Sustainability Eccs 08

Sustainability of Steel
Structures
Helena Gervsio
(hger@dec uc pt)
(hger@dec.uc.pt)
Aalesund, 18th September 2008
Sustainability of Steel Structures
Helena Gervsio
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Sustainable Construction
Contribution of steel to Sustainable Construction
Tools for Sustainable Assessment
Case study: Life cycle assessment of a residential house
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
Helena Gervsio
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF

THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Construction is the largest industrial sector in Europe (10-11% of GDP) and
in the United States (12%); in developing world it represents 2-3% of GDP

Construction sector provides 7% of world employment (28% of industrial
employment)
Construction sector consumes 50% of all resources taken from earth
Building and construction sector consumes 25-40% of all energy used
(OECD countries)
The built environment is the largest source of GHGs in Europe and it
accounts for 40% of world GHG emissions

Construction and demolition waste accounts for 30-50% of total waste
generated in higher income countries

Source: UNEP Industry and Environment (2003)
Helena Gervsio
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY

Industrial direct CO2 emissions (2004)
Iron & steel industry accounts for

27% of direct CO2 emissions from
Other
28%
Iron and steel

27%
the industry sector

3-4%
3 4% off global G
GHG
G emissions
(IPCC)
1.7
1 7 tonnes
t
off CO2 is
i emitted
itt d for
f every
tonne of steel produced
Non-metallic
minerals
27%
Source: Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions (IEA, 2007)
Chemicals &
petrochemicals
16%
Non-ferrous
metals
2%
Helena Gervsio

Industrial final energy use (2004)
Chemicals & petrochemicals
1%
Iron and steel
16%
1%
1%
2%
2%
Non-metallic minerals
30%
Paper, pulp and print

Food and tobacco
Non-ferrous metals
Machinery
4%
Textile and leather
4%
Mining and quarrying

Construction
5%
19%
6%
9%
Wood
Transport equipment
Non-specified
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Use of outdated technologies and low quality resources
Worldwide variability in energy intensities and CO2
emissions
Recycling BAT and higher efficiency of energy

Recycling,
Energy efficiency Saving potential in primary energy

about 2.3 2.9 EJ/year
Complete recovery of used steel Raise the potential to about 5
EJ/year
Reduction of CO2 emissions 220 360 Mt CO2/year
Helena Gervsio
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable
Sustainable Development meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
In Bruntland report
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Sustainable Construction results from the application of
the principles of Sustainable Development to the global
cycle of construction, from raw material acquisition,
through planning, design, construction and operation, to
fi l demolition
final
d
liti and
d waste
t management.
t
Chrisna du Plessis Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in
Developing Countries
Helena Gervsio
CONTRIBUTION OF STEEL AND STEEL

STRUCTURES TO SUSTAINABILITY
Helena Gervsio
LIFE CYCLE OF STEEL

Steelmaking
End-of-life
Construction
Steel
St l structures
t
t
STEELMAKING PROCESS
BLAST FURNACE
Helena Gervsio
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
e.g. Production of 1 kg of steel (sections) (IISI)

Total primary
Energy:
CO2 emissions:
28.97 MJ
9.50 MJ
2
2.45
45 kg
0 44 kg
0.44
World production of steel (IISI, 2006)

Oxygen
yg
65.5 %;; Electric 32.0 %;; Open
p
hearth 2.5%
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Helena Gervsio
STEELMAKING PROCESS
Sustainable countermeasures
Energy efficiency
9 Highly energy efficient facilities (e.g. high efficiency combustion burners,
optimization of the reheating of furnaces, etc)
9 Recycling of products (e.g. waste plastic, waste tires, etc)
NIPPON STEEL
CORUS
PJ/year
Integrated steelworks energy intensity

(GJ/tonne steel)
Source: Nippon Steel Sustainability Report 2007
Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08
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Helena Gervsio
STEELMAKING PROCESS
Reduction of CO2 emissions
NIPPON STEEL
CORUS
CO2 Million tonnes/year
Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from integrated

steelmaking
l ki (kg)/tonne
(k )/
liquid
li id steell
2012 reduction
target (<1.7 t/tls)
2020 reduction
target (<1.5 t/tls)
Source: Nippon Steel Sustainability Report 2007
Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08
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Helena Gervsio
STEELMAKING PROCESS
1 tonne of iron generates 600 kg of byproducts
d t (slag,
( l
dust
d t and
d sludge)
l d )
By-products
By
products
9 Reutilization of by-product gases (e.g use of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas
as fuel gas for heating furnaces or energy sources for power generation plants, etc)
9 Use of by-products as raw materials in the steel works or in other industries (e.g.
cement production)
The use of blast furnace and steel slag as a substitute for
clinker in cement p
production could contribute 140 185 Mt
CO2 reduction (source: IISI)
Example: NIPPON STEEL
By-products
Waste
(2%)
InIn
company
use
(30%)
Cement
industries
and others
((68%))

Source: Nippon
Steel Sustainability Report 2007
By-product
gases
Fuel gas
(60%)
Power
plant
(40%)
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Helena Gervsio
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STEELMAKING PROCESS
Improved research and new technologies
9 Research and development (R&D)
As a result of systematic technological improvements,
improvements the best EU steel
plants are operating at the limits of what is presently technically possible
e.g. Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) project (http://www.ulcos.org/en/index.php)

E
European
project,
j t involving
i
l i allll major
j EU steel
t l companies,
i
aiming
i i att a d
drastic
ti
reduction in CO2 emissions from steel production (50% reduction in comparison
with todays best routes)
9 Use
of High Strength Steel (HSS)
e g HISTAR steels (ARCELORMITTAL)

e.g.
The use of HISTAR for common steels achieves reductions of 32% in steel
columns and 19% in beams, allowing to save in CO2 emissions
(source: ArcelorMittal: Bold Future 2007 Annual report)
Helena Gervsio
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CONSTRUCTION
9 Steel structures are installed rapidly the time of construction
can be
b reduced
d
d to
t half
h lf the
th time
ti
needed
d d for
f
other
th
t
type
off
construction;
9 Frame elements are delivered in time for installation minimizing
the area needed for storage and contributing to an efficient
construction site;
9 The prefabrication of frames provides a safer and cleaner
working environment;
9 Prefabrication ensures accurate and quality workmanship;
9 Waste during construction is reduced to a minimum and most
waste is recyclable.
y
Helena Gervsio
STEEL STRUCTURES
9Steel has a high strength
strength-to-weight
to weight ratio making of it a very
efficient material;
9Steel is 100% recyclable leading to the minimization of natural
resource depletion and environmental impacts;
9Steel has a long life span allowing to amortize the
environmental
i
t l impacts
i
t due
d to
t its
it production
d ti
stage;
t
9Thermal and acoustic insulation may
y be adapted
p
to any
y local
or functional requirement.
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Helena Gervsio
STEEL STRUCTURES
9 Steel frames can easily be adapted to new functional
requirements over the building life cycle;
9 Rehabilitation of existing buildings is easier with steel frames
and leads to the preservation of cultural and historical value;
9 A steel structure has exceptional durability, with little or no
maintenance, contributing to the safeguard of natural resources.
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END OF LIFE
END-OF-LIFE
Steel is 100% recyclable

y
and it can be infinitely
y recycled
y
without loss of quality
Creating new steel from recycled steel reduces CO2

emissions (in 2006, about 894 million metric tons of CO2
were saved))
By improving design, the need for new steel production
can be reduced as steel components can be reused
without reprocessing
In most sectors
sectors, steel reycling rates are between 80 and
100%
Source: Steel and you The life of steel (IISI)
Helena Gervsio
HOW TO MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITY

OF STEEL STRUCTURES ?
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RATING SYSTEMS
e.g. LEED - voluntary labelling system aiming to assess the global
environmental performance of a building through its life cycle
Process based in a system of 64 credits divided by 5 areas of

environmental impacts:
. Sustainable Sites (SS)
. Water Efficiency (WE)
. Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
. Materials
M t i l and
d Resources
R
(MR)
. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
. Innovation and Design Process (ID)
Classification:
> 26 credits
> 33 e < 38 credits
> 39 e < 51 credits
> 52 e < 69 credits
LEED certification
Sil
Silver
Gold
Platinum
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RATING SYSTEMS
Assessment of steel structures according to LEED system
Materials and Resources (MR)
9Building reuse steel buildings are flexible and adaptable
9Construction waste management steel is consistently recycled
9Resource reuse structural steel can be refabricated and reused
9Recycled content steel has close to 100% recycled content from scrap
Innovation and Design Process (ID)

9 Use of composite members
9Design for deconstruction
9Design for adaptability
Helena Gervsio
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
9 The
environmental impacts of buildings occur throughout all

life cycle stages of a building or other construction;
9 To overcome the shifting of burdens from one life cycle stage
to another when deciding between options,

options the life cycle
perspective needs to be taken into account
9 New
N
iinternational
t
ti
l standards
t d d for
f sustainability
t i bilit assessmentt off
buildings under development follow a life cycle approach
e.g.: prEN 15643-1 Sustainability of construction works - Integrated
assessment of building performance - Part 1: General framework.
ISO/TS 21931-1 Sustainability in building construction - Framework for
methods
th d off assessmentt for
f environmental
i
t l performance
f
off construction
t ti
works - Part 1: Buildings.
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Helena Gervsio
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

System Boundary
Material
Production
Construction
Operation
End of life
Raw Materials
Energy
Water
Unit
Process
Intermediate Material or
Final Product
Air Emissions
Water Effluents
Releases to Land
Other releases
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CASE STUDY
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SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING
Helena Gervsio
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Helena Gervsio
INTRODUCTION
Comparative analysis between two alternative structural

solutions of a dwelling in the context of sustainable
construction;
Both solutions were designed for a service life of 50 years
according to their respective Structural Eurocodes;
Life cycle
Lif
l environmental
i
t l analysis
l i takes
t k into
i t accountt the
th balance
b l
between the operational energy and the embodied energy of the
building;
A sustainability analysis is carried out in order to evaluate which
structural system has a better environmental performance,
considering
id i
a life
lif cycle
l approach.
h
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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Production
of materials
Recycling
Transport
Transport
Construction
Demolition
Use
Embodied energy
Operational energy
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PROJECT OVERVIEW
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APPROACH
The functional unit
A residential house, for a family of 5 persons,
designed to fulfil the requirements of national
regulations about safety, comfort and energy
demand for a service life of 50 years
demand,
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CASE STUDY
1st Floor 183 m2
2nd Floor 183 m2
3rd Floor 68 m2
Helena Gervsio
Case A Lightweight steel solution
EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C 150 profile (walls), C 250 profile (slabs)

Gypsum plaster board BA15
Rock wool (140mm)
OSB 11 ((walls),
), OSB 18 (slabs)
(
)
Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)
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INTERIOR WALLS
1. C90 profile
2. Gypsum plaster board BA15
3. Rock wool (70mm)
4. Gypsum plaster board WA13
5. Ceramic
Helena Gervsio
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Helena Gervsio

Bill of materials
Material
Quantities
Concrete
70680
Cold formed steel
19494
Rock wool
12335
Gypsum plaster board
13208
Oriented strand board
7016
Reinforcement steel
1307
Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS):
Insulation board (Polystyrene)
330
Finish Coat (acrylic)
330
Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)

Element
Exterior wall
0.240
Roof
0.292
Terrace
0.289
Unit
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
m
Helena Gervsio
Case B Concrete solution
EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB

1. Internal clay brick wall (11 cm)
2. External clay brick wall (15 cm)
3. Mortar (2 cm) + Paint
4. Air space (6 cm)
5. Mineral wool (6 cm)
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Helena Gervsio
INTERIOR WALL
1.
2.
3
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Concrete frame
Clay brick wall (11cm)
Mortar
Mineral Wool (6cm)
Stucco
Paint
Nesting mortar
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Helena Gervsio
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Bill of materials
Material
Concrete C25/30
Reinforcement steel
Brick walls (int. + ext.)
Cement mortar
Insulation board (polystyrene)
Alkyd paint
Quantities
517482
15877
120852
38508
1327
139
Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)

Element
Exterior wall
0.483
Roof
0.610
Terrace
0.500
Unit
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Helena Gervsio
INVENTORY ANALYSIS
Portland
Cement
Production
Fine Aggregate
Production
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
(PCA)
Material
Transportation
Coarse
Aggregate
Production
Ready-Mix Plant
Operations
Functional Unit of
Concrete
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INVENTORY ANALYSIS
PRODUCTION OF STEEL ((IISI))
System
Raw material
and energy
production
d ti
Site boundaries
(including
extraction)
Natural
resources
reso
rces
from earth
Transportation
Steelworks
Recovery
processes
Consumable
s production
By-products
minus
Scrap
Merchant
scrap,
p,
other
steelwork,
etc
Save
external
operations
p
Equivalent
By-product
functions
Steel
products
Non allocated
By-products
Emissions
to earth
Helena Gervsio
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OPERATION STAGE
Operational energy quantification
European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings [2002/91/CE]
ISO 13790
A fully prescribed monthly quasi-steady state calculation method;
A fully prescribed simple hourly dynamic calculation method;
Calculation procedures for detailed dynamic
y
simulation methods.
RCCTE (Dec.Lei 80) - Quasi-steady approach, in which dynamic
effects are taking into account by means of a gain and/or loss
utilization factor
annual energy need for heating (Nic) < Ni
annual energy need for cooling (Nvc) < Nv
ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
Helena Gervsio
Climate data of Portugal

Winter climatic zones
Coimbra
Summer climatic zones
Coimbra
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Helena Gervsio
OPERATION STAGE
Heating season
Set point temperature: 20oC
Coimbra:
C i b climatic
li ti winter
i t zone I1
Length of heating season: 6 months
Degree-days: 1 460 oC.days
Cooling season
Set point temperature: 25oC
Coimbra: climatic summer zone V2
Length of cooling season: 4 months (June-September)
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Helena Gervsio

Energy need for space heating (per year):
Case A LW. steel frame:
NiC = 27.92 kWh/m2 (= 8835.67 kWh) < Ni = 81.08 kWh/m2
Note: From the simulation analysis
y
Ni = 4216.60 kWh ((-52%))
Case B Concrete frame:

NiC = 34.17 kWh/m2 ((= 10813.32 kWh)) < Ni = 81.08 kWh/m2
Energy need for space cooling (per year):

Case A LW. steel frame:
Nvc = 13.98 kWh/m2 (= 4424.50 kWh) < Nv = 18.00 kWh/m2
Note: From the simulation analysis
y
Nv = 6517.08 kWh ((+47%))
Case B Concrete frame:

Nvc = 11.26 kWh/m2 ((= 3563.82 kWh)) < Nv = 18.00 kWh/m2
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Helena Gervsio
OPERATION STAGE
OPERATIONAL ENERGY vs. EMBODIED ENERGY
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END--OF
END
OF--LIFE STAGE
END-OF-LIFE SCENARIOS
Helena Gervsio
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Helena Gervsio
END--OF
END
OF--LIFE STAGE
ALLOCATION
OC
O OF
O SCRAP
SC
Closed
C
osed material
ate a loop
oop recycling
ecyc g
methodology (IISI)
S (kg)
Steel product
(1kg)
Net scrap = RR - S
LCI credit/debit = (RR S) x Y (Xpr Xre)
LCI product = X [(RR S) x Y (Xpr Xre)]
RR (kg)
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Helena Gervsio
RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
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Helena Gervsio

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS LIGHTWEIGHT
STEEL FRAME
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LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS CONCRETE FRAME
Helena Gervsio

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
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Helena Gervsio

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
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Helena Gervsio
FINAL REMARKS
Steel
structures
have
positive
contribution
towards
the
sustainability of the construction sector;

Steel industry needs to be recognize by the role played in the
sector;
It is necessary to demonstrate the benefits of steel structures
based in credible data and appropriate methodologies;
Life cycle analysis allow to highlight the advantages of steel
structures, namely, recycling and reuse of structures;
Further initiatives leading to more eficient life cycle performance of
steel structures (e.g. deconstruction, modular construction, design
for adaptability, improvements in the energy efficient, etc).
| 51

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Sustainability of Steel

Sustainability of Steel Structures

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF

in the United States (12%); in developing world it represents 2-3% of GDP

accounts for 40% of world GHG emissions

generated in higher income countries

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY

Iron & steel industry accounts for

Iron and steel

the industry sector

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY

Iron and steel

Paper, pulp and print

Textile and leather

Mining and quarrying

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY

Recycling BAT and higher efficiency of energy

Energy efficiency Saving potential in primary energy

Sustainability of Steel Structures

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

CONTRIBUTION OF STEEL AND STEEL

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

LIFE CYCLE OF STEEL

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE

e.g. Production of 1 kg of steel (sections) (IISI)

World production of steel (IISI, 2006)

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

Integrated steelworks energy intensity

Source: Nippon Steel Sustainability Report 2007

Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

CO2 Million tonnes/year

Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from integrated

Source: Nippon Steel Sustainability Report 2007

Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

Example: NIPPON STEEL

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

e.g. Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) project (http://www.ulcos.org/en/index.php)

of High Strength Steel (HSS)

e g HISTAR steels (ARCELORMITTAL)

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

Sustainability of Steel Structures

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of Steel Structures