- threat to America
Aim: How successful was the presidency of George Washington?
* Adams was endorsed by George Washington
Foreign policy- how did French politics affect US foreign policy?
Electoral Votes: Adams → 71 → President → Federalist
What position did Hamilton and Jefferson take?
Jefferson → 68 → Vice President → Democratic-Republican

C. Foreign Affairs
1. Relations with France- XYZ affair
2. Adams sent a three man mission (Charles Cotesworth
Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry) to resolve US
differences with France
3. French Foreign Minister Talleyrand refused to meet with the
American missionaries and sent three French men (Bellamy,
Hauteval, and Hottinguer) to demand a bribe of $250,000 before
Talleyrand could even consider normalizing relations w/US →
diplomatic extortion
4. Adams called the French Secret Agents XYZ
5. Slogan: Millions for defense but not a cent for tribute

D. Alien and Sedition Act (1798)

Four bills signed into law
1. Naturalization Act, 14 yrs to become a citizen
2. Alien Act permitted the president to deport dangerous aliens
3. Alien Enemies Act: President can deport aliens in wartime
4. Sedition Act: Fines, imprisonment of anyone who shall write,
print, utter, or publish scandalous or malicious writing or writings
about US gov’t

E. Virginia-Kentucky Resolution
James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
States have the power to nullify laws passed by Congress if it
deems the laws to be unconstitutional

ON THE TEST (Confirmed)

Elastic Clause, proper-unnecessary clause, compact theory, strict

constructionism, loose constructionism, Pgs 195-196 in book
11/16
Aim: Was the election of 1800 as Jefferson thought a revolution
in the principles of our gov’t?
A. 1. Was Jefferson’s election a revolution?
2. The 12th Amendment recognized political parties
Election of 1800
Democrat-Republicans: For President Thomas Jefferson
For Vice-President Aaron Burr
Federalist: For President John Adams
For Vice President Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Election Results
Jefferson- 73 Aaron Burr- 74
The House of Representatives elected Thomas Jefferson
President, Aaron Burr Vice President
B. Epitaph
Here lies Thomas Jefferson:
- Author of the Declaration of Independence
- Statute of Virginia Religious Freedom
- Father of the University of Virginia
Career before Presidency:
1. Member of House of Burgesses (1769-1774)
2. Declaration of Independence (1776)
3. Member Virginia House of Delegates (1776-1779)
4. Governor of Virginia (1779-1981)
5. Member of Continental Congress (1783-1789)
6. Minister to France (1785-1789)
7. Secretary of State (1790-1793)
8. Vice President (1797-1801)
C. Jefferson set out to roll back what he regarded as the most
offensive Federalist measures
Jefferson’s Administration
1. He kept the bank
2. Kept tariffs
3. Repeal of whiskey tax
4. Repeal of excise tax
5. Repeal Naturalization Act, reduced to 5 yrs
6. Alien and Sedition Act was allowed to lapse → expired
7. Judiciary Act of 1802 nullified
8. Cut spending → budget
9. Reduced size of gov’t and navy → budget
10. Purchased the Louisiana territories
Extra Notes
- Jefferson had a bad second term
- “out-federalized” federalists
- didn’t keep word of what he promised → inconsistency
- Judiciary Act → packed court w/federalists
11/18
Aim: Why was Thomas Jefferson’s trade embargo act not an
effective diplomatic tool against France and Britain?
A. 1. France declared war on Britain (1803)
2. Continental System (1806-1807)
Blockade of British ports – (Berlin decree)
Confiscation of neutral ships bound for Britain (Milan decree)
B. 1. England (1805) –Essex case
2. (1807) “order in council”
Blockade of French port. Confiscation of neutral ships bound for
France.
Jefferson’s foreign policy towards Britain and France
1. Meek submission to foreign power was submission to colonial
power
2. Commercial coercion through self-denial as an economic
weapon
3. Jefferson sought a bloodless substitute for war in peaceful
coercion. Economic coercion.
- American ships were banned from sailing to any foreign ports
- American ports were also closed to foreign countries
June 1807: British Warship Leopard fired on US frigate
Chesapeake impressing the crews. Jefferson signed the Embargo
Act (December 1807)
- Embargo Act (1807-1809)
- No American ships were allowed to sail to foreign ports
- No foreign vessel was allowed to unload its cargo at American
ports
Results
1. American economy suffered serious dislocation
2. Dockworkers sailors were unemployed
3. Merchants went broke
4. Farm surpluses languished in storage
5. Embargo was unpopular; ineffective
6. Boom in manufacturing; no foreign competition
7. Reduced trade
8. Reduced revenue
9. Low agriculture production
10. Shipbuilding stopped
11. Regional tension on embargo: New England wants secession
12. Unemployment goes up
13. Many Americans disobeyed law; ships left before embargo
14. Transpose letters (O Grab me)
(1809) Non-Intercourse Act 2. Limit power of the South in national politics
→ repealed the Embargo Act of 1807; opened trade with all ports 3. No more 3/5th Compromise
except France and Britain 4. 2/3rd majority of Congress for war or admitting states
5. One term for President
(1810) Macon Bill No. 2 6. Ejection of west from the Union
→ Trade with both if they stop impressing sailors (not sure of
accuracy of this part check it) Treaty of Ghent (Belgium)

Extra Notes - No territories were lost or gained by either side

- peaceful/commercial/economic coercion → “stop trading with - No reference was made to impressment of seamen or to
rest of the world” violation of neutral rights
- “Boomerang effect” on US economy - Signed Christmas Eve (1814)
- South hurt Declared an armistice
- Important cheap goods from Britain replaced by expensive ones War ended in a stalemate
from North → South pays more
- Industrial Revolution’s path paved by War of 1812 Extra Notes
- New England hurt → shipbuilding industry - Ultra federalists
→ temporary reemergence of federalists - States rights: Articles of Confederation, Virginia-Kentucky
- third party trades Resolution, Hartford Convention, Nullification of South Carolina
- elasticity, unitary (1828), Civil War
- Only hurt America… not so much to everyone else - Nothing happened in Hartford Convention
- Another cause for War of 1812 → poor communication
11/20 - William Henry Harrison
- America industrialized after War of 1812
Aim: What were the causes of the War of 1812?
11/23
- “Mr. Madison’s War”
- “The War for Canada” Aim: How did the War of 1812 affect America’s pride in their
- “The Indian War beyond the Appalachian Mountains” nation? (1815-1825)
- “Second War for Independence”
→ war aims varied, confusing, and ambiguous - Nationalism grew in America after the war
(1) Political cooperation/unity
Causes of the War of 1812 (2) Harmony
(3) One Part system
(1) Violation of neutral sea faring rights (4) “The Era of Good Feeling”
(2) Impressment of alien sailors (5) Good communication system
(3) Competition for fur (6) Good transportation system
(4) Anti-British propaganda by fugitives from British laws (7) Nationalism was reflected in economics
(5) Endemic Anglophobia - Law
(6) National Humiliation - Foreign Policy
(7) War Hawks-Madmen of the West- John Calhoun, Henry Clay (8) Monroe ran unopposed
(8) Pan-Indian attacks on Americans. British incitement of (9) New generation of Republicans shifting from Jefferson to
Indians Hamilton
(9) America’s Florida- Canada expansionist desire
(10) Land hunger
- Instead of agrarianism - Industrialization
(11) British promotion of Tecumseh’s activities - Narrow construction of - Broad interpretation of
(12) Blockade causes loss of foreign outlet and depression constitution Constitution
- States rights - Nationalism
Frontier states support war
- Vermont – Ohio – Kentucky – Tennessee
A. Political Nationalism
New England states oppose war
West/South wanted war 1. Disappearance of Federalist Party
2. One party
Hartford Convention
3. “Era of Good Feeling”
1. Hate Southern Dominance
Transportation Revolution 11/24

Steamboat (1807) Aim: How did Chief Justice John Marshall expand power of
Cumberland National Road (1811-1818) Supreme Court? (1801-1835)
Erie Canal (1825)
Railroad (1830) A. Chief Justice John Marshall established Judicial Review when
he declared laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional
B. Judicial Nationalism/ Legal Nationalism
B. Chief Justice Marshall declared the Judiciary Act or 1789
1. Increase the power of the national gov’t/central gov’t Section 13 to issue writ of Mandamus to be unconstitutional
2. Established the doctrine of “implied powers”
3. Strengthened the judicial branch of gov’t C. Marshall (federalist) John Adams secretary of state appointed
4. Marshall established the supremacy of the Federal gov’t over chief justice by John Adams
the state
D. As chief justice, John Marshall
5. Marshall checked the general movement towards states rights
1. Established the doctrine of “implied powers”
and popular democracy
2. Increased power of the national gov’t
C. Diplomatic Nationalism 3. Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court
1. Monroe Doctrine (John Quincy Adams) (1823): Ultimate 4. Supremacy of the federal courts over state courts
expression of nationalism. It unified the country 5. Strengthen capitalism, private property, work, and profit
2. Monroe Doctrine was an assertive foreign policy
A. Principles of Judicial Review
3. Western Hemisphere is off limits to further Euro colonization
4. American won’t interfere/intervene in European affairs in 1. Marbury vs. Madison (1803) – The Supreme Court assumed
return (Greek war w/Turks for independence) the right to declare a law of Congress unconstitutional; used again
in the Dred Scott case (1857)
D. Economic Nationalism
2. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) – Supreme Court has right to declare a
1. “American System” or “Clay System”
state law unconstitutional
2. American aid for internal improvement road, bridges, canals
3. Martin vs. Hunters (1816) – The Supreme Court has the right
3. Protective tariffs
to hear cases appealed from state courts and reverse state courts
4. National Bank (rechartered in 1816)
decisions
5. Trade
6. Protectionism B. Principles of Implied Power
7. Stimulate commerce
8. Economic growth and stability 1. McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)
Recognize the right of Congress to establish a national bank under
E. Missouri Compromise (1820) loose interpretations of the Constitution. Declared null and void a
1. Missouri enters as a slave state → No slavery rest of Louisiana state attempt to tax a legitimate US agency.
Purchase *2. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
2. Maine enters as a free state Reaffirmed federal control over interstate commerce under a
3. Slavery not allowed in North 36° 30’ (mins) latitude broad interpretation of this clause in the Constitution

F. Educational Nationalism (1820) Supreme Court

1. Noah Webster “Webster’s Dictionary”
2. American speech values customs (Colour-color, theatre-theater,
goal-jail) Court of Appeal

Extra Notes
- Doctrine was never a law; not very strong
- US not good militarily but had backing of British, strengthening Federal District Court
the doctrine
Extra Notes
- Clay had economic concepts similar to Hamilton’s economic
- writ of certiorari: accept case; skip first 2 go straight→ Sup. Ct.
package
- HANDOUT: Supreme Court Case Study 1 (Marbury vs.
- John Marshall was appointed by John Adams and he remained
Madison)
for 34 years
- intrastate commerce
- McCulloch vs. Maryland → taxing banks
- Elastic clause: Article I Section VIII
- Judicial Review: Supreme Court: right to say if laws passed unconstitutional
11/25

Aim: How did the growing reconciliation with Great Britain end
external threat to the US after the War of 1812?

Problems with England post-War of 1812

(1) Land problem
(2) Boundaries
(3) Waterway
(4) India threat
(5) Military post

A. Treaty of Ghent postponed several land settlement between

Britain and America

B. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) (1818)

1. Disarmament agreement between Britain and America
2. Demilitarization of Great Lakes
3. Demilitarization of the America-Canada border
4. Reopen the coast of Newfoundland to America fishing
5. US joint ownership of Oregon

C. Convention of 1818
1. American fisherman granted rights to work in Eastern Canada
2. The US Canadian border was fixed From Minnesota to the
Rockies

*C. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) (Transcontinental Treaty)

1. Spain gave up Florida to the US (5 million dollars)
2. Boundary between the Louisiana territories and Spanish
possession was drawn
3. US gave up its claim to Texas as part of the Louisiana
territories Spain’s claim to Texas recognized
4. Spain gave up its claim to Oregon
5. Purchase of Florida from Spain

* Monroe Doctrine (1823)

- Immediate causes for issuing the doctrine
Austria, Prussia, France, Russia planned to reconquer Latin
America
- Rejection of British proposal for a joint declaration
- Basic ideas of the doctrine
- significance and some results

Extra Notes
- Diplomatic Nationalism
- Anglo-American Rapprochement
- * Oregon: England, US, Russia, Spain
- During Monroe’s Presidency secretary of state was John Quincy Adams
- Spain couldn’t hold onto Florida b/c of conflicts in Latin
America
- Florida quickly sold for 5 mill
- Originator of Monroe Doctrine = British → negative for Latin
America
- George Lanis? (unsure)
- Panic of 1819 (3 questions)
11/30 I. John Quincy Adams
1. He was inept
Aim: Why was the election of John Quincy Adams as 2. He endorsed federally sponsored internal improvement
President in 1824 unfair? 3. Proposed construction of network of roads
4. Uniform banking laws
A. How did Clay hold the balance of power in the presidential
election of 1824? Adams → one term president
→ argued Amistad case
B. Question: Why did the party unity breakdown in the
election of 1824? 12/03
1. Slavery Aim: How did the new politics of mass democracy help Andrew
2. Banking
Jackson win the election of 1828 over John Quincy Adams?
3. Tariff policies
4. Financial Panic Question: How did Andrew Jackson transform the elitist
5. Territorial Expansion character of American politics?

C. John Quincy Adams before presidency: - minister to A. 1. Spoil System

Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, US Senator, chief negotiator 2. Party machine
Treaty of Ghent, Minister to England, Secretary of State 3. Popular democracy

D. John Quincy Adams B. Character

Personality 1. Combative
1. Reserved 2. Quick-tempered (nullification)
2. Cold demeanor 3. Thin-skinned
3. Austere 4. Scotch-Irish
4. Unsocial/aloof 5. Military service
5. Has no power of fascination 6. American Revolution
6. Weak, could not work with congress 7. Burr conspiracy (1817-1818)
7. Nationalist when most were sectionalists 8. War of 1812
8. He had inflated idea of his own importance 9. First Seminole War (1817-1818)

E. Election of 1824 C. Before Presidency

1. Election was based only off personalities 1. Practiced Law
2. No political party 2. US Representative (1796-1797)
3. No issues 3. US Senator (1797-1798)
4. No party labels 4. Duel with Charles Dickinson (1806)
5. Sectionalism replace/sectional rivalries nationalism 5. US Senator (1823-1825)

F. Presidential nomination 1824 based on sectionalism D. Election of 1828

1. John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts 1. Campaign was personal rather than on issues
2. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee
3. William Crawford, Georgia E. Jackson campaign of 1828
4. Henry Clay, Kentucky 1. Organized mass meetings
2. Torchlight parades
G. Electoral votes 3. Barbeques to celebrate his frontier origin
Jackson-99 4. Outpouring of popular enthusiasm
Adams-84 5. Personal popularity
Crawford-41 6. Election of 1828 → Jackson-178, Adams-83
Clay-37
- None of the candidates received a majority of electoral votes F. Spoils System
1. Rotation in office
H. 12th Amendment 2. Spoil system: rewarding political supporters w/public office
Clay → support Adams → makes Clay secretary of state *kitchen cabinet
→ Jackson called this “corrupt bargain”
- Jackson trusted only van Buren in cabinet
12/04 1828- gold found in Georgia (Indian land)
- Indian Crisis
Aim: How did Andrew Jackson increase the power of the - Indian Removal Act of 1830
federal gov’t? - Trail of Tears
- Assimilation
Peggy Eton Affair: kitchen cabinet → President Jackson’s
- John Russ leader of Cherokee
informal advisers outside of office cabinet
- Sequoyah-Scholar developed Cherokee alphabet
Spoil System
1831: Cherokee vs. Georgia
the common man could hold office w/out experience
1832: Worcester vs. Georgia
1832: Bank war
Cherokee Phoenix: Newspaper
Jackson vetoed the recharter of the second Bank of the US b/c
1. Andrew Jackson adopted a paternalistic attitude
he thought:
towards Indians
(1) Congress lacked the authority to create it. It’s therefore
2. He supported Georgia in its efforts to remove the
unconstitutional
Cherokees from their homeland in that state
(2) It is an elitist institution that favors eastern manufacturing at
3. Acting under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 Jackson
the expense of common people
forced Indians to move west of the Mississippi
(3) The bank is corrupt
(4) The bank is partisan controlled by his political opponents 5 Indian tribes: Cherokee, Greeks, Chickasaws,
(5) The bank is undemocratic Seminoles, Choctaws

Nullification crisis: 1832-1833 Cherokees most advanced Indians

Tariff and Nullification (states’ rights vs. federal union) 1. Had their own constitution
1. Tariff of 1816 2. Had their own alphabet and writing schools
2. Tariff of 1824 3. Declared independence as separate nation
Slight increase
Tariff of Abomination (1828) (Increase of 50%) Calhoun’s 1831: Cherokee vs. Georgia
objection to the increase in tariff → wrote about nullification 1. Cherokee Nation was not an independent nation. They
issue in his Exposition and Protest. Calhoun exponent of were considered as “domestic independent word of the
nullification. federal gov’t
Tariff of 1832 2. Marshall refused to recognize them as a nation
lower the tariff of 1828 3. Indians have a right to their land until they decide to
South dissatisfied. Declares it null and void and decides to give it up
secede. 4. Marshall did not decide against…
Compromise- tariff 1833 by Clay gradual reduction until 1842 5. Georgia has no standing in the court. Georgia is
- Force Bill 1832 → passed by Congress to authorize military neither a state nor a foreign nation. It does not have
action to enforce the tariffs original jurisdiction.
* Dinner in 1830 marking Jefferson’s 87th anniversary birthday
Toast by Jackson- “Our union, it must be preserved” 1832: Worcester vs. Georgia
Calhoun- “The union, next to our liberty, the most dear” 1. Indian tribes are dependent domestic nations subject
only to federal jurisdiction
Extra Notes 2. Laws of Georgia have no authority over Indians
3. Georgia violated US constitution in extending its
→ still defeated Clay jurisdiction over the Cherokee nation
Whigs supported Clay 4. The Cherokee nation was a distinct community with
Jackson most vetoes which Georgia has no force
South Carolina and tariffs → New England had upper hand 5. Georgia disregards this ruling and Jackson didn’t
(more money for northern goods) enforce it
nullification
Extra Notes
12/07 Jackson overpowering supreme court:
1. Flouted bank
Aim: How did Jackson’s policy towards Indians serve 2. Removal of Indians
America’s best interest? → “King Andrew I”
12/08
Martin van Buren
Aim: How did the Webster-Haynes fit into the controversy •governor of New York Jan to march 1829
between Jackson and Calhoun? (1830) •secretary of state (1829-1831)
•vice president (1833-1837)
A. Daniel Webster and Robert Haynes debate started in 1830
Federal Land policy. New England wanted to slow the sale of
Causes of the panic of 1837
western land between because population shifted westward,
•bank war
New England power would decrease
•Nicholas Biddle's withdrawal of bank loans
B. The South and West joined in a fierce counter-attack •failure of crops, wheat
•failure of British banks
C. Robert Haynes Senator of South Caroline brought up issued •Jackson’s use of state banks
nullification •tight money supply of Jackson
•specie circular
Robert Haynes Senator Daniel Webster (Senator a. end of land sale boom
South Caroline (1/1830) Mass. 1/1830) b. cut available credit
c. shortage of specie
1. States Rights 1. National Sovereignty
•overexpansion of credit
2. State Sovereignty → It’s the People’s
•unfavorable balance of trade with England
3. Nullification constitution, the people’s
4. Interposition gov’t made by the people
Depression
5. The union is a compact answerable to the people
•business failure
between sovereign states- 2. The federal gov’t not
•high unemployment
they can nullify laws only an agent of the state
•investment declined
6. The states created the but has sovereign power
•900 bank failure
federal; gov’t 3. The union is not a
•rise in prices
compact of sovereign
state- the people and not
Martin van Buren's solution to the panic of 1837
the state created the
•proposed a system of sub treasuries where
Constitution
government money can be deposited
4. He attacks nullification
Texas question
Calhoun: “the union next to our liberty most dear…”
•Americans coveted the vast expanse of Texas
Webster: “liberty and union now and forever one and •newly independent Mexico invited Stephen and
inseparable” something Austin to Texas
•Texans were to become Catholics and mexicanized
Jackson: “our federal union it must be preserved” and leave their slaves in the us
•friction arose between Mexicans and Americans
What gave rise to the Whig party? over issues such as slavery immigration and local rights
1. Democrats unhappy with Jackson’s financial plan? •1835 Santa raised an army to suppress Texans
2. Calhoun’s states rights fighters •Texas independent in 1836, Sam Houston
3. Person’s intolerant of Jackson’s coarseness commander in chief
4. Threat to nullification
5. Defiance to Supreme Court 12/10/09
Panic of 1837 “pet banks”
Wildcat banks and shit figure this out yourself I explained it Aim: How did the Whigs win the presidential election
very well in Pratt if you weren’t listening too bad and if you’re of 1840?
not in my period stfu The Election of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

12/09 W.H. Harrison

- Professional Soldier
Aim: how did Jackson and martin van Buren’s failure - Indian War in the Northwest territories
to create an effective responsive institution to the bank - Secretary of the Northwest Territories (1798-1799)
of the United States lead to the panic of 1837? - Governor Indian Territories (1800-1812)
War of 1812 defeated Tecumseh
- US House of Representatives (1816-1819)
- Ohio State Senator (1819-1821)
- US Senator (1825-1828)
- Whig nominee (1836)
- oldest person to run for presidency
- Last president not born in America
- Basically he was gangsta

Election of 1840

Portrayed as:

W. H. Harrison Martin van Buren

1. Log cabin dweller 1. Champagne drinking

2. Hard cider drinker 2. Plutocrat
3. Frontiersman 3. Aristocrat
4. Major military hero 4. Drank fine wine
5. self-made man; 5. Always well-dressed
humble

Slogans:

“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”

”Van, van, van, van is a used up man”

There were song, decorative objects

Electoral votes → Harrison (234) Buren (60)

Campaign Issues
panic of 1837
depression

Harrison won
- Western settlers
- Eastern bankers
- Won NY (Van Buren’s home)
Tennessee (Jackson’s home)
12/17 4. Geography • Samuel Gridley Howe School for the
(a) New York (b) Ohio (c) Missouri Blind
Aim: How did the Second Great Awakening
affect social change in America? (d) Nauvoo Indians Extras
(e) Utah
Reform Impulse Lyceum Movement → museums,
5. Brigham Young libraries, etc.
1. Mormons
6. Mormonism 12/18
2. Education (a) The Bible isn’t the only source of
Revelation Aim: How did women address the issues of
3. Prison’s reforms (b) Polygamy inequality in the mid-nineteenth century? (1848)
(c) Economic cooperation not
4. Women’s rights Gender Roles
competition
5. Temperance movement (d) Appeal to the downtrodden
A. Cult of Domesticity
7. Education Doctrine of Separate Sphere
6. Crime, poverty

Mormons-Church of Jesus Christ of Latter • Horace Mann advocated free public - Women are moral leaders who should instill
education good values in children
Day Saints

1. Angel Moroni (1820)
2. Battle of the good Nephites/with evil
Lamanites (American Indians)
3. Church organized in a hierarchically
structured way with Smith as
(a) Seer (b) Translator (c) Prophet (d) Apostle
of Christ
(e) Elder of the Church (f) Book of the
Mormons [600 pgs]
(g) Golden Plate (h) Polygamy
• Webster, Noah - Women should concentrate on home and
children and men should go out and earn a living
• William H. McGuffey (The McGuffey
Reader) B. Document: The Declaration of Sentiments →
Seneca Falls (1848)
• Emma Willard Rochester → Seneca Falls Syracuse
• Mary Lyon- Mount Holyoke College C. List of Grievances (he made a list numbered
one to six but he didn’t write anything down… if
• Dorothea Dix – prison reform – you know what it was, do tell -_-)
mentally ill
D. Why were women often viewed as morally
• Thomas Gallaudet School for the Deaf superior but were not allowed to exercise
financial and economic power?

Moral Superiority of Women Inferior Status of Women 5. Submission 4. They cannot vote

1. Cult of Womanhood 1. Feminization of 5. No high edu. aside of

occupations Oberlin/Mt. Holyoke
2. Cult of Domesticity
2. Divorce laws favor men
3. Provide moral and religious instr
for children 3. They shouldn’t control
their own wages/money
4. Piety

Vocabulary Aim: Why were abolitionists seen in the 3. (a) Lincoln was a gradualist
north as troublemakers and rabble- (b) William Lloyd Garrison was an
- Suffrage: right to vote rousers? immediatists

- Suffragette: women’s right to vote Abolitionists Came in Varieties
- Cult of domesticity 1. Most favored gradualism meaning
→ cult of Republican womanhood resettling freed slaves in Africa and
compensating slave owners. These were
- Cult of womanhood known as gradualists.
- Doctrine of Separate Sphere
2. Other abolitionists will settle for
nothing short of an intermediate end to
12/21 slavery, even if violence was used to
achieve their goals. These were known
as immediatists.
4. William Lloyd Garrison (Radical
Abolitionist)
(a) Uncompromising on his position
(b) Immediatists w/out compensation to
slave owners
(c) Organized New England Anti-
Slavery Organization
(d) He was unyielding
(e) He published the Newspaper The
Liberator
“I am earnest, I will not equivocate, I
will not excuse,
 I will not retreat a single inch,, and
I will be heard.”
(f) Garrison refused to take part in
political activities
- He was a pacifist
- The American Colonization Society
(1817) favored gradual approach
- Frederick Douglas North Star
(g) David Walker published Book
- Appealed to the colored citizens of
the world (1829)
- Advocates a bloody end to slavery
(h) Abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy killed
Extra Notes
- ACS → a president of society was John
Adams
→ established Liberia (North Carolinian and
South Carolinian slaves) → capital Monrovia
→ America $, America flag…ish
After slavery abolished (England) → Somerset
case (1833) → free town (Sierra Leone)
Immediatists: now and no compensation to
slave masters
WLG → did not think women should join in
movement and no violence
apolitical → no politics
Douglass→ supported violence → Northern
Star → leading escapees to freedom
- Henry Box Brown (I don’t even fuckin know
fkit)
- Frederick Douglass Autobiography
- Solomon Northrop 12 Years of Slavery
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
12/22
Aim: How would cooperative communities
organize in their attempts to improve the life of
the common man?
Utopian Societies
1. Utopians were dreaming schemers. They
wanted to create communal experiences
2. They withdrew from society; avoid
competition
Shakers (1840) Leader Ann Lee
(1840) Leader Ann Lee
1. Held property in common
2. Kept men and women apart
3. No marriages or sexual relations;
celibacy
4. God is neither male/female
5. Singing, shaking, ecstatic
6. Women exercised most power
Oneida (1848) Leader John Humphrey
Noyes (Putnam, VT)
1. Perfectionists
2. Rejected traditional roles of marriage
and family
3. No permanent conjugal ties
4. All residents were married to all
other residents
5. Children were raised communally
6. No private property
7. Financial success due to manufacture
of steel, animal trap
8. Improve human race through
eugenics, selective breeding, and
selection of parents to produce superior
offspring
9. No legal or cultural restraint on
women
Brook farm (1841- George Ripley)
1. Combination of intellectual life and
manual labor
2. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Theodore
Parker
3. Destroyed by fire and debt
New Harmony, Indiana (1825-1827)
- Robert Owens (founder)
- Best education
- Attacked private property
- Attached marriage
- Hardworking
Fell victim to (1) Laziness (2)
Selfishness (3) Poor management
(4) Inadequate financing
Extra Notes
Handout: Lecture Supplement
- Dancing center of Shakers
- Oneida was pretty successful, but
eugenics was bad
- Promise of salvation by Mormons,
more organized as well
12/23
Aim: How did Thoreau and Emerson
contribute to the spirit of reform? (1830)
- Transcendentalism: each person knows
the truth intuitively by going beyond the
senses by consulting the spark of the divine
Emerson
(1) Lecturer
(2) Essayist
Lecture title: “American Scholar”
(a) Argued for self-reliance
(b) Independent thinking
(c) Argued for the spiritual over the
material
(d) Emerson criticized the church
(e) Emerson rejected organized religion
and institutions
(f) criticized capitalism
(g) Spiritual truth only comes from nature
(h) Nature gives us truth
Henry David Thoreau
(1) Opposed to industrialization
(2) Opposed to immigration
(3) Lived for one year in Walden
(4) Civil disobedience influenced Gandhi
and King
Emerson opposed slavery not
industrialization
Thoreau –“A poet writes the history of his
own body.”
01/22/10
Aim: What were the Civil War strategies of
the North and the South? (1861-1864)
Union Naval War
A. Union strategy was to blockade the
Southern coast, capture key seaports, and
river towns.
B. Intention of Naval Plan
1. To prevent arms, clothing, and food from
reaching Confederacy
2. Keep cotton and tobacco from leaving
Confederacy
3. Destroy the ability of Confederacy to
conduct trade
C. Confederate Naval Strategy
1. To break the blockade and defend the
South’s vital rivers and seaports
2. Confederacy attack the blockade with a
variety of weapons
3. Confederate ships attached and sank Union
ships
(a) Alabama
(b) The Virginia
(c) Shenandoah
D. Anaconda Plan
1. Devised by General Winfield Scott
2. Blockade the South; prevent them from
trading cotton
3. Take the Mississippi River separating
Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana from the rest
of the South
4. Blockade VA
5. Cut off their ability to import/export
E. Civil War Foreign Policy
England
Union-support: Queen Victoria, middle class,
working class
South-support: landed British aristocracy
France- Napoleon III took Mexico, supported
the South
- France, Spain, challenged the Monroe
Doctrine
Russia supported the Union
01/25/10
Aim: What were the challenges facing
Lincoln during the Civil War? (1861-1865)
- Anaconda Plan
- Advantages of the Union and
Confederacy (Leadership, Railroad,
Economy, Infrastructure, Military,
Supplies, Gov’t, Geography)
- Antietam- Bloodiest Day of War
- Emancipation Proclamation
- Battle of Vicksburg
- Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address,
Draft Riots, Bread Riots
- 54th Massachusetts Regiment
Extraordinary wartime measures
1. Curb civil liberties
2. Permitted military arrest and court martial
of civilian war activists, notably Clement L.
Vallandigham
3. Spent war funds prior to Congressional
approval
4. Suspended Habeas Corpus (Ex Parte
Merrymen  wtf?)
Ex Parte Milligan (1866)
Supreme Court said that Lincoln acted
illegally in authorizing court martial of
civilians during the civil war in places where
civil courts were open
Extra Notes
William Seward: Secretary of State
King Cotton diplomacy → declined
King Wheat emerged
Alexander Stevens was VP of Confederacy
→ “slavery caused war…”
Anaconda Plan → blockade to hurt Southern
economy
- start of the war, Confederacy had better
generals
Jefferson Davis was stubborn
Confederate capital (Richmond, VA)
Border states insulate union
Total War
Economy of North boomed during war
Lincoln → good leader
Antietam → North won → Emancipation
Proclamation – free only rebellious states
02/02/10
Aim: How did Republican civil war politics
play a major role in the economic
development of north and west?
Agenda: Settle the west; land grant colleges;
National Banking Act 1863; protective tariffs
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
- raise tariff rates (5-10%) to increase revenue
and protect infant industry
(Hanibal Hamlin) → Lincoln’s first VP
(Andrew Johnson) → second VP
Homestead Act (1862)
Promoted land settlement in the Great Plains
Morrill Land Grant (1862)
Agricultural and technical colleges
Six Black Colleges
Pacific Railroad Act (1862)
transcontinental railroad northern route to
link economies of CA and western territories
to eastern markets
National Banking System
- unify banking network
- national currency system
Extra Notes
General Hunter, General Frémont wanted to
free slaves
02/03/10
Aim: How did the US attempt to rebuild after
the civil war? (1865-1877)
A. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan (soft)
- no revenge - no malice - no persecution -
admit the south easily - pardon the South -
state gov’ts will be recognized after 1/10th of
voters of 1860 take oath of allegiance (10%
plan) - general amnesty to all except war
criminals - leniency
B. Radical Republicans
- Thaddeus Stevens - Charles Sumner -
supported the Wade-Davis Bill - Radical
Republicans called for a hard peace - instead
of Lincoln’s 10% plan
Majority of voters had to take oath of loyalty
to the US to become part of the US - Lincoln
pocket-vetoed this bill
C. Radical Congressional Reconstruction
1. Establish democracy in the South
2. Voting rights for Blacks
3. Confiscate and distribute land to blacks (40
acres and a mule)
4. Military occupation of the South
5. 13th amendment, 14th amendment, 15th
amendment to the Constitution
6. Freedmen’s Bureau → Oliver Otis Howard
(found Howard University too)
B. Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction
1. Support Lincoln Plan
2. Grant pardon to all southerners except high
Confederate officials and persons with
property worth $20,000 willing to take an
oath of loyalty and outlaw slavery
3. Opposed black suffrage
Extra Notes
Pocket-veto → not signing bill and it expires
- Congress tried to get democracy in the
South
- blacks became sharecroppers
- south → 5 military zones
14th amendment → (Due process, equal
protection) Clauses
- scalawags and carpetbaggers
02/04/10
Aim: Was Reconstruction a noble experiment
that fouled?
A. Dunning School, Columbia University
Traditional View of Reconstruction
1. Radical reconstruction was vindictive
2. Reconstruction was a tragic era (Claude
Bower)
3. Blacks were inept, corrupt, and inefficient
politically
4. Menace of Black Rue
5. Civil War was a glorious lost cause”
6. Scalawags were traitors to the white race
and region
7. Reconstruction was a national disgrace
8. Radical Republican: extravagant,
persuasive, ostentatious; taxes were high
9. Reconstruction was misguided
Movies: Gone with the Wind
- Birth of a Nation (glorified KKK)
B. Dunning School
Carpetbaggers were:
1. Northerners who came to the South to steal
and plunder
2. They were unscrupulous
3. Carpetbagger gov’ts were inefficient,
wasteful, and corrupt
Revisionism (Hiram Revels, Bruce Blanche) -
Black Senator(s)
1. John R. Lynch published The Facts of
Reconstruction (1913)
- WEB DuBois published Black
Reconstruction (1935)
both books disgraced w/the Dunning School.
They claim meritorious and commendable
things about Reconstruction
Revisionist Views
1. Reconstruction was not as bad as portrayed
by Dunning School
2. Extraordinary progress for blacks
3. African Americans didn’t control
Reconstruction politics
4. Corruption existed during Reconstruction,
but it was not confined to one region, race, or
party
Edwin Stanton was secretary of war.
Congress passed Tenure of Office Act,
preventing President from firing a cabinet
officer w/out congressional approval →
Johnson fired Stanton
- appointed (insert dude here)
02/05/10
Aim: Why was Ulysses S. Grant to blame for
the corruption of his administration and for
the inconsistency and failure of his Southern
policy?
A. 1. Ulysses S. Grant’s personal integrity
was unquestionable
2. He allowed others to do corrupt practices
w/out stopping them
3. He made bad appointments except for
Hamilton Fish
4. Grant was rigidly incorruptible
5. His administration was marked by major
scandals
6. His administration was known as the “Era
of Good Stealing”
7. Scandals and money crisis hurt Grant
8. Grant’s appointees were dishonest
9. Grantism means corruption
1869 Black Friday
- Jay Gould and Jim Fisk urged President
Grant not to sell gold b/c they had enough
gold to control the price of gold. They spread
the rumor the gov’t will not sell gold. The
price went up. Soon after the gov’t sold gold
and the price went up.
1872 Crédit Mobilier
- Railroad Company formed and given a
contract by congress to build a trans-
continental railroad. The company swindled
$23 million and Congress was bribed
w/stocks not to investigate
Delinquent Tax Corruption: special agent to
collect taxes was granted a fee of 50% on
taxes collected
1873-1877 Whiskey Ring
Hundreds of (something something) and
federal officials diverted taxes on whiskey
into their pockets. Secretary Benjamin H.
Bristow was implicated o.o
- Grant’s private secretary was also in it
1876 Belknap Bribery
Secretary of war Belknap took annual
kickback from traders in an Indian post
1873 Salary Grab: Congressional act which
doubled the pay of Grant and Congress by
50% retroactive 2 yrs
- later was repealed (suckazzzz =P)
02/08/10
Aim: How were the Reconstruction policies
of Ulysses Grant inconsistent?
A. Grant policy on Reconstruction
1. Continued occupation of the South
2. Force Acts (KKK) (1870-1871); severe
penalty to anyone who prevented blacks from
voting, provided federally appointed election
supervisors
- Grant was given power to suspend habeas
corpus in lawless areas
3. He signed legislation dismantling the
Freedmen’s Bureau (1872)
4. End of his first administration he lost
interest in reconstructing the South. He
stopped sending troops to the South
5. Amnesty Act: Pardon Confederates (1872)
6. The nation had other interests besides
slavery (Indian war in the west, i.e.)
Alabama Claim (Treaty of Washington)
USA and Britain agreed to submit to
international arbitration of the Alabama
claim-US suit against Britain for damages
inflicted by the CSS Alabama and other
Confederate warships constructed in British
ports. The US was given $15 million.
Causes of the Panic of 1873
1. Failure of Jay-Cooke Company
2. European Depression crash of the Vienna
stock market
3. Overextension of Railroad Act
4. Depressed state of insurance industry-
Wake of Chicago Fire (1871)
Internation Centennial Exhibition (1876)
Edouard de Laboulaye
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Sculptor) →
Statue of Liberty
Alexander Graham Bell → phone
02/09/10
Aim: Did Rutherford B. Hayes deserve the
title of “His Fraudulency”?
1. Weak President
2. Ineffective Congress
3. Spoilsmen- Age of Cynicism
4. Political record poor
Election of 1876
Tilden → democrat → 184 electoral vote
Rutherford B. Hayes → Republican →
electoral votes 165
- electoral votes needed: 185 - Jim Crow Laws 8. Civil service reform- congress never acted.
- 20 disputed electoral votes: SC, LA, FL Signed executive order barring federal
- De facto: not permitted by law but employees from taking part in political
Compromises of 1877 done anyway activities
End of Reconstruction
1. Federal funds to construct railroad - 1954 desegregation 9. Chinese immigration restricted but not
2. Improve Southern harbors banning Chinese immigration
3. Project to make Southern rivers navigable 02/11/10
4. Civil government restored Hard money
Aim: How successful was the Presidency of
5. Military withdrawal from the South Rutherford B. Hayes? Reflected in the Resumption Act of 1875
Crime of ‘73
Extra Notes 1. Weak President Greenback Labor Party

- Solid South 2. Inefficient Congress Election of 1880

One party democrat
- new south
Redeemers: conservative whites
who took over South after
Reconstruction
- Exodusters: blacks who left south
3. Didn’t keep Compromise of 1877
4. Vetoed the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 (soft
money policy to buy $2-4 million of silver)
5. Hayes called out troops to Baltimore and
Ohio railway strikes
Garfield (Republican)
Winfield Scott (Democrat)
Garfield won, gave many jobs to different
people
Assassinated by Charles Guiteau
Chester Arthur becomes president →
Pendleton Act → Civil Service Act

- Bourbons 6. Fired his fellow Republican Chester Arthur

- 1896: Plessey vs. Ferguson → De
Jure (By Law) segregation
- Separate but equal
- Homer Plessey: 1/8 black, 7/8 white
from an important patronage position in NY
7. Hayes proponent of “hard money”-
Resumption of Species Act (1879) - Enforced
it. Redeem in gold all greenback tendered
after 01/01/1879

Stalwarts - greenback should be backed by gold

Mugwumps Half-Breeds
(Conklingites)
- farmers/debtors wanted inflation (soft money)
1. Professional civil 1. Favor old spoils 1. Favor reform
service based on system - 1/16th gold = greenback
merit 2. Don’t change the 2. Leader James G.
Blaine - rise of meritocracy
status quo
2. Honesty in gov’t 3. Leader: Senator
Roscoe Conkling 3. Hayes
3. Promote gov’t 4. Want 3rd term for
efficiency 4. Garfield
Grant
5. Grant, Arthur

Extra Notes

- gov’t sided with management rather than labor

- violation of interstate commerce act

02/22/10
Aim: How successful was Democrat Grover
Cleveland as President?
- 1st democrat president since Buchanan
Election of 1884
- no waving of the bloody shirt
- campaign was more about personal
insults/morality
Cleveland (Democrat) Republicans and we are not going to leave
- fathered a son out of marriage our party for the party of Rum, Romanism,
“Ma ma, where’s my pa? Gone to the White and Rebellion.”
House, ha ha ha.” - At a time of high unemployment Blaine was
caught/seen eating with John Jacob Astor, Jay
James Blaine (Republican) Gould- lost labor support
- Blaine had profited from Railroad interest
while in Congress Mugwumps (Anti-Blaine)
“Blaine, Blaine, James Blaine! Continental 1. Republicans for Democrat Grover
liar from the state of Maine.” Cleveland
- Blaine was at a Protestant meeting. When 2. Pro-reform
Reverend Samuel Burchard said that “we are 3. Republicans
4. Lived in large cities
5. Sound money proponents
6. Promote free trade
7. Cross party line
8. Mugwumps-Blaine too attached to old
system, and his implication in Credit Mobilier
Achievement- Administration
1. Presidential Succession Act (1886)
2. Pension and Private Relief Bill
3. Interstate Commerce Act, 1887
4. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Indians
become citizens- They were to renounce
tribal allegiance- brought about by Helen
Hunt Jackson’s book A Century of Dishonor
5. Reduced tariffs
6. Hatch Act 1877- Federal funds for
agricultural colleges
02/23/10
Aim: How did railroads stimulate economic
growth during the gilded age? (1865-1900)
1. Railroad-America’s first big business
(a) Increased demand for labor
(b) brought different parts of the country into
a new relationship
(c) reduced transportation cost
(d) created national market
(e) opened up vast farming and mining
regions of the west
(f) provided markets for steel
(g) promoted immigration
(h) paved the way for high finance and big
business
(i) transportation of (something) and
passengers
(j) urbanization
(h) transport of military personnel
Government and Railroads (provided land
grants, subsidies, loans)
2. Railroads as exploitative business-
problems
(a) dishonest stock practices
(b) influence over gov’t
(c) Unequal freight rates
(d) pooling agreement
(e) rebates
Gilded Age Industrialists/ Entrepreneurs
Financiers
- Charles Pillsbury: Flour Milling
- Gustavus Swift: Meat Packing
- James Hill: Railroad
- John D. Rockefeller: Standard oil
- J.P. Morgan: Railroad banking
- Philip Armour: Meat packing
- Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad NY Central
- Andrew Carnegie: Steel
- Andrew Mellon: Aluminum
- Henry Clay Fish: Railroad
Captains of Industries
1. Industrial statesmen
2. Mass production abundance
3. Provided jobs
4. Philanthropists
Gave to charity, museums, universities
5. Provided money for research
Robber Barons
1. Ruthlessly crushed competition
2. Lust for draft
3. Exploited workers, paid low wages
4. Greedy
5. Aggressive
6. Developed Monopolies
7. Lawless
8. Dreadful working conditions
Extra Notes
Watered stocks → worthless stocks
pooling agreement → fixed prices
- laissez-faire business
02/24/10
Aim: How did pioneers of industries create
models during the gilded age? (1865-1900)
1. Rockefeller: Horizontal integration
One company--same business
Merge similar companies
Other methods employed by Rockefeller
include employing spies, extorting rebates,
pursuing a policy of ruin/rule, threats, price
war, deceit
2. Carnegie (Steel): Vertical Integration
One company controls all aspects from raw
materials to production
- eliminate the middlemen
3. J.P. Morgan: Interlocking directorates
A. Interlocking directorates
B. Group of persons who serve as directors in
more than one corporation
C. Purpose to set uniform policies for the
entire industry
D. Mr. Eric Lubomir of JP Morgan becomes a
member of bank board A, B, and C. He is
able to influence uniformity w/in the industry
and sustain monopoly
Social Darwinism as a Justification of the
acquisition of wealth and inequality
- human race evolves through competition.
The fittest will survive, the weak will die out.
Wealth reflects fitness poverty
Extra Notes
Interlocking directorates → placed own men
on board of directors of rival comp.
- Gain influence/reduce competition
Gospel of wealth, Horatio Alger, and social
gospel challenged social Darwinism
02/25/20
Aim: What were the arguments for and
against cooperate monopoly and restricted
competition during the gilded age?
Justification for the enormous disparity in
wealth were expressed in philosophy,
literature, social, and behavioral sciences
Horatio Alger- from Rags to Riches
- industry - self-discipline - sacrifice
- hard-work
Social Darwinism (William Graham Sumner)
- Herbert Spencer’s utilization of an
evolutionary universe serving as a
justification for economic individualism -
Charles Darwin’s biological processes has a
social counterpart. Economic struggles for
existence and the survival of the fittest would
best be consummate under “unrestrained free
enterprise”
Social Darwinism
- Government should stay out of the affairs of
the businesses
- Those who are fit will survive; those not fit
will die out
- oppose effort by the gov’t to regulate
business
Edward Bellamy (1887)
Book: Looking Backward
- Attacks excessive competiveness, economic
brutality, and social Darwinism
- Emphasis should be put on cooperation and
not on competition
- no profit - no monetary economy
- gov’t control of economy
Henry George
Book: Progress and Poverty
Question: Why is there a paradox btwn
progress and poverty?
George attacks Social Darwinism
Eliminate speculation
Eliminate monopolies
Restore equality with a single tax on
unearned profit to end land monopoly
*Social Gospel Movement (1880-1890) 6. Diseases struck down children, women, American Federation of Labor wanted less
- Application of Christian doctrines and and men
principles to industrial conditions 7. Child labor Homestead Strike→ Pinkerton Guards
- church advance the interest of the poor
- urban churches provide services for the poor C. Difficulties Organizing Union Molloy McGuire (who the fuck is that? If you
- argued for social welfare and reform 1. Poor leadership have the same question, I recommend an
2. Public opinion against unions outside source… like Google or your
* Gospel of Wealth (Carnegie) 3. Floods of immigrants willing to work for textbook =])
- The wealthy should use their surplus money low pay; religious differences as well as
to improve society language difficulties 03/02/10
- they believed in both Darwinism and Gospel 4. Negroes were unwanted
of Wealth 5. Women workers work for low pay Aim: What was the impact of urban life,
6. Unsuccessful strikes immigration, Darwinism, and religion on
Frank Lester Ward Dynamic Sociology: 7. Government laissez-faire Americans during the Gilded Age?
Human intelligence not natural selection
governs human nature D. Knights of Labor (1869-1886) Old immigrants New immigrants
1. Founder: Uriah Stephens
From Northern Southern, Eastern
03/01/10
2. Organized vertically Europe Western Europe
Aim: How did labor unions in the late 1800s 3. Unionized women, blacks, children, Europe England Mexico Asian
overcome setbacks imposed by the US skilled, unskilled, immigrants Scandinavia Italians Poles
government and employers? Germany Ireland Croats Slovaks
E. American Federation of Labor (1886) France Greeks Jews
A. Timeline: 1. Founder: Samuel Gompers Did not experience
1. National Labor Union (1866-1872) 2. Organized horizontally w/skilled workers democracy
2. Knights of Labor (1869-1886) 3. Didn’t unionize women, blacks, unskilled
3. American Federation of 1866 labor, immigrants
4. Policy: Political accommodation not - Large urban centers - explosive urban
B. Problems faced by workers/labor confrontation, strikes, or violence growth - new immigration - new religious
1. Low pay 5. Major interests “Bread and Butter” and real outlook - crowded slums
2. Long hours wages -conflicts over culture/values
3. Few holidays/vacations - difficulties for families
4. Few safety standards in factories, mines, Extra Notes - average family shrank
mills - divorce rate grew
5. Job-related accidents LOOK AT HANDOUT ON LABOR - families grew isolated
UNIONS  I agree with this person 

Reasons for Nativism

Economic Political Psychological Cultural

Working for low wages Immigrants may be radical, Some races are considered 1. Dominant culture has to be
anarchists, revolutionaries superior to others protected
2. Immigrants ill never fit into
society

American Protective Association (APA) Limit Catholic Civil Rights Extra Notes
in US and immigration
- Tammany Hall → sale of votes
The Immigration Restriction League (IRL)
Prospective immigrant takes literacy test Moody Bible Institute

Assimilation: loss of one’s culture in favor of another

03/03/10 1. Accommodation (Booker T. Washington) girls, farming, bricklaying, shoemaking,

Aim: How did Booker T. Washington differ
from WEB DuBois in attempts to solve
problems of segregation in America?
How should banks deal with segregation and
Jim Crow laws in the South?
2. Protest: WEB DuBois
3. Migration: Pap Singleton
Booker T. Washington (Advocate of
vocational education)
Manual skills: cooking, sewing, nursing for
printing, carpentry)
Booker T. Washington: appeal to masses
1. Accommodation, accept social and
economic inequality
2 Industrial education
3. Hard work (vocational education)
4. Voice of Patience
5. Jim Crow System and second class
citizenship
6. Self-help
7. Race Pride
8. Founder: Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington
WEB DuBois: appeal to black elites 6. First Black PhD from Harvard
1. Higher education 7. Wrote: Souls of Black Fouls
2. Voice of protest 8. Editor: The Crisis NAACP paper
3. Civil Rights
4. Political Power
5. Founder of NAACP (1910)
WEB DuBois

Atlanta Exposition Compromise Talented tenth (elites that would

Anti Labor Unions uplift the black race)
We are as separate as our five Niagara Movement
fingers Elitist
Cast down your bucket where Pan-Africanism
you are Independence of all blacks
Submission to prejudice worldwide
Spoke to the masses of the 5th Pan-African Congress
people Manchester
Book Up from Slavery

03/04/10 Cleveland repealed Silver Purchase Act of E: exploitation, export

1893 R: raw materials
Aim: How did Harrison’s presidency Democrats divided I: ideology, import
provide a second non-consecutive term for A: advanced civilization
Grover Cleveland? D. Jacob Coxey L: land
Coxey march to Washington; Coxey army I: investment
A. Republicans firmly in control of both Wilson Gorman Act (1894) reduced the S: strategic bases
houses McKinley Act from 48% to 41%. The M: missionary work
to satisfy western farmers and mine owners income tax part of the bill was declared
he signed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act- unconstitutional. Imperialists: Theodore Roosevelt, Senator
increase the amount of silver in circulation Dingley Tariff of 1897 Cabot Lodge, Alfred T. Mahan
2. He signed into law the Sherman Anti-
Trust Act which outlawed trusts or 03/05/10 Anti-Imperialists: Mark Twain, Jane
businesses combines that interferes with Addams, William Jennings Bryan
commerce Aim: Was the Spanish-American war
3. He also signed into law the McKinley justified? Causes of the Spanish-American War (1896)
Tariff Act (1890) 1. Sympathy for Cuban struggle for
- civil war veterans got big pensions; Rationale for American Expansion independence
Democrats called the Republican Congress 2. Yellow Journalism; Joseph Pulitzer;
the “Billion Dollar Congress” Alfred T. Mahan: book: 1890 the influence William Randolph Hearst
- Harrison spent the surplus he inherited of sea power upon history 3. Private letter written by Enrique Dupuy
from Cleveland Future prosperity of America depends upon Delome insulting McKinley
access to world markets. Mahan urged US to 4. Sinking of the USS Maine → blamed
B. Election of 1892 develop its navy Spain
- at issue tariff (2) Civilizing the world Rev. Josiah Strong, 5. Humanitarianism
- Cleveland: Democrats Book 1895
- Harrison: Republicans Our Country, its Possible Future, and its Treaty of Paris (1898) ended the war
- James Weaver: Populists Present Crisis. The white race has the duty US got
Cleveland wins in 1892 to civilize the world. American Christian - Guam
Depression sets in 1893 Empire would spread across the Pacific and - Philippines
Asia (Social Darwinism) → white race - Hawaii
C. Causes of the Depression of 1893 superior - Wake Island
1. Industrial Expansion - Cuba
2. Low gold reserve (3) Frederick Jackson Turner - Puerto Rico
3. Poor crop failure in the West and South Disappearing frontier. The closing of the - Spain sells Philippines for $20 million
4. Economic slump in Europe frontier means seeking opportunities
5. Railway overexpansion Teller Amendment
6. Growth of federal deficit (4) TV Commercial America promised not to annex Cuba →
7. Loss of business confidence The Platt Amendment
I: industry
M: markets
P: prestige, power
03/08 - Populists OPEN DOOR POLICY (1899) (John Hays)
- Ocala, Florida - All nations should have equal access to
Aim: Why did complete victory evade - graduate income tax (high salary = high trade in areas under spheres of influence
Populists? tax) - Countries should not intervene in each
* Handout: Farmers Begin the Populist other’s interests
A. 1. Question: How did populists set the Movement - Chinese gov’t will collect taxes
agenda for the political and economic - Progressives, not the Populists, made - It was not a policy US could enforce
reform for the next 36 years? Populist ideas into law - Accepted in principle, not in practice
- McKinley conducted a “Front Porch”
B. Farmers were angry at: campaign, Bryan spread all around Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)
1. Railroads - “Cross of Gold”: WJB speech repudiating - Chinese nationalists (righteous and
2. Grain Elevators (High cost) gold and praising farmers harmonious) massacred foreigners and
3. Banks - bimetallism: gold and silver Christians. It was put down by combined
4. Politicians who did not respond to - farmers wanted more silver US, French, German, British, and Russian
them - silver: gold → 16:1 Forces → led to the Second Open Door
Policy
C. Business
- Ocala Demands 1890 03/09
*Handout: Peace Treaty of Paris
- Populist Party Platform
Aim: Why was American imperialism
- Omaha Platform 1892 03/11
justified or unjustified?
Problems of Farmers Aim: How did Theodore Roosevelt
Causes of the Spanish American War
1. Humanitarian introduce new energy and assertiveness to
- Agricultural overproduction
2. Economic American foreign policy?
- High costs, low prices
- farmers’ indebtedness 3. Yellow Journalism
4. Explosion on the USS Maine Reasons for New Imperialism
- Periodic Natural disasters 1. Sensationalist appeals of the Yellow Press
5. Latter by Dupuy Delome
6. Jingoism/Nationalism/Expansionism 2. Desire for new markets
Election of 1892
3. Missionary fervor
Populist James Weaver
Foraker Act 1900 (Puerto Rico) 4. Darwinist ideology
McKinley (R)
- Possession of US 5. Great power rivalry
Election of 1896 - Puerto Ricans select lower house 6. Naval competition
Populist William Jennings Bryan (D) (P) - Upper House nominated by president,
approved by Congress (B) Roosevelt introduced (1904) the Big
Bryan 39% lost
- Governor- general appointed by president Stick Diplomacy or a corollary/addition to
“Cross of gold” speech
- NO citizenship the Monroe Doctrine
Legacy of Populism
Jones Act 1917: Puerto Ricans granted US (C) In international affairs, the US will use
Role of third parties
citizenship. No representation in Congress, to protect its interests
Why did McKinley win the election of
1896? no vote in presidential elections
- Governor appointed by US President (D) Dominican Debt Default (1904-1905)
- Mark Hanna - Front Porch Campaign - US intervened: Dominican Republic failed
- Campaign finance - 2 houses elected by the people
to pay debt to Europeans
Why did Populists fail? TELLER AMENDMENT (1898)
- Joint declaration (Senate + Congress) (E) President Roosevelt and the Panama
1. They were never able to recruit outside Canal
their own rank. - US pledge to not annex Cuba
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty April 15, 1850
2. Discovery of gold fields inflated the 1. US and England will cooperate and
currency (Alaska) - Supported by those in favor of Cuban
independence inform each other before building a canal
3. Attempt to include blacks didn’t appeal to anywhere in Latin America
the South - 1902, US withdrew according to the Teller
Amendment 2. Neither England nor American will fortify
4. Much of their ideas were adopted by the /exercise exclusive control over it
two major parties
Platt Amendment
5. They were not able to get support from (F) Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of Feb 1900
1. Cuba will not enter into treaties that will
labor, poor people, and the middle class America was allowed to build a canal
take away its independence
6. Demand for US goods increased abroad anywhere in Latin America, but cannot
2. Cuba will not have any debt to countries it
could not pay fortify it
7. End of Depression
8. They had a bad image as rural radical 3. America has the right to intervene in
Cuba if Cuban independence is threatened (G) Second Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
rebel-rousers 1. US given a freehand to build, own, and
4. US will lease Guantanamo
5. America limited Cuba’s rights to borrow control a canal and were allowed to fortify it
Extra Notes 2. Prohibition of fortification dropped
- Orange Movement money, makes treaties. US has right to
intervene to maintain life, liberty, property 3. Canal would be open to all nations on
- Farmers’ Alliance equal terms
- Greenback
Spooner Act of 1902: US Congress - Upton Sinclair The Jungle- Meatpacking
authorized the purchase of the French assets industry
and concluded a treaty w/Colombia - Jacob Riis- photography of how poor lives
How the Other Half Lives
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty w/Panama - published in McClure’s Magazine
- Ida Tarbell Standard Oil big oil companies
Canal Engineers want to swallow smaller ones
- George Goethals - Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities
- Philippe Bunau Varilla exposed corruption in city gov’t
- Ray Stannard Baker Following the Color
• Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) Line exposed condition of blacks
- Frank Norris Octopus writes a fictional
• Russo Japanese War book about the stronghold of railroads over
CA farmers
• Great White Fleet (1907)
• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) → 03/15
open door policy and respect for Pacific
Aim: How did TR provide Americans w/a
possessions
square deal?
• Treaty of Portsmouth gave TR Nobel 1. Fair Play, equal opportunity
Peace Prize 2. Abolish privileges; enlarge opportunities
for farmers, workers, middle class
03/12 Americans
3. Square deal for business, labor, poor →
Aim: What were some accomplishments of
give workers equal opportunity
Progressives?
4. TR as a trust buster
- Break up of Northern Securities Railroad
Populists Progressives
Company
Farmers Professionals
C. Anthracite Coal Strike
Rural Urban
1902: 150,000 coal miners went on strike for
Uneducated Educated
union recognition, higher pay and shorter
Less appeal Broad Appeal
hours. Mine owners declined to negotiate
Progressive presidents: TR, Taft, Wilson with strikers and at first refused to submit to
arbitration. TR threatened to seize the mines.
Progressive Aims Arbitration ruled in favor of workers except
1. Progressives were reformers union recognition
2. Wanted gov’t to run well/efficiently
3. Keep competition in business D. Meat Inspection Act 1906
4. Clean up politics Food and Drug Act 1906
5. Rescue the poor - barred “adulterated” or misbranded or
6. Broaden income distribution poisonous or deleterious food, drug,
7. Curb monopolies, regulate business medicine, and liquors from interstate
8. Gov’t accountable and responsible to the commerce
people
E. Commerce Department 1903
9. Protect children and women
Collect information to enforce legislation
10. Restrict Immigration
about big business
11. Outlaw alcoholism
Elkins Act 1903: Granting rebate to shipped
12. Stomp out prostitution
was illegal
Roots of Progressivism
Hepburn Act 1906 → Extension of ICC
1. Nativism
Gave ICC power to regulate oil pipelines,
2. Prohibition/Temperance movement
railroad terminals, sleeping car companies,
3. Social gospel philosophy/movement
bridges, and ferries. It can prescribe book
4. Electoral reform
keeping methods for companies. Railroad
5. Settlement houses (Jane Addams)
cannot carry goods produced by themselves.
6. Evangelical background
7. Populists Roosevelt’s Conservation Policy
8. Muckraking Journalism 1. Newland Reclamation Act – 1907 sale of
public land go towards irrigation
Muckrakers
2. In land waterway commission (1907)
- Investigative Journalists
survey of rivers soil forest for waterpower
and transportation
3. White House Conference on conservation
(1908)
4. National Conservation Commission
- Pinchot as Director of Conservation
03/16
Aim: What were the accomplishments of the
Progressives?
State level
Achieved –secret ballots –primary elections
- initiative – referendum – recall
Put into law in South Dakota, Utah, Oregon
B. Also achieves – city managers
- commissioners
C. Robert LaFollette aka “Battling Bob”
- governor and senator from Wisconsin
- introduced bus to control railroads
Utilities introduced income tax, and to
protect the Natural Resources Wisconsin
became a national model, a “laboratory for
democracy”
William Howard Taft (R)
- Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) → raise tariffs
- Ballinger-Pinchot controversy
- speaker Cannon
- rift w/TR
New Freedom
Wall of Privilege – tariff – high finance –
trusts
Woodrow Wilson
- Adamson Act (1916) 8 hrs of work for
trainmen
- Child Labor law Keating Owen Act-
interstate shipment of goods made by
children
Progressivism at its Height
Woodrow Wilson
New Freedom-
1. 16th Amendment Progressive Income Tax
(1913)
2. 17th Amendment Direct Election of
Senators
3. Federal Reserve Bank (1913)
4. Federal Trade Commission to curb unfair
practices such as industrial spying
5. Bribery, mislabeling foods, misleading
ads. Also, to investigate monopolistic
practices
6. 19th Amendment Women’s Suffrage
7. Underwood Tariff (1913) Reduced tariff
from 41% to 27%
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Written to strengthen Sherman Anti-Trust
- known as the Magna Carta of labor →
labor and agriculture exempt from anti-trust
laws. Curbs injunction. Legislative strikes,
picketing, and boycotts.
Extra Notes
- Taft busted more trusts than TR
- New Nationalist doctrine vs. New Freedom
- election of 1912 TR “Bull Moose”
- 16 A: Income tax; 17 A: Direct Senators
19 A: Women’s Suffrage
- Progressive and Conservative Wing
03/17
Aim: Why did the US enter WWI?
A. Causes of WWI
1. Nationalism
2. Imperialism
3. Alliance System
- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-
Hungary, and Italy
- Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great
Britain
4. Militarism
B. Election of 1916
American neutrality election slogan:
“He kept us out of war”
Wilson (D) Charles Evan Hughes (R)
C. Reason for US entry WWI 1917
1. British propaganda
- Britain enlisted influential American
preachers, teachers, journalists, Rhodes
Scholars to influence the US gov’t
2. Unrestricted/unlimited submarine warfare
3. Germany’s ruthless militarism, navalism,
imperialism, and commercialism were a
menace
4. To make the world safe for democracy
5. German-Mexican Alliance (possibly
Japan) Zimmerman Telegram
6. The Sussex and Arabic pledge (1916)
7. Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)
8. Closer ties w/allies or cultural ties
Revisionism
US entered WWI because of:
1. Bankers
2. Munitions Manufacturers
3. Devil’s Theory of War (to make $)
4. Propagandists
5. German Secret agents in USA
D. Food Production
1. “Food Will Win the War”
2. Herbert Hoover was in charge
3. Raised food production and lowered
consumption
4. Meatless Monday, Wheatless
Wednesdays → everything’s voluntary
5. Planting victory gardens
E. War Propaganda
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Creel Committee
- employed photographers, journalists, artist
- portrayed Germans negatively and created
anti-German feelings
03/18
Aim: How did Americans on the home front
support or oppose WWI?
1. Vocab: doughboys, wobblies (spoke out
against the war [IWW]), great migration
- Ford financed peace ship to Europe
2. First women to serve in Congress against
the war → Jeanette Rankin of Montana
3. Jane Addams held a press conference in
Washington
4. Conscientious objectors – oppose war on
religious grounds
5. Most popular song “Over There” “The
Yanks are Coming” George M. Cohan
6. Propaganda to “sell” the war
- Committee on Public Information (CPI)
→ George Creel churned out press release to
support the war
Films: “Kaiser the Beast of Berlin” etc
7. Food and fuel will win the war – Hoover
8. Selective Service Act (1917)
- All male 21-30 register for service
9. Financing the war
- Liberty bonds
- War Revenue Act (1917)
- Graduated income tax
- Excess profit tax
- increase in excise tax
10. War Industries Board (July 1917)
Bernard Baruch
- it regulated all war industries and source of
supply, controlled prices and distributed and
sold all war materials
- dissolved after the war
11. Espionage Act (July 1917)
- Crackdown on dissent or spying
- It was a crime to interfere with military
draft. Penalties for spying, sabotage
- Postmaster can intercept mails
- Penalties for resisting military duties
12. Sedition Act 1918
- crime to say anything disloyal to US
- Writing and speaking against the gov’t
constitution, flag, or sole of bonds was a
crime
03/22
Aim: Should the US ratify the Versailles
Treaty and join the League of Nations?
Question: Would joining the League of
Nations amount to surrender of the
sovereign power of the US to decide matters
of war and peace?
Question: Why would the League permit
international interference with American
privileges under the Monroe Doctrine?
Moderate Mild Reservationists
1. Henry Cabot Lodge (Senate foreign
relations chair man)
(a) They favored ratification of the treaty
and membership in the League of Nations
but with amendments
(b) They wanted the new League of Nations
to formally acknowledge America’s
Preeminence in the Western Hemisphere by
recognizing the Monroe Doctrine (1823)
(c) Lodge was protecting congressional
prerogative to declare war
(d) They wanted to make sure the US could
be sent into a foreign war only if Congress
consented
(e) They demanded that an amendment be
made to Article X so that Congress and not
the majority of the vote of the League of
Nations in Geneva could make the final
decision on sending American boys to fight
in a foreign war
2. Irreconcilables
(a) Strong opponents to any form of US
participation in the League
(b) They were also called Bitter (something)
(c) They were isolationists
(d) They were Hiram Johnson, Robert
LaFollette, William Borah
3. Pro-Treaty
(a) They wanted immediate ratification
w/out any reservations
Why did the US refuse to join the League?
1. Article X
2. Republican Opposition
3. American isolationism
4. Wilson was not conciliatory and
unyielding
5. Feud between Cabot and Wilson
Extra Notes
- Wilson did not take members of foreign
relations committee with him
- Article X: “Collective Security” → only
worked in Korean War; otherwise didn’t
work
03/23
Aim: What did Warren Harding mean when
he said “America Should Return to
Normalcy”?
A. Election of 1920- Election Slogan →
“Return to Normalcy” meaning:
1. Return to laissez-faire
2. No more progressivism
3. Railroad return to private ownership
4. Isolationism
5. Return to pre-WWI
6. Restriction on Immigration
7. Reduced government spending
8. Tax Cut
9. No more wars, reform crusade
B. Ohio Gang – friends of the president;
“poker playing buddies”
C. Harding surrounded:
1. Himself with distinguished capable men
- Charles Evan Hughes → State Dept
- Andrew Mellon → Treasury
- Herbert Hoover → Dept of Commerce
2. Scandals → Harding
- Teapot Dome Scandal, Secretary of
Interior
- Albert Falls sold, for personal gain, the
nation’s oil reserves at Wyoming’s Teapot
Dome. He secretly allowed the Mammal Oil
Company to tap the oil reserve in exchange
for $308,000 and a herd of cattle
3. He also accepted $100,000 from the Pan-
American Petroleum and Transport
Company for access to the Elk Hill Reserve
in CA → went to jail
D. More Scandals
Harry M. Daugherty of Ohio accused of:
- hiring undesirables - war profiteering
- abuse of pardon privilege
- spying of unfriendly members of Congress
- conspiracy to defraud the gov’t
- didn’t go to jail
E. Scandal- Charles Forbes
1. Corrupt Director of the Veteran’s Bureau
2. Made money from the sale of surplus war
goods
3. Made money by buying gov’t supplies at
a high price
4. Convicted of fraud, conspiracy, bribery
Extra Notes
- Return to Normalcy wanted return to pre-
WWI laissez faire policies
- Progressivism ended by end of WWI
- US was unilateralist, not isolationist will be built for 10 years
- Sinatra Doctrine 2. Limit for total naval tonnage were
- Immigration of 1965 → lifted quotas established as well
- Emergency Quota Act (1921) → 3% of 3. For every 5 tonnage of battleships for
that nationality in 1910 America/ Britain, Japan would maintain 3,
- Johnson Immigration Act (1924) → 2% of France and Italy would maintain 1.75 each
each nationality 1890 and a total limit for all 4. No more poison gas
nationalists
- Ohio Gang: friends brought to DC 9-Power Treaty (11/1921)
- Andrew Mellon → architect of financial China, USA, England, France, Italy,
affairs in 1920s Belgium, Japan, Netherland, Portugal
- Albert Falls: first cabinet officer to go to - respect the territorial integrity of China
jail in the US - uphold the principles of Open Door
- Harding pardoned Eugene Debs
- Calvin Coolidge → “Silent Cal” → 4-Power Treaty
reduced debt, cut taxes, built roads, stopped Respect each other’s possession in the
gov’t interfering w/business Pacific USA, Great Britain, France, Japan
- Hoover: kept cooperation between
business and government strong Extra Notes
- Japan wanted Pacific → don’t want to
dismember China
03/24
- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) → Renounce
Aim: How did the US resolve difference Aggression, denounce war as an instrument
between isolationism and international on foreign policy → 62 countries
cooperation? - Locarno Pact (1925) → was should not be
used as an instrument to foreign policy
US was not isolationist in the 1920s, it was - US in L of N: Advised, consulted on major
unilateralist issues, collaborated
- Stimson Doctrine: Hoover Administration
Isolationism Unilateralism → US won’t recognize aggressor nations
1. Immigration 1. Washington 03/25
Act (1921- Conference (1921-
1924) 1924) Aim: What effects did Postwar WWI have
2. High tariffs 2. London Conference on America’s founding ideals?
3. American (1930-1936)
Neutrality 3. 9-Power-Treaty A. 1920s: Henry Ford
(1935-1937) 4. Kellogg-Briand Pact - Assembly Line –Model T - boom
4. Refusal to (1928) industries used ideas of Frederick W. Taylor
join the League 5. Linton (?)
of Nations and Committee B. Frederick W. Taylor
World Court 6. Stimson Doctrine “Scientific Management”
7. Dawes Plan (1924) - engineer
8. Young Plan (1929) - he wanted workers to produce more and
stop wasting time
- time management
- use of conveyor belt
Washington Conference (1921)
- purpose was to maximize efficiency from
Purpose of Conference
machines and workers
1. Naval Arms Limitation talks
- continuous motion
2. Sea-powers of the world agree to freeze
battleship construction for ten years C. 1920s: Age of Consumerism and
3. Reduce tonnage of ships (set ratio) Advertisement
4. Scale back expenditure on war - Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows
5. Create stability in the Pacific → Jesus was the greatest salesman. Took 12
6. To halt arms race ordinary fisherman and made a successful
7. America looks forward to peace and business → greatest advertising man
prosperity
D. Andrew Mellon: despised b/c he didn’t
Washington Conference 1921 → Three help in depression
Treaties (5/4/9-Powers Treaty) 1. Secretary of the Treasury
2. Greatest Secretary of Treasury since
5 Power Pact (1922)
Hamilton
1. USA, Britain, Japan, Italy, France agree
3. Robber Barron
on a moratorium (Holiday) that no new ship
4. Pro-Business
5. Had three plans: balance the budget, cut
taxes, and reduce the national debt
6. Supply side economics
E. Republicans
1. Curtailed gov’t regulations
2. Appointed big business to the Federal
Trade Commission and Federal Reserve
Bank; gov’t didn’t regulate business
3. Appointed conservatives to the Supreme
Court
Issues
- New Moralities
- Evolutionism
- Jazz
- Immigration Act (1921-1924)
- Prohibition (Volstead Act enforced it) and
crime
- Fundamentalism → Scopes Trial
- Ku Klux Klan
- Mass culture
- Consumerism
- Harlem Renaissance
- Marcus Garvey → Universal Negro
Improvement Association (UNIA) → Back
to Africa movement
04/07
Aim: What caused the Great Depression?
A. Herbert Hoover
1. Mining Engineer
2. Relief Effort and WWI (Belgium)
3. Secretary of Commerce 1921-1928 under
Harding and Coolidge
4. President 1928-1932
B. Republican Presidential Nomination 1928
1. Praising Coolidge prosperity
2. Reduction of taxes
3. Reduction of national debt
4. Right of collective bargaining
C. Hoover’s opponent Alfred E. Smith
(Progressive governor of NY) was first
Roman Catholic to be nominated for
president by a major party
D. Campaign Issues (1928)
- Prohibition – Catholicism
Causes of the Great Depression
E. Warning Signs
1. Building starts down (huh? O.o)
2. Consumer spending down
3. Inventories building up
4. Black Friday (Oct. 24 1929) Stock market
collapse
5. Oct 29 1929 stock market crash
6. Dow Jones industrial average dropped
from 381 in 1929 to 41 in 1932
F. Other causes of the Great Depression
1. Chronic surplus in agricultural products
depressed farm prices
2. Overproduction, under-consumption in
the industrial sector
3. Lack of credit restraints, especially in the
securities industry where stocks can be
purchased at 25% margin
4. High tariffs discouraged world trade
5. Acceleration of corporate profits at the
expense of higher wages stunted purchasing
power
6. Bank failure (7000)
7. Uneven distribution of wealth
8. Excessive borrowing to purchase stocks
9. Over-speculation
10. Bonus Army
11. Dust Bowl
04/08
Aim: Why was Herbert Hoover, a great
humanitarian of wars, to become a heartless
villain of the Great Depression?
1. Hoover’s Solution
Associational Philosophy
- voluntary cooperation between gov’t and
business
- direct relief will destroy people’s self
respect
- refused to provide direct aid
- direct intervention will expand gov’t power
- Hoover refused to engage in a massive
reform of direct federal assistance to or aid
to the poor and unemployed
- believed in trickle-down economics
- balanced budget and private relief
2. – Hoover met with business leaders, labor
and agriculture; urged them to maintain
wage and production
- Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) – 50%
increase
- Foreign governments also raised their own
tariffs
Revenue Act of 1932
Tax increase highest in peacetime
3. Reconstruction Finance Corporation
(1932)
Lend money to:
Banks, railroad insurance companies, in an
effort to revive the economy (this was loan)
Hawley Smoot Tariff
- raised process – hardship for Congress
– serious interference w/world trade
E. Economic Reprisals from other countries.
Hoover thought high tariff would bring
prosperity, but they didn’t
4. Home Loan Bank – Loan Act (1932)
- Passed to reduce foreclosures
- Federal Home Loan Banks to loan real
estate development
(1932) Bonus Army
Hoover Administration
- Causes of the Great Depression
- Depression as a national event
- Hawley Smoot Tariff
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation
- Bonus Army
- Hooverville
- Clark Memorandum – Ruben Clark (Sec of
State) → prelude to Good Neighbor Policy,
rebukes Roosevelt Corollary
- London Naval Conference
- Hoover Moratorium
- Manchuria
- Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
- Norris LaGuardia
- Anti-Injunction Act (1932)
- Election of 1932
Extra Notes
- Home Loan Bank was successful to an
extent
- Bonus Army → showed Hoover as
heartless → Congress passed Bonus Bill
Senate rejected it
- Dust Bowl: desertification
- Drago Doctrine → Luis Drago
- Japan walked out on L of N
04/09
Aim: How did FDR’s New Deal meet the
challenges of the Great Depression?
1. FDR won the election of 1932
2. FDR signed a proclamation to convene
the Congress into extraordinary results
3. FDR tried to stop the hording of gold and
currency
4. Embargo on exportation of gold, silver,
and currency
5. FDR’s New Deal was bold, experimental,
flexible, non-ideological, pragmatic, and
inconsistent
6. He took his “Brain Trust” to Washington
7. First 100 days March 9-June 16 1933
8. FDR wanted:
Relief: provide immediate help to the poor
and unemployed
Recovery: bring businesses back from the
depths of bankruptcy
Reform: introduce into economic system
long-range changes that would prevent
future depression
9. March 5 1932: National Bank Holiday
10. Only banks that were solvent were
allowed to open
11. April 1932, he took the US off the gold
standard
12. FDR Fireside Chat on the radio assuring
relief for the people
First New Deal (1933-1935)
- Direct Relief to the unemployed
- cooperation w/business
-help labor- improve position in society
- position w/business (partnership
cooperation, suspended anti-trust laws)
- 1933: AAA, TVA, NIRA-NRA, PWA,
FDIC, CWA
1934: FRA
1935: Social Security, NLRA, NYA
Extra Notes
- Problem of the Depression:
1. Crisis of a collapsing financial system
2. Crippling unemployment
3. Agricultural and industrial breakdown
04/13
Aim: What were the criticisms of the New
Deal?
A. Criticisms
1. Supreme Court oppositions
2. Too costly
3. Abandonment of laissez-faire
4. Big bureaucracy (big gov’t)
5. Threat to individualism and democracy
6. Waste and incompetency
7. FDR is a dictator and he undermines the
constitution
8. Threat to individualism and democracy
9. New Deal increased power of federal
gov’t
10. It failed to provide full employment
11. Business objected to high taxes and
gov’t control
B. Extremists voice their opposition
1. Roosevelt was not doing enough
2. Upton Sinclair Novel Governor of
California and How I Ended Poverty
He called for higher taxes and inheritance
tax. He called for $50 monthly pension for
elderly
3. Dr. Francis Townsend-proposed paying
anyone 60 years old and above $200.00 per
month. The entire amount should be spent in
30 days.
4. Norman Thomas Socialist critical of the
New Deal
5. Father Coughlin originally supported
FDR but later attacked international bankers
6. Senator Huey Long (Governor of LA)
opposed the New Deal
Share-our-wealth plan: Every man a king
$5000.00 guaranteed annual income for
every family in the US
C. Conservative Attack
Liberty League
1. FDR has established a dictatorship
2. Endangering the constitution
Supreme Court Decisions
(1935) Schechter Poultry vs. US (NRA)
- US vs. Butler (AAA)
- NYS minimum age law
John Maynard Keynes
The General Theory of Unemployment,
Interest, and Money
1. Run budget deficit through increased
government spending
Tax cut or both
Extra Notes
- NIRA is the Law Legislation, NRA is the
administration
- AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) →
directly pay farmers no processing fee →
10th amendment state power was given to
gov’t → unconstitutional → Soil
Conservation and Allotment Act: gov’t paid
farmers to plant ground cover
- Court Packing scheme (1937) →
unsuccessful but made S.C. more liberal →
Judicial Review (a form of checks/balances)
04/15
Aim: How did the New Deal address issues
affecting minorities?
1. The New Deal failed to eradicate racism
and sexism from American society. For both
minorities and women the social and
economic gains were limited
2. Overall, lynching, segregation, and
disenfranchisement in the South remained
unchallenged
3. Intimidation and violence were often used
to drive blacks from jobs
4. Scottsboro Case: 9 black teens were taken
off a freight train in Alabama and arrested
for vagrancy and disorder. Two white
women on the train accused them of rape.
An all white jury in Alabama found them
guilty w/out evidence
1932: Supreme Court overturned the
decision
5. Blacks benefitted from Federal Writers
Project given by Works Progress
Administration (WPA)
- Claude McKay - Richard Wright
- Ralph Ellison
- WPA supported musicians and theaters
6. Federal Writer’s Project
Federal Theatre Project
Federal Arts Project
→ Blacks participated
7. Ms. Eleanor Roosevelt. Her best negro
friends Mrs. McLeod Bethune
- She was a prominent adviser in the New
Deal
8. Daughters of the American Revolution
refused to permit the young negro singer
Marian Anderson to appear in Constitution
Hall in DC. Roosevelt declined her
membership. Marian sang at Lincoln
Memorial.
9. Black cabinet Robert Weaver (Secretary
of HUD)
Women
- Unequal wage scale for women
- official gov’t policy was “equal pay
consideration for women” but on the local
level officials disputed this requirement
- appeal by women’s league of voters,
women trade union league for equal pay and
equal work and equal opportunity for equal
ability. Many NRA codes mandated unequal
pay.
Lucy Mercer
D of AR → very conservative → pro-WASP
Women weren’t really favored by New Deal
→ NRA: Women paid less
→ CCC: never employ women
Social Security didn’t cover women who
worked as maids
04/16
Aim: How did the New Deal diplomacy
pave the way to WWII?
Good Neighbor Policy
A. Questions
1. How did FDR part from previous foreign
policy towards Latin America?
2. How did FDR formalize a policy initiated
by Herbert Hoover?
Good Neighbor Policy
1. America for peace/order in Latin America
2. Friendly towards Latin America; abandon
Roosevelt Corollary
3. Respect for Latin America
4. Treat Latin America as equal
5. Renounce America’s unilateral
intervention into Latin America
6. Repeal Platt Amendment
7. Renounce unpopular armed intervention
8. Economic rather than political
intervention
9. America withdrew marines from several
Latin American nations
B. 1. Recognition of the Soviet Union
(1933) by the US; Soviet Union promise not
to interfere into America’s domestic affairs
C. Reciprocal Trade Agreement (1934)
1. The presidents could raise or lower tariffs
without Congressional approval in return for
reciprocal concessions from other nations.
Volume of trade w/Western Hemisphere
rose 100%
D. London Conference (1933) 66 countries
1. Tariff Reduction Talks
2. Currency stabilizations FDR rejected both
and walked out
E. Tyding-McDuffie Act (1934)
Independence for the Philippines (Promise)
Extra Notes
- Russian recognized for trade benefits
- Reciprocal Trade Agreement → used
against Hawley Smoot
- London Economic Conference → no use
for economic stabilization → America had
less gold than the rest of the world
- treaties were regularly broken (Japan broke
Kellogg-Briand Pact and 9-Power Treaty)
04/19
Aim: Why was American involvement in
WWII inevitable?
Causes of WWII
A. Dictators on the loose
1. Treaties were broken
2. Non-aggression pacts were made to lull
the prospective victim into a false sense of
security
3. Naked aggression by dictators in the
1930s
4. Johnson’s Act 1934: US will not extend
any further loans to countries in unpaid debt
to America (Finland: only country to pay)
5. Un-neutrality short of war
Neutrality Act of 1935 upon the outbreak of
war between foreign nations- all export of
American arms and munitions to them will
be embargoed for six months
6. Neutrality Act 1936 – loans or credit
prohibited to belligerents
7. Neutrality Act 1937 forbade shipment of
arms to warring factions in Spain
8. Threat to World Order
The Manchurian Crisis 9/1931 → violated
Kellogg-Briand Pact and 9-Power Treaty
9. Ethiopia
10. Occupation of Rhineland
11. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
12. Sino-Japanese War – Japan sinks
American gunboat Panay in Yangtze River
13. October 1937 “Quarantine the
Aggressor” speech in Chicago
14. German expansion 1938 Sudetenland
Neutrality Act 1939
- cash and carry
- short term loan to belligerents
- forbade American ships to trade
w/belligerents or for Americans to travel in
ships w/belligerents
Destroyer for bases
50 destroyers for a 99 year lease on air and
naval bases in British territories in
Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the Caribbean
1941: Lend Lease
Extra Notes
- Lytton Committee: established to look into
conduct of Japan
- Nye Committee: investigated “blood
business”
04/20
Aim: How did the US prepare for WWII?
A. 1. FDR Quarantine Speech
2. Atlantic Charter: war aims, motives
3. FDR Four Freedoms
a. State of the Union address 1941
b. Future world order based on human
freedoms
4. At various times he compared his four
freedoms to the 10 commandments,
Emancipation Proclamation, and the Magna
Carta
B. 4 Freedoms painted by Norman Rockwell
1. Family enjoying Thanksgiving dinner –
want- private
2. Ordinary people (citizens) speaking at a
town meeting – public speech
3. Members of different religious groups
seen at worship- private religious worship
4. A mother and father stand over a sleeping
child (Freedom from fear) Private
5. Four freedoms provided a crucial
language of national unity
6. Four Freedoms can be found in the
Atlantic Charter and the UN charter
C. Patriotic posers, animated film shorts,
Rosie the Riveter, Rationing
D. War bond drives bond rallies
E. War Production Board
1. Produced military goods instead of
consumer goods
2. War manpower commission- drafted
people for the war
3. War labor board- handled labor disputes
4. Office of Price Administration imposed
ceiling and rationing
Japanese Americans lose their liberties
* Fred Korematsu vs. the US
5th Amendment Due Process and Equal
Protection
Born in America second generation
Navajo code: able to send messages
04/21
Aim: How would you evaluate WWII
diplomatic conferences?
1. Date: 1941
Newfoundland, Canada
FDR, Churchill, Atlantic Charter
2. 11/1943 FDR, Churchill
Chiang-Kaishek Cairo, Egypt
Supplies to China, Pacific Strategy
2/1943: FDR, Churchill, Stalin (Tehran)
- Normandy Invasion, Postwar economic
recovery, UN
- Date of Normandy Invasion set
- Stalin to attack Japan
- Aid to Tito Yugoslavia
Provision: 2/1943 Yalta: Churchill, Stalin,
FDR
1. Denazification of Germany
2. Demilitarization of Germany
3. Division of Germany into occupying
zones
4. Creation of the United Nations
5. Free and unfettered elections in Poland
and in Eastern Europe
6. Stalin will enter the war 3 months after
Germany falls in the Pacific and attack
Japan. For this, the USSR would control
Manchuria, Mongolia, and would be ceded
half of Sakhalin Island and Kurile Islands of
Northern Japan
7. Only Russia asked for reparation
Potsdam- Germany (Stalin, Truman, Atlee)
July 17-August 2 1945
1. Demilitarization of Europe
2. Unconditional surrender of Japan
3. Germany occupation and reparation
4. Truman receives word of the bomb at
Potsdam
5. Future of Poland
6. Continue to solicit Stalin’s help against
Japan
7. Trial of the war criminals
Extra Notes
- puppet regime in Poland after WWII
- Nuremberg Trials, Tokyo Trials
- League of Nations dissolved after war
- 1945 UN San Francisco → Security
Council (veto) (hidden veto)
04/22
Aim: Is defeat in war an international crime
to be punished by the victors?
- Nuremberg Trial - Tokyo Trial
- Douglas MacArthur Constitution
Question: Was the Nuremberg Trial one of
justice rather than impartial justice?
A. Law of War and peace written by Hugo
Grotius (1583-1654)
Law of War includes:
- treatment of wounded soldiers
- treatment of prisoners of war and
shipwrecked
- punishment of war crimes by international
organizations
- contraband, visitation capture
- rights of neutral vessels
B, Nazi Trial
- Leader of the Nazi Party
- The military
- The SS leader
- The Gestapo leaders
C. 1. War Crimes
Violations of the laws or customs of war like
- murder
- ill treatment of civilian populations or
prisoners of war
- wanton destruction of cities
- killing of hostages
- devastation not justified: shooting, boiling
humans, starvation, poisoning
2. Crimes Against Peace
- planning and prepping for war
- initiation or waging of war of aggression
- violation of international treaties
3. Crimes Against Humanity
- murder or persecution of civilian
population on political, racial, or religious
grounds
4. Conspiracy to commit any/all of the three
categories of crimes
Tokyo Trial/Japanese War Crime
Premier Kideki Tojo tried and killed
D. Japan’s New Constitution
- Limited power of the emperor
- Trial by jury
- Abolished titles and no nobilities
- Freedom of speech
E. Stanley Milgram experiment on
obedience and conformity
F. Nuremberg Trial
- International crimes are committed by men
and not nations or states as abstract entities
04/23
Aim: Why did Harry S. Truman fail to ease
America into Peacetime?
1. Rise in birthrate
2. Increased demand for goods and services,
which in turn encouraged consumer
spending
3. Growth in business
4. Agriculture declined as a profession
5. White collar jobs and service employment
rose
6. More people flocked to urban centers and
suburbs
Economic problems resulted with the
transition from wartime to peacetime
economy
Domestic Problems-Post WWII
1. Returning millions of servicemen to their
homes
2. High prices, shortage of consumer goods
3. Labor unrest-strikes, automobile,
electrical, railroad, mining, and steel
industries (this was a major problem for
Truman)
4. Inflation
5. Supply could not keep up with consumer
demand
Fair Deal- Truman wanted
1. Regional Style TVA
2. Continuation of the New Deal
3. Minimum wage increase (passed)
4. National Health Insurance (rejected)
5. Expand Public Housing for low income
(passed)
6. Aid to education (rejected)
7. Desegregation of the armed forces
8. Repeal Taft-Hartley
9. Aid to small farmers (rejected)
10. Enforce civil rights (rejected)
→ Congress rejected almost all of the Fair
Deal. Instead, Congress passed tax cut for
the rich and Taft-Hartley Act (June 1947)
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
- Anti-labor
- Passed by Congress over Truman’s veto
- It was conservative response to powerful
labor unions
1. 80 days cooling-off period for strikers in
key industries
2. Outlawed the closed shop (process of
hiring only union members)
3. Banned compulsory union membership
4. Union leader swear as not communist
5. Unions lost bargaining rights and legal
protection
6. Forbade unions to contribute to
campaigns
Extra Notes
- Taft-Hartley outlawed “closed” shops,
made unions liable for damages that resulted
from jurisdictional disputes among them,
and opposed the Wagner Act of the New
Deal (NRA)
- ELECTION OF 1948:
Thomas Dewey → NY governor
J. Strom Thurmond → “Dixiecrat” of South
Carolina
Truman received critical support from
farmers, workers, and blacks
- “Point Four”: financial support of poor,
underdeveloped lands to keep
underprivileged from becoming communist
04/26
Aim: On what basis does one assign primary
responsibility for initiating Cold War
conflicts?
The Cold War was a war of espionage,
threat, intimidation, arms buildup, words,
and ideological tension btwn the USSR and
the US
Origins of the Cold War
Year USSR USA
1946 Keep troops in Diplomatic
Iran Protest
1947 - Pressure Truman
Turkey Doctrine
- Aid Greek
communists
 1947 Economic Aid Marshall Plan advocating revolution or belonging to a public opinion for high defense budget
to Eastern group that did either. Several Communist - prepared by Defense and State Dept to
Europe leaders were imprisoned for violation of the evaluate Soviet National Security and how
(Molotov Plan) Smith Act to win the Cold War
- a study of Soviet capabilities
1948 Berlin Berlin Airlift Presidential - mobilize public opinion for high
Blockade 3. Federal loyalty program (1947) expenditure and higher taxes
- federal employees were to take oath - authors thought in terms of military
1949 Eastern Europe North Atlantic solutions
Assistance Treaty That they were not communists. Many - a portrait of an implacable communist
Warsaw (1955) Organization employees were dismissed conspiracy by the Soviet Union motivated
by greed for territory and fanatic faith in
4. Alger Hiss: a former state department communism
1946: Churchill: “Iron Curtain” Speech official against whom charges was leveled - document describes the world as divided
by Whittaker Chambers, a confessed Soviet between forces of slavery and freedom
1946: Containment Policy- George F. agent. He was accused of stealing state
Kennan department documents. Documents were Plan
- sent long telegram and his article in foreign found in Hiss’ farm in a hollowed out … - US will win the war by diplomacy and
affairs Pumpkin Papers → sentenced 5 yrs integrating the colonies of Japan, Europe,
- the USSR cannot be treated as a normal and America
gov’t 5. McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 - US encourages friendly nations to rearm
- the USSR cannot be dislodged in Eastern - passed over Truman’s veto and make its former enemies into military
Europe - all communist organizations to register allies
- the USSR wants to spread their ideology with the gov’t and publish their records - Outbreak of the Korean War June 1950
- containment policy is to restrict Soviet - communists were denied passports and confirms communism as a military threat
expansion prohibited from working in defense plants

6. German-born British physicist named 04/29

National Security Act 1947 established
- Department of Defense
- National Security Council (NSC)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
*Truman’s Point 4 Program
1. Support the UN
2. Support a stable world economy
3. Aid to free nations
4. Technical Assistance to developing
countries
Military Containment
- OAS-20 Latin American countries
- ANZUS 1951- Australia and New Zealand
- SEATO – Britain, France, Belgium,
Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark,
Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Canada,
US
04/27
Aim: How was postwar America
characterized by a fear of Communist
subversion?
1. House Un-American Committee (HUAC)
(Congress)
- focus on communist influence in labor
unions
- state department
- movie industries
- Hollywood 10 → 5 th amendment; refused
to testify against themselves
2. Alien Registration Act (Smith Act) 1940
A. Set criminal penalties for teaching or
Klaus Fuchs confessed he spied for the
Aim: Why did Eisenhower rely more on the
Soviet Union while working on the
threat of nuclear retaliation rather than
Manhattan Project for Britain
conventional forces?
7. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were tried,
A. Election of 1952
convicted, and executed for passing atomic
- Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower
secrets to the Soviets
- Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson
8. McCarthyism: Republican Senator from
B. Campaign Issues
Wisconsin (1947-1957) claims to have 205
1. Eisenhower will wipe out formula
names who are communists working in the
→ K 1 C 2 : Korea, Communism, Corruption
state department
→ “I like Ike” “They like Ike”
2. Nixon: Eisenhower’s running mate had
9. Sputnik caused fear → NASA and
National Defense and Education Act maintained an $18,000.00 slush fund →
Checker speech
3. Eisenhower, if elected “I shall go to
10. Duck and cover drills
Korea” to break the deadlock in the peace
negotiation
04/28
4. Eisenhower vs. Stevenson
Aim: Why was NSC-68 an American dogma
after the Korean War? Eisenhower Stevenson
(Advantages) (Disadvantages)
NSC-68: issued in response to the fall of
China and Korea Folksiness Stevenson’s
Smiling brilliance and
Question: Was NSC-68 too simplistic and Benevolence helped education hurt him
him - Intellectuals were
militaristic?
dubbed “eggheads”
A. Truman and the Cold War
- Containment Policy
- NSC-68 lasted for 60 yrs
- Department of Defense, CIA
C. Foreign Policy (Secretary of State)
NSC-68 → John Foster Dulles
- study of Soviet objectives New Look
- strategies, desires, and how to mobilize US 1. Eisenhower believed that the US could
not contain communism through a series of
small wars such as Korea
2. Instead of a large scale army the US
should use atomic weapons →
“brinksmanship,” massive retaliation,
deterrence, Mutual Assured Destruction
(MAD)
D. Reasons for this policy
1. Cut back on troops
2. Cut back on military spending
3. Balance the budget
4. Containment is too cautious
*Use of brinksmanship
- US was going to use nuclear weapons to
protect Taiwan, Matsui … against China
05/03
Aim: Why was Dwight D. Eisenhower a
successful president?
A. 1. Eisenhower was a pragmatist
2. He avoided conservative call to dismantle
the New Deal
3. He agreed to increase social security,
unemployment insurance & minimum wage
4. He was a fiscal conservative
5. Also known for his “dynamic
conservatism”
6. Balanced the budget three times in 8 yrs
7. Reduced defense spending down 10% of
GNP from 13%
8. Encouraged private company to compete
with TVA
9. Labor unions grew in power
10. Republicans lost both houses
11. Alaska admitted as 49th state in 1958
Hawaii as 50th state in 1959
B. 1. Eisenhower did not intend to become a
“civil rights” president
2. 1950s NAACP achieved desegregation
(separate but equal)
3. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren Chief
Justice of Supreme Court 1953
4. Although viewed as a conservative he led
a liberal court
5. Brown vs. BOE 1954
- Thurgood Marshall overturned Plessy vs.
Ferguson
6. Reemergence of the KKK
7. Crisis Little Rock Arkansas 1957
- Governor Orval Faubus ordered National
Guard to prevent 9 black students from
entering Central High
8. Eisenhower reluctantly sent 1000 into
Little Rock and nationalized the Arkansas
National Guard
9. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955- …)
10. Martin Luther King Jr.
11. Southern Manifesto signed by Southern
Gov’t
- tried to overthrow Brown decision
05/04
Aim: What impact did Eisenhower have on
foreign policy?
Global Concerns
1. A. Military Industrial Complex
B. SEATO (1954)
C. CENTO (1953)
2. Eisenhower Doctrine (1/5/57)
- offered military and economic assistance to
ensure the territorial independence of
Middle Eastern nations threatened by armed
aggression from communist countries
- Doctrine invoked to assist King Hussein of
Jordan. Marine sent to Lebanon
3. A. Geneva Summit Conference (1955-
1957)
B. Disarmament program-“open skies plan,”
lowering traveling barriers, exchange of
goods and ideas
4. Atomic energy commission ICBM
Hydrogen Bomb
5. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
1953: Overthrew Iran’s Premier
1954: supported coup in Guatemala
6. Vietnam-Geneva Agreement 1954
Eisenhower refused to help France in
Vietnam
7. Domino Theory-Eisenhower → 17 th
parallel
8. Suez Canal Crisis (1956)
9. Castro, Cuba, 1959
10. U-2 Spy Plane
Pilot Francis
Gary Powers
Nikita S. Khrushchev
Spies in the Skies
05/05
Aim: Why was Warren Court considered a
Judicial activist court?
1. Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) → rights of
communists
2. (1963) Gideon vs. Wainwright
- 14th amendment due process clause
guaranteed a 6th amendment right to a
lawyer to all defendants in a criminal case
(right to counsel)
3. 1964-Escobado vs. Illinois
Arrested persons are entitled to a lawyer at
the time of interrogation
Religion in Public Schools
First Amendment: Freedom of
Establishment Clause, Prohibition Clause
Engel vs. Vitale (1962)
Supreme Court struck down a prayer
composed by NYS Regents
- violates freedom of religion
District of Abington Township vs. Schempp
(1963)
Court ended reciting of the lord’s prayer
and the daily reading of 10 verses from the
Bible in schools; violates free religion
8. Baker vs. Carr (1962)
Wesberry vs. Sanders (1964)
Reynold vs. Sims (1964)
established the doctrine of “one man, one
vote”
- Supreme Court ended the old practice of
apportioning legislative districts to over-
represent rural areas
Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. US (1964)
→ discrimination in public accommodations
TLO vs. NJ
Extra Notes
Writ of certiorari → hierarchy of courts
Writ of mandamus → Marbury v. Madison
Gerry Mandering → idk
05/06
Aim: How did some Americans rebel
against conformity in the 1950s?
A. Conformity- 1950s
1. Conventional way of behavior
2. Go along to get along
3. Important to please others
4. Customary way of behavior
5. To cooperate
6. Everyone behaved and thought in socially
accepted ways
7. 1950s was a homogenized society
B. 1. Suburbia
2. Uniform houses
3. Uniform distance
4. Some class
5. Same incomes
6. Similar lifestyle
7. Watch some TV shows
C. 1. Family Role: Working dads and stay at
home moms
2. Dr. Benjamin Spock Common Sense
Book of Baby and Child Care → advised
mothers to be full time mothers
D. 1. Mass media reinforced family role,
books, magazines – Husband breadwinner,
mother stayed home
2. Television brought the ideal family to life
on screen
3. “Leave it to Beaver,” “Father Knows
Best”
E. Middle class moves to suburbs
(Levittowns)
F. Move to the Sunbelt: warm weather states
across the southern third Florida to CA
G. Triumph of Automobiles: Edel,
Oldsmobile interstate highway system
H. Polio Vaccine: Dr. Jonas Salk
Rebellion Against Conformity
I. *Sociologist David Riesman- attacked
conformity in book Lonely Crowd
- Middle class suburban child learns to
conform to a group as soon as they learn
anything. They grow up wanting to fit in
with their peers. They do not think for
themselves.
William Whyte The Organization Man
- employees conform to the group rather
than individual thinking
Beatniks
-Leader Jack Kerouac
- reject materialism 9-5 jobs
- wore boards, berets, dark clothes
Alan Ginsberg…
*Sloan Wilson The Man in the Grey Flannel
Suit
*Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique
05/07
Aim: What was Kennedy’s New Frontier?
Campaign 1960
Nixon (R) vs. Kennedy (D)
- Nixon: Member of HUAC, VP, Congress
- Kennedy: Senator, Congress
Kennedy’s Domestic Policies
A. 1. Legislative failure-unable to get much
through Congress due to resistance from
South Democrat and Republican
conservatives
2. Space race-put a man on the moon →
John Glenn, Allan Shepard
- continued crusade against organized crime
B. Civil Rights
1. 1962 James Meredith enrolled at the
formally all-white University of Mississippi-
Governor Ross Barnett physically attempted
to bar his admission – Kennedy provided the
National Guard to protect him
2. Alabama 1963, Governor George Wallace
stood defiantly at the door of the state
university to prevent admission of black
students
3. “Freedom Riders” Medgar Evers,
NAACP, Director Mississippi Assassination
- 1963 “I Have a Dream” speech
C. Foreign Policy
1. Operation Mongoose
Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) 1961
2. Flexible Response “missile gap”
3. Alliance for Progress (Latin America
Marshall Plan)
4. Peace Corp
5. Berlin Wall 1961
6. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
7. Nuclear Test ban Treaty Hotline
- rolled back price of steel
Extra Notes
- VP Lyndon B. Johnson
- Flexible Response
- Theodore Sorenson
- George McBundy
- Robert (Bobby) Kennedy → Attorney
General
05/11
Aim: Why was America’s growing
involvement in Vietnam a mistake?
1. Ho Chi Minh (nationalist leader)
2. Vietminh (Nationalist group)
Domino group
3. Vietminh used guerillas
4. Dien Bien Phu → French military base
fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that
lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of
France in Indochina in 1954
5. Ngo Dinh Diem, South Vietnam leader
6. Vietcong-Guerilla (National Liberation
Front-NLF) army organized by Ho Chi
Minh in the South
7. Gulf of Tonkins Resolution
Congressional resolution that allowed
President Johnson to use force to defend
American troops in Vietnam
8. Agent Orange: a chemical that strips leave
from trees
9. Ho Chi Minh trail: network of paths on
which North Vietnam sent arms and supplies
to South Vietnam
10. TET offensive: Jan 1968
Vietcong and North Vietnamese
Launched a huge surprise attack during
TET, Vietnamese New Year
- They attack US air bases and major cities
*Vietnamization: A plan for the USA
11. Troops to gradually withdraw and South
Vietnamese to take over the fighting
12. Pentagon Papers: Published by NYT.
Classified doc on deception by gov’t on war
13. War Powers Act: 1973
A law which requires the president to inform
Congress of any troop commitment within
48 hrs and to withdraw the troops within 60
days unless approved by Congress
Aim: to end illiteracy, discrimination,
hunger, poverty
Aid to education, Aid to cities, influence on
great society
Michael Harrington The Other America
Great Society Program
1. Medicare-Old
2. Medicare-Poor
3. Head start
4. Upward Bound
5. 24th Amendment: end poll taxes
6. HUD and Dept of Trans.
7. Job Corp
8. Voting Rights Act 1965
9. Immigration Act 1965
10. Civil Rights Act 1965
11. National Foundations for Arts and
Humanities
12. National Public Broadcasting System
Extra Notes
Nixon vs. US
Nixon secretly bombed Cambodia
Plumber’s Unit
Daniel Ellesberg
N YT vs. US → freedom of speech
05/13
Aim: How did Richard Nixon reshape the
politics of America
Foreign Policy
A. 1. Nixon based his foreign policy on
realpolitik, politics of reality → politics
based on practical rather than idealistic
concerns
2. Realpolitik: based on national interest and
balance of power
3. Détente was a key to balance of power
4. Nixon visits Moscow playing his China
card
5. SALT I Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
(1972) ; Grain Deal
6. Evaluation of Détente
7. Energy Crisis 1973 Yom Kippur War
8. China visit 1972
B. Domestic Policies
1. New Federalism
Revenue Sharing
2. Blocked renewal of Voting Rights Act of
1965
3. Proposed antibusing bill
4. Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA) 1970
5. Earth Day April 20 1970
6. Wage and price control (1971)
Watergate
1. Breaking and entering
2. Illegal contributions
3. Dirty Tricks
4. Cover up/obstruction of justice
5. Miscellaneous offenses and reforms
- Attorney General John Mitchell controlled
a secret fund for dirty tricks
- Illegal political contribution (ITT)
- Burglary of the offices of Ellesberg’s
Psychiatrist
- Watergate burglars to receive clemency
- Illegal wiretap
Extra Notes
- New Federalism (Nixon/Reagan) ; fiscal
federalism → give state money, don’t follow
it
- Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
- Plumber’s Unit
- CREEP
- Nixon Doctrine: Asian allies receive US
aid against communism → these countries
must give in most of their effort (similar to
Vietnamization)
- Doctrines
Monroe: Latin America
Truman: Europe (Greece/Turkey)
Eisenhower: Middle East
Nixon: Asia
05/14
Aim: How did Carter’s lack of Washington
experience affect his presidency?
1. Carter and Human Rights
Carter insisted that the US use its influence
to stop other governments from abusing its
citizens
2. Foreign Policy
A. Humanitarian diplomacy ultimately
ineffective
B. For black majority rule in South Africa
C. Panama Canal Treaty provided for
transfer of ownership of the canal to Panama
in 2000 and guaranteed its neutrality
D. Camp David Accord: Anwar Sadat
Menachem Begin
- Recognition of China (1979) PRC
3. Cold War Politics
A. 1979 Carter signed SALT II with the
USSR. SALT I expired in 1977.
B. SALT I not ratified by the Senate b/c
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. End of
Détente
C. Iranian Hostage 1979. 444 days →
released after Reagan
Shah of Iran Ayatollah Khomeini
Domestic Policies
- Fuel Shortage
- Deregulation
Airline Deregulation Act 1978
Elimination of Civil Aeronautics Board
Rail Act 1980-Trucking mergers allowed
- Superfund for cleanup of chemical waste
dumps
- 1979: 3 mile Island Nuclear Power
incident
Love Canal, Nicaragua, NY
- Amnesty for Vietnam draft dodgers
- Allan Bakke vs. University of California
(1978)
- Affirmative Action → not equality of
opportunity; equality of result
No Quota No set aside Race consciousness
yes
AW Philips
- stagflation: high unemployment high
inflation
Extra Notes
- Monroe Doctrine: Latin America
- Carter Doctrine: Persian Gulf
- Nixon Doctrine: Asia
- Eisenhower Doctrine: Middle East
- Truman Doctrine: Greece/Turkey
- ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)
- American Indian Movement