BS en 80079-34

31M/46/CD
COMMITTEE DRAFT (CD)
Project number
IEC/TC or SC :
SC 31M
ISO 80079-38 Ed. 1.0
Title of TC/SC:
Date of circulation
Closing date for comments
Non-electrical equipment and protective systems for

explosive atmospheres
2011-02-04
2011-05-06
Also of interest to the following committees
Supersedes document
31M/34/NP and 31M/35/RVN

Proposed horizontal standard
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any , in this CD to the TC/SC secretary
Functions concerned:
Safety
EMC
Secretary:
T. von Hoegen - Germany

Email: thomas.hoegen_von@din.de
Environment
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Title:
ISO 80079-38 Ed. 1.0: Explosive Atmospheres - Part 38: Equipment and components in
explosive atmospheres in underground mines
(Titre) :
Introductory note
By agreement between ISO/TMB and IEC/SMB documents to be prepared by IEC/TC 31/SC 31M will have a
Double Logo IEC/ISO on the publication cover page, however the prefix before the standard number 80079 will
be an ISO prefix if the content of the document does not cover electrical equipment requirements.
Meaning that this project is renamed to: ISO 80079-38 Ed. 1.0 instead of IEC/ISO 80079-38.
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permitted to download this electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole
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Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
FORM CD (IEC)
2009-01-09
ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved
31M/46/CD
Date:
2011-01-28
ISO/CD 80079-38
ISO/TC 31/SC 31M
Secretariat: DIS
Explosive Atmospheres Part 38: Equipment and components in explosive

atmospheres in underground mines
Atmospheres explosibles Partie 38: Appareils et composants dans les mines souterraines grisouteuses
Warning
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to
change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation .
Document type: International Standard

Document subtype:
Document stage: (30) Committee
Document language: E
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Copyright notice
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Contents
31M/46/CD
Page
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................vi
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. vii
1
Scope ................................................................................................................................................1
Normative references .......................................................................................................................1
Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms.......................................................................................3
4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.4.6
Requirements for equipment (machines) and components ...........................................................9

General..............................................................................................................................................9
Ignition hazard assessment ...........................................................................................................10
Formal analysis ..............................................................................................................................10
Assessment with faults ..................................................................................................................11
Establishing the maximum surface temperature .......................................................................... 11
Dust deposits and other material in the gap of moving parts ......................................................11
Ignition hazard assessment report ................................................................................................11
Ignition sources..............................................................................................................................12
Non-electrical equipment and components .................................................................................. 12
Electrical equipment and components ..........................................................................................13
General............................................................................................................................................13
Electrical equipment protection.....................................................................................................13
Overcurrent protection...................................................................................................................13
Earth-fault protection .....................................................................................................................14
Mechanical protection of live parts ...............................................................................................15
Electric cables that are part of the equipment .............................................................................. 15
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.4.6
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.8
5.9
Additional requirements for specific equipment and components ..............................................16

Cutting and stripping equipment ...................................................................................................16
General............................................................................................................................................16
Machines with cutting picks ..........................................................................................................16
Stripping machines ........................................................................................................................17
Rope haulages for level and inclined transport ............................................................................17
Fans ................................................................................................................................................17
Ventilating fans for use underground............................................................................................17
Other fans .......................................................................................................................................19
Diesel engines ................................................................................................................................20
General requirements.....................................................................................................................20
Flames and hot gases ....................................................................................................................21
Mechanically generated sparks .....................................................................................................21
Electrical apparatus and systems .................................................................................................22
Static electricity ..............................................................................................................................22
Electrical protection .......................................................................................................................22
Air compressors .............................................................................................................................23
Drilling equipment and components .............................................................................................23
Brakes .............................................................................................................................................23
Brakes used only for stopping in emergency ...............................................................................23
Service brakes (including friction brakes and fluid based retarders) .......................................... 23
Parking brakes................................................................................................................................24
Traction batteries, starter batteries and vehicle lighting batteries .............................................. 24
Optical fibres used on machines and electromagnetic radiation from components on
machines ........................................................................................................................................24
External pipes/optical fibres ..........................................................................................................24
5.9.1
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5.9.2
5.10
Radio-frequency radiation from equipment .................................................................................. 25

Gas monitoring systems ................................................................................................................ 25
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.5
6.6
Fire protection ................................................................................................................................ 25

General ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Non-metallic materials ................................................................................................................... 26
Hydraulic and pneumatic equipment ............................................................................................ 26
Requirements for cable-reeled equipment.................................................................................... 27
General ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Special requirements ..................................................................................................................... 28
Fire prevention on electric cables that are part of the machine................................................... 28
Conveyor belting ............................................................................................................................ 28
7
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
Information for use......................................................................................................................... 29

Signals and warning notices ......................................................................................................... 29
User instructions............................................................................................................................ 29
Information on use ......................................................................................................................... 29
Information on maintenance and repair ........................................................................................ 29
Marking ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Annex A (informative) Example of an ignition hazard assessment for a conveyor belt intended for
use in a coal mine .......................................................................................................................... 31
A.1
General ........................................................................................................................................... 31
A.2
Category and intended use of the equipment............................................................................... 31
A.3
Construction/description of the equipment .................................................................................. 31
A.4
Assessment .................................................................................................................................... 32
Annex B (informative) Example of an ignition hazard assessment for a shearer loader intended
for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere of a coal mine ...................................................... 36
B.1
General ........................................................................................................................................... 36
B.2
Category and intended use of equipment ..................................................................................... 36
B.3
Construction/description of the equipment with regard to ignition protection........................... 36
B.4
Ignition control and monitoring system ........................................................................................ 37
B.5
Compliance with the basic methodology and requirements in ISO/CD 80079-36 ....................... 37
B.6
Ignition hazard assessment of the electrical parts of the equipment .......................................... 38
B.7
Ignition hazard assessment of non-electrical ignition sources ................................................... 38
B.8
Equipment marking ........................................................................................................................ 38
Annex C (normative) Ignition sources ....................................................................................................... 45
C.1
Hot surfaces ................................................................................................................................... 45
C.2
Flames and hot gases (including hot particles)............................................................................ 45
C.3
Mechanically generated sparks ..................................................................................................... 46
C.4
Electrical apparatus ....................................................................................................................... 46
C.5
Stray electric currents.................................................................................................................... 46
C.6
Static electricity.............................................................................................................................. 47
C.7
Lightning ........................................................................................................................................ 47
C.8
Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from 104 Hz to 3 1012 Hz (high frequency) ....... 47
C.9
Electromagnetic waves from 3 1011 Hz to 3 1015 Hz ................................................................ 48
C.10 Ionizing radiation ........................................................................................................................... 48
C.11 Ultrasonics ..................................................................................................................................... 48
C.12 Adiabatic compression and shock waves .................................................................................... 48
C.13 Exothermic reactions, including self-ignition of dusts ................................................................ 49
Annex D (informative) Guidance on potential risks for variable speed drives (VSD)............................... 50
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 51
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Page
Figures
Figure 1 Assessment table for Group I equipment .................................................................................... 11
Figure B.1 Layout and construction of the coal face shearer loader .......................................................... 37
Tables
Table 1 Combination of materials............................................................................................................. 19
Table 2 Limit values for hydraulic fluids.................................................................................................... 27
Table A.1 Example of an ignition hazard assessment for a mining conveyor, Group I, EPL Mb................. 32
Table B.1 Example of an ignition assessment for a shearer loader, Group I, EPL Mb ............................... 39
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 80079-38 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 31, Equipment for explosive atmospheres,
Subcommittee SC 31M, Non-electrical equipment and protective systems for explosive atmospheres.
ISO 80079 and ISO/IEC 80079 consist of the following parts:
ISO/IEC 80079-20-1: Explosive Atmospheres - Part 20-1: Material characteristics for gas and vapour
classification Test methods and data
ISO/IEC 80079-20-2: Explosive Atmospheres - Part 20-2: Material characteristics Combustible dusts
test methods
ISO/IEC 80079-34: Explosive Atmospheres - Part 34: Application of quality systems
ISO 80079-36: Explosive Atmospheres - Part 36: Non-electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres
Basic method and requirements
ISO 80079-37: Explosive Atmospheres - Part 37: Non-electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres
Non electrical type of protection constructional safety 'c', control of ignition source 'b', liquid immersion 'k'
ISO/IE 80079-38: Explosive Atmospheres - Part 38: Equipment and components in explosive
atmospheres in underground mines
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Introduction
This International Standard specifies requirements for the constructional features of equipment and
components that may be an individual item or form an assembly, to enable them to be used in mines, or parts
of mines, susceptible to explosive atmospheres of firedamp and/or combustible coal dust.
Most of the electrical equipment used on mining machinery is certified as an individual item of equipment e.g.
the motor, switchgear etc., and meets its own marking requirements. This Certification, however, does not deal
with the interconnection of these items of equipment by cables or the machine electrical power system as an
entity. The equipment and components including their interconnections should be assessed, from an ignition
point of view, by the manufacturer.
Both non-electrical equipment and the interconnection of electrical/non-electrical equipment require an ignition
hazard risk assessment.
Therefore, it is necessary that not just the equipment, but all its parts, is examined by the manufacturer
according to a formally documented hazard assessment that establishes and lists all the possible ignition
sources of the equipment including the cables and electrical supply system. The documentation shall list the
measures that shall be introduced to prevent possible ignition sources becoming effective.
The need for this International Standard arises because of major operational differences between underground
mining operations and those in other industries working with, or in, potentially explosive atmospheres.
Examples of these differences are:
the product being won from the underground strata may be combustible and continually releases
firedamp during the winning process;
the ignitability of the atmosphere around equipment and components usually depends upon the amount
of dilution offered by an active ventilating system;
the atmosphere in the general body of mine air in which machinery is working may change from one that
is potentially explosive to one that is explosive (for example, during an outburst of firedamp);
persons working in the mine are usually situated within the potentially explosive atmosphere;
there is a need to monitor constantly the mine atmosphere at strategic places to ensure that power can
be disconnected from all equipment except that which is suitable for use in an explosive atmosphere;
in gassy coal mines, an explosion of firedamp at a machine can raise a combustible dust cloud that
exacerbates the explosion;
some mining machinery, especially that associated with winning the product, contains cutting devices and
drilling devices that are intended to cut into the combustible product as part of their normal operation. This
introduces an ignition risk from frictional heating or frictional sparking from contact with strata containing
high concentrations of quartz or iron pyrites;
long roadways in coal mines are equipped with mineral conveying systems carrying a product that has a
potential for raising an explosive dust cloud.
To decide which equipment or its component parts should merit inclusion in this International Standard, ignition
data has been examined based on French, German and UK experience.
When drafting this International Standard, it has been assumed that equipment and components are:
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
designed in accordance with good engineering practice, taking account of expected shocks, vibrations
and failure modes;
of sound mechanical and electrical construction;
made of materials with adequate strength and of suitable quality;
free from defects and
are kept in good repair and working order, e.g. so that the required dimensions remain within permissible
tolerance despite wear.
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31M/46/CD
COMMITTEE DRAFT
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Explosive Atmospheres Part 38: Equipment and components

