Java(programminglanguage)

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Javaisageneralpurposecomputerprogramming
languagethatisconcurrent,classbased,object
oriented,[14]andspecificallydesignedtohaveasfew
implementationdependenciesaspossible.Itisintended
toletapplicationdevelopers"writeonce,runanywhere"
(WORA),[15]meaningthatcompiledJavacodecanrun
onallplatformsthatsupportJavawithouttheneedfor
recompilation.[16]Javaapplicationsaretypically
compiledtobytecodethatcanrunonanyJavavirtual
machine(JVM)regardlessofcomputerarchitecture.As
of2016,Javaisoneofthemostpopularprogramming
languagesinuse,[17][18][19][20]particularlyforclient
serverwebapplications,withareported9million
developers.JavawasoriginallydevelopedbyJames
GoslingatSunMicrosystems(whichhassincebeen
acquiredbyOracleCorporation)andreleasedin1995as
acorecomponentofSunMicrosystems'Javaplatform.
ThelanguagederivesmuchofitssyntaxfromCand
C++,butithasfewerlowlevelfacilitiesthaneitherof
them.
TheoriginalandreferenceimplementationJava
compilers,virtualmachines,andclasslibrarieswere
originallyreleasedbySununderproprietarylicences.As
ofMay2007,incompliancewiththespecificationsofthe
JavaCommunityProcess,SunrelicensedmostofitsJava
technologiesundertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense.
Othershavealsodevelopedalternativeimplementations
oftheseSuntechnologies,suchastheGNUCompilerfor
Java(bytecodecompiler),GNUClasspath(standard
libraries),andIcedTeaWeb(browserpluginforapplets).
ThelatestversionisJava8,whichistheonlyversion
currentlysupportedforfreebyOracle,althoughearlier
versionsaresupportedbothbyOracleandother
companiesonacommercialbasis.

Java

Paradigm

Multiparadigm:Objectoriented
(classbased),structured,
imperative,generic,reflective,
concurrent

Designedby

JamesGosling

Developer

SunMicrosystems(nowacquired
byOracleCorporation)

Firstappeared May23,1995[1]
Typing
discipline

Static,strong,safe,nominative,
manifest

License

GNUGeneralPublicLicense,Java
CommunityProcess

Filename
extensions

.java,.class,.jar

Website

java.net(http://java.net)
Majorimplementations

OpenJDK,GNUCompilerforJava(GCJ),many
others

Contents
1 History
1.1 Principles
1.2 Versions
2 Practices

Dialects
GenericJava,Pizza
Influencedby

2 Practices
2.1 Javaplatform
2.1.1 Implementations
2.1.2 Performance
2.2 Automaticmemorymanagement
3 Syntax
4 Examples
4.1 "Hello,world!"program
4.2 Comprehensiveexample
5 Specialclasses
5.1 Applet
5.2 Servlet
5.3 JavaServerPages
5.4 Swingapplication
5.5 Generics
6 Criticism
7 Useonunofficialsoftwareplatforms
7.1 Google
8 Classlibraries
9 Documentation
10 Editions
11 Seealso
11.1 ComparisonofJavawithother
languages
12 Notes
13 References
14 Externallinks

Ada83,C++, [2]C#, [3]Eiffel, [4]GenericJava,

Mesa, [5]Modula3, [6]Oberon, [7]ObjectiveC, [8]
UCSDPascal, [9][10]ObjectPascal[11]
Influenced
Ada2005,BeanShell,C#,Chapel, [12]Clojure,
ECMAScript,Fantom,Groovy,Hack, [13]Haxe,J#,
JavaScript,Kotlin,PHP,Python,Scala,Seed7,
Vala
JavaProgrammingatWikibooks

History
JamesGosling,MikeSheridan,andPatrickNaughtoninitiatedtheJavalanguageprojectinJune1991.[21]
Javawasoriginallydesignedforinteractivetelevision,butitwastooadvancedforthedigitalcable
televisionindustryatthetime.[22]ThelanguagewasinitiallycalledOakafteranoaktreethatstoodoutside
Gosling'soffice.LatertheprojectwentbythenameGreenandwasfinallyrenamedJava,fromJava
coffee.[23]GoslingdesignedJavawithaC/C++stylesyntaxthatsystemandapplicationprogrammers
wouldfindfamiliar.[24]
SunMicrosystemsreleasedthefirstpublicimplementationasJava1.0in1995.[25]Itpromised"WriteOnce,
RunAnywhere"(WORA),providingnocostruntimesonpopularplatforms.Fairlysecureandfeaturing
configurablesecurity,itallowednetworkandfileaccessrestrictions.Majorwebbrowserssoon
incorporatedtheabilitytorunJavaappletswithinwebpages,andJavaquicklybecamepopular,while
mostlyoutsideofbrowsers,thatwasn'ttheoriginalplan.InJanuary2016,OracleannouncedthatJava
runtimeenvironmentsbasedonJDK9willdiscontinuethebrowserplugin.[26]TheJava1.0compilerwas
rewritteninJavabyArthurvanHofftocomplystrictlywiththeJava1.0languagespecification.[27]With
theadventofJava2(releasedinitiallyasJ2SE1.2inDecember19981999),newversionshadmultiple
configurationsbuiltfordifferenttypesofplatforms.J2EEincludedtechnologiesandAPIsforenterprise

applicationstypicallyruninserverenvironments,whileJ2MEfeatured
APIsoptimizedformobileapplications.Thedesktopversionwasrenamed
J2SE.In2006,formarketingpurposes,SunrenamednewJ2versionsas
JavaEE,JavaME,andJavaSE,respectively.
In1997,SunMicrosystemsapproachedtheISO/IECJTC1standardsbody
andlatertheEcmaInternationaltoformalizeJava,butitsoonwithdrew
fromtheprocess.[28][29][30]Javaremainsadefactostandard,controlled
throughtheJavaCommunityProcess.[31]Atonetime,Sunmademostofits
Javaimplementationsavailablewithoutcharge,despitetheirproprietary
softwarestatus.SungeneratedrevenuefromJavathroughthesellingof
licensesforspecializedproductssuchastheJavaEnterpriseSystem.
OnNovember13,2006,SunreleasedmuchofitsJavavirtualmachine
(JVM)asfreeandopensourcesoftware,(FOSS),underthetermsofthe
GNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL).OnMay8,2007,Sunfinishedthe
process,makingallofitsJVM'scorecodeavailableunderfree
software/opensourcedistributionterms,asidefromasmallportionofcode
towhichSundidnotholdthecopyright.[32]
Sun'svicepresidentRichGreensaidthatSun'sidealrolewith
regardtoJavawasasan"evangelist".[33]FollowingOracle
Corporation'sacquisitionofSunMicrosystemsin200910,Oracle
hasdescribeditselfasthe"stewardofJavatechnologywitha
relentlesscommitmenttofosteringacommunityofparticipationand
transparency".[34]ThisdidnotpreventOraclefromfilingalawsuit
againstGoogleshortlyafterthatforusingJavainsidetheAndroid
SDK(seeGooglesectionbelow).Javasoftwarerunsoneverything
fromlaptopstodatacenters,gameconsolestoscientific
supercomputers.[35]OnApril2,2010,JamesGoslingresignedfrom
Oracle.[36]

Principles

Duke,theJavamascot

JamesGosling,thecreatorofJava
(2008)

TherewerefiveprimarygoalsinthecreationoftheJavalanguage:[16]
1.Itmustbe"simple,objectoriented,andfamiliar".
2.Itmustbe"robustandsecure".
3.Itmustbe"architectureneutralandportable".
4.Itmustexecutewith"highperformance".
5.Itmustbe"interpreted,threaded,anddynamic".

Versions
Asof2015,onlyJava8issupported("publicly").MajorreleaseversionsofJava,alongwiththeirrelease
dates:

JDK1.0(January21,1996)
JDK1.1(February19,1997)
J2SE1.2(December8,1998)
J2SE1.3(May8,2000)
J2SE1.4(February6,2002)
J2SE5.0(September30,2004)
JavaSE6(December11,2006)
JavaSE7(July28,2011)
JavaSE8(March18,2014)

Practices
Javaplatform

TheTIOBEprogramminglanguage
popularityindexgraphfrom2002to
2015.Overthecourseofadecade
Java(blue)andC(black)competing
forthetopposition.

OnedesigngoalofJavaisportability,whichmeansthatprograms
writtenfortheJavaplatformmustrunsimilarlyonanycombination
ofhardwareandoperatingsystemwithadequateruntimesupport.
ThisisachievedbycompilingtheJavalanguagecodetoan
intermediaterepresentationcalledJavabytecode,insteadofdirectly
toarchitecturespecificmachinecode.Javabytecodeinstructionsare
analogoustomachinecode,buttheyareintendedtobeexecutedby
avirtualmachine(VM)writtenspecificallyforthehosthardware.
EnduserscommonlyuseaJavaRuntimeEnvironment(JRE)
installedontheirownmachineforstandaloneJavaapplications,or
inawebbrowserforJavaapplets.
Standardlibrariesprovideagenericwaytoaccesshostspecific
featuressuchasgraphics,threading,andnetworking.

JavaControlPanel,version7

Theuseofuniversalbytecodemakesportingsimple.However,the
overheadofinterpretingbytecodeintomachineinstructionsmakesinterpretedprogramsalmostalwaysrun
moreslowlythannativeexecutables.However,justintime(JIT)compilersthatcompilebytecodesto
machinecodeduringruntimewereintroducedfromanearlystage.Javaitselfisplatformindependent,and
isadaptedtotheparticularplatformitistorunonbyaJavavirtualmachineforit,whichtranslatestheJava
bytecodeintotheplatform'smachinelanguage.[37]
Implementations
OracleCorporationisthecurrentowneroftheofficialimplementationoftheJavaSEplatform,following
theiracquisitionofSunMicrosystemsonJanuary27,2010.Thisimplementationisbasedontheoriginal
implementationofJavabySun.TheOracleimplementationisavailableforMicrosoftWindows(stillworks
forXP,whileonlylaterversionscurrently"publicly"supported),MacOSX,LinuxandSolaris.Because
JavalacksanyformalstandardizationrecognizedbyEcmaInternational,ISO/IEC,ANSI,orotherthird
partystandardsorganization,theOracleimplementationisthedefactostandard.
TheOracleimplementationispackagedintotwodifferentdistributions:TheJavaRuntimeEnvironment
(JRE)whichcontainsthepartsoftheJavaSEplatformrequiredtorunJavaprogramsandisintendedfor
endusers,andtheJavaDevelopmentKit(JDK),whichisintendedforsoftwaredevelopersandincludes

developmenttoolssuchastheJavacompiler,Javadoc,Jar,andadebugger.
OpenJDKisanothernotableJavaSEimplementationthatislicensedundertheGNUGPL.The
implementationstartedwhenSunbeganreleasingtheJavasourcecodeundertheGPL.AsofJavaSE7,
OpenJDKistheofficialJavareferenceimplementation.
ThegoalofJavaistomakeallimplementationsofJavacompatible.Historically,Sun'strademarklicense
forusageoftheJavabrandinsiststhatallimplementationsbe"compatible".Thisresultedinalegaldispute
withMicrosoftafterSunclaimedthattheMicrosoftimplementationdidnotsupportRMIorJNIandhad
addedplatformspecificfeaturesoftheirown.Sunsuedin1997,andin2001wonasettlementofUS$20
million,aswellasacourtorderenforcingthetermsofthelicensefromSun.[38]Asaresult,Microsoftno
longershipsJavawithWindows.
PlatformindependentJavaisessentialtoJavaEE,andanevenmorerigorousvalidationisrequiredto
certifyanimplementation.Thisenvironmentenablesportableserversideapplications.
Performance
ProgramswritteninJavahaveareputationforbeingslowerandrequiringmorememorythanthosewritten
inC++.[39][40]However,Javaprograms'executionspeedimprovedsignificantlywiththeintroductionof
justintimecompilationin1997/1998forJava1.1,[41]theadditionoflanguagefeaturessupportingbetter
codeanalysis(suchasinnerclasses,theStringBuilderclass,optionalassertions,etc.),andoptimizationsin
theJavavirtualmachine,suchasHotSpotbecomingthedefaultforSun'sJVMin2000.WithJava1.5,the
performancewasimprovedwiththeadditionofthejava.util.concurrentpackage,includingLockfree
implementationsoftheConcurrentMapsandothermulticorecollections,anditwasimprovedfurtherJava
1.6.
SomeplatformsofferdirecthardwaresupportforJavatherearemicrocontrollersthatcanrunJavain
hardwareinsteadofasoftwareJavavirtualmachine,andARMbasedprocessorscanhavehardwaresupport
forexecutingJavabytecodethroughtheirJazelleoption(whileitssupportismostlydroppedincurrent
implementationsofARM).

Automaticmemorymanagement
Javausesanautomaticgarbagecollectortomanagememoryintheobjectlifecycle.Theprogrammer
determineswhenobjectsarecreated,andtheJavaruntimeisresponsibleforrecoveringthememoryonce
objectsarenolongerinuse.Oncenoreferencestoanobjectremain,theunreachablememorybecomes
eligibletobefreedautomaticallybythegarbagecollector.Somethingsimilartoamemoryleakmaystill
occurifaprogrammer'scodeholdsareferencetoanobjectthatisnolongerneeded,typicallywhenobjects
thatarenolongerneededarestoredincontainersthatarestillinuse.Ifmethodsforanonexistentobjectare
called,a"nullpointerexception"isthrown.[42][43]
OneoftheideasbehindJava'sautomaticmemorymanagementmodelisthatprogrammerscanbespared
theburdenofhavingtoperformmanualmemorymanagement.Insomelanguages,memoryforthecreation
ofobjectsisimplicitlyallocatedonthestack,orexplicitlyallocatedanddeallocatedfromtheheap.Inthe
lattercasetheresponsibilityofmanagingmemoryresideswiththeprogrammer.Iftheprogramdoesnot
deallocateanobject,amemoryleakoccurs.Iftheprogramattemptstoaccessordeallocatememorythathas

alreadybeendeallocated,theresultisundefinedanddifficulttopredict,andtheprogramislikelyto
becomeunstableand/orcrash.Thiscanbepartiallyremediedbytheuseofsmartpointers,buttheseadd
overheadandcomplexity.Notethatgarbagecollectiondoesnotprevent"logical"memoryleaks,i.e.,those
wherethememoryisstillreferencedbutneverused.
Garbagecollectionmayhappenatanytime.Ideally,itwilloccurwhenaprogramisidle.Itisguaranteedto
betriggeredifthereisinsufficientfreememoryontheheaptoallocateanewobjectthiscancausea
programtostallmomentarily.ExplicitmemorymanagementisnotpossibleinJava.
JavadoesnotsupportC/C++stylepointerarithmetic,whereobjectaddressesandunsignedintegers(usually
longintegers)canbeusedinterchangeably.Thisallowsthegarbagecollectortorelocatereferencedobjects
andensurestypesafetyandsecurity.
AsinC++andsomeotherobjectorientedlanguages,variablesofJava'sprimitivedatatypesareeither
storeddirectlyinfields(forobjects)oronthestack(formethods)ratherthanontheheap,asiscommonly
truefornonprimitivedatatypes(butseeescapeanalysis).ThiswasaconsciousdecisionbyJava's
designersforperformancereasons.
Javacontainsmultipletypesofgarbagecollectors.Bydefault,HotSpotusestheparallelscavengegarbage
collector.However,therearealsoseveralothergarbagecollectorsthatcanbeusedtomanagetheheap.For
90%ofapplicationsinJava,theConcurrentMarkSweep(CMS)garbagecollectorissufficient.[44]Oracle
aimstoreplaceCMSwiththeGarbageFirstcollector(G1).[45]

Syntax
ThesyntaxofJavaislargelyinfluencedbyC++.UnlikeC++,whichcombinesthesyntaxforstructured,
generic,andobjectorientedprogramming,Javawasbuiltalmostexclusivelyasanobjectoriented
language.[16]Allcodeiswritteninsideclasses,andeverydataitemisanobject,withtheexceptionofthe
primitivedatatypes,i.e.integers,floatingpointnumbers,booleanvalues,andcharacters,whicharenot
objectsforperformancereasons.JavareusessomepopularaspectsofC++(suchasprintf()method).
UnlikeC++,Javadoesnotsupportoperatoroverloading[46]ormultipleinheritanceforclasses,though
multipleinheritanceissupportedforinterfaces.[47]Thissimplifiesthelanguageandaidsinpreventing
potentialerrorsandantipatterndesign.
JavausescommentssimilartothoseofC++.Therearethreedifferentstylesofcomments:asingleline
stylemarkedwithtwoslashes(//),amultiplelinestyleopenedwith/*andclosedwith*/,andtheJavadoc
commentingstyleopenedwith/**andclosedwith*/.TheJavadocstyleofcommentingallowstheuserto
runtheJavadocexecutabletocreatedocumentationfortheprogram.
Example:
//Thisisanexampleofasinglelinecommentusingtwoslashes
/*Thisisanexampleofamultiplelinecommentusingtheslashandasterisk.
Thistypeofcommentcanbeusedtoholdalotofinformationordeactivate
code,butitisveryimportanttoremembertoclosethecomment.*/
packagefibsandlies;

importjava.util.HashMap;
/**
*ThisisanexampleofaJavadoccomment;Javadoccancompiledocumentation
*fromthistext.Javadoccommentsmustimmediatelyprecedetheclass,method,orfieldbeingdocumented.
*/
publicclassFibCalculatorextendsFibonacciimplementsCalculator{
privatestaticMap<Integer,Integer>memoized=newHashMap<Integer,Integer>();
/*
*ThemainmethodwrittenasfollowsisusedbytheJVMasastartingpointfortheprogram.
*/
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
memoized.put(1,1);
memoized.put(2,1);
System.out.println(fibonacci(12));//Getthe12thFibonaccinumberandprinttoconsole
}
/**
*AnexampleofamethodwritteninJava,wrappedinaclass.
*GivenanonnegativenumberFIBINDEX,returns
*theNthFibonaccinumber,whereNequalsFIBINDEX.
*@paramfibIndexTheindexoftheFibonaccinumber
*@returnTheFibonaccinumber
*/
publicstaticintfibonacci(intfibIndex){
if(memoized.containsKey(fibIndex)){
returnmemoized.get(fibIndex);
}else{
intanswer=fibonacci(fibIndex1)+fibonacci(fibIndex2);
memoized.put(fibIndex,answer);
returnanswer;
}
}
}

Examples
"Hello,world!"program
Thetraditional"Hello,world!"programcanbewritteninJavaas:[48]
classHelloWorldApp{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
System.out.println("HelloWorld!");//Printsthestringtotheconsole.
}
}

Sourcefilesmustbenamedafterthepublicclasstheycontain,appendingthesuffix.java,forexample,
HelloWorldApp.java.Itmustfirstbecompiledintobytecode,usingaJavacompiler,producingafilenamed
HelloWorldApp.class.Onlythencanitbeexecuted,or"launched".TheJavasourcefilemayonlycontain
onepublicclass,butitcancontainmultipleclasseswithotherthanpublicaccessandanynumberofpublic
innerclasses.Whenthesourcefilecontainsmultipleclasses,makeoneclass"public"andnamethesource
filewiththatpublicclassname.
Aclassthatisnotdeclaredpublicmaybestoredinany.javafile.Thecompilerwillgenerateaclassfile
foreachclassdefinedinthesourcefile.Thenameoftheclassfileisthenameoftheclass,with.class
appended.Forclassfilegeneration,anonymousclassesaretreatedasiftheirnameweretheconcatenation

ofthenameoftheirenclosingclass,a$,andaninteger.
Thekeywordpublicdenotesthatamethodcanbecalledfromcodeinotherclasses,orthataclassmaybe
usedbyclassesoutsidetheclasshierarchy.Theclasshierarchyisrelatedtothenameofthedirectoryin
whichthe.javafileislocated.Thisiscalledanaccesslevelmodifier.Otheraccesslevelmodifiersinclude
thekeywordsprivateandprotected.
Thekeywordstaticinfrontofamethodindicatesastaticmethod,whichisassociatedonlywiththeclass
andnotwithanyspecificinstanceofthatclass.Onlystaticmethodscanbeinvokedwithoutareferenceto
anobject.Staticmethodscannotaccessanyclassmembersthatarenotalsostatic.Methodsthatarenot
designatedstaticareinstancemethods,andrequireaspecificinstanceofaclasstooperate.
Thekeywordvoidindicatesthatthemainmethoddoesnotreturnanyvaluetothecaller.IfaJavaprogram
istoexitwithanerrorcode,itmustcallSystem.exit()explicitly.
Themethodname"main"isnotakeywordintheJavalanguage.Itissimplythenameofthemethodthe
Javalaunchercallstopasscontroltotheprogram.Javaclassesthatruninmanagedenvironmentssuchas
appletsandEnterpriseJavaBeansdonotuseorneedamain()method.AJavaprogrammaycontain
multipleclassesthathavemainmethods,whichmeansthattheVMneedstobeexplicitlytoldwhichclassto
launchfrom.
ThemainmethodmustacceptanarrayofString(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lan
g/String.html)objects.Byconvention,itisreferencedasargsalthoughanyotherlegalidentifiernamecan
beused.SinceJava5,themainmethodcanalsousevariablearguments,intheformofpublicstaticvoid
main(String...args),allowingthemainmethodtobeinvokedwithanarbitrarynumberofString
arguments.Theeffectofthisalternatedeclarationissemanticallyidentical(theargsparameterisstillan
arrayofStringobjects),butitallowsanalternativesyntaxforcreatingandpassingthearray.
TheJavalauncherlaunchesJavabyloadingagivenclass(specifiedonthecommandlineorasanattribute
inaJAR)andstartingitspublicstaticvoidmain(String[])method.Standaloneprogramsmustdeclare
thismethodexplicitly.TheString[]argsparameterisanarrayofString(https://docs.oracle.com/javas
e/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html)objectscontaininganyargumentspassedtotheclass.The
parameterstomainareoftenpassedbymeansofacommandline.
PrintingispartofaJavastandardlibrary:TheSystem(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/
lang/System.html)classdefinesapublicstaticfieldcalledout(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/
api/java/lang/System.html#out).TheoutobjectisaninstanceofthePrintStream(https://docs.oracle.
com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html)classandprovidesmanymethodsforprintingdatato
standardout,includingprintln(String)(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStr
eam.html#println(java.lang.String))whichalsoappendsanewlinetothepassedstring.
Thestring"HelloWorld!"isautomaticallyconvertedtoaStringobjectbythecompiler.

Comprehensiveexample
//OddEven.java
importjavax.swing.JOptionPane;

publicclassOddEven{
privateintuserInput;//awholenumber("int"meansinteger)
/**
*Thisistheconstructormethod.ItgetscalledwhenanobjectoftheOddEventype
*isbeingcreated.
*/
publicOddEven(){
/*
*InmostJavaprogramsconstructorscaninitializeobjectswithdefaultvalues,orcreate
*otherobjectsthatthisobjectmightusetoperformitsfunctions.InsomeJavaprograms,the
*constructormaysimplybeanemptyfunctionifnothingneedstobeinitializedpriortothe
*functioningoftheobject.Inthisprogram'scase,anemptyconstructorwouldsuffice.
*Aconstructormustexist;however,iftheuserdoesn'tputoneinthenthecompiler
*willcreateanemptyone.
*/
}
/**
*Thisisthemainmethod.ItgetscalledwhenthisclassisrunthroughaJavainterpreter.
*@paramargscommandlinearguments(unused)
*/
publicstaticvoidmain(finalString[]args){
/*
*Thislineofcodecreatesanewinstanceofthisclasscalled"number"(alsoknownasan
*Object)andinitializesitbycallingtheconstructor.Thenextlineofcodecalls
*the"showDialog()"method,whichbringsupaprompttoaskyouforanumber.
*/
OddEvennumber=newOddEven();
number.showDialog();
}
publicvoidshowDialog(){
/*
*"try"makessurenothinggoeswrong.Ifsomethingdoes,
*theinterpreterskipsto"catch"toseewhatitshoulddo.
*/
try{
/*
*ThecodebelowbringsupaJOptionPane,whichisadialogbox
*TheStringreturnedbythe"showInputDialog()"methodisconvertedinto
*aninteger,makingtheprogramtreatitasanumberinsteadofaword.
*Afterthat,thismethodcallsasecondmethod,calculate()thatwill
*displayeither"Even"or"Odd."
*/
userInput=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Pleaseenteranumber."));
calculate();
}catch(finalNumberFormatExceptione){
/*
*Gettinginthecatchblockmeansthattherewasaproblemwiththeformatof
*thenumber.Probablysomelettersweretypedininsteadofanumber.
*/
System.err.println("ERROR:Invalidinput.Pleasetypeinanumericalvalue.");
}
}
/**
*Whenthisgetscalled,itsendsamessagetotheinterpreter.
*Theinterpreterusuallyshowsitonthecommandprompt(ForWindowsusers)
*ortheterminal(For*nixusers).(Assumingit'sopen)
*/
privatevoidcalculate(){
if((userInput%2)==0){
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Even");
}else{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Odd");
}
}
}

TheimportstatementimportstheJOptionPane(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java
x/swing/JOptionPane.html)classfromthejavax.swing(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/a
pi/javax/swing/packagesummary.html)package.
TheOddEvenclassdeclaresasingleprivatefieldoftypeintnameduserInput.Everyinstanceofthe
OddEvenclasshasitsowncopyoftheuserInputfield.Theprivatedeclarationmeansthatnoother
classcanaccess(readorwrite)theuserInputfield.
OddEven()isapublicconstructor.Constructorshavethesamenameastheenclosingclasstheyare
declaredin,andunlikeamethod,havenoreturntype.Aconstructorisusedtoinitializeanobjectthat
isanewlycreatedinstanceoftheclass.
Thecalculate()methodisdeclaredwithoutthestatickeyword.Thismeansthatthemethodis
invokedusingaspecificinstanceoftheOddEvenclass.(Thereferenceusedtoinvokethemethodis
passedasanundeclaredparameteroftypeOddEvennamedthis.)Themethodteststheexpression
userInput%2==0usingtheifkeywordtoseeiftheremainderofdividingtheuserInputfield
belongingtotheinstanceoftheclassbytwoiszero.Ifthisexpressionistrue,thenitprintsEvenif
thisexpressionisfalseitprintsOdd.(Thecalculatemethodcanbeequivalentlyaccessedas
this.calculateandtheuserInputfieldcanbeequivalentlyaccessedasthis.userInput,whichboth
explicitlyusetheundeclaredthisparameter.)
OddEvennumber=newOddEven();declaresalocalobjectreferencevariableinthemainmethod
namednumber.ThