Unix Fundamentals Ver 0 0 2 Avea PDF

11/29/2010
Omega
Training & Consultancy
OMG-150
UNIX
FUNDAMENTALS
BinnurKurt,Ph.D.
OmegaTrainingandConsultancy
www.omegaegitim.com
binnur.kurt@omegaegitim.com
UNIX Fundamentals
Omega
CourseOverview
1. Solaris10OperatingSystem
2. CommandLineFeatures
3. ViewingDirectoriesandFiles
4. WorkingwithDirectoriesandFiles
5. Thevi Editor
6. UsingCommandsWithintheShell
7. BasicFilePermissions
8. AccessControlLists
9. SearchingFilesandDirectories
10. BasicProcessControl
11/29/2010
Omega
UNIX Fundamentals
ImportantCourseInformation
> Duration
1Day
> CourseHours
9:3012:30
13:3016:30
Omega
UNIX Fundamentals
Background
1995,B.Sc.,ITU ComputerEngineering
1997,M.Sc.,ITU ComputerEngineering
2007,Ph.D.,ITU ComputerEngineering
19952003,RA, ITUCE
20042008,Lecturer, ITUCE
2008todate,Trainer,OmegaTraining&Consultancy
2008todate,VisitingFacultyMember,ITU CE
Biliim Teknolojileri TYLProgram
2004todate,AhmetYeseviniversitesi,UzaktanEitim,
InternetWebServisleri
11/29/2010
UNIX Fundamentals
Omega
Contact
binnur.kurt@gmail.com
http://www2.itu.edu.tr/~bkurt
http://www.omegaegitim.com
UNIX Fundamentals
Omega
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UNIX Fundamentals
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223,Chapter9,CRCPress,2010.
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UNIX Fundamentals
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Module 1
UNIX
Operating System
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UNIX Fundamentals
UNIX Operating System
WhatisanOperatingSystem?
> Anelephantisamousewithanoperatingsystem.
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UNIX Fundamentals
WhatisanOperatingSystem?
> Apieceofsoftwarethatprovidesaconvenient,
efficientenvironmentfortheexecutionofuser
programs.
Users
Applications software
Kernel
Operating systems
Hardware
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UNIX Fundamentals
ResourceAbstractionandSharing
> Hidesthedetailsofhowthehardwareoperates
> Providesanabstractmodeloftheoperationof
hardwarecomponents
generalizehardwarebehavior
limittheflexibilityinwhichhardwarecanbe
manipulated
> Computationmodel:processes,threads
> Resources:memory,disk,files,cpu,etc.
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UNIX Fundamentals
UNIX
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UNIX Fundamentals
Kernel
> ThekernelisthecoreoftheOS
> Managesallthephysicalresourcesofthecomputer
> Aftertheshellpassesthecommands,thekernel
executesthecommands.
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UNIX Fundamentals
Shell
Theshellperformsthefollowing:
> Actsasaninterfacebetweentheuserandthekernel
> Actsasacommandlineinterpreter
> Takesthecommandsthatauserenters
> Processesthecommandlineenteredbyauser
> Passestheinterpretedcommandlinetothekernel
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UNIX Fundamentals
Shell
>
>
>
>
>
BourneShell
Korn Shell
CShell
TCShell
B(ourne)A(gain)sh Shell
sh
ksh
csh
tcsh
bash
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UNIX Fundamentals
DirectoryHierarchy
> Thedirectoryhierarchycontainsan
organizedgroupofdirectoriesand
files.
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Omega
Module 2
Command-Line
Features
UNIX Fundamentals
Command-Line Features
IntroducingCommandLineSyntax
> Youcanchangethebehaviorofcommandfunctions
byusing optionsandarguments,asshowninthe
followingtable:
> Youcanrunacommandwithoutoptionsand
arguments.
> Youcanruncommandswithoptions,witharguments,
orwithbothoptionsandarguments.
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UNIX Fundamentals
Command-Line Features 2
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
$uname
$uname a
$uname i
$uname r
$uname s
$uname rs
$uname sr
$uname rs
$uname sr
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UNIX Fundamentals
> $uname rsi
> $uname rs i
> $uname rsi
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UNIX Fundamentals
> $cal
> $cal71973
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UNIX Fundamentals
> $ls
> $ls l
> $ls l dante
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UNIX Fundamentals
> $sleep10
> $sleep10^C
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UNIX Fundamentals
ControlCharacters
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UNIX Fundamentals
EnteringMultipleCommands
onaSingle CommandLine
> Youcanentermultiplecommandsonasingle
commandline byusingasemicolon(;)toseparate
eachcommand.
> Theshellrecognizesthesemicolonasacommand
separator
$cal71973;date;uname rs
$(cal71973;date);uname rs
runsinasubshell
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UNIX Fundamentals
DisplayingtheOnlineManualPages
> TheonlineUNIXReferenceManual(man)pages
provide detaileddescriptionsofUNIXcommandsand
howtouse them.
> Usetheman commandtodisplaythemanpageentry
that explainsagivencommand.
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UNIX Fundamentals
ScrollinginManPages
> Thistableshowsthekeysonthekeyboardthatyou
useto controlthescrollingcapabilitieswhenyouare
intheman pages.
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UNIX Fundamentals
SearchingtheManPages
> Therearetwowaystosearchforinformationinthe
manpages:
Youcansearchamanpagebysection
Youcansearchamanpagebyakeyword
$manlpasswd
$manpasswd
$mans4passwd
$mankcalendar
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UNIX Fundamentals
UsingOnlineProductDocumentation
> TostartaWebbrowserinthedesktopenvironment:
ClickLaunch>FirefoxWebBrowser
ClickLaunch>Applications>Internet>FirefoxWeb
Browser.
> ToaccesscomprehensiveinformationonSun
products,visittheWebsitehttp://docs.sun.com
usingyourWebbrowser.
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UNIX Fundamentals
Thedocs.sun.com WebSite
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Omega
Module 3
Viewing
Directories
and Files
UNIX Fundamentals
Viewing Directories & Files 3
DeterminingtheCurrentDirectory
> Thepwd commandidentifiesthedirectorythatyou
arecurrentlyaccessing.
> $pwd
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UNIX Fundamentals
DisplayingtheDirectoryContents
> Youcanviewahierarchyofthefilesanddirectoriesin
the /export/home/user1directoryusingthels
command.
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Displayinghiddenfiles
> Displayingalonglist
Youcanusethels -l commandtoview
detailedinformationaboutthecontentsofa
directory.
Theoutputofthels -l commandshowsalong
listingoffileinformation.
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UNIX Fundamentals
Whatisahiddenfile?
$ touch apple
$ ls
$ touch .pear
$ ls
$ ls a
(whatdoyousee?
doyouseeapple?)
(doyousee.pear?)
(whataboutnow?)
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UNIX Fundamentals
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Toviewdetailedinformationonthecontentsofthe
dir1 directory,performthels -l dir1 command
fromtheuser1 directory.
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Displayingindividualdirectories
ls ld /etc
> Displayingarecursivelist
ls R /etc
ls R /
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UNIX Fundamentals
DisplayingFileTypes
> Youcanuseeitherthels F commandorthe
file command todisplayfiletypes.
> Thistableshowsthesymbolsusedwiththels -F
command output:
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UNIX Fundamentals
DisplayingFileTypes
> Usethefile commandtodeterminecertainfiletypes.
> Theoutputfromthefilecommandcanbe:
Text
Data
Executableorbinary
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UNIX Fundamentals
ChangingDirectories
> Youcanchangeyourcurrentworkingdirectoryat
anytimeusingthecd command
> Youcanusepathnameabbreviationstoeasily
navigate
> orrefertodirectoriesonthecommandline
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UNIX Fundamentals
ChangingDirectories
> Thisfigureshowsthedir1 directoryandits

parentdirectory, theuser1 directory.
$cd /export/home/user1
> or
$cd ..
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UNIX Fundamentals
Returningtoyourhomedirectory
$
$
$
$
cd
cd ~user1/
cd ~/
cd $HOME
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UNIX Fundamentals
WorkingWithFiles
> Therearedifferentcommandsavailablethatenable
youto viewfilecontentinareadonlyformatorto
display informationaboutafile.
> Thesecommandsinclude:
Thecat command
Themore command
Thetail command
Thehead command
Thewc command
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UNIX Fundamentals
ViewingFilesUsingthemore Command
> Whenthe--More--(n%) promptappears,you
canusethe keysdescribedinthefollowingtableto
scrollthroughthefile.
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UNIX Fundamentals
ViewingFilesUsingthemore Command
> cat/var/log/messages
> cat/var/log/messages|more
> more/var/log/messages
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UNIX Fundamentals
DisplayingLine, Word,andCharacter Counts

> Usethewc commandtodisplaythenumberoflines,
words,andcharacterscontainedinafile.
> Thistableshowstheoptionsthatyoucanusewith
thewc command.
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UNIX Fundamentals
ViewingFileContentUsinghead
> Usethehead commandtodisplaythefirst10lines
ofafile.
> Youcanchangethenumberoflinesdisplayedusing
the-n option.
> The-n optiondisplaysn linesstartingatthe
beginningofthefile.
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UNIX Fundamentals
ViewingFileContentUsingtail
> Usethetail commandtodisplaythelast10lines
ofafile.
the-n or+n options.
> The-n optiondisplaysnlinesfromtheendofthe
file.
> The+n optiondisplaysthefilefromlinentotheend
ofthefile
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UNIX Fundamentals
Examples
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
cat /etc/passwd
tail -2 /etc/passwd
head -2 /etc/passwd
ls R / > dat
cat ./dat
more ./dat
cat ./dat | more
wc /etc/passwd
wc l /etc/passwd
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UNIX Fundamentals
ViewingFileContentUsingtail
> Usethetail commandtodisplaythelast10lines
ofafile.
the-n or+n options.
> The-n optiondisplaysnlinesfromtheendofthe
file.
> The+n optiondisplaysthefilefromlinentotheend
ofthefile
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Omega
Module 4
Working with
Directories
and Files
28
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UNIX Fundamentals
Working with Directories & Files 4
CopyingFiles
> Thesyntaxforthecp commandwhencopyingfilesis:
cp -option sources target
> Thesourceoptionisafile.
> Thetargetoptioncanbeafileoradirectory.
> Thistabledescribessomeoptionsyoucanusewith
the cp commandwhenyouarecopyingfilesand
directories.
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UNIX Fundamentals
CopyingFiles
$
$
$
$
touch apple
ls
cp apple pear
ls
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UNIX Fundamentals
CopyingMultipleFiles
$ cd
$ cp feathers* dir1/
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UNIX Fundamentals
MovingandRenamingFiles&Directories
> Youcanusethemv commandto:
Moveandrenameafile
Moveafiletoanotherdirectory
Moveadirectoryanditscontents
Renameadirectory
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UNIX Fundamentals
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
cd
touch banana
ls
mv banana apricot
ls
mkdir dir3
ls
mv apricot dir3/
ls
ls dir3/
mv dir3 dir4
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UNIX Fundamentals
$
$
$
$
mkdir dir5
mv dir4 dir5
ls dir5
ls R .
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UNIX Fundamentals
CreatingFilesandDirectories
> Youcanusethetouch andmkdir commandsto:
Createemptyfiles
Createdirectories
63
UNIX Fundamentals
$ cd
$ mkdir newdir
$ mkdir Reports
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UNIX Fundamentals
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
cd
mkdir DIR1
ls
mkdir DIR1/DIR2
ls
cd DIR1
ls
pwd
$ mkdir p DIR1/DIR2
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UNIX Fundamentals
RemovingFilesandDirectories
> Fromthedirectoryhierarchyyoucanpermanently:
Removefiles
Removedirectories(includingremovingadirectory
withcontent)
> Thistabledescribestheoptionsthatyoucanusewith
therm commandwhenyouareremovingdirectories.
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UNIX Fundamentals
RemovingFilesandDirectories
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
cd
mkdir fruit
touch fruit/banana
touch fruit/apple
cd fruit
touch pear
touch pricot
ls
rm apple
ls
$
$
$
$
$
rm pear
ls
cd ..
rm r fruit/
ls
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Omega
Module 5
The vi Editor
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The vi Editor 5
SOLARIS 10 Fundamentals
69
The vi Editor 5
InputCommandsforthevi Editor
> Commandsthatyoucanusetoinsertandappendtext
toafileusingthevieditorareshowninthistable.
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The vi Editor 5
MovingtheCursorWithinthevi Editor
71
The vi Editor 5
MovingtheCursorWithinthevi Editor
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The vi Editor 5
TextDeletionCommandsforthevi Editor
73
The vi Editor 5
EditCommandsforthevi Editor
> Commandstochangetext,undoachange,andrepeat
aneditfunctioninthevi editorareshowninthis
table.Manyofthesecommandschangethevi editor
toinputmode.Toreturntocommandmode,press
Esc key.
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The vi Editor 5
EditCommandsforthevi Editor
75
The vi Editor 5
SearchandReplaceCommands
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The vi Editor 5
CopyandPasteCommands
> Commandsthatyank(yy)andput(p,P)textinthevi
editorarelistedhere.
77
The vi Editor 5
AdditionalCopyandPasteCommands
> Additionalcommandsthatcopy(co)andmove(m)
textinthevi editorarelistedhere.
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The vi Editor 5
SaveandQuitCommands
> Commandsthatsavethefileandquitthevieditorare
showninthefollowingtable.
79
The vi Editor 5
EditSessionCustomizationCommands
> Variablesofthesetcommandincludedisplayingline
numbersandinvisiblecharacters,suchastheTaband
theendoflinecharacters.
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The vi Editor 5
Customizingthevi editor
> $HOME/.exrc
:setnu
abbr kurt bkurt@itu.edu.tr
abbr _html <html><body></body></html>
map #3 ZZ
map #5 dd
map sil :1,$d<Return>
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Omega
Module 6
Using
Commands
Within the Shell
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Using Commands within the Shell 6
UNIX Fundamentals
UsingtheShellMetacharacters
> Pathnamemetacharactersinclude:
Thetilde(~)character
Thetilde(~)characterwithausername
> Filenamesubstitutionmetacharactersinclude:
Theasterisk(*)character
Thequestionmark(?)character
Thesquarebracket([])characters
83
UNIX Fundamentals
>
>
>
>
>
ls file*
ls file?
ls file[abc1257]
ls [fp]*
ls [af]*
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UNIX Fundamentals
> 3digit files:
$touch {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
> Evennumbered filenames:
$ls [09]*[02468]
> Oddnumbered filenames:
$ls [09]*[13579]
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UNIX Fundamentals
Tilde(~)Character
> Thetilde(~)characterrepresentsthehomedirectory
ofthecurrentuser.
> Itisasubstitutionthatequatestotheabsolutepath
nameoftheuser.
$cd ~/
$pwd
$cd ~gandalf/
$pwd
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UNIX Fundamentals
Asterisk(*)Character
> Theasterisk(*)characterisalsocalledthewildcard
characterandrepresentszeroormorecharacters,
excepttheleadingperiod(.)ofahiddenfile.
$cd
$ls f*
feathers file.1 file.2 file.3 file4 fruit2
feathers_6 file1 file2 file3 fruit
87
UNIX Fundamentals
$ls d*
dante dante_1
dir1:
coffees fruit trees
dir2:
beans notes recipes
dir3:
cosmos moon planets space sun vegetables
dir4:
constellation memo roses
dir5:
dir10:
planets
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UNIX Fundamentals
$ls *3
file.3 file3
dir3:
89
UNIX Fundamentals
QuestionMark(?)Character
> Thequestionmark(?)characterrepresentsanysingle
characterexcepttheleadingperiod(.)ofahiddenfile.
$ls dir?
dir1:
coffees fruit trees
dir2:
beans notes recipes
dir3:
dir4:
constellation memo roses
dir5:
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UNIX Fundamentals
Dash()Character
> Thedash()characterintheshellrepresentsthe
previousworkingdirectory.
> Youcanusethedashcharactertoswitchbetweentwo
specificdirectories.Theshellautomaticallydisplays
thecurrent
$cd /etc
$pwd
$cd /tmp
$pwd
$cd
$pwd
$cd
$pwd
91
UNIX Fundamentals
SquareBracket([])Characters
> Thesquarebracket([])charactersrepresentasetor
rangeofcharactersforasinglecharacterposition.
> Asetofcharactersisanynumberofspecific
characters;forexample,[acb].Thecharactersinaset
donotgenerallyneedtobeinanyorder:
[abc]isthesameas[cab].
> Arangeofcharactersisaseriesoforderedcharacters.
Arangeliststhefirstcharacter,ahyphen(),andthe
lastcharacter:[az]or[09].
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UNIX Fundamentals
$ls [af]*
brands dante_1 file.1 file2 file4
celery feathers file1 file.3 fruit
dante feathers_6 file.2 file3 fruit2
dir1:
coffees fruit trees
dir10:
planets
dir2:
beans notes recipes
dir3:
dir4:
93
UNIX Fundamentals
$ls [fp]*
feathers file.1 file.2 file.3 file4 fruit2
feathers_6 file1 file2 file3 fruit
perm:
group motd skel vfstab
practice1:
appointments file.1 file.2 play
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UNIX Fundamentals
IntroducingShellVariables
> Avariablereferstoatemporarystorageareain
memory.Variablescontain:
Informationneededforcustomizingtheshell
Informationneededbyotherprocessestofunction
properly
> Theshellenablesyoutostorevaluesinvariables.
> Shellprogrammingusestwotypesofvariables:
Variablesthatareexportedtosubshells
Variablesthatarenotexportedtosubshells
95
UNIX Fundamentals
ShellCommandsforVariables
> Shellcommandsusedtoset,unset,andview
variables:
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UNIX Fundamentals
DefaultKornShellVariables
97
UNIX Fundamentals
ReferencingValuesinVariables
> Youcanusetheechocommandtodisplaythevalue
thatisstoredinsideashellvariable.
> Forexample:
$echo$SHELL
/bin/ksh
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UNIX Fundamentals
DisplayingVariables
> Tolistallshellvariableswiththeircurrentvalues,
performthesetcommand:
$set
DISPLAY=:0.0
EDITOR=/usr/bin/vi
ERRNO=13
FCEDIT=/bin/vi
HOME=/export/home/student
HZ=100
IFS=
LANG=C
LINENO=1
...
99
UNIX Fundamentals
export
> Tomakethevalueofavariableknowntoasubshell,
exportitusingtheexportcommand.
> Toviewalistofallthesevariablesandtheircurrent
values,performtheexportcommand:
$export
DISPLAY=:0.0
EDITOR=/usr/bin/vi
ERRNO=13
FCEDIT=/bin/vi
HOME=/export/home/student
HZ=100
...
100
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UNIX Fundamentals
SettingandUnsettingShellVariables
> Avariableissetandavalueisassignedwiththe
followingsyntax:
> var=value
$ private=/export/home/student/private
$ set| grep private
private=/export/home/student/private
$ cd $private; pwd
/export/home/student/private
101
UNIX Fundamentals
> Tomakethevalueofavariableknowntoasubshell,
usethefollowingcommandsyntax:
> exportVAR
$exportoffice=/export/home/student/office
$echo$office
/export/home/student/office
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Youcandeletethevaluesstoredinshellvariableswith
thefollowingcommandsyntax:
unsetVAR
$unsetprivate
$echo$private
103
UNIX Fundamentals
CustomizingKornShellVariables
> ThePS1promptvariable
> ThePATHvariable
> ExtendingthePATHvariable
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UNIX Fundamentals
ThePS1PromptVariable
> Theshellpromptstringisstoredintheshellvariable
PS1,andyoucancustomizeitaccordingtoyour
preferences.
$PS1=$LOGNAME@unamen \$PWD$
student@host1:$
105
UNIX Fundamentals
ThePS1PromptVariable
$ILU=IlikeUNIX
$PS1=$ILU >
ILikeUNIX>echo$ILU
IlikeUNIX
IlikeUNIX>
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UNIX Fundamentals
ThePATHVariable
> ThePATHvariablecontainsalistofdirectorypath
names,separatedbycolons.
> Whenyouperformacommandonthecommandline,
theshellsearchesthesedirectoriesfromlefttoright
tolocatethatcommand.
> Theshellexecutesthefirstcommandthatitfinds.
> Iftheshelldoesnotfindthecommandinanyofthe
listeddirectories,itdisplaysthefollowingerror
message:
ksh:command_name:notfound
107
UNIX Fundamentals
ExtendingthePATHVariable
$echo$PATH
/usr/dt/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/bin
$
$PATH=$PATH:~
$
$echo$PATH
/usr/dt/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/bin:/export/home/student
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UNIX Fundamentals
UsingtheQuotingCharacters
> Quotingisaprocessthatinstructstheshelltomask,
orignore,thespecialmeaningofmetacharacters.
> Thequotingcharactersare
singleforwardquotationmarks(),
doublequotationmarks(""),
backslash(\),
parentheses($(command)).
109
UNIX Fundamentals
> Quotationmarksaroundastringofmetacharacters
preventtheshellfrominterpretingthespecial
meaningofthemetacharacters.
> Therearetwotypesofquotationmarksthatmaskthe
specialmeaningofmetacharacters:
singleforwardquotationmarks():instructthe
shelltoignoreallenclosedmetacharacters.
doublequotationmarks("").
110
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Doublequotationmarksinstructtheshelltoignoreall
enclosedmetacharacters,exceptforthefollowing
threecharacters:
Thesinglebackwardquotationmarks() Single
backwardquotationmarksinstructtheshellto
executeanddisplaytheoutputforaUNIXsystem
command.
Thebackslash(\) Abackslash(\)characterinfront
ofametacharacterpreventstheshellfrom
interpretingthenextcharacterasametacharacter.
111
UNIX Fundamentals
> Doublequotationmarksinstructtheshelltoignoreall
enclosedmetacharacters,exceptforthefollowing
threecharacters:
Thedollarsign($) Youcanalsouseparentheses()
toperformcommandsubstitution.Parentheses($
(command))instructstheshelltoexecuteand
displaytheoutputforthecommandenclosed
within.
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UNIX Fundamentals
$echo$SHELL
$SHELL
$echo"$SHELL"
/bin/ksh
$echo"\$SHELL"
$SHELL
$echoTodaysdateisdate
TodaysdateisWedJan2021:26:33IST2008
$echoTheuseriscurrentlyinthe$(pwd)directory.
113
UNIX Fundamentals
DisplayingtheCommandHistory
> Usethehistorycommand
> Usethercommand
> Editandrerunpreviouslyexecutedcommands
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UNIX Fundamentals
UsingthehistoryCommand
> Thehistorycommanddisplayspreviouslyexecuted
commands.
> Bydefault,thehistorycommanddisplaysthelast16
commandstothestandardoutput.
$history
...
87 date
88 cd /etc
89 touch dat1 dat2
90 ps -ef
91 history
115
UNIX Fundamentals
> Thecommandsarerecordedinyour.sh_history file.
> Theoutputcanincludecommandsfrommultiple
windows.
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Todisplaythecommandhistorywithoutlinenumbers,
performthefollowingcommand:
$historyn
...
date
cd /etc
touchdat1dat2
ps ef
history
117
UNIX Fundamentals
> Todisplaythecurrentcommandandthefour
commandsprecedingit,performthefollowing
command:
$history4
107date
108cd /etc
109touchdat1dat2
110ps ef
111history
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Todisplaythehistorylistinreverseorder,performthe
followingcommand:
$historyr
111history
110ps ef
109touchdat1dat2
108cd /etc
107date
...
119
UNIX Fundamentals
UsingtherCommand
> ThercommandisanaliasbuiltintotheKorn shellthat
enablesyoutorepeatacommand.
> Torepeatthecalcommandusingthercommand,
performthefollowingcommand:
$cal
$r
February 2008
S M Tu W Th F S
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29
cal
February 2008
S M Tu W Th F S
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29
120
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UNIX Fundamentals
UsingtherCommand
> Toreexecuteacommandbylinenumber,usether
commandfollowedbytherespectivelinenumber:
$history
155history
156catdante
157history
158date
159cal
160ls
161cd
$r160
(outputomitted)
121
UNIX Fundamentals
UsingtherCommand
> Youcanalsousethercommandtoreexecutea
commandbeginningwithaparticularcharacter,or
stringofcharacters.
> Torerunthemostrecentoccurrenceofacommand
thatbeginswiththeletterc,performthefollowing
command:
$rc
cd /etc
> Torerunthemostrecentoccurrenceoftheps
command,performthefollowingcommand:
$rps
ps ef
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UNIX Fundamentals
UsingCommandRedirection
> Shellmetacharacters enablecommandredirection,as:
Thefiledescriptors
Redirectionofstandardinput
Redirectionofstandardoutput
Redirectionofstandarderror
Thepipecharacter
123
UNIX Fundamentals
UsingCommandRedirection
> Youcanredirectinputtoandoutputfromcommands
usingredirection.
> Therearetworedirectioncommands:thegreater
than(>)andthelessthan(<)metacharacters.
> Typically,theshellreceivesorreadscommandinput
fromthekeyboard,anddisplaysorwritesthe
commandoutputtothescreen.
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UNIX Fundamentals
TheFileDescriptors
> Eachprocessthattheshellcreatesworkswithfile
descriptors.
> Filedescriptorsdeterminewheretheinputtothe
commandoriginatesandwheretheoutputanderror
messagesaresent.
125
UNIX Fundamentals
RedirectingStandardInput
> Thefollowingsyntaxexampleshowsacommandusing
thelessthan(<)metacharacter toprocessafileasthe
standardinputinsteadofreadingtheinputfromthe
keyboard:
command<filename
command0<filename
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UNIX Fundamentals
RedirectingStandardOutput
> Thefollowingsyntaxexampleshowsacommandusing
thegreaterthan(>)metacharacter todirectthe
standardoutputtoafileinsteadofprintingtheoutput
tothescreen.Iffiledoesnotexist,thesystemcreates
it.
> Ifthefileexists,theredirectionoverwritesthe
contentsofthefile.
command>filename
command1>filename
127
UNIX Fundamentals
RedirectingStandardOutput
> Thefollowingexampleshowsacommandusingtwo
greaterthan(>>)characterstodirectthestandard
outputtotheendofexistingcontentinafile.
> Thestandardoutputgetsappendedtotheexisting
content.Ifthefiledoesnotexist,thesystemcreates
it.
command>> filename
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UNIX Fundamentals
RedirectingStandardError
> Thefollowingexampleshowsacommandusingthe
filedescriptornumber(2)andthegreaterthan(>)
charactertoredirectanystandarderrormessagesto
the/dev/nullfile.
> Thisredirectionisusefultosuppresserrormessages
sothatnoerrormessagesappearonthescreen.
command2>/dev/null
129
UNIX Fundamentals
RedirectingStandardError
> Thefollowingexampleshowsacommandredirecting
thestandardoutputtoafileandthestandarderrorto
thesamefile.
> Thesyntax2>&1instructstheshelltoredirectstderr
(2)tothesamefilethatreceivesstdout (1).
command1>filename2>&1
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UNIX Fundamentals
ThePipeCharacter
> Thefollowingexampleshowsacommandusingthe
pipe(|)charactertoredirectthestandardoutputto
thestandardinputofanothercommand:
command | command
> Youcaninsertapipecharacterbetweenanytwo
commandsthefirstcommandwritestheoutputto
standardoutputandthesecondcommandreads
standardoutputfromthepreviouscommandas
standardinput.
$who|wc l
35
131
UNIX Fundamentals
WorkingWithUserInitializationFiles
> Basedontheshell,theremightbeeitheroneortwo
defaultinitializationfilesinyourhomedirectorythat
enableyoutocustomizeyourworkingenvironment.
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UNIX Fundamentals
BourneShellInitializationFile
> The.profilefileisaninitializationfilethatyoudefine
inyourhomedirectory.
> Theloginshellexecutesthe.profilefilewhenyoulog
in.
> Youcancustomizeenvironmentvariablesand
terminalsettingsinthe.profilefiletomodifyyour
workingenvironment.
> Youcanalsoinstructthesystemtoinitiate
applicationsinthe.profilefile.
133
UNIX Fundamentals
KornShellInitializationFiles
> TheKorn shellemploystwoinitializationfiles.
.profilefile
.kshrc file
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UNIX Fundamentals
The~/.profileFile
> The.profilefileisaninitializationfilethatresidesin
yourhomedirectory.
> Theloginprocessrunsthe.profilefilewhenyoulogin.
Youcancustomizeenvironmentvariablesand
terminalsettingsinthethisfiletomodifyyour
workingenvironment.
> Youcanalsoinstructthesystemtoinitiate
applicationsinthe.profilefile.
135
UNIX Fundamentals
The~/.kshrcFile
> The.kshrc fileinyourhomedirectorycontainsshell
variablesandaliases.
> Thesystemexecutesthe.kshrc fileeverytimeyoulog
inandwhenaksh subshellisstarted.
> ThisfileisusedtodefineKorn shellspecificsettings.
> Touseit,theENVvariablemustbedefinedinthe
.profilefile.
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UNIX Fundamentals
The~/.kshrcFile
> Youtypicallyconfigurethefollowingsettingsinthe
.kshrc file:
Shellpromptdefinitions(PS1andPS2)
Aliasdefinitions
Shellfunctions
Historyvariables
Shelloptions(setooption)
137
UNIX Fundamentals
SourcingaFile
> Whenyoumakechangestoyourindividual
initializationfiles,thechangestakeeffectthenext
timeyoulogin.
> However,ifyouwantthechangestotakeeffect
immediately,youcansourcethe.profilefileandthe
.kshrc fileusingthedot(.)command.
$.~/.profile
$
$.~/.kshrc
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Omega
Module 7
Basic File
Permissions
UNIX Fundamentals
Basic File Permissions
ViewingPermissionCategories
> Toviewthepermissionsforfilesanddirectories,
performthels -l command:
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UNIX Fundamentals
ViewingPermissionCategories
> Thefirstfieldofinformationdisplayedbythels l
commandisthefiletype.
> Thefiletypetypicallyspecifieswhetheritisafileora
directory.
> Afileisrepresentedbyahyphen()
> Adirectoryisrepresentedbytheletterd
141
UNIX Fundamentals
TypesofUsers
> Thistabledescribeseachtypeofuserwithabrief
descriptionofeach.
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UNIX Fundamentals
PermissionTypes
> Theownerpermissions:Theownerpermissionset
determinesthetypeofaccesstheownerhasforthe
fileordirectory.
> Thegrouppermissions:Thegrouppermissionset
determinesthetypeofsharedfileaccessforeachuser
belongingtothefileownersgroup.
> Theotherpermissions:Theotherpermissionset
determinesthetypeofaccessforallotheruserswho
haveaccesstothesystem,butwhodonotownthe
fileordirectory,andarenotamemberofthefilesor
directorysgroup
143
UNIX Fundamentals
PermissionCharacters
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UNIX Fundamentals
PermissionSets
145
UNIX Fundamentals
Usingthels n Command
> Toviewtheuseridentifiers(UIDs)andgroup
identifiers (GIDs),performthels ncommandonthe
/var/adm directory.
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UNIX Fundamentals
DescriptionoftheOutputofthels n Command
147
UNIX Fundamentals
AssignedOctalValuesforPermissions
> Thistableshowstheoctalnumbersforeachindividual
permission.
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UNIX Fundamentals
OctalDigitsforPermissionSets
> Thistableshowstheoctalnumbersthatrepresenta
combined setofpermissions.
149
UNIX Fundamentals
CombinedValuesandPermissions
> Thistableshowsthepermissionsetsforthethree
digitoctal numbers:
150
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UNIX Fundamentals
Changingpermissionsinsymbolicmode
151
UNIX Fundamentals
Changingpermissionsinsymbolicmode
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
touch
ls n
chmod
ls n
chmod
chmod
ls n
apple
apple
g-rwx apple
apple
o-wx apple
o+r apple
apple
152
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UNIX Fundamentals
Introducingtheumask Utility
> Thistableshowsthefileanddirectorypermissions
thatare createdforeachoftheumask octalvalues.
> Alsousethese valuestodeterminetheumask value
youwanttoset.
153
Omega
Module 8
Access Control
Lists
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UNIX Fundamentals
Access Control Lists
AccessControlLists
> StandardUNIXfileprotectionprovidesread,write,
andexecutepermissionsforthethreeuserclasses:file
owner,filegroup,andothers.
> ACLsprovidegreaterdataaccesscontrolforeachfile
ordirectory.
> ACLsenableyoutocontrolfilepermissionsmore
finely.
> ACLsprovidebetterfilesecurityforthefileowner,file
group,other,specificusers,andspecificgroups.
155
UNIX Fundamentals
ACLCommands
156
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UNIX Fundamentals
ACLCommands
157
UNIX Fundamentals
ViewingACLEntries
158
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UNIX Fundamentals
ACLEntryTypes
159
UNIX Fundamentals
ACLEntryTypes
160
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UNIX Fundamentals
DeterminingifaFilehasanACL
> TherearetwowaystodetermineifafilehasanACL:
Usethegetfacl command
Usethels -l command
> Usingthels -l commandonanyfilethathasan
ACLdisplaysaplus(+)signattheendofthe
permissionmodefield
> Forexample:
$ls lfile2
rwrr+ 1studentclass0Jan2213:40file2
161
UNIX Fundamentals
ConfiguringorModifyinganACL
> Thefollowingexampleshowsyouhowtoaddanew
ACLentrytoafilewithexistingACLentries:
$ setfacl -m u:acluser2:7 file2
$ getfacl file2
# file: file2
# owner: student
# group: class
user::rwuser:
acluser:rwx #effective:r-user:acluser2:rwx #effective:r-group::r-- #effective:r-mask:r-other:r--
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UNIX Fundamentals
SubstitutinganACL
> ToreplacetheentireACLonafile,youmustspecifyat
leastthebasicsetofACLentries:user,group,other,
maskpermissions,andfilenames.Forexample:
$setfacl -s u::rwx,g::rw-,o:r--,m:rw-,u:acluser:rwx file1
$getfacl file1
# file: file1
# owner: student
# group: class
user::rwx
user:acluser:rwx #effective:rwgroup::
rw- #effective:rwmask:
rwother:
r--
163
UNIX Fundamentals
SwitchingUsersonaSystem
> Youcanusethesu commandtoswitchtoanother
userwithoutloggingoutandbackintothesystemas
thatuser:
su username
> Forexample:
$su user1
Password:<enteruser1spassword>
$whoami ;pwd
user1
/export/home/user1
$exit
164
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Omega
Module 9
Searching Files
and Directories
UNIX Fundamentals
Searching Files & Directories
Usingthegrep Command
> Theoptionsthatyouusewiththegrep command
canmodify yoursearch.
> Eachoption,exceptforthew option,canbeused
withtheegrep andfgrep commands.
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Thegrep commandsupportsseveralregular
expressionmetacharacterstofurtherdefineasearch
pattern.
> Thetableonthefollowingslidesdescribessomeof
theregularexpressionmetacharacters.
167
UNIX Fundamentals
$
$
$
$
cat /etc/passwd | grep root

grep root /etc/passwd
xclock &
ps fe | grep xclock
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UNIX Fundamentals
RegularExpressionMetacharacters
169
UNIX Fundamentals
RegularExpressionMetacharacters
170
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UNIX Fundamentals
Usingtheegrep Command
> Theegrep commandsearchesthecontentsofoneor
morefilesforapatternusingextendedregular
expressionmetacharacters.
> Extendedregularexpressionmetacharactersinclude
theregularexpressionmetacharactersthatthegrep
commandusesalongwithsomeadditional
metacharacters.
171
ExtendedRegularExpression
Metacharacters
UNIX Fundamentals
172
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UNIX Fundamentals
Usingthefind Command
> The pathname, expression,and action
argumentsforthe find commandareshowninthe
table.
173
UNIX Fundamentals
ExpressionforthefindCommand
> Expressions thatyoucanusewiththefind
command.
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UNIX Fundamentals
ActionsforthefindCommand
> Action argumentsforthefindcommand.
175
UNIX Fundamentals
ActionsforthefindCommand
> Additionalactionargumentsforthefind command:
176
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UNIX Fundamentals
Usingthefind Command
$ find /etc name pas* print
$ find / -user kurt mtime -7 size 100
print
$ find / -name core exec rm {} \;
177
Omega
Module 10
Basic Process
Control
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11/29/2010
UNIX Fundamentals
Basic Process Control
10
SolarisOSProcesses
> EveryprogramyourunintheSolarisOScreatesa
process.
> Whenyouloginandstarttheshell,youstarta
process.
> Whenyouperformacommandorwhenyouopenan
application,youstartaprocess.
> Thesystemstartsprocessescalleddaemons.Daemons
areprocessesthatruninthebackgroundandprovide
services.Forinstance,thedesktoplogindaemon
(dtlogin)providesagraphicalpromptthatyouuseto
login.
179
UNIX Fundamentals
10
UsingaPID
> Everyprocesshasauniqueprocessidentification
number(PID),whichthekernelusestotrack,control,
andmanagetheprocess.
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UNIX Fundamentals
10
UsingProcessUIDandGIDNumbers
> EachprocessisassociatedwithaUIDandaGID.These
numbersindicatewhoownsaprocessanddetermine
thefunctionsofaprocess.
> GenerallytheUIDandGIDassociatedwithaprocess
arethesameastheUIDandGIDoftheuserwho
startedtheprocess.
181
UNIX Fundamentals
10
UnderstandingtheParentProcess
> Whenoneprocesscreatesanother,thefirstprocessis
consideredtobetheparentofthenewprocess.
> Thenewprocessiscalledthechildprocess.
> Whilethechildprocessruns,theparentprocesswaits.
> Whenthechildfinishesitstask,itinformstheparent
process.Theparentprocessthenterminatesthechild
process.
> Iftheparentprocessisaninteractiveshell,aprompt
appears,indicatingthatitisreadyforanew
command.
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UNIX Fundamentals
> Thistabledescribessomeoftheps commandoptions:
10
Optionsfortheps Command
183
UNIX Fundamentals
10
DisplayingaListingofAllProcesses
> Usetheps -ef commandtoviewalistingofallthe
processescurrentlyscheduledtorunonthesystem.
> Thefollowingexampledisplaysalistingofall
processes:
$ ps -ef | more
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 0 0 0 Jan 23 ? 0:18 sched
root 1 0 0 Jan 23 ? 0:01 /etc/init root 2 0 0 Jan 23 ? 0:00 pageout
root 3 0 0 Jan 23 ? 17:47 fsflush
root 291 1 0 Jan 23 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/sac -t 300
root 294 291 0 Jan 23 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/ttymon
root 216 1 0 Jan 23 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/power/powerd
--More-184
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UNIX Fundamentals
10
ps ef CommandOutputDescription
185
UNIX Fundamentals
10
SearchingforaSpecificProcess
> Tosearchforaspecificprocess,youcancombinethe
ps andgrep commandsusingthepipe(|)
character:
$ps e|grep lp
217?0:00lpsched
> Youcanusethepgrep commandtosearchfor

specificprocessesbyname.
> Bydefault,thepgrep commanddisplaysthe
PIDofeveryprocessthatmatchesthecriteria
youspecifyonthecommandline.
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UNIX Fundamentals
10
OptionsforthepgrepCommand
187
UNIX Fundamentals
10
pgrep
> Thefollowingexampleshowshowtousethepgrep
commanddisplaythePIDofanyprocesswithaname
thatcontainsthestringlp:
$ pgrep lp
217
commandwiththe-l optiontodisplaythePIDand
nameofanyprocesswithanamethatcontainsthe
stringlp:
$ pgrep -l vold
217 vold
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UNIX Fundamentals
10
pgrep
commandwiththe-lt optiontodisplaythePID
andthenameofanyprocessassociatedwitha
terminalwindow:
$ pgrep -lt pts/2
697 ksh
commandwiththe-fl optionstodisplay:
$ pgrep -l mountd
155 automountd
$ pgrep -fl automountd
155 /usr/lib/autofs/automountd
189
UNIX Fundamentals
10
Usingtheptree Command
> Theptree commanddisplaysaprocesstreebased
ontheprocessIDthatwaspassedasanargumentto
thecommand.
> TheoutputhasthespecifiedPIDsorusers,withchild
processesindentedfromtheirrespectiveparent
processes.
> AnargumentofalldigitsistakentobeaPID,
otherwiseitisassumedtobeauserloginname.
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11/29/2010

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

Training & Consultancy

UNIX Operating System

UNIX Operating System

UNIX Operating System

UNIX Operating System

UNIX Operating System

UNIX Operating System

UNIX Operating System

UNIX Operating System

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

> Thisfigureshowsthedir1 directoryandits

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

DisplayingLine, Word,andCharacter Counts

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Viewing Directories & Files 3

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Working with Directories & Files 4

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6

Using Commands within the Shell 6