in explosive atmospheres in underground mines
Scope
This International Standard specifies the explosion protection requirements for the design, construction,
assessment and information for use (maintenance, repair, marking) of equipment that may be an individual
item or form an assembly. This includes machinery and components placed on the market by a single supplier
for use in mines susceptible to explosive atmospheres of firedamp and/or combustible dust (at atmospheric
conditions as defined as follows: atmospheric pressure 0,8 bar to 1,1 bar, temperature -20C to + 60C, air
with normal oxygen content, typically 21 % v/v).
This International Standard applies for equipment and components according to EPL Mb to be used in
potentially explosive atmospheres containing firedamp and/or combustible dust.
NOTE
In some countries, there might be differences according to the classification, e.g. in the European Union Mb is
similar to category M2.
It is necessary to take account of external conditions to the equipment which may affect the hazard and the
resultant protection measures. These measures may include ventilation, gas detection or gas drainage.
This International Standard also deals with the prevention of ignitions of explosive atmospheres caused by
burning (or smouldering) of combustible material such as fabric fibres, plastic O-rings, rubber seals,
lubricating oils or greases used in the construction of the equipment if such items could be an ignition source.
For example, the mechanical failure of rotating shaft bearings can result in frictional heating that ignites its
plastic cage, plastic seal or lubricating grease.
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this International Standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60079-0, Explosive atmospheres Part 0: Equipment General requirements
IEC 60079-1, Explosive atmospheres Part 1: Equipment protection by flameproof enclosures "d"
IEC 60079-6, Explosive atmospheres Part 6: Equipment protection by oil immersion "o"
IEC 60079-11, Explosive atmospheres Part 11: Equipment protection by intrinsic safety "i"
IEC 60079-25, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres Part 25: Intrinsically safe systems
IEC 60079-28, Explosive atmospheres Part 28: Protection of equipment and transmission systems using
optical radiation
IEC 60204-1, Safety of machinery Electrical equipment of machines Part 1: General requirements
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
IEC 60204-11, Safety of machinery Electrical equipment of machines Part 11: Requirements for HV
equipment for voltages above 1000 V a.c. or 1500 V d.c. and not exceeding 36 kV
IEC 60332-1-1, Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions Part 1-1: Test for vertical
flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable Apparatus
IEC 60332-1-2, Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions Part 1-2: Test for vertical
flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable Procedure for 1 kW pre-mixed flame
IEC 60332-1-3, Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions Part 1-3 Test for vertical
flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable Procedure for determination of flaming
droplets/particles
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 62061, Safety of machinery Functional safety of safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable
electronic control systems
IEV 426, International electrotechnical vocabulary Chapter 426: Electrical apparatus for explosive
atmospheres
ISO 1940-1:2003, Mechanical vibration Balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid) state
Part 1: Specification and verification of balance tolerances
ISO 4413, Hydraulic fluid power General rules relating to systems
ISO 4414, Pneumatic fluid power General rules relating to systems
ISO 4952, Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance
ISO 7010, Graphical symbols Safety signs in workplaces and public areas
ISO 8421-1:1987, Fire protection Vocabulary Part 1: General terms and phenomena of fire
ISO 13849-1, Safety of Machinery Safety-related parts of control systems Part 1: General principles for
design
ISO 14118:2000, Safety of machinery Prevention of unexpected start-up
ISO 14935, Petroleum and related products Determination of wick flame persistence of fire-resistant fluids
ISO 15029-1, Petroleum and related products Determination of spray ignition characteristics of fireresistant fluids Part 1: Spray flame persistence Hollow-cone nozzle method
ISO/DIS 15029-2, Petroleum and related products Determination of spray ignition characteristics of fireresistant fluids Part 2: Spray test Stabilized flame heat release spray method
ISO/CD 80079-36:2010-12, Explosive atmospheres Non-electrical equipment for explosive
atmospheres Part 36: Basic method and requirements
ISO/CD 80079-37:2010-12, Explosive atmospheres Non-electrical equipment for explosive
atmospheres Part 37: Non electrical type of protection constructional safety c, control of ignition source b,
liquid immersion k
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply as well as IEC
60079-0.
3.1
firedamp
any potentially explosive mixture of gases or any flammable gas naturally occurring in a mine
NOTE
As firedamp consists mainly of methane, the terms firedamp and methane are used frequently in
mining practice as synonyms.
3.2
protection against firedamp explosions
explosion prevention and protection in underground parts of mines and those parts of surface installations of
such mines liable to be endangered by firedamp and or flammable dust
3.3
flammable substance
substance in the form of gas, vapour, liquid, solid, or mixtures of these, able to undergo an exothermic
reaction with air when ignited
3.4
component
"component" means any item essential to the safe functioning of equipment and protective systems but with
no autonomous function
3.5
deflagration
explosion propagating at subsonic velocity
[ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.11]
3.6
detonation
explosion propagating at supersonic velocity and characterized by a shock wave
[ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.12]
3.7
equipment
"equipment" means machines, apparatus, fixed or mobile devices, control components and instrumentation
thereof and detection and prevention systems which, separately or jointly, are intended for the generation,
transfer, storage, measurement, control and conversion of energy, for the processing of material, and which
are capable of causing an explosion through their own potential sources of ignition
3.8
explosion
a sudden increase of pressure and temperature, due to oxidation or other exothermic reaction
[IEV 426-02-13]
3.9
explosion limits
limits of the explosion range
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
3.10
lower explosion limit (LEL)
lower limit of the explosion range
3.11
upper explosion limit (UEL)
upper limit of the explosion range
3.12
explosion points
lower and upper explosion point
3.13
lower explosion point
temperature of a combustible liquid at which the concentration of the saturated vapour in air is equal to the
lower explosion limit
3.14
upper explosion point
temperature of a combustible liquid at which the concentration of the saturated vapour in air is equal to the
upper explosion limit
3.15
explosion range
range of the concentration of a flammable substance in air, within which an explosion can occur
3.16
explosion-resistant
property of vessels and equipment designed to be either explosion-pressure-resistant or explosion-pressureshock resistant
3.17
explosion-pressure-resistant
property of vessels and equipment designed to withstand the expected explosion pressure without becoming
permanently deformed
3.18
explosion-pressure-shock resistant
property of vessels and equipment designed to withstand the expected explosion pressure without rupturing,
but allowing permanent deformation
3.19
explosive atmosphere
a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, mist or
dust in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture
3.20
flash point
the lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off vapours in
quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture
[IEV 426-02-14]
3.21
hazardous explosive atmosphere
explosive atmosphere which, if it explodes, causes damage
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
3.22
hybrid mixture
mixture of flammable substances with air in different physical states
NOTE
Examples of hybrid mixtures are mixtures of methane, coal dust and air or mixtures of gasoline vapour and
gasoline droplets with air
3.23
inerting
addition of inert substances to prevent explosive atmospheres 3.24
intended use
use of equipment, protective systems and devices in accordance with the equipment group and category as
specified in 3.41, and taking into account all the information supplied by the manufacturer which is required for
the safe functioning of equipment, protective systems and devices
3.24
limiting oxygen concentration (LOC)
maximum oxygen concentration in a mixture of a flammable substance and air and an inert gas, in which an
explosion will not occur, determined under specified test conditions
3.25
machinery
assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate actuators, control
and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular for the processing, treatment,
moving or packaging of a material (material is equivalent to substance or product)
term "machinery" also covers an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged
and controlled so that they function as an integral whole
3.26
malfunction
equipment, protective systems and components do not perform the intended function
NOTE
For the purposes of this standard this can happen due to a variety of reasons, including
variation of a property or of a dimension of the processed material or of the workpiece;

failure of one (or more) of component parts of the equipment, protective systems or components;
external disturbances (e.g. shocks, vibration, electromagnetic fields);
design error or deficiency (e.g. software errors);
disturbance of the power supply or other services;
loss of control by the operator (especially for hand-held machines).
3.27
maximum experimental safe gap (MESG)
maximum gap of the joint between the two parts of the interior chamber of a test apparatus which, when the
internal gas mixture is ignited and under specified conditions, prevents ignition of the external gas mixture
through a 25 mm long joint, for all concentrations of the tested gas or vapour in air. The MESG is a property of
the respective gas mixture (see also IEC 60050-426)
3.28
maximum explosion pressure (pmax)
maximum pressure occurring in a closed vessel during the explosion of an explosive atmosphere determined
under specified test conditions
3.29
maximum rate of explosion pressure rise ((dp/dt)max)
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
maximum value of the pressure rise per unit time during explosions of all explosive atmospheres in the
explosive range of a combustible substance in a closed vessel under specified test conditions
3.30
minimum ignition energy (MIE)
lowest electrical energy stored in a capacitor which upon discharge is sufficient to effect ignition of the most
ignitable atmosphere under specified test conditions
3.31
minimum ignition temperature of an explosive atmosphere
ignition temperature of a combustible gas or of a vapour of a combustible liquid or the minimum ignition
temperature of a dust cloud under specified test conditions (CH4 560C)
3.32
ignition temperature (of a combustible gas or of a combustible liquid)
the lowest temperature of a heated surface at which, under specified conditions, the ignition of a flammable
substance in the form of a gas or vapour mixture with air will occur
NOTE IEC publication 79-4 standardizes a method for the determination of this temperature.
[IEV 426-02-01]
3.33
minimum ignition temperature of a dust cloud
lowest temperature of a hot surface on which the most ignitable mixture of the dust with air is ignited under
specified test conditions (coal dust >> 560C)
3.34
minimum ignition temperature of a dust layer
lowest temperature of a hot surface at which ignition occurs in a dust layer under specified test conditions
(coal dust 150 C)
3.35
normal operation
situation when the equipment, protective systems and components perform their intended function within their
design parameters
minor releases of flammable material may be part of normal operation. For example, releases of substances
from seals which rely on wetting by the fluid which is being pumped are considered to be minor releases
failures (such as a breakdown of pump seals, flange gaskets or releases of substances caused by accidents)
which involve repair or shut-down are not considered to be part of normal operation
3.36
potentially explosive atmosphere
atmosphere which could become explosive due to local and operational conditions
3.37
protective system
"protective system" means design units which are intended to halt incipient explosions immediately and/or to
limit the effective range of explosion flames and explosion pressures. Protective systems may be integrated
into equipment or separately placed on the market for use as autonomous systems
3.38
reduced explosion pressure
pressure generated by an explosion of an explosive atmosphere in a vessel protected by either explosion
relief or explosion suppression
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
3.39
self-ignition of dust in bulk
ignition of dusts caused by the rate of heat generation from oxidation and/or decomposition reactions of the
dust being greater than the rate of heat loss to the surroundings
3.40
equipment protection level
EPL
level of protection assigned to equipment based on its likelihood of becoming a source of ignition and
distinguishing the differences between explosive gas atmospheres, explosive dust atmospheres, and the
explosive atmospheres in mines susceptible to firedamp
NOTE
The equipment protection level may optionally be employed as part of a complete risk assessment of an
installation, see IEC 60079-14.
3.41
EPL Mb
equipment for installation in a mine susceptible to firedamp, having a "high" level of protection, which has
sufficient security that it is unlikely to become a source of ignition in normal operation or during expected
malfunctions in the time span between there being an outbreak of gas and the equipment being de-energized
3.42
type of protection constructional safety "c"
a type of ignition protection in which constructional measures are applied so as to protect against the possibility
of ignition from hot surfaces, sparks and adiabatic compression generated by moving parts
3.43
protection by control of ignition source 'b'
device in non-electrical equipment, whereby (an) integral sensor(s) detect(s) impending operation likely to cause
an ignition of the surrounding atmosphere and initiate either automatic or manual ignition control measures to
prevent a potential ignition source becoming an effective ignition source.
3.44
liquid immersion k
a type of protection in which potential ignition sources are made ineffective or separated from the flammable
atmosphere by either totally immersing them in a protective liquid, or by partially immersing and continuously
coating their active surfaces with a protective liquid in such a way that an explosive atmosphere which may be
above the liquid, or outside the equipment enclosure cannot be ignited.
3.45
expected malfunction
disturbances or equipment faults which normally occur in practice
3.46
rare malfunction
type of malfunction which is known to happen but only in rare instances. Two independent foreseeable
malfunctions which, separately, would not create an ignition hazard but which, in combination, do create an
ignition hazard, are regarded as a single rare malfunction
3.47
maximum surface temperature
highest temperature attained in service as determined in ISO/CD 80079-36:2010-12, under the most adverse
operating conditions (but within the recognised tolerance) by any part or surface of equipment, protective system
or component which can produce an ignition of the surrounding explosive atmosphere
NOTE 1
The relevant surface temperature can be internal or external depending upon the type of ignition protection
concerned.
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
NOTE 2
In order to avoid ignition it follows that the maximum surface temperature should be lower than the ignition
temperature of the explosive atmosphere.
Alternative definition:
the highest temperature attained in service under the most adverse operating conditions within the rating of
the electrical apparatus by any part or any surface of the apparatus which could produce an ignition of the
surrounding explosive atmosphere
NOTE The most adverse operating conditions include recognized overloads and any fault condition
recognized in the specific standard for the type of protection concerned. [IEV 426-01-04]
3.48
type of ignition protection
types of protection listed in the scope
Alternative definition:
the specific measures applied to electrical apparatus to avoid ignition of a surrounding explosive atmosphere
by such apparatus [IEV 426-01-02]
3.49
non-electrical equipment
equipment which can achieve its intended function without the use of electrical energy
3.50
potential ignition source
any ignition source which may occur in the equipment
3.51
effective ignition source
ignition source which is capable of igniting the explosive atmosphere
3.52
mechanical sparks
sparks, as well as showers of sparks, produced by impact or friction between two similar or dissimilar solid
materials
3.53
incendive sparks
sparks with sufficient thermal energy to ignite a flammable atmosphere
3.54
automatic control measure
action taken without manual intervention, to prevent a potential ignition source from becoming an effective
ignition source
3.55
manual control measure
action taken by a person as a result of a warning, indication, or alarm, to prevent a potential ignition source
from becoming an effective ignition source
3.56
ignition prevention system (IPS)
arrangement that converts signals from one or more sensors into an action, or indication, to prevent a
potential ignition source becoming an effective ignition source
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31M/46/CD
3.57
ignition prevention level (IPL)
level assigned to the ignition prevention system characterized by its reliability
3.58
protective liquid
a liquid which prevents the explosive atmosphere from making direct contact with potential ignition sources
and thereby ensures it cannot be ignited.
3.59
equipment with a sealed enclosure
totally enclosed equipment that prevents the ingress of an external atmosphere during the expansion and
contraction of the internally contained protective liquid during use in service. Such equipment includes any
pipework associated with it and may contain an over pressure relief device.
3.60
equipment with a vented enclosure
totally enclosed equipment that allows the ingress and egress of an external atmosphere through a breathing
device or constricted opening during the expansion and contraction of the internally contained protective fluid
during normal operation. Such equipment includes any pipework associated with it.
3.61
open equipment
equipment that has its components or is itself immersed in a protective liquid that is open to the external
atmosphere. For example, an open top vessel with immersed moving components. Such equipment includes
any pipework associated with it.
3.62
Hydraulic fluids
all fluids and their concentrates for hydraulic transmission and monitoring with exception of water
Requirements for equipment (machines) and components
4.1 General
All electrical and non-electrical equipment and components for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere shall
be designed and constructed to good engineering practice and in conformity with requirements of group I EPL
Mb equipment to ensure that ignition sources do not occur. Maintenance and testing shall be considered as
part of good engineering practice (see 7.2.2).
To specify the category of the equipment, it shall be subject to a certification in accordance with IEC 60079-0
for electrical equipment and subject to an ignition hazard assessment in accordance with 4.2 for non-electrical
equipment.
NOTE 1
Where necessary, to determine any local conditions of use that affect the ignition hazard assessment,
negotiations may need to take place between the manufacturer or authorized representative, purchaser and/or user.
NOTE 2
Examples of the ignition hazard assessment for various types of mining machinery have been included in the
informative Annexes A and B. These are based on specific machines, but are not definitive and can contain alternatives.
Manufacturers are required to carry out an ignition hazard assessment for each individual machine and determine the
most appropriate measures to prevent those ignition sources becoming effective.
In particular, the following requirements according to ISO/CD 80079-36 apply to all machines and shall be
taken into account:
the need to restrict the maximum surface temperature;
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
the need to meet the electrostatic requirements;

the need to restrict the use of exposed light metals;
the need to perform tests on non-metallic parts on which the ignition protection depends to ensure they
will not deteriorate in the conditions of use in mines and cause the protection to be lost (see also clause
6).
NOTE 3
To meet the requirements for maximum surface temperature, the assessment needs to be made at the
maximum duty cycle that the equipment is subject to in operation. This can be based on a combination of direct
measurement of the equipment under test, calculation or previous experience.
Equipment may be prevented from exceeding the maximum surface temperature by one, or a combination of,
the following measures:
continuous rating of the equipment so that it can easily cope with the maximum duty cycle;
a suitable short-time rating of the equipment;
additional cooling systems;
shut-down devices measuring the temperature of either the surface or the cooling system;
limitation of power transfer through the equipment, e.g. current limitation of motor supply or
disengagement of mechanical power.
Where the means of limiting the surface temperature is not by continuous rating, the manufacturer has to
specify the special conditions of safe use in the user instructions, e.g. maximum oil temperature at which the
equipment is automatically de-energized.
NOTE 4
Welding, cutting, grinding, burning and other processes involving naked flames and/or open sparking are
normally prohibited in coal and other gassy mines unless special precautions are taken. Machines intended for use in
potentially explosive atmospheres should therefore be constructed so that such processes are not normally required to
assemble, dismantle, maintain or repair machinery underground in a gassy mine.
In addition to the requirements for non-metallic materials specified in IEC 60079-0 and ISO/CD 80079-36,
where such materials can be an ignition source, they shall be fire-resistant (see 6.2).
4.2 Ignition hazard assessment

4.2.1
Formal analysis
All equipment and all parts of it shall be subjected to a formal documented hazard analysis that identifies and
lists all of the potential sources of ignition by the equipment and the measures to be applied to prevent them
becoming effective. Examples of such sources include hot surfaces, naked flames, hot gases/liquids,
mechanically generated sparks, adiabatic compression, shock waves, exothermic chemical reaction, thermite
reactions, self ignition of dust, electrical arcing and static electricity discharge.
Protective measures/types of protection shall be considered and/or applied in the following order:
ensure that ignition sources cannot arise;
ensure that ignition sources cannot become effective;
prevent explosive atmosphere reaching the ignition source;
contain the explosion and prevent flame propagation.
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The assessment shall list all of the potential ignition sources that are either effective or likely to become effective,
in normal operation. It shall also list those sources where the risk of them becoming effective cannot be
disregarded by virtue of the equipment being designed to be de-energised in the event of an explosive
atmosphere occurring. The assessment shall indicate the measures to prevent the ignition used according to this
standard and to the ignition protection standards listed in the scope of this standard which have been applied to
render such ignition sources ineffective during the period from the occurrence of the explosive atmosphere, its
detection and the de-energisation of the equipment.
4.2.2
Assessment with faults
The assessment for malfunction shall include those components which, if they failed, could ignite any flammable
substance (e.g. lubricating oil) contained within the equipment and which could consequently become or create
an ignition source.
4.2.3
Establishing the maximum surface temperature
As part of the assessment, the maximum surface temperature of the equipment has to be established. This is
the highest surface temperature of any part of the equipment that could be exposed to the potentially explosive
atmosphere, or where a dust layer could form, taking account of its size and ability to become an ignition source.
The assessment shall also take account of any integral device(s) fitted to limit the maximum surface temperature
(e.g. the use of a low melting point fusible drain plug in a fluid coupling).
The measurement, or determination by calculation, of the maximum surface temperature shall be made with the
equipment at full load, but with those failures tolerated by the applied type of ignition protection.
4.2.4
Dust deposits and other material in the gap of moving parts
The ignition hazard assessment shall consider the ignition risk that arises from dust or other material trapped
between two moving parts or a moving part and a fixed part. If dust or other material remains in contact with the
same moving part for a long period, it can heat up and can cause a burning deposit of dust or other material
which can later ignite a dust cloud. Even slow moving parts can cause a large rise in temperature.
4.2.5
Ignition hazard assessment report
The assessment document will differ according to the different equipment groups and categories of equipment in
a particular group. The results of the ignition hazard assessment shall include as a minimum, information on all
potential ignition sources, the measures which have been applied to prevent the sources becoming effective,
and the ignition protection used. The results shall include a record in a tabular form as shown in Figure 1 below.
Potential ignition source
Measures applied to prevent the

source becoming effective
Ignition protection used
( 1)
(2)
(3)
Figure 1 Assessment table for Group I equipment

NOTE
By definition, EPL Mb equipment is required to incorporate a high level of ignition protection irrespective of the
fact that it is intended to be de-energised in the event of an explosive atmosphere. This means that ignition protection can
have to be applied to some potential sources where, although not present in normal operation, the risk of them becoming
effective cannot be discounted.
The hazard assessment report shall be included in the required technical documentation which demonstrates
compliance with this standard.
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4.2.6
Ignition sources
The ignition capability of the ignition source shall be compared with the ignition properties of the flammable
substance.
The likelihood of occurrence of the effective ignition sources shall be assessed, taking into account those that
can be introduced e.g. by maintenance and cleaning activities.
NOTE
Protective measures can be used to make the ignition source non-effective.
If the likelihood of occurrence of an effective ignition source cannot be estimated, the assumption shall be
made that the ignition source is present at all times.
The different ignition sources are to be considered as follows. Detailed requirements see Annex C.
Hot surfaces
Flames and hot gases (including hot particles)
Mechanically generated sparks
Electrical apparatus
Stray electric currents
Static electricity
Lightning
Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from 104 Hz to 3 1012 Hz (high frequency)
Electromagnetic waves from 3 1011 Hz to 3. 1015 Hz
Ionizing radiation
Ultrasonics
Adiabatic compression and shock waves
Exothermic reactions, including self-ignition of dusts
4.3 Non-electrical equipment and components

All non-electrical equipment and components (including parts used within the machine in order to connect
them), shall comply with the requirements of ISO/CD 80079-36 and, where necessary, one of the other types
of ignition protection listed in that standard, except where specific requirements exist in this International
Standard, e.g. the fitting of water spray ignition protection to cutting picks.
NOTE 1
ISO/CD 80079-36 deals with ignition protection of non-electrical equipment and components intended for use
in both potentially explosive gas atmospheres and potentially explosive dust atmospheres, existing either separately, or
combined.
NOTE 2
Examples of ignition protection standards particularly relevant to mining are:
Protection by constructional safety c (see ISO/CD 80079-37);

Protection by control of ignition sources 'b' (see ISO/CD 80079-37);
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Protection by liquid immersion k (see ISO/CD 80079-37).
4.4 Electrical equipment and components

4.4.1
General
Electrical equipment and components shall be of rugged construction in accordance with the application and
be designed in a manner that will facilitate testing and maintenance. They shall be well constructed, based on
sound engineering principles and suitable for their intended use.
All electrical equipment and components shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60079-0 and at least one
of the types of ignition protection listed in that standard.
NOTE 1
IEC 60079-0 deals primarily with the ignition protection of electrical equipment and components intended for
use in potentially explosive gas atmospheres. For gassy mines, equipment tested in an explosive gas atmosphere and
protected against igniting firedamp is also adequately protected against ignition of an explosive coal dust cloud.
NOTE 2
Examples of ignition protection standards particularly relevant to mining are:
IEC 60079-1 (Flameproof enclosure "d");

IEC 60079-7 (Increased safety "e");
IEC 60079-11 (Intrinsic safety "i").
As a general rule, electrical equipment on machines shall comply with IEC 60204-1 and IEC 60204-11, except
where the differences are stated in the following clauses of this International Standard.
Where protective measures depend on devices external to the machine, the manufacturer shall specify these
in the user instructions. For the purposes of this International Standard, the requirements below commence at
the point where the electrical supply is connected to the machine (terminals, plug and socket).
NOTE 3
4.4.2
All terms used to describe electrical devices are as defined in IEC 60050-441.
Electrical equipment protection
When electrical equipment is used in a potentially explosive atmosphere, the conditions of use specified in the
certificate of conformity to IEC 600790 shall be complied with.
NOTE
Typical conditions for safe use might, for example, include the minimum flow of cooling water, temperature
protection settings, duty cycle (short time rating).
4.4.3
4.4.3.1
Overcurrent protection
Overload protection
For the protection of motors and their supply cables against overloading, the requirements of IEC 60204-1 and
IEC 60204-11 shall apply.
NOTE 1
The objective is to ensure that the maximum surface temperature is in accordance with IEC 60079-0.
Possible overloads or temperature rises may be caused by:

a) high starting frequency;
b) starting under load.
Motors that are likely to be overloaded shall additionally be protected by temperature monitoring devices.
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The setting of the overload tripping device may be above the nominal current of the motor if it is monitored by
direct temperature monitoring, in accordance with the certificate of conformity to IEC 600790.
NOTE 2
Such direct temperature monitoring is typically achieved by locating temperature sensors in the motor stator
windings, near to the bearings.
Protection against overload shall be achieved by the use of fuses, directly-operating trip relays, currenttransformer-operated trip relays or thermal trip devices, etc. Depending on the system, combinations of the
above might be required.
Overload protection shall not be provided if:
a hazard is caused by its operation, e.g. the prevention of high voltages on secondary windings of current
transformers, or tripping of exciter windings in generators or synchronous motors, or electrical braking
circuits and
its exclusion is in accordance with the certificate of conformity to IEC 600790.
Overload protection devices shall be installed at the beginning of each circuit and at positions where the
current-carrying capacity of a conductor is reduced.
4.4.3.2
Short-circuit protection
Short-circuit protection shall be provided to protect in the event of a short-circuit occurring in any part of the
circuit being protected except IS circuits (see IEC 60079-11).
Short-circuit protection may be incorporated in or external to the electrical equipment.
Facilities to prevent resetting by unauthorized persons shall be provided.
All external cables installed on a mobile machine shall be provided with short-circuit protection that will
adequately protect the smallest cross section area cable that it is protecting.
4.4.4
Earth-fault protection
The requirements of IEC 60204-1 and IEC 60204-11 shall apply insofar as they describe shock-hazard
protection and include automatic disconnection of the supply if an insulation fault occurs.
NOTE 1 The specific design depends on network configuration and should allow for connection to a disconnecting device
that automatically interrupts the power supply to a machine if either the insulation of a supply cable is faulty or a fault
occurs in the machine circuits. Information should be provided in the user instructions about the connection of the machine
to the electrical system of the mine.
All enclosures and exposed metallic parts of electrical equipment and components capable of igniting a
firedamp/air atmosphere or a coal dust/air cloud shall be electrically connected together and to a continuous
protective conductor (individual external conductor or integrated into a multi-core cable).
Earth-fault protection shall be provided by either a) or b) below:
a)
the protection shall be designed such that when one phase is connected to earth (protective
conductor) in a system having near infinite insulation resistance, the protection system shall operate
when the earth- fault current attains a value greater than 20 % of the prospective earth-fault current,
or
NOTE 2 For mines having a potentially explosive atmosphere, the connection between the protective conductor and
the other conductors will usually have an earth-fault current restricting device fitted in order to limit the maximum
prospective earth current in the power system to a value below that specified in national legislation.
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b) the insulation resistance between live conductors and the protective conductor shall be monitored. The
design of the earth-fault monitoring device shall ensure that faulty components in the circuit are
disconnected.
The reconnection of power to the equipment while an insulation fault persists shall be prevented.
In the case of battery-powered traction vehicles and vehicles with on-board starter batteries, the insulation
level between the vehicle frame or earth or bonded metallic parts and the positive and negative poles shall be
continuously monitored. Indication shall be given to the vehicle operator if the insulation level between any
pole and the vehicle frame, earth or metallic parts falls to a level below a fixed value.
NOTE 3
4.4.5
Permissible values are stipulated in national legislation.
Mechanical protection of live parts
All electrical equipment on machines, including cables and components shall protected against all forms of
damage expected in mining conditions (impact, rubbing, crushing) which could cause an ignition risk, e.g. an
arc resulting from a short-circuit of live conductors.
4.4.6
4.4.6.1
Electric cables that are part of the equipment

Cable arrangements
All external cables installed on a mobile machine shall be

a)
arranged clear of moving parts;
b)
provided with short-circuit protection that will adequately protect the smallest cross section area
cable that it is protecting;
c)
protected from hot surfaces that may adversely affect the insulation of cables and moving parts;
d)
arranged so as to prevent excessive bending or twisting;
e)
clamped in place to prevent undue movement;
f)
protected from mechanical damage by being correctly positioned;
g)
protected from abrasions caused by movement of hydraulic lines;
h)
of the same temperature rating as the environment in which they are installed.
4.4.6.2
Cable protection hoses
Where cables are mechanically protected by cable protection hoses the hoses shall be flame resistant antistatic. Consideration should be given to the identification of hoses and to differentiate between electrical and
other applications, e.g. hydraulics.
4.4.6.3
Cables used in intrinsically safe systems
Cables used in intrinsically safe systems shall comply with IEC 60079-11 and IEC 60079-25.
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Additional requirements for specific equipment and components
5.1 Cutting and stripping equipment

5.1.1
General
Where there is a risk of the cutting picks igniting the atmosphere, they shall be designed so as to minimize the
risk of frictional heat and/or sparks.
NOTE 1
The risk of ignition by the cutting picks is usually associated with the following conditions:
a)
an ignitable concentration of firedamp may occur in the cutting zone around the picks;
b)
the strata that might be contacted contains quartz;
c)
the strata contain deposits of pyrites.
In selecting the type of cutting picks - to minimize frictional sparking - the user instructions shall specify:
the type of picks to be used;
their acceptable wear limits;
a safe method of pick replacement;
a requirement that the user determines a checking frequency.
Interlocks shall have a performance level (PL) in accordance with ISO 13849-1 or a safety integrity Level (SIL)
in accordance with IEC 62061.
NOTE 2
The interlocks are not all required on all machines, but the information provides a guide to what may be
required on individual machines.
5.1.2
5.1.2.1
Machines with cutting picks

General
Any machine intended to be used under the conditions described in 5.1.1 shall incorporate a system that has
been proven by testing to provide ignition protection. This system shall have either ventilation to the cutting
zone or water sprays to the cutting picks or a combination of both. The effectiveness of the protection system
should be validated by the manufacturer and operating parameters determined and specified in the user
instructions. The minimum water pressure and/or flow should be specified by assessing the ignition risk
according to 4.2.
5.1.2.2
Water spray systems
Where these systems are used, the machines shall incorporate a water spray system directed at the cutting
picks. It also includes a device for monitoring the pressure and/or water flow to the spray system. An interlock
shall be connected into the machine control circuit to prevent the rotating cutting tools from operating unless
the minimum pressure and/or flow of water is present in the water spray system.
The above does not apply to end-ring picks of shearer loaders that cannot be sprayed.
NOTE
Research has shown that the most likely ignition location within the cutting zone is at the rear of the cutting
pick where hot particles or surfaces occur.
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5.1.2.3
31M/46/CD
Air dilution systems
Where these systems are used, machines shall incorporate a means to dilute combustible gases around the
cutting picks. In these cases, a disconnection device shall be provided to either continuously monitor the air
flow or the equipment that produces it. An interlock shall be connected to machine monitoring circuit to
prevent the cutting picks from being operated before there is a minimum amount of air in the cutting zone
5.1.3
Stripping machines
Stripping machines, such as ploughs, shall have an interlock arranged so that they cannot be started unless a
water spray system is operating. Such spray systems may be positioned either at, or on, the stripping head or
applied to the particular section of the face being mined.
5.2 Rope haulages for level and inclined transport

For rope-hauled systems for level and inclined transport systems, excessive heat caused by frictional slipping
between the haulage ropes and the drive pulley wheel/drum shall be avoided, for example, by maintaining the
correct tension on the rope using a suitable rope tensioning device.
For endless rope systems, at least 2,5 laps of rope or a larger number of laps if specified by the manufacturer
shall be maintained on the drive pulley wheel/drum.
The user instructions shall include information about the correct positioning and siting of idler rollers, guide
rollers and runners and any other precautions needed to avoid seizure by contamination from water, dust and
dirt.
The user instructions shall include information on the recommended inspection intervals necessary to
detect/observe impending roller failures.
5.3 Fans
5.3.1
5.3.1.1
Ventilating fans for use underground

General
Ventilating fans for underground use may also be used for cooling and dust removal.
Fan casings shall be rigid and capable of withstanding without deformation the loads and impacts that might
normally be encountered in mining operations. They shall be made from mild steel in accordance with ISO
4952 and the minimum material thickness shall be 5 mm.
5.3.1.2
Bifurcated and centrifugal fans
Bifurcated fans with casings having a material thickness of less than 8 mm shall have additional strengthening
in the form of roll bars or similar means.
Casings of mixed flow or centrifugal bifurcated or volute fans shall have a separate inlet cone which shall be
adjusted to suit the impeller position, securely fixed and then locked in position by two offset spiral dowel pins.
5.3.1.3
Inlet and outlet cones
Inlet cones for mixed flow and centrifugal fans shall be rigid and constructed to a tolerance of 1,5 mm on
diameter.
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5.3.1.4
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Impellers and impeller rings
Impellers shall be designed and constructed to minimize locations where a build-up of combustible dust might
occur.
5.3.1.5
Clearance
For bifurcated and axial fans having the motor bolted into the casing with the impeller attached, the radial
clearance shall be specified in the user instructions.
For bifurcated and axial fans, the minimum axial clearance shall be 1,5 mm between the impeller and the
casing. If materials other than those of low ignition risk are used, the clearance between rotating and static
parts shall be not less than 1/250 of the casing diameter, but need not exceed 5 mm. Inlet cones may be
constructed entirely from materials of low ignition risk (see Table 1).
5.3.1.6
Balancing
Impellers shall be balanced and corrections made by fixing an appropriate mass to the impeller. Before
balancing, the impeller shall be in a clean condition and free of rust and scale. Once the impeller is fitted to the
actual motor rotor, the rotating parts of the completed fan shall have a balance quality better than G 6,3 as
described in ISO 1940-1:2003.
5.3.1.7
Overheating of the fan motor
At an air density of 1,4 kg/m 3, the power required to drive the fan at the point on the fan characteristic curve
with the steepest possible impeller blade setting shall not exceed the appropriate motor power given on the
rating plate.
5.3.1.8
Materials
In order to minimize the risk of ignition by sparking between impeller and fan casing, all fan casings shall be
provided with static rings of low ignition risk material according to Table 1 at potential rubbing points. The
clearances between the impellers and fixed parts of casings or inlet cones shall not be less than those shown
in Table 1.
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Table 1 Combination of materials

Material used for the
rubbing track
Material used for the impeller

Cu Zn 39 b
High grade steel

X 5 CrNi 18 9
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
Cu Zn 39 b
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
High grade steel
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
AlSi10Mg(a)
AlSi10Mg(a)
AlSi12(a)
EN AB 43000 a
EN AB 44200
(1)
EN AB 43000 a
AlSi12(a)
EN AB 44200 a
X5 CrNi 18 9
Steel S235JR c
Low ignition risk for:
(1)
Combination of materials with low ignition risk:

radial clearance 1 mm or 1/1 000 of the impeller diameter, whichever is the greater.
(2)
Combination of materials with low ignition risk:

radial clearance 1,5 mm
For both cases, the rubbing track rings shall be formed with a thickness of not less than 3 mm.
(3)
Combination of materials with higher ignition risk:

radial clearance at least 1/250 of the impeller diameter, but need not exceed 5 mm.
NOTE
The use of these light alloys in this application reduces the risk of ignition. National legislation
may restrict some of these combinations of materials.
5.3.2
See EN 1676 (No International Standard available)
See EN 12163 (No International Standard available)
See EN 10025-2 (No International Standard available)
Other fans
Fans used typically on machines for cooling and/or dust extraction shall comply with the following
requirements:
the inlet to the fan shall have ingress protection against solid objects to at least IP2X as defined in
IEC 60529;
the outlet of the fan shall have an ingress protection of at least IP1X according to IEC 60529;
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in normal operation the clearances, taking into account design tolerances, between the rotating blades
and any fixed parts e.g. the hood, cowling or ventilation screens, shall be at least 1/100 of the maximum
diameter of the fan. These clearances need not exceed 5 mm and may be reduced to 1 mm if the
opposing parts are manufactured so as to have dimensional accuracy and stability. In no case shall the
clearance be less than 1 mm;
where plastics are used for parts of the fan, the thermal stability of the plastics material shall exceed the
maximum temperature to which the material is subjected in service by at least 20 K.
5.4 Diesel engines

5.4.1
General requirements
Diesel engines used in potentially explosive atmospheres in mines shall be explosion protected and comply
with the requirements as follows. Internal combustion engines for use in underground workings susceptible to
firedamp and/or combustible dust shall be designated by:
engine group I,
the category (EPL Mb),
the temperature given in 5.4.2.
NOTE
The following standards can be used to ensure explosion protection:
EN 1834-2 or AS/NZS 3584.2, AS/NZS 3584.3, AS/NZS 2784

USA recent regulations refer to 30 CFR 36.23, 36.25, 36.27, 36.31, 36.32, 36.48, 36.50.
The main sources of ignition by Diesel engines are:

Hot surfaces,
Flames and hot gases,
Mechanically generated sparks,
Electrical apparatus and systems,
Static electricity.
No ignition of the explosive atmosphere outside the enclosure by hot surfaces, hot gases, flames, sparks or
electrical apparatus shall occur.
Machines fitted with combustion engines shall be equipped with portable fire extinguishers and, where
necessary, an automatic fire extinguishing system to satisfy clause 4.2. If the fire extinguisher is not supplied
by the manufacturer, the manufacturer's instructions shall specify the type of fire extinguisher.
Automatic shutdown shall be provided for engine overspeed. Provision for manual override may be supplied
for the case of the vehicle being used for emergency escape. Automatic means shall be provided to give an
alarm for the conditions mentioned below. Shutdown of the engine or a combination of alarms and shutdown
may be provided subject to applications.
Shut down shall be fail to safety. It shall not be possible to restart the engine until the shutdown system has
been manually reset.
Conditions for automatic shut down or otherwise automatic protection of the engine:
Coolant over-temperature in the liquid cooled system;
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
Low lubricating oil pressure;

Low water level in cooling system;
Low water level in water based flame arresters;
Over-temperature of the exhaust gas;
High surface temperature for air cooled engines;
High engine oil temperature;
High hydraulic oil temperature.
In addition to these conditions and this clause of this International Standard, the engine shall also be shut
down automatically in the event of actuation of any on-board automatic fire extinguisher. Alternatively, where
loss of engine power may result in loss of power steering etc., the engine may be reduced to idling rather than
be shut down. The fire extinguishing system shall cover the combustion engine and other parts of the machine
at risk from fire.
It shall also be possible to discharge them manually and from control consoles on the machine.
Provision should be made for recording of engine system functions by data logging. Such provisions could
include engine stop (shutdown) function, engine revolutions, driver details, service and maintenance data.
5.4.2
Flames and hot gases
To avoid overspeeding and/or overheating of the engine caused by firedamp entering the intake air system or
by an engine defect, a monitoring and control system shall be provided on the engine. The time delay from the
point of methane detection to the point of engine shutdown and stop shall be such that it does not create a
hazard to endanger personnel. The system shall ensure that any exposed surface does not exceed the
maximum surface temperature and shall be arranged to stop the engine automatically if the permissible levels
specified by the manufacturer are exceeded.
As an alternative, and if supported by the ignition hazard assessment (see 4.2), the engine may be reduced to
idling rather than shut down in the case of excessive coolant temperature or of excessive exhaust gas
temperature.
NOTE
This is usually achieved by monitoring the cooling water temperature, exhaust gas temperature or lubricating
oil temperature.
The exhaust system is always considered to discharge into a hazardous area. Each exhaust system shall be
fitted with a flame arrester and a spark arrester.
The maximum surface temperature shall not exceed 150 C. For underground workings without combustible
dust this maximum temperature shall not exceed 450 C.
5.4.3
Mechanically generated sparks
Fuel tanks shall be of metallic construction, protected against corrosion, and shall be mounted in such a
position as to be protected from mechanical damage. The tank shall pass a tightness test at a pressure of at
least 20 kPa.
The use of light metal alloys shall be minimized. For externally accessible components which may cause
ignition by impact or friction, metallic materials shall not contain, by weight more than 15 % in total of
aluminium, magnesium, titanium and zirconium and more than 7,5 % in total of magnesium, titanium and
zirconium. Components exceeding these limits, shall only be used if they are guarded or protected by a
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
suitable anti-incendive sparking coating e.g. a coating of 0,1 mm thick zinc hot sprayed base and 2 coats of
zinc silicate paint or equivalent to prevent impact and friction sparks. Paints and coatings shall not contain
more than 15 % by weight in total of the metals aluminium, magnesium, titanium or more than 6 % in total of
magnesium and titanium. Only paints and coatings of high durability shall be used. Maintenance information
shall be made available to maintain the durability of the paint to prevent exposed light metal alloy.
Rotating components external to the engine (e.g. fan hubs, fan blades, pulleys) shall not be of light metal.
5.4.4
Electrical apparatus and systems
Equipment constructed according to IEC 60079-6 shall not contain flammable oil.
The electrical equipment installation for engines shall be bipolar with the exception that the electrical circuit for
a glow plug or other electrical start aid may use the engine cylinder block as part of the earth return circuit for
the period during which the start aid circuit is in operation. When not in operation both positive and negative
connections shall be isolated from the power supply. For mobile equipment, conventional electric starters may
also be used provided the electrical supply is off-engine and sited such that the starter can be used only in a
non-hazardous area.
5.4.5
Static electricity
Plastic materials shall only be used for external parts if there is no possibility of ignition by electrostatic
discharge.
This is achieved if:
the surface resistance does not exceed 109
measured in accordance with or
the electrostatically chargeable surface area is limited to 100 cm 2 or

the thickness of the non conducting material over the conducting layers or metal gauze is not greater than
2 mm. When metal gauze is used for the conducting layer the mesh width shall not exceed 100 cm2.
All external and accessible parts surfaces shall be electrically bonded to the engine cylinder block in order to
reach potential equalisation. It is not necessary to connect parts by means of a separate conductors if these
parts are firmly secured and are in metallic contact with the cylinder block.
5.4.6
Electrical protection
The following protection shall be provided:

a)
The electrical supply systems shall use a return conductor and shall not be connected to the frame of
the vehicle.
b)
Auto reset protection systems shall not be permitted.
c)
Protection shall be provided to detect any insulation failure between active conductors and the
machine frame. All sources of supply shall be disconnected to the point of fault.
d)
All electrical wiring shall be fully enclosed to provide protection. Cables used in intrinsically safe
systems located in engine compartments may be excluded if it is installed in a manner which guards
against potential damage from the environment in which it is installed.
NOTE
e)
22
Flame resistant antistatic hose, armoured cable or metal conduit is considered adequate.
Alternators shall be fitted with integral protection that detects and acts upon leakage to frame, short
circuits between active conductors, intermittent faults and overvoltage.
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
f)
The output of the alternator shall be automatically regulated to maintain voltage within the rating of
the load; e.g. lights, electronic control systems.
g)
Where under voltage may cause a hazard, protection shall be provided.
5.5 Air compressors

The input driving power to a compressor shall be interrupted automatically if the temperature of any exposed
part exceeds the maximum surface temperature (normally 150 C at every stage of pressure increase). In the
case of multi-stage compressors, the temperature shall be measured at every stage of pressure increase and
at the discharge air outlet.
NOTE 1
All parts of the compressor that are subject to oil residues and other deposits could be a significant ignition
risk. Regular maintenance should be carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions.
NOTE 2
The methane content of compressed air should be considered.
Where oil injection is used on a compressor, the air temperature shall be limited to 100 C at every stage of
pressure increase.
5.6 Drilling equipment and components

Where drilling equipment and components are to be used in circumstances where there is a likelihood of there
being an ignition risk between the drilling tools and the material being drilled, the manufacturer shall ensure
that the drilling machine and drilling tools are not capable of creating hot surfaces or sparks. To achieve this,
the following shall apply:
a)
all drilling rods, drilling bits and power transmission connections on hammer and rotary drills shall be
positively engaged and driven by means other than friction so as not to be capable of producing
surface temperatures that are an ignition risk;
b)
if the ignition hazard assessment according to 4.2 results in an ignition hazard, all drilling bits of the
drilling equipment exceeding 3 kW drive power shall be provided with either mud flushing, water
flushing or air flushing to both cool the drilling bit and remove drill cuttings from the borehole;
c)
the hardness and wear limits of the drilling tools shall be given in the user instructions, based on the
type of use.
5.7 Brakes
5.7.1
Brakes used only for stopping in emergency
Brakes, designed to be used only for emergency stopping of equipment, shall be constructed to allow for the
maximum kinetic energy to be dissipated, neither shall the maximum surface temperature be exceeded nor
shall incendive sparks be generated at any part exposed to the potentially explosive atmosphere.
NOTE
For a low likelihood of response of an emergency stopping device the hazard assessment according to 4.2
can come to the result that no further means of protection relating to equipment in this category are necessary.
5.7.2
Service brakes (including friction brakes and fluid based retarders)
Service brakes shall be constructed to allow for the maximum kinetic energy to be dissipated so that neither
shall the maximum surface temperature be exceeded nor shall incendive sparks be generated at any part
exposed to the potentially explosive atmosphere.
NOTE
It will frequently be strongly recommended to take other protective measures to prevent sources of ignition
from developing.
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
5.7.3
31M/46/CD
Parking brakes
Parking brakes shall be fitted with an interlock which prevents the drive power being applied if the brake is not
fully released. Alternatively a control device shall be fitted.
5.8 Traction batteries, starter batteries and vehicle lighting batteries

Traction batteries, starter batteries and vehicle lighting batteries shall be equipped with a device (e.g. switch
or switch-disconnector) that automatically disconnects the machine circuit from the battery if:
a)
an external short-circuit or thermal overload occurs;
b)
in the case of rigid connection (i.e. guided rigid plug and socket) between a battery and a machine
the battery is removed before separating the contacts.
NOTE
In deciding to fit and use batteries on machines intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres,
manufacturers and users should bear in mind that neither the internal parts of the battery cell nor their terminals can be
de-energized when an explosive atmosphere occurs. Traction batteries, starter batteries and vehicle lighting batteries are
normally high-energy EPL Mb equipment, ignition-protected according to IEC 60079-7 as type "e" - increased safety
apparatus. Because of their construction, these batteries cannot be de-energized if an explosive atmosphere occurs
around them.
A switch-disconnector shall be positioned directly on the battery casing in order to de-energize the outgoing
cable.
All cables shall be protected against mechanical damage to prevent short-circuits. This also applies to
unprotected starter motor circuits on vehicles.
Where batteries are fitted for starting purposes or are feeding other power circuits, the following shall apply:
a)
batteries shall be positioned and secured to prevent movement or mechanical damage that could
cause the terminals to short-circuit (e.g. via the metal container). Housings shall be vented to release
electrolytic gases and be fire-resistant;
b)
battery terminals shall be protected against inadvertent contact, e.g. by insulating covers or shrouds.
5.9 Optical fibres used on machines and electromagnetic radiation from components on
machines
5.9.1
External pipes/optical fibres
5.9.1.1
The total energy, capable of being converted into an ignition capable heated surface or hot
particle, delivered by any pipe or fibre intended for continued operation in an explosive atmosphere, shall be
restricted to a level incapable of igniting firedamp or an explosive dust cloud in the event of its release, for
example, by damage to the pipe or fibre.
5.9.1.2
In the case of optical radiation, which is, or could be directed onto coal dust particles or other
particles suspended in the air, either in normal operation or as a result of damage to the conducting medium,
the radiated power shall be limited to:
a radiated power of less than 150 mW, or
a peak radiation flux of less than 20 mW/mm2
NOTE
The above values are derived from levels shown to be safe when optical radiation impinges on dust particles
suspended in methane/air mixtures in the form of an explosive atmosphere. They do not apply if the optical radiation can
impinge on a coal dust layer and cause local heating in excess of 150C. In such cases, the maximum radiation values will
have to be determined by tests which are outside the scope of this standard dealing with atmospheres.
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5.9.1.3
Where the optically radiated power is not limited by means of an infallible energy source, or by
the use of an infallible limiting device, and the optically radiated power is carried in a transmission medium
(e.g. an optical fibre cable) which can, if damaged, for example by guillotining, expose the optically radiated
power to a potentially explosive coal dust atmosphere, an interlock shall be provided which cuts off the
radiated power at the transmitter, if either the transmission medium, or the energy received at the remote
receiver becomes interrupted/lost.
5.9.1.4
5.9.2
The requirements of IEC 60079-28 shall apply.

Radio-frequency radiation from equipment
The amount of radio-frequency radiated power from equipment shall not exceed 6 W.
NOTE
Member State Governments may impose stricter limits for radiated power output for reasons other than the
risk of ignition of firedamp and/or coal dust. For example the avoidance of radio frequency ignition of electro-explosive
devices (commonly known as detonators) by radio transmitters.
5.10 Gas monitoring systems

Where a gas monitoring system is provided the system should have the following features:
a)
The trip mechanism should isolate the energy supply to the equipment;
b)
The monitor should give a visual warning that a predetermined concentration of explosive gas has
been reached.
c)
The monitor should be configured to cease operation of parts of the equipment when the explosive
gas concentration set point has been reached.
d)
A lockout mechanism that will prevent the restoration of energy to the equipment until the trip
mechanism is reset should be fitted. Following an explosive gas trip it shall not be possible to apply
energy to the equipment until the explosive gas concentration has fallen to safe levels.
e)
There should be a visual indication of the gas level.
f)
A system to override the trip mechanism may be provided to allow the safe withdrawal of the
equipment for repair and maintenance.
g)
Access to the override or reset mechanism should be restricted to authorised personnel;
h)
In case of a failure of the methane monitoring system, it should ensure the shut down of the
equipment. Indication of failure should be provided where possible.
NOTE 1
The relevant regulatory authority may require gas monitoring systems to be fitted to the equipment.
NOTE 2
reached.
Some regulatory authorities may require audible and visual warning when a predetermined gas level is
Fire protection
6.1 General
An ignition hazard assessment requires to include those components which, if they failed, could ignite any
flammable substances (e.g. lubricating oil) contained within the equipment and which could become or create
an ignition source. In the case of mining equipment, the ignition temperature of mineral oils or grease used to
lubricate moving parts is often below the maximum surface temperature allowed for firedamp. In some cases,
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there is also a risk that non-metallic substances, such as plastics, may also ignite before the surrounding
atmosphere is ignited. Where possible, fire-resistant materials shall be used. Where this is not possible, the
fire protection used shall prevent the atmosphere from igniting. The following paragraphs deal with specific
types of fire protection and the use of fire-resistant materials.
NOTE 1
Experience has shown that one of the major hazards is of bearing failure, which can ignite coal dust,
lubricants or other flammable substances. In addition, 4.2.6, also requires the identification of hazards from flames and hot
gases.
NOTE 2
National legislation may require further fire protection measures, and may also require certain machines to be
fitted with at least one portable fire extinguisher or adequate capacity and suitable extinguishing medium. Also, where the
users risk assessment indicates a need for additional provisions or machines present a greater risk of fire, they should be
provided with suitably designed fire extinguishing systems.
6.2 Non-metallic materials

All non-metallic materials shall meet the requirements for fire resistance when a naked flame is applied to
them, irrespective of whether or not they form part of the ignition protection.
Where a product standard includes a fire resistance test for the material used, it shall apply to that material.
Where no fire resistance test exists, the following test shall be used.
The test flame shall be as specified in ISO 340, the application period shall be 10 s and the burning time after
removal of the flame shall not exceed 15 s.
This does not apply to parts where the manufacturer's risk assessment has established that the
consequences of a fire are acceptable, e.g. materials with a mass < 0,5 kg, air filters, small pipes/ducting,
warning labels, seals, O-rings, shims and covers.
6.3 Hydraulic and pneumatic equipment

Pneumatic and hydraulic equipment of machinery shall be designed so that:
the maximum rated pressure cannot be exceeded in the circuits (e.g. by means of pressure limiting
devices);
no hazard results from pressure surges or rises, pressure losses or drops or losses of vacuum;
no hazardous fluid jet or sudden hazardous movement of the hose (whiplash) results from leakage or
component failures;
air receivers, air reservoirs or similar vessels (e.g. in gas loaded accumulators) comply with the design
rules for these elements;
all elements of the equipment, and especially pipes and hoses, be protected against harmful external
effects;
as far as possible, reservoirs and similar vessels (e.g. in gas loaded accumulators) are automatically
depressurized when isolating the machine from its power supply and, if it is not possible, means are
provided for their isolation, local depressurizing and pressure indication (see also ISO 14118:2000,
clause 5);
all elements which remain under pressure after isolation of the machine from its power supply be
provided with clearly identified exhaust devices, and a warning label drawing attention to the necessity of
depressurizing those elements before any setting or maintenance activity on the machine.
See also ISO 4413 and ISO 4414.
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To prevent ignition of the explosive atmosphere by burning liquid the power transmission fluid shall have a
suitable fire resistance rating.
NOTE 1
Hydraulic equipment should be designed and constructed to operate with hydraulic fluids for which the fluid
manufacturer has provided proof that they are fire-resistant (see ISO/CD 80079-37:2010-12, 5.8.5.5 and ISO 12922).
The fire resistance of hydraulic fluids will be proven by ISO 15029-1 or the "stabilized flame heat release
spray method" according to ISO/DIS 15029-2 (Buxton test, currently under review), and the wick test
according to ISO 14935.
Hydraulic fluids may not be fire resistant if a spray in the field of the intended use is impossible.
The test for the determination of spray ignition characteristics of fire-resistant fluids and the calculation of the
ignitability factor RI have to be carried out according to ISO/DIS 15029-2 (see Table 2).
Table 2 Limit values for hydraulic fluids
Group
HFA
HFC
HFB, HFDR
HFDU
A
non flammable
B
fire-resistant
C
fire-resistant
D
fire-resistant
Ignitability factor RI
>100
100 to 65
64 to 36
35 to 24
Flame length index RL
> 100
100 to 51
50 to 7
Smoke density D
< 0,01
0,01 to 0,1
> 0,1
Category a
6
-
The meaning of the categories is as follows:

A
not ignitable
unable to ignite a spray flame
Spray is self-extinguishing
Spray ignites less easily than mineral oil but able to stabilize a spray flame under certain conditions
NOTE 2
User legislation in countries can require the use of different levels of fire resistant fluids and may also require
a pass in the following tests:
ISO 20823 Petroleum and related products - Determination of the flammability characteristics of fluids in contact with
hot surfaces - Manifold ignition test. May not be required if the surface temperature of the equipment is limited to
150 C;
ISO 2592 (Cleveland open cup flash point test) Pass to exceed 200 C.
The tests for the determination of fire resistance shall also include a determination of the effective life of the
fire resistant properties.
6.4 Requirements for cable-reeled equipment

6.4.1
General
Where cable reels are fitted to machines, the driven reel shall maintain positive tension of the trailing cable
during reeling and unreeling operations, within the cable manufacturers specified operating tensions for the
cables under all operating conditions.
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
6.4.2
Special requirements
For equipment incorporating a cable-reeling device, the reel and the flexible cable on it constitute part of the
machine. Therefore, the following requirements apply to such equipment:
means shall be provided on the equipment to allow the equipment operator to disconnect the power
supply to the flexible cable;
the reel shall be designed not to exceed the cable manufacturer's recommended minimum bending
radius;
the cable reel shall be designed so that, under all operating conditions, the permissible temperature of the
cable is not exceeded even when the reel is full;
the cable reel shall be capable of reeling in the cable at a speed not less than the maximum speed of the
equipment;
cable reels shall be fitted with a protective device to stop, remove power from the trailing cable and apply
the brakes, if
a)
the cable protrudes past the side plates of the reel (over fill limit); or
b)
the machine exceeds the minimum safe limit of cable on the reel (run out limit).
The above mentioned device shall be part of a control circuit so arranged that resetting of the device does
not automatically restart the equipment.
Cable reel bearings shall not be an integral part of a circuit for transmitting electrical energy nor form part of
the earthing circuit.
Consideration should be given to the inclusion of cable reel motion detection and indication.
6.5 Fire prevention on electric cables that are part of the machine
The outer sheath of electric cables external to electrical equipment enclosures shall be flame-retardant and
self-extinguishing in accordance with IEC 60332-1.
All power cables shall be isolated from any fuel, lubrication or hydraulic lines, except where the cables and
pipes are armoured or otherwise mechanically protected, or where hydraulic or fuel lines and cables terminate
at the same components, or where fire-resistant fluid is used in the hydraulic lines.
6.6 Conveyor belting

Fires on conveyors are hazards for the ignition of methane and dust.
Hazards leading to fires on conveyors include:
Tracking of conveyor belting against other materials and belt slip (e.g. structure, seized idlers, stalled
pulleys);
Ignition from the discharge of static electricity accumulated on the conveyor belting;
The rate of propagation of fire on the belting material.
Tests should be carried out to supply evidence that risks associated with the above hazards are minimised
and acceptable.
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
NOTE
The following tests can be used to ensure acceptable risk:
Electrical Resistance:
ISO 284 in the context of EN 14973+A1 or AS 1334-9
Frictional Heating:
EN 1554 in the context of EN 14973+A1 or AS 1334-10
Resistance to Ignition:
ISO 340 in the context of EN 14973+A1 or AS 1334-11
Fire Propagation:
EN 12881-1+A1, EN 12881-2+A1 in the context of EN 14973+A1 or AS 1334-12
Oxygen Index test:
ISO 4589-2 meeting requirements of AS 4606
USA recent regulations refer to 30 CFR 18.65 and 30 CFR 14.21.
Information for use
7.1 Signals and warning notices

Where foreseeable actions of personnel may lead to a risk of ignition, warning notices as specified in
ISO 7010 are required on the machine, for example,
Do not open when energized!
Only use a flame-retardant fluid, type...!
7.2 User instructions

7.2.1
Information on use
In addition to the markings required in 7.3, the manufacturer shall state the equipment group and category and
the following information:
the machine shall be shut down and immobilized against restart if damage to the explosion protection
equipment is detected;
the operator shall stop the machine and disconnect the power to it if damage to the protection devices on
the machine is detected;
any information on residual risks, e.g. ignition through sparks or hot cutting tools.
7.2.2
Information on maintenance and repair
measures to isolate and maintain the explosion protection;

information on residual risks, such as temporary removal of protective or warning devices;
instruction to maintain regularly and to check the operability of equipment on the machine for the
prevention or elimination of ignition hazards.
7.3 Marking
In addition to any marking required by other standards, the following shall be included in the marking of the
machine or equipment:
reference to this International Standard;
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the symbol Ex, which indicates that the equipment corresponds to one or more of the types of protection
which are listed in clause 3 and 4.3;
If special conditions for safe use apply, the symbol X shall be placed after the certificate reference, if
required, or technical documentation reference.
The marking shall include:
a)
the name and the address of the manufacturer;
b)
the manufacturer's type identification;
c)
the year in which the equipment was constructed;
d)
the symbol of the equipment group and EPL Mb for Group I mining equipment,
e) where used, the symbol for each type of ignition protection, which indicates that the equipment
corresponds to one or more of the types of protection listed in clause 3 and 4.3 of this standard
NOTE
The specific explosion protection marking is given in this International Standard for non-electrical equipment
and in IEC 60079-0 for electrical equipment.
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Annex A
(informative)
Example of an ignition hazard assessment for a conveyor belt intended
for use in a coal mine
A.1 General
The following paragraphs are intended as an example of how a manufacturer would record the ignition hazard
assessment for a conveyor, intended for use in a gassy mine. They are not based on any particular
manufacturers machine, they are not definitive and alternative ignition control measures could be applied to
prevent the identified potential ignition sources from becoming active. Any modification that affects the ignition
risk to a machine will need further assessment.
A.2 Category and intended use of the equipment

The equipment consists of components which are assembled to form a belt conveyor intended for transporting
coal in a coal mine having a potentially explosive atmosphere of firedamp and/or coal dust. The manufacturer
has decided to construct it to meet the requirements of Group I EPL Mb equipment. It is therefore necessary
to produce an ignition hazard assessment report for inclusion in the technical file in accordance with the
requirements of ISO/CD 80079-36 for EPL Mb equipment. This means the conveyor has to incorporate a high
level of ignition protection, irrespective of the fact that it is intended to be de-energized in the event of an
explosive atmosphere occurring. The reason for this is that it might operate unintentionally for a short period of
time in an explosive atmosphere if, for example, a sudden outburst of firedamp was to occur in the mine
roadway or if the occurrence of an explosive atmosphere at the conveyor location has not been immediately
detected by the manual/automatic firedamp detection and monitoring devices and a shut down initiated.
Ignition protection measures shall, therefore, be applied to some potential ignition sources that are not present
in normal operation, but the risk of them becoming effective cannot be discounted.
Potential ignition sources arising from rare malfunctions can, however, be neglected because the conveyor is not
intended to operate in an atmosphere containing concentrations of gas/dust exceeding those allowed by national
regulations.
A.3 Construction/description of the equipment

The conveyor consists of a continuous belt, made of fire-resistant plastic-coated textile material, mounted on a
metallic structure incorporating drive and idler rollers. It is driven by a flameproof electric motor and an oil-filled
gearbox through a large diameter drive drum. The assembly has a drive-end tensioning roller on a movable
frame and a freewheeling return-end roller drum. The belt is supported throughout its length by top and bottom
belt idler rollers forming part of the structure. A caliper-type brake is provided on a brake drum at the drive
end. The brake is gravity-applied by weights and released by a flameproof electrically-driven thruster motor
that energizes 5 s after the main drive motor has applied drive power to the belt drum. This is to prevent
runback of the belt on starting. The delivery chute is made of steel and is connected to the metallic belt
structure. Except for the fire-resistant plastic-coated conveyor belt, all other fixed and moving parts are made
from steel. All metallic parts of the structure are connected together to provide an electrical bonding
connection that will leak any unintentional electrical or electrostatic charges to earth.
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A.4 Assessment
a) Electrical equipment
The drive motor and brake thruster motors are ignition-protected electrical equipment meeting the requirements
of IEC 60079-0 and IEC 60079-1 as flameproof apparatus and have an IECEx-certificate issued by an
authorized test house.
The signal and interlock circuits and the conveyor control and monitoring equipment comply with IEC 60079-0
and IEC 60079-11 as intrinsically safe circuits and have an IECEx-certificate issued by an authorized test
house.
b) Non-electrical equipment
All exposed parts of the conveyor which, if damaged, could reduce the ignition protection have been subjected
to the impact tests in ISO/CD 80079-36. Any non-metallic parts on which the ignition protection depends have
been subjected to environmental exposure tests described in ISO/CD 80079-36 and meet the requirements.
The conveyor has no exposed light metals (aluminium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium) that could give rise to
incentive sparking when struck by rusty iron/steel. The electrostatic ignition risk, user instructions, marking
and other identified potential ignition sources are dealt with in the Table A.1 below:
Table A.1 Example of an ignition hazard assessment for a mining conveyor, Group I, EPL Mb
Potential ignition
sources
Normal
operation
Bearings
(other than
idler
bearings)
Example of measures applied to prevent the ignition

sources becoming effective
Ignition
protection used
All bearings are lubricated by grease. Replenishment of

grease is required every 6 months. The applied forces on the
bearings are 50% of their rated load. The calculated operating
life of bearings on this conveyor is estimated as 25 000 h of
use, after which time they need to be replaced. This
information will be included in the user instructions.
ISO/CD 8007936
(User
instructions) and
ISO/CD 8007937 Constructional
safety "c"
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
-
NOTE
See ISO/CD 80079-37:2010-12, 5.7.1 (regarding bearing
rated life).
Bearing
failure or
loss of
lubrication
The bearing housings need to be examined for signs of

overheating, abnormal noise or discoloration on a daily basis.
Where practical, continuous temperature monitoring can be
fitted and set to trip the drive power at 10 K above normal
operating temperature.
ISO/CD 8007936
(User
instructions)
Belt rubbing The user shall clean spilled coal away from contact with ISO/CD 80079on spilled
moving parts. This will be included in the user instructions.
36
coal
(User
instructions)
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Table A.1 (continued)

Potential ignition
sources
Normal
operation
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
Frictional
heat from
moving parts
inside the
gearbox
Unacceptable loss of
oil from the
gearbox
Frictional
heat from
the brakes
Brakes left
on too long
after the
drive motor
has started
Dust
entering
brake
housing
Brake
disengagement fails
Frictional
heat from
the belt idler
rollers

Ignition
protection used
The moving parts inside the gearbox are submersed in oil, ISO/CD 80079which acts as a lubricant, spark-quenching agent and coolant. 37
Liquid immersion
k
A dipstick is provided on the gearbox. The oil level shall be ISO/CD 80079checked weekly. This is included in the user instructions.
36
(User
instructions)
In consultation with brake manufacturers, calculations have ISO/CD 80079shown that the brakes do not overheat in normal use and do 37
Constructional
not produce incendive sparks.
safety c
The power supply of the main drive motor is coupled to the
brake release thruster motor to prevent the main drive motor
from driving through unreleased brakes for more than 2 s. The
surface temperature of the brake was determined to be 140
C under this fault condition. In addition, the braking surface
has a temperature monitoring device that stops the main drive
motor before the temperature of the braking surface reaches
150 C.
ISO/CD 8007937
Control of ignition
source b
An IP54 cover is provided to prevent deposits of dust entering ISO/CD

the housing.
36
80079-
The brake-operating linkage is fitted with a limit switch

arranged to trip the conveyor main drive motor if the brake
does not release correctly. In addition, the braking surface has
a temperature monitoring device that stops the main drive
motor before the temperature of the braking surface reaches
150 C.
ISO/CD 8007937
Control of ignition
source b
The idler rollers are sealed for life with fire-resistant grease
and the actual maximum loading on them is 50 % of their
rated load. They are designed so that the idler roller barrel
wears out before the end of the bearing service life.
ISO/CD 8007937
Constructional
safety c
NOTE
Details for safe use (e.g. maintenance cycles) are
included in the user instructions.
33
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Table A.1 (concluded)

Potential ignition
sources
Normal
operation
Dust
deposits on
gearbox
Static
electricity
discharge
Ignition
protection used
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
Belt idler
roller seizes
and is
rubbed by
the moving
conveyor
belt
Weekly examination is required for signs of deterioration e.g. ISO/CD 80079abnormal bearing noise, visible discoloration and overheating. 36
(User
The conveyor belt is made of fire-resistant (self- extinguishing) instructions) and
ISO/CD 80079material to prevent flame propagation.
37
Constructional
safety c
Regular cleaning is needed to prevent dust deposits forming ISO/CD 80079on gearboxes and any resulting temperature rise.
36
(User
instructions)
Slippage of
conveyor
belt on the
driving drum
due to loss
of tension or
stalling of
the belt
The fire-resistant belting has been subjected to a rotating

drum friction test with a stalled belt and breaks before flames
are produced. The belt tension and behaviour during start-up
shall be checked weekly. The belt is protected against locking
by monitoring the preliminary tension of the belt and the
operating speed. The speed transducers are arranged to trip
the motor if more than 10 s of abnormal speed difference (i.e.
exceeding 25 %) occurs between the drive roller and the belt.
ISO/CD 8007936
(User
instructions) or
ISO/CD 8007937
Control of ignition
source b if fitted
with monitoring.
Sufficiently conductive belting (i.e. less than 109

surface
resistivity) is used to prevent charge build-up. All other parts
are metal and connected together to provide an electricallyconductive path of less than 100 .
ISO/CD 8007936
(Electrostatic
requirements and
user instructions
on belt
replacement)
Belt driven at It has been calculated that the conveyor is capable of operating
overspeed
at 20 % overspeed without increase of temperature. Normally,
the electric drive motor will prevent overspeeding. Mechanical
brakes are needed if the conveyor is installed on a steep
incline.
ISO/CD 8007937
Constructional
safety c
Friction
Belt alignment monitors are fitted at the drive head. These are
between the arranged to trip the drive motor if misalignment occurs
belt and
preventing any temperature increase.
fixed parts
ISO/CD 8007937
Control of ignition
source b
Surface temperature of all

moving parts
34

All parts exposed to the potentially explosive atmosphere of

ISO/CD 80079both gas and dust have been tested and the maximum
36
surface temperature has been found to be 120 C in normal
operation and 140 C under conditions that cannot be ignored
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
NOTE
The ignition hazard assessment shows that the highest maximum surface temperature of any part of the
conveyor is 140 C under maximum load conditions. The conveyor is, therefore, suitable for use in all places where coal
dust can form a layer on any exposed surfaces because it is within the maximum allowable temperature of 150 C for such
circumstances of use (see ISO/CD 80079-36 for maximum surface temperatures).
35
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Annex B
(informative)
Example of an ignition hazard assessment for a shearer loader intended
for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere of a coal mine
B.1 General
The following paragraphs are intended as an example of how a manufacturer should record the ignition
hazard assessment for a coal cutting machine (shearer loader), intended for use on a coal face in a gassy
mine. They are not based on any particular manufacturers machine, they are not definitive and alternative
ignition control measures could be applied to prevent the identified potential ignition sources from becoming
active. Any modification that affects the ignition risk to a machine will need further assessment.
B.2 Category and intended use of equipment

The equipment is a Group I EPL Mb shearer loader for cutting and loading coal onto an armoured face chain
conveyor (AFC) installed beneath it. It will be used on a longwall face in a coal mine having a potentially
explosive atmosphere of firedamp and coal dust. The shearer loader is powered by electricity. It has tungsten
carbide tipped cutting picks fixed to a rotating spiral drum used to extract coal from the virgin coal seam in
front of it. During this process, the main body of the shearer loader moves along the top of the AFC, loading
coal onto its moving flights. The main body of the shearer loader and AFC are sited in a continuously
monitored and ventilated part of the coal face beneath hydraulically-powered roof supports. If the firedamp
concentration in the general body of air of this continuously-ventilated part of the face attains a specific
percentage of the lower explosive limit (LEL), the Mb equipment shall be de-energized. The specific
percentage of LEL is defined by the relevant national legislation of the Member States.. There is a danger of
localized ignitions of firedamp if the tungsten-tipped cutting picks make frictional contact with the sandstone
roof immediately above the coal seam. Therefore, the shearer loader is fitted with water sprays which are
interlocked to the cutting drum motors and the cutting picks cannot be rotated unless the sprays are delivering
sufficient water and providing adequate air flow to dilute the firedamp/air concentration at the pick points.
B.3 Construction/description of the equipment with regard to ignition protection

The shearer loader consists of a rigid steel frame with steel enclosures in it for the electrical switchgear and
gearbox compartments. The switchgear is protected by flameproof enclosure "d" according to IEC 60079-1
and the gearboxes are protected by liquid immersion "k". There are ranging arms at either end of the main
body, moved by hydraulic cylinders, both of which are also protected by liquid immersion "k". Spiral cutting
drums are mounted on the end of each ranging arm and driven by electric motors protected by flameproof
enclosure d according to IEC 60079-1. A haulage unit is positioned on the main body of the shearer. This is
used to move the shearer loader along the AFC using a rack and pinion. The shearer is supported on the AFC
by four sliding shoes The haulage motors are electric motors protected by flameproof enclosure d according
to IEC 60079-1. The machine bearings and power transmission system sliding and rolling elements are
protected by constructional safety c.
36
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Key
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cutting drum with picks

Ranging arm
Gearbox
Flameproof switchgear
Flameproof cutting motor
Rack and pinion haulage arrangement
Armoured face chain conveyor
Figure B.1 Layout and construction of the coal face shearer loader
B.4 Ignition control and monitoring system

The temperatures of the motor windings, gearbox oil and hydraulic oil are monitored for abnormal temperature
rise by sensors connected to a control circuit. These are arranged to disconnect the electrical power supply to
the individual drives of the machine if temperatures exceed values above the normal operating limits
stipulated in the instruction manual. The trip settings are below the maximum surface temperature. The water
spray pressure and flow are also monitored by this system. Ignition protection for the system is ensured by a
combination of control of ignition source "b" and intrinsic safety ib according IEC 60079-11.
B.5 Compliance with the basic methodology and requirements in ISO/CD 80079-36
The shearer loader has been checked for compliance with all applicable requirements and meets all this
requirements. In particular, the following are recorded:
a)
externally-exposed parts are made from alloy containing not more than 15 % aluminium, magnesium,
titanium and zirconium and not more than 7,5 % magnesium, titanium and zirconium by mass;
b)
no external part exceeding 100 cm surface area is made of non-metallic material having a surface
resistance greater than 1 G ;
c)
external enclosures are capable of withstanding the 20 J impact test on any surface;
d)
non-metallic parts have been subjected to immersion in mining hydraulic roof support fluid and their
ignition protection characteristics are not impaired
37
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
B.6 Ignition hazard assessment of the electrical parts of the equipment

All electrical equipment and components are certified by an authorized test house as Group I,EPL Mb. Further
information may be found in the IECEx-certificates. These are not required for this assessment of a shearer
loader.
B.7 Ignition hazard assessment of non-electrical ignition sources

The required ignition hazard assessment table for non-electrical potential ignition sources is given below.
B.8 Equipment marking

As the definition of "equipment" in this International standard includes complete machines, the shearer loader
is marked as a single item of equipment, with the group, category and ignition protection. The ignition hazard
assessment below specifies this as follows:
EXAMPLE
Where:
I
is the mining equipment group;
Mb
is the equipment protection level;
c, k, b
are the types of non-electrical ignition protection used to prevent non-electrical ignition
sources from becoming effective;
ISO/IEC 80079-38
is the marking according to this International Standard.
NOTE 1
In addition to be above, each individual item of electrical equipment is marked according to IEC 60079-0 with
its own type of ignition protection and IECEx-certificate number.
NOTE 2
Non-electrical equipment manufacturers do not need to have their quality management system assessed by a
notified body. Therefore, unlike that for electrical equipment, the marking does not include the name of the test house.
38
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Table B.1 Example of an ignition assessment for a shearer loader, Group I, EPL Mb
Normal
operation
Ignition
protection used
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
Opening of enclosures
that may
expose hot
components
Frictional
heat from
bearings
Measures applied to prevent the ignition source

becoming effective
Openings in equipment giving access to parts with surface ISO/CD 80079temperatures higher than the temperatures specified in 36:2010-12, 6.2
ISO/CD 80079-36:2010-12, 6.2.4 are closed by covers and
are provided with a warning label. The warning labels indicate
the waiting time before opening.
Ingress of
foreign
bodies
The ingress of impermissible foreign bodies is prevented by a ISO/CD 80079cover that is only removable by the use of a tool and ensures 37:2010-12, 5.2
IP54 degree of protection.
All bearings are lubricated by grease. The replacement ISO/CD 8007936: 2010-12,
intervals for grease are specified in the user instructions.
Clause 9
The bearings satisfy the conditions specified in ISO/CD
80079-37:2010-12, 5.7. The expected service life of the ISO/CD 8007937:2010-12,
bearings is specified in the user instructions.
Clause 9 (User
instructions)
Bearing
failure or
loss of
lubrication
The bearings shall be examined frequently for overheating, ISO/CD 80079discoloration or abnormal noise, according to the user 36: 2010-07,
Clause 9 (User
instructions.
instructions) or
ISO/CD 80079As an alternative, there is a continuous monitoring system that 37, control of
ignition sources
disconnects the drive if a limiting temperature is reached.
"b"
Frictional
heat from
moving
parts inside
the gearbox
Gearboxes conform to protection class IP54 which guarantees ISO/CD 80079no ingress of foreign bodies or water.
37:2010-12, 5.4
"c"
The moving parts inside the gearbox are submersed in a
lubricant that acts as a spark-quenching agent and coolant.
ISO/CD 8007937:2010-12, 7.2
The surface temperature of the gearboxes is limited to 150 C "k"
so that layers of coal dust may accumulate safely on the
ISO/CD 80079enclosure.
36: 2010-12, 6.2
Table B.1 (continued)
39
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38

Normal
operation

becoming effective
Ignition
protection used
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
a) Ingress of All openings are closed by covers or other closing facilities ISO/CD 80079that are removable by tools only.
36: 2010-12,
foreign
Clause 9 (User
bodies into
instructions)
the
gearboxes
ISO/CD 8007937:2010-12, 5.4
"c"
b) Unacceptable loss of
lubrication
from the
gearbox
Gearboxes have lubricant level monitoring devices (sight ISO/CD 80079glasses or dipsticks). The monitoring intervals and the type of 37 k (User
lubrication is indicated in the user instructions. The sight instructions)
glasses are used according to ISO/CD 80079-37.
or
As an alternative, a continuous monitoring system is provided
that disconnects the drive if the lubrication level falls below a ISO/CD 80079minimum level or an unacceptably high value for the pressure 37 "b"
or the temperature occurs.
Frictional
heat from
the power
transmission
system
The surface temperature of parts for the power transmission ISO/CD 80079system, including the rack and pinion haulage system, does 36:2010-12, 6.2
not exceed 150 C where coal dust can form layers.
Frictional
heat from
the brakes
The surface temperature of parts where coal dust cannot form

a layer is less than 450 C
Brakes are fitted to the shearer because it operates on an ISO/CD 80079incline. They are operating only as parking brakes.
36:2010-12, 6.2
ISO/CD 8007937 c
a) Brakes
are left on
after the
drive motor
has started
40
To prevent loss of control of the shearer loader on an inclined

seam, the drive motor runs against the brake for a short
period. After that period, the signal for releasing the brakes is
activated. If the brakes do not release after an additional
period, the power to the drive motor is disconnected..
ISO/CD 8007936:2010-07, 6.2

ISO/CD 8007937 c
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38

Potential ignition source Measures applied to prevent the ignition source becoming
Ignition
effective
protection used
Normal
operation
Frictional
heat at
drums
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
b)
Interruption
of electric
power
supply
If the brakes are applied during operation at maximum speed ISO/CD 80079of the shearer loader and maximum incline of the seam, the 36:2010-12, 6.2
surface temperatures of outer parts of equipment do not
exceed limiting values, i.e. 150 C, where coal dust is able to
form layers, and 450 C elsewhere
c)
Application
of brakes
because of
an electrical
fault
The power to the drive motor is disconnected by the

monitoring device for the brakes.
Drums with a circumferential speed of more than 1 m/s are

fitted with a spray system that prevents unacceptably high
temperatures at the drums, the picks and in the cutting zone.
ISO/CD 8007936:2010-12, 6.2

ISO/CD 8007937 c
ISO/CD 8007936:2010-12, 6.2
ISO/CD 80079An interlock is provided to ensure also that the haulage cannot 37 "c"
function without the drum pick sprays operating.
ISO/CD 8007937 b
a) Reduced
water
pressure
The drum pick spray system has a monitoring system that

monitors the pressure and the flow in the spray system and
disconnects power to the drive motor of the drums if the
values of pressure and flow of water are less than the limits
indicated in the user instructions.
ISO/CD 8007936:2010-12, 6.2

ISO/CD 8007937 b
5.1.2.2 of this
International
Standard
b) Blocking
of sprays
The intervals for checking the sprays are specified in the user
instructions.
ISO/CD 8007936: 2010-12,

Clause 9 (User
instructions)
The drum pick spray system has a monitoring system that

monitors the pressure or flow of water in the spray system and
ISO/CD 80079disconnects the power to the drive motor of the drums if the
37 b
values of pressure and flow of water are less than the limits
indicated in the user instructions.
5.1.2.2 of this
International
Standard
41
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38

Normal
operation
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
Hydraulic
systems for
power
transmission
--
Contamination of
hydraulic
fluid

becoming effective
Ignition
protection used
Hydraulic systems, for example for raising and lowering the ISO/CD 80079drums, operate with hydraulic fluids that are in accordance 37 c
with ISO/CD 80079-37:2010-12, 5.8.5.5.
The type of hydraulic fluid and the filter are specified in the
user instructions.
In addition to this, temperature monitoring is provided to
disconnect the power to the drive motor of the hydraulic
system if an unacceptable temperature of hydraulic fluid
occurs.
ISO/CD 8007936: 2010-12,

Clause 9 (User
instructions)
or
ISO/CD
37 b
80079-
Electrostatic
discharge
For external equipment with surface areas of more than 100 ISO/CD 80079cm2, only materials with surface resistance of less than 1 G 36: 2010-12, 6.7
or that comply with the requirements of the test procedure in
ISO/CD 80079-36:2010-12, Annex D are used.
Impact
between
light metal
and rusty
steel
For outer casings, no light metals are used that exceed the ISO/CD 80079levels in ISO/CD 80079-36.
36
Removable
parts
If the protection class is destroyed when a part is removed, ISO/CD 80079then the removal of that part is only able to be carried out 36:2010-12, 7.4
using a tool.
Materials
used for
cementing
For cementing materials responsible for the degree of

protection, products with an acceptable temperature stability
are used.
ISO/CD 8007936:2010-12, 7.5
Connection
facilities for
earthing
conducting
parts
All conducting parts are electrically connected to the

protective conductor in the supply cable.
ISO/CD 8007936:2010-12, 6.7.2
Lighttransmitting
parts
42
Outer isolated parts are provided with an earthing connection.

Used light-transmitting parts are checked in accordance with ISO/CD 80079ISO/CD 80079-36:2010-12, 8.4.1 or protected by special 36:2010-12, 7.6
covers.
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38


becoming effective
Ignition
protection used
Normal
operation
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
Frictional
sparks from
picks
All picks, where possible, are provided with a spray system. Clause 5 of this
The position of the individual sprays is behind the picks and International
the spray jet cools down hot particles in the cutting zone so Standard
that no ignition risk exists.
Motors and
power
distribution
boxes
The special conditions of use in the IECEx-certificates that are IEC 60079-0
marked with an X are addressed, especially those that
indicate
IEC 60079-1 d
the connection parameters;
the temperature monitoring;
the overload monitoring;
the overcurrent monitoring;
the cooling water monitoring and others.
Connection
chambers
The special conditions of use in the IECEx certification that IEC 60079-0
are marked with an X are addressed, especially those that
indicate
IEC 60079-7 e
assembled internal parts;
connection parameters.
Intrinsically
safe units
and systems
--
The special conditions of use in the IECEx certification that IEC 60079-0
are marked with an "X" are addressed, especially those that
indicate:
IEC 60079-11
"ia", "ib"
parts that should be installed outside the explosive area
or that should be assembled with a casing with a special IEC 60079-25
ignition protection class;
internal wiring of enclosures;
connection terminals of intrinsically-safe circuits;
used cables and others.
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31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Table B.1 (concluded)

Normal
operation
Electrical
systems

becoming effective
Ignition
protection used
Faults that
cannot be
ignored
-
All electrical equipment and, where required, all mechanical 4.4.4 of this
equipment shall be connected by a continuous protective International
conductor, if necessary connected with a insulation monitoring Standard
system.
The cables installed on the shearer loader are physically
protected and, where necessary, are provided with shortcircuit monitoring.
Reduction of The electrical system is disconnected by the insulation

monitoring system if the maximum allowable earth-fault
insulation
current is reached.
resistance
44
4.4.4 of this
International
Standard
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Annex C
(normative)
Ignition sources
C.1 Hot surfaces

If an explosive atmosphere comes into contact with a heated surface ignition can occur. Not only can a hot
surface itself act as an ignition source, but a dust layer or a combustible solid in contact with a hot surface and
ignited by the hot surface can also act as an ignition source for an explosive atmosphere.
The capability of a heated surface to cause ignition depends on the type and concentration of the particular
substance in the mixture with air. This capability becomes greater with increasing temperature and increasing
surface area. Moreover, the temperature that triggers ignition depends on the size and shape of the heated
body, on the concentration gradient in the vicinity of the surface and, to a certain extent, also on the surface
material. Thus, for example, an explosive gas or vapour atmosphere inside fairly large heated spaces
(approximately 1 l or more) can be ignited by surface temperatures lower than those measured in accordance
with EN 14522 or by other equivalent methods. On the other hand, in the case of heated bodies with convex
rather than concave surfaces, a higher surface temperature is necessary for ignition; the minimum ignition
temperature increases, for example, with spheres or pipes as the diameter decreases. When an explosive
atmosphere flows past heated surfaces, a higher surface temperature could be necessary for ignition owing to
the brief contact time.
If the explosive atmosphere remains in contact with the hot surface for a relatively long time, preliminary
reactions can occur, e.g. cool flames, so that more easily ignitable decomposition products are formed, which
promote the ignition of the original atmospheres.
In addition to easily recognizable hot surfaces such as radiators, drying cabinets, heating coils and others,
mechanical and machining processes can also lead to hazardous temperatures. These processes also
include equipment, protective systems and components which convert mechanical energy into heat, i.e. all
kinds of friction clutches and mechanically operating brakes (e.g. on vehicles and centrifuges). Furthermore,
all moving parts in bearings, shaft passages, glands etc. can become sources of ignition if they are not
sufficiently lubricated. In tight housings of moving parts, the ingress of foreign bodies or shifting of the axis can
also lead to friction which, in turn, can lead to high surface temperatures, in some cases quite rapidly.
Consideration shall also be given to temperature increases due to chemical reactions (e.g. with lubricants and
cleaning solvents).
For ignition hazards in welding and cutting work, see C.2.
Special consideration shall be given to hot surfaces of internal combustion engines.
C.2 Flames and hot gases (including hot particles)

Flames are associated with combustion reactions at temperatures of more than 1 000 C. Hot gases are
produced as reaction products and, in the case of dusty and/or sooty flames, glowing solid particles are also
produced. Flames, their hot reaction products or otherwise highly heated gases can ignite an explosive
atmosphere. Flames, even very small ones, are among the most effective sources of ignition.
If an explosive atmosphere is present inside as well as outside an equipment, protective system, or
component or in adjacent parts of the installation and if ignition occurs in one of these places, the flame can
45
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
spread to the other places through openings such as ventilation ducts. The prevention of flame propagation
calls for specially designed protective measures.
Welding beads that occur when welding or cutting is carried out are sparks with a very large surface and
therefore they are among the most effective sources of ignition.
C.3 Mechanically generated sparks

As a result of friction, impact or abrasion processes such as grinding, particles can become separated from
solid materials and become hot owing to the energy used in the separation process. If these particles consist
of oxidizable substances, for example iron or steel, they can undergo an oxidation process, thus reaching
even higher temperatures. These particles (sparks) can ignite combustible gases and vapours and certain
dust/air-mixtures (especially metal dust/air mixtures). In deposited dust, smouldering can be caused by the
sparks and this can be a source of ignition for an explosive atmosphere.
The ingress of foreign materials to equipment, protective systems and components, e.g. stones or tramp
metals, as a cause of sparking shall be considered.
Rubbing friction, even between similar ferrous metals and between certain ceramics, can generate hot spots
and sparks similar to grinding sparks. These can cause ignition of explosive atmospheres.
Impacts involving rust and light metals (e.g. aluminium and magnesium) and their alloys can initiate a thermite
reaction which can cause ignition of explosive atmospheres.
The light metals titanium and zirconium can also form incendive sparks under impact or friction against any
sufficiently hard material, even in the absence of rust.
For ignition hazards in welding and cutting work, see C.2.
During the cutting of mineral, sparks can be generated and are very often a source of ignition.
C.4 Electrical apparatus

In the case of electrical apparatus, electric sparks and hot surfaces (see C.1) can occur as sources of ignition.
Electric sparks can be generated, e.g.:
a)
when electric circuits are opened and closed;
b)
by loose connections;
c)
by stray currents (see C.5).
It is pointed out explicitly that an extra low voltage (ELV, e.g. less than 50 V) is designed for personal
protection against electric shock and is not a measure aimed at explosion protection. However, voltages lower
than this can still produce sufficient energy to ignite an explosive atmosphere.
During shot firing, electrical sparks can be generated by the blasting machine and/or detached cables and
leads at the time of ignition.
C.5 Stray electric currents

Stray currents can flow in electrically conductive systems or parts of systems
as return currents in power generating systems;
46
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
as a result of a short-circuit or of a short-circuit to earth owing to faults in the electrical installations;

as a result of magnetic induction (e.g. near electrical installations with high currents or radio frequencies,
see also C.8);
as a result of lightning (see C.7) and
as a result of induction from surface overhead lines.
If parts of a system able to carry stray currents are disconnected, connected or bridged - even in the case of
slight potential differences - an explosive atmosphere can be ignited as a result of electric sparks and/or arcs.
Moreover, ignition can also occur due to the heating up of these current paths (see C.1).
C.6 Static electricity

Incendive discharges of static electricity can occur under certain conditions. The discharge of charged,
insulated conductive parts can easily lead to incendive sparks. With charged parts made of non-conductive
materials, and these include most plastics as well as some other materials, brush discharges and, in special
cases, during fast separation processes (e.g. films moving over rollers, drive belts), or by combination of
conductive and non-conductive materials) propagating brush discharges are also possible. Cone discharges
from bulk material and cloud discharges can also occur.
Brush discharges can ignite almost all explosive gas and vapour atmospheres. According to the present state
of knowledge, the ignition of explosive dust/air atmospheres with extremely low minimum ignition energy by
brush discharges cannot be excluded. Sparks, propagating brush discharges, cone discharges and cloud
discharges can ignite all types of explosive atmospheres, depending on their discharge energy.
C.7 Lightning
If lightning strikes in an explosive atmosphere, ignition will always occur. Moreover, there is also a possibility
of ignition due to the high temperature reached by lightning conductors.
Large currents flow from where the lightning strikes and these currents can produce sparks in the vicinity of
the point of impact.
Even in the absence of lightning strikes, thunderstorms can cause high induced voltages in equipment,
protective systems and components.
C.8 Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from 104 Hz to 3 1012 Hz (high
frequency)
Electromagnetic waves are emitted by all systems that generate and use radio-frequency electrical energy
(radio-frequency systems), e.g. radio transmitters or industrial or medical RF generators for heating, drying,
hardening, welding, cutting.
All conductive parts located in the radiation field function as receiving aerials. If the field is powerful enough
and if the receiving aerial is sufficiently large, these conductive parts can cause ignition in explosive
atmospheres. The received radio-frequency power can, for example, make thin wires glow or generate sparks
during the contact or interruption of conductive parts. The energy picked up by the receiving aerial, which can
lead to ignition, depends mainly on the distance between the transmitter and the receiving aerial as well as on
the dimensions of the receiving aerial at any particular wavelength and RF power.
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
C.9 Electromagnetic waves from 3 1011 Hz to 3 1015 Hz

Radiation in this spectral range can especially when focused become a source of ignition through
absorption by explosive atmospheres or solid surfaces.
Sunlight, for example, can trigger an ignition if objects cause convergence of the radiation (e.g. bottles acting
as lenses, concentrating reflectors).
Under certain conditions, the radiation of intense light sources (continuous or flashing) is so intensively
absorbed by dust particles that these particles become sources of ignition for explosive atmospheres or for
dust deposits.
With laser radiation (e.g. in communications, distance measuring devices, surveying work, visual-range
meters), even at great distances, the energy or power density of even an unfocussed beam can be so great
that ignition is possible. Here, too, the process of heating up occurs mainly when the laser beam strikes a
solid body surface or when it is absorbed by dust particles in the atmosphere or on dirty transparent parts.
It is to be noted that any equipment, protective system and component that generates radiation (e.g. lamps,
electric arcs, lasers) can itself be a source of ignition as defined in C.1 and C.4.
C.10 Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation generated, for example, by X-ray tubes and radioactive substances can ignite explosive
atmospheres (especially explosive atmospheres with dust particles) as a result of energy absorption.
Moreover, the radioactive source itself can heat up owing to internal absorption of radiation energy to such an
extent that the minimum ignition temperature of the surrounding explosive atmosphere is exceeded.
Ionizing radiation can cause chemical decomposition or other reactions which can lead to the generation of
highly reactive radicals or unstable chemical compounds. This can cause ignition.
NOTE
Such radiation can also create an explosive atmosphere by decomposition (e.g. a mixture of oxygen and
hydrogen by radiolysis of water).
C.11 Ultrasonics
In the use of ultrasonic sound waves, a large proportion of the energy emitted by the electroacoustic
transducer is absorbed by solid or liquid substances. As a result, the substance exposed to ultrasonics warms
up so that, in extreme cases, ignition may be induced.
C.12 Adiabatic compression and shock waves

In the case of adiabatic or nearly adiabatic compression and in shock waves, such high temperatures can
occur that explosive atmospheres (and deposited dust) can be ignited. The temperature increase depends
mainly on the pressure ratio, not on the pressure difference.
NOTE 1
In pressure lines of air compressors and in containers connected to these lines, explosions can occur as a
result of compression ignition of lubricating oil mists.
Shock waves are generated, for example, during the sudden relief of high-pressure gases into pipelines. In
this process the shock waves are propagated into regions of lower pressure faster than the speed of sound.
When they are diffracted or reflected by pipe bends, constrictions, connection flanges, closed valves etc., very
high temperatures can occur.
48
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
NOTE 2
Equipment, protective systems and components containing highly oxidizing gases, e.g. pure oxygen or gas
atmospheres with a high oxygen concentration, can become an effective ignition source under the action of adiabatic
compression, shock waves or even pure flow because lubricants, gaskets and even construction materials can be ignited.
If this leads to destruction of the equipment, protective systems and components, parts of it will ignite a surrounding
explosive atmosphere.
C.13 Exothermic reactions, including self-ignition of dusts

Exothermic reactions can act as an ignition source when the rate of heat generation exceeds the rate of heat
loss to the surroundings. Many chemical reactions are exothermic. Whether a reaction can reach a high
temperature is dependent, among other parameters, on the volume/surface ratio of the reacting system, the
ambient temperature and the residence time. These high temperatures can lead to ignition of explosive
atmospheres and also the initiation of smouldering and/or burning.
Such reactions include those of pyrophoric substances with air, alkali metals with water, self-ignition of
combustible dusts, self-heating of feed-stuffs, induced by biological processes, the decomposition of organic
peroxides, or polymerization reactions.
Catalysts can also induce energy-producing reactions (e.g. hydrogen/air atmospheres and platinum).
NOTE 1
Some chemical reactions (e.g. pyrolysis and biological processes) can also lead to the production of
flammable substances, which in turn can form an explosive atmosphere with the surrounding air.
Violent reactions resulting in ignition can occur in some combinations of construction materials with chemicals
(e.g. copper with acetylene, heavy metals with hydrogen peroxide).
Some combinations of substances, especially when finely dispersed, (e.g. aluminium/rust or sugar/chlorate)
react violently when exposed to impact or friction (see C.3).
NOTE 2
Hazards can also arise from chemical reactions due to thermal instability, high heat of reaction and/or rapid
gas evolution. These hazards are not considered in this standard.
In mines, special attention shall be paid to the self-ignition of coal at all times.
49
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Annex D
(informative)
Guidance on potential risks for variable speed drives (VSD)
((Under ongoing consideration by committee))

Ignition sources can arise due to:
lack of equipotential bonding,
having continuous circulating currents in conjunction with poor protective earth conductivity,
transformer coupling within VSD motors causing bearing failure,
circulating currents between the motor and gearbox,
excessive temperature rise of motors due to VSD operation,
excessive temperature rise due to losses generated from harmonics, (this can also be as a direct result of
high switching frequency),
inappropriate volts / hertz (overfluxing),
overheating of VSD enclosures,
shaft voltages on motors,
inability to detect and clear earth-faults on the d.c. bus, IGBTs may be a particular problem,
partial failure of harmonic power filters (e.g. one/two phases of three phase filter will increase circulating
currents),
power harmonic filter failure,
failure of protection relays due to high frequency or d.c. components,
VSD's causing different earth potentials between different mining machines, e.g. shuttle car bumping into
miner.
NOTE
The more pulses in the VSD, generally provides for less harmonics (a pure sinusoid can be achieved more
readily with more pulses in the VSD).
50
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
Bibliography
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conveyor belting
AS 1334-10, Methods of testing conveyor and elevator belting Determination of ignitability and flame
propagation characteristics of conveyor belting
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surface temperature of belting subjected to friction
AS 1334-12, Methods of testing conveyor and elevator belting Determination of combustion propagation
characteristics of conveyor belting
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methodology for mining
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EN 1554, Conveyor belts Drum friction testing
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Part 3: Hydraulic control systems
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Part 4: Electro-hydraulic control systems
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engines for use in potentially explosive atmospheres Part 2: Group I engines for use in underground
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EN 1889-2, Machines for underground mines Mobile machines working underground Safety Part 2:
Rail locomotives
EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy
structural steels
EN 12163, Copper and copper alloys Rod for general purposes
51
31M/46/CD
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
EN 12321, Underground mining machinery Specification for the safety requirements of armoured scraper
conveyors
EN 12881-1+A1, Conveyor belts Fire simulation flammability testing Part 1: Propane burner tests
EN 12881-2+A1, Conveyor belts Fire simulation flammability testing Part 2: Large scale fire test
EN 13463-1, Non-electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres Part 1: Basic method and
requirements
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Protection by constructional safety "c"
EN 13463-6, Non-electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres Part 6: Protection by control of
ignition source "b"
EN 13463-8:2003, Non-electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres Part 8: Protection by
liquid immersion "k"
EN 14522, Determination of the auto ignition temperature of gases and vapours
EN 14973+A1, Conveyor belts for use in underground installations Electrical and flammability safety
requirements
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and fuses
IEC 60079-1, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres Part 1: Flameproof enclosure "d"
IEC 60079-4, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 4: Method of test for ignition
temperature
IEC 60079-5, Explosive atmospheres Part 5: Equipment protection by powder filling "q"
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IEC 60079-14, Explosive atmospheres Part 14: Electrical installations design, selection and erection
IEC 60079-18, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres Part 18: Construction, test and
marking of type of protection encapsulation "m" electrical apparatus
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ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
ISO 1817, Rubber, vulcanized Determination of the effect of liquids

ISO 1853, Conducting and dissipative rubbers, vulcanized or thermoplastic Measurement of resistivity
ISO 2592, Petroleum products Determination of flash and fire points Cleveland open cup method
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Specifications for categories HFAE, HFAS, HFB, HFC, HFDR and HFDU
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contact with hot surfaces - Manifold ignition test
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Electrical components and systems
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Tests of fuel tank
53
ISO/IEC CD 80079-38
31M/46/CD
[1] Luxembourg Report, Standing committee for operating safety and health protection in the coal mining
industry and other branches of the metal-winning industry, "Pit rescue and pit fires" Working Group,
"Flame-retardant hydraulic fluids" Experts' Group. Requirements and testing of flame-retardant hydraulic
fluids for hydrostatic and hydrokinetic load transmission and control. 7th edition of 3 March 1994, Doc. No.
6746/10/91
[2] 92/104/EEC, Council Directive 92/104/EEC of 3 December 1992 on the minimum requirements for
improving the safety and health protection of workers in surface and underground mineral- extracting
industries (twelfth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)
[3] 94/9/EC, Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 March 1994 on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended
for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
[4] [95/63/EC, Council Directive 95/63/EC of 5 December 1995 amending Directive 89/655/EEC concerning
the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work (second
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)
[5] 98/37/EC, Directive 98/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to machinery. and the Council of 23 March 1994
on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning
[6] ATEX Guidelines, Guidelines on the application of Council Directive 94/9/EC of the European parliament
equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, published by
European Commission, 2001 edition
54

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Also of interest to the following committees

31M/34/NP and 31M/35/RVN

T. von Hoegen - Germany

THIS DOCUMENT IS STILL UNDER STUDY AND SUBJECT

Copyright 2011 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is

Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Explosive Atmospheres Part 38: Equipment and components in explosive

Document type: International Standard

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Normative references .......................................................................................................................1

Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms.......................................................................................3

Requirements for equipment (machines) and components ...........................................................9

Additional requirements for specific equipment and components ..............................................16

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Radio-frequency radiation from equipment .................................................................................. 25

Fire protection ................................................................................................................................ 25

Information for use......................................................................................................................... 29

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Explosive Atmospheres Part 38: Equipment and components

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

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ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

variation of a property or of a dimension of the processed material or of the workpiece;

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Requirements for equipment (machines) and components

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

the need to meet the electrostatic requirements;

4.2 Ignition hazard assessment

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Assessment with faults

Establishing the maximum surface temperature

Dust deposits and other material in the gap of moving parts

Ignition hazard assessment report

Measures applied to prevent the

Ignition protection used

Figure 1 Assessment table for Group I equipment

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Protective measures can be used to make the ignition source non-effective.

4.3 Non-electrical equipment and components

Examples of ignition protection standards particularly relevant to mining are:

Protection by constructional safety c (see ISO/CD 80079-37);

ISO/IEC 2011 All rights reserved

Protection by liquid immersion k (see ISO/CD 80079-37).

4.4 Electrical equipment and components

Examples of ignition protection standards particularly relevant to mining are:

IEC 60079-1 (Flameproof enclosure "d");

Electrical equipment protection

Possible overloads or temperature rises may be caused by: