Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition

Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant

Moment for Target Recognition
1

Yulan Hu, 2 Pengfei Xue

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang,
China
wghao95@126.com
*2,
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang,
China
xuepengfei@163.com
1,

Abstract
The same moment is an important target recognition and effective method of feature extraction. By
using wavelet multi-scale, the moment has the translation and rotation invariant for feature extraction,
has the high recognition rate. But when the shooting Angle, image deform, recognition effect is
reduced, in this paper, a kind of wavelet moment and affine invariant moment for the combination of
target features new extraction method, and verify this method the robustness of the higher, identify the
effect is better.

Keywords: Wavelet Moment; Affine Invariant Moments; Feature Extraction; The Same Moment;
Target Recognition; Combination Characteristic.

1. Introduction
The target of feature extraction is an important step in pattern recognition[1-2],the key technology
of realization target identification is the way how to make the target features that extracted has
robustness[3].Make use of the image target has the characters of translation, rotation and scale
invariance,we had proposed the Invariant moments which with a certain robustness.Currently there are
Hu moment Zernike moments and wavelet moment[4].Through moments and mathematical formulas
M.K.Hu derivation the seven invariant moments that with translation, rotation and scale invariance
in1962[9] .The Zernike moments integration into the orthogonality,Khotanzad etc.verify that the
orthogonal moments is better than other moments in the redundancy of information, image capacity
and identification.Zernike moments and orthogonal moments are both global characteristics, the are
susceptible to noise interference.With the development of wavelet technology,D.shen etc.put forward
wavelet moment with the global and local features[10].Contrasted verification the features of the three
invariant moments features Yaojun etc. reached the conclusion that the wavelet moment is batter than
the other two. Reality, however, the target would be deformed due to the different shooting angle,
especially if there are fewer in the samples , it is more important to select the features which could best
representation the image.
However, different distance from different perspectives to observe the same goal, will produce
different understanding, get different information, but an end in itself and did not change, change is
image information. Target image is through the camera in a certain Angle to three-dimensional image
target acquisition, inevitably will be filming equipment and perspectives affects distortion, to realize
the target type of recognition will be looking for in translation, scale, rotation, affine and distortion of
remain unchanged or influence not big characteristic parameters to establish recognition mode. Camera
imaging in mathematics by using transmission transformation description, considering the camera and
target distance is greater than the size of the general goal itself, to the same scene for different image
can be used affine transformation between approximate representation[11].
To establish meet translation, scale, rotation, affine etc distortion invariance recognition mode,
use a feature extraction method is difficult to achieve. Therefore, the use of a variety of feature
extraction method for target feature extraction is particularly important. This is also the future
development trend in the field of pattern recognition. Now there are many scholars both at home and
abroad in the research, and have made a lot of progress.Dong-hua Wu, put a order histogram color
moment characteristics and gray level co-occurrence matrix feature combination used in plane image

Journal of Convergence Information Technology(JCIT)

Volume 7, Number 21, Nov 2012
doi : 10.4156/jcit.vol7.issue21.11

88

Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition
Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

target recognition[5]. Wen-hui Dai, first of all to establish HSV color histogram model, realize the target
area matching, in extracting moment features used to realize sports face target detection[6]. Air force
engineering university, such as Lei Yang, through the extraction of radar target feature combination
into a set of feature vector, improve the efficiency of radar target recognition rate[7].
On the basis of analyzing wavelet moment and Jan Flusser etc, who proposed the affine invariant
moments which are provided with affine transformation invariance.This article proposed the target
feature extraction method that make wavelet moment combination of affine invariant moments and
verify that the method is higher than single wavelet moment in robustness and recognition effect.

2. Unchanged constructing moment

The invariant moment that characteristic quantities still remain the same moment after the object
after translation, scaling and rotation transformation.

2.1 Wavelet Moment

Wavelet transform has get a wide range of applications in the field of signal processing.Wavelet
analysis has good ability of local information analysis but the invariance,Combination multi-scale
wavelet analysis and invariant moment is wavelet moment. It is able to get not only global
characteristics of the image but also the local characteristics.It also have been widely used in the image
target recognition.
Commonly wavelet invariant moments has three methods: the image wavelet invariant moments
which based on wavelet approximation coefficient;wavelet invariant moments which based on wavelet
transform modulus maxima method to the construct and the image wavelet invariant moments that
constructed under polar coordinates .The wavelet moment of this article is constructed in polar
coordinates.
Assume the image is f ( x, y ) ,the standard moments under Rene Descartes coordinate:

p ,q

y q f ( x , y ) dxdy

converted to polar coordinates,by x cos , y sin that could obtained with the general
expression of the rotation invariant moment features :

p, q 0,1,2, F p ,q f ( , ) g p ( )e jq dd
In the formula(1) F p , q is p+q order moment , g p ( ) is nuclear radial component, e
component of the transform kernel.
rotated angle
make

(1)
jq

is the angle

F pq is the modulus of F pq ,If after the original image f ( , )

,the mold is the same.

S q ( ) f ( , )e jq d ,so t formula(1) turn into

F p ,q S q ( , ) g p ( ) d
Take the radial wavelet basis function

m ,n ( )

1
m

n
m

(2)

) instead of nuclear radial

component so formula(2) turn into

Fm ,n ,q S q ( ) m ,n ( ) d

(3)

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Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition
Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

m is the scale factor, n is the translation factor. The Wavelet moment invariants is

Fmwavelet
Fm,n,q Fm*,n,q
, n, q

From the structure of wavelet moment Fm ,n ,q ,we can easy to find Fm ,n ,q is the scale factor of the

f ( , ) , actually is the m,the translation factor is n, the section q frequency components

characteristic in the phase space [0,2 ] .Due to the calculation of Fm ,n ,q we need to turn all

image

angles ,take different m, n, make m,n ( ) could Over the entire radial space [0,1].so the wavelet
moment can provide local information of images in different scales and locations.Hu moments and
Zernike moments can not do this.

2.2 Affine Invariant Moments

Affine transform definition: In the Euclidean space, if a mapping the common linear three point
into still common linear three points, the transformation is called affine mapping.
Affine transformation has some excellent properties
1)Parallel to the line (plane) into parallel line (plane), at the intersection of line (plane) into at the
intersection of line (plane), and the point of intersection one-to-one correspondence;
2) A total of line 3 point of simple ratio unchanged;
3) In the plane of the arbitrary two groups do not collinear 3 point, there is only one affine
transformation will be a group of point into another group of point;
4) Vector the linear relationships between remain unchanged;
5) Two triangle area ratio is affine invariant, this not variable called regression coefficient;
6) Two closed curve surrounded the area ratio of affine invariant.
Affine transformation is an important class of linear transformation, for any two-dimensional
space ( x, y ) ,assumption the cure is ( x' , y ' ) after by the affine transformation ,then the affine
transformation is the formula (4)

x' a11
y ' a
21

a12 x b1
x
A B

a 22 y b2
y

(4)

In the (4) A is an affine matrix that to meet the non-singular conditions,B is the translation
parameters.The matrix A can be decomposed for a variety of transformation:for instance the scale

m 0
1 0
m 0 ;the stretching transformation An

;the distort
0 m
0 n
cos sin
1 i
;the rotation transformation A
transform Ai
0 2 .

sin cos
0 1
transformation Am

If any moment function M remain unchanged in the conditions of the transformation which may
be translation, scaling, stretching, distorting, and rotating etc, it has the affine invariant we called it the
affine invariant moment. Assume that the center of gravity of change into the formula(5) as a result of
the image affine transformation becomes:

x' a11

y ' a 21
(4) minus (5) turn out to be:

x' x' a11

y ' y ' a 21

a12 x b1

a 22 y b2

(5);

a12 x x

,the translation parameters B is

a 22 y y

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Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition
Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

offset.We can use the image center distance to construct the affine moment invariant.The purpose to
construct the affine invariant moment is to built the polynomial about u pq and to offset the affine
transformation matrix A,the ultimate goal is to eliminate image warping caused by scale, stretching,
twisting and turning transform.
There are many ways to construct the affine invariant moment function, such as the with pole
polynomial ,the Hankel determinant, the polynomial x and so on.The author of this article introduce the
10 affine invariant moments structured by Jan Flusser .But the literature [8] has proved the effect of
identify is not proportional to the number of invariant moments,We only select the first three affine
invariant moments.
3
10
I 1 ( 20 02 112 ) / 004 ; I 2 ( 302 032 6 30 03 21 12 4 03 21
4 30 123 ) / 00
;
2
7
I 3 ( 20 ( 21 03 122 ) 11 ( 30 03 21 12 ) 02 ( 12 30 21
)) / 00

3. Combined invariant moment

In the practical applications, the images that will be deformed because of the perspective of
different, the target feature extraction is not accurate by the extraction of wavelet moment,especially in
small samples,the ineffective of identify is not satisfied with people.To solve this problem this article
has proposed the wavelet moment which is able to extract local and all the characteristics of the image
target,combine wavelet moment with affine invariant moment that has the characteristic of affine
invariant to constitutes a new combination of vector, it used for the target feature recognition.The
specific construction steps of combination moments is as follows:
(1) calculate the center of gravity coordinates

( x, y ) of the target image f ( x, y ) that is to be

recognized, scaling factor and center distance

p ,q

00
norm

translation and scale

xx y y
,
) ;in which the scaling factor

transformation of the image ,that is f ' ( x , y ) f (

,make it normalized

, 00 is the area of image the norm is the desired image size.

(2) Utilize the formula to calculate the affine invariant moments I 1 , I 2 , I 3

(3) Conversion image f ' ( x, y ) to the polar coordinate

f ( , ) .In practice it must be

discretized ,Select the appropriate angle interval 2 / N of the polar coordinate image, the
angular integration change into: S q ( )
(4) In the radial region
wavelet
is:
the

1
N

f ( , i )e

=0.69766,

4a

k 1

2 (k 1)

f0

j 2 .i . q / N

;i

0,1, N

i 0

wavelet

j 2 .i .q

m,n ( )

i 0

cubic

moment

capacity

B-spline

wavelet

w cos(2f 0 (2 1)) exp(

order of the B-spline wavelet,

f ( , i)e

final

1 N 1

above-mentioned

follows: ( )

N 1

1
N

{0 1} , deal with S q ( ) by extracting discrete binary cubic B-spline

feature.The

Fmwavelet

,n ,q

basis

function

is

(2 1)
) in the formula k is the
2 w2 (k 1)
2

f 0 is the modulation factor, w2 is the deviation of volume, get

=0.409177,

w2

=0.56114;

the

discrete

binary

wavelet

is

m ,n ( ) b 0.5 j (b j nc) ,b=2,c=1.

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Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition
Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

Thus we obtain the Q frequency component characteristics of m and n in the phase space

[0,2 ] ,m is the scale factor, n is the translation factor. Select the appropriate parameters to obtain the

different moments characteristic parameters, The new combination of vectors is consists of moments
characteristic parameters and affine invariant moments.

4. Experimental results
Image source:In this paper the writer utilize the complex background of different target that are
captured by infrared camera to do the simulation of the wavelet moment feature extracted ,Figure;And
from different angleson shoot the same target that in a complex background.

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Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition
Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

Figure1. The target results of picture feature extraction

Table1. The wavelet moment characteristic quantities of the man and cars
wavelet moment

in complex background

F000

F010

F100

F110

F200

F210

F220

car1

15.8530

5.3003

19.6363

12.8593

10.3474

20.8260

17.7213

car2

13.5481

4.5030

17.4485

11.3577

10.7306

19.2351

13.8121

car3

13.2221

4.2278

15.9114

11.3981

8.8484

17.7970

13.8103

car4

14.7652

4.8974

18.5167

11.8754

10.4568

20.5235

15.6312

car5

13.8245

5.1354

16.4567

12.4473

9.6542

18.4878

15.2335

car6

13.7924

4.6438

17.4538

12.5468

9.8441

19.5235

16.3124

man1

10.3055

2.7473

10.2972

9.5275

5.6376

11.0440

11.3169

man2

10.0403

2.8312

10.5910

9.0197

6.3376

11.2321

11.2748

man3

10.0681

3.3473

13.3551

8.2037

7.1816

15.0364

10.7056

man4

10.2146

3.0412

11.5038

8.9912

7.5445

16.4835

12.1165

man5

11.1004

3.1542

11.5466

8.6488

7.6633

16.3201

12.3351

man6

10.8577

3.1006

12.6117

9.2033

6.9984

16.0035

12.3524

target

Table 2. The combined moment invariants characteristic quantities at different perspectives in

complex background
moment eatures

F000

F110

F200

F220

I1

I3

car1

9.6924

9.2279

8.4169

9.7456

6.1637e-007

1.9899e084

car2

9.8578

9.5063

8.6494

9.8802

6.1266e-007

2.0351e084

car3

10.7437

9.8485

8.7782

10.8230

6.1095e-007

2.0562e084

target

It can be seen from the data in the table 1: There is a large difference in wavelet moment
parameters between cars and people, it is easy to distinguish and identify.But for the same target image
which are taken form different angles ,the wavelet moment parameters will change accordingly,as is

93

Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition
Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

shown in table 2,the wavelet moment feature that at the same target but different perspectives of the
image target.The affine invariant moments is not sensitive for this target deformation, so we adopt the
new feature vector that is composed of the wavelet moment and the affine invariant moment to abstract
the target image feature.
We elect the combination of moments which is composed of the part of the wavelet moment
features quantities and the part affine invariant moment feature quantities that as the shape
characteristics of the target, then we utilize the minimum distance to do the simulation.The result is
shown in table 3.As is seen by the simulation results, the recognition rate of wavelet moment is
91%,the recognition rate of the combination of moment is 94%.Therefore,the recognition rate of the
combination moments is improved relative to the wavelet moment and the robustness is batter.

Table 3. the target recognition results of the two types of characteristic quantities
method
the target characteristic quantity
recognition rate
Wave let moment

F000 F110 F200 F220

91%

Combination moment

F000 F110 F200 F220 I 1 I 3

94%

5. Conclusions
In this paper, we study the target feature extraction method of the wavelet moment. The target
images taken from a different perspective may be deformed and the target recognition rate is low. To
solve this problem, we proposed a new combination characteristic quantities to extract the target
features, the new combination characteristic quantities is combination of wavelet moments and affine
invariant moment. This article has elaborated the target feature extraction steps of the combination
moment and validated the identification of the infrared image target by simulation, the infrared image
target is collected in complex background. The experimental results show that we use the combination
characteristics as the target feature amount to do the target recognition, the recognition rate is higher
and the robustness is batter.

6. Acknowledgements
This paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (61170146)

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[8] Hu Ming-Kuei. Vidual pattern recognition by moment invariants.IRE Trans.IT.1962,8:179~187.

[9] Khotanzad AHong Y.H.Rotation Incariant Image Recognition Using Features Selected Via A
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Method of Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet and Affine Invariant Moment for Target Recognition
Yulan Hu, Pengfei Xue

[10] Shen D,Horance H.S.Ip.Discriminative Wavelet Shape Descriptors for Recognition of 2-D Pat
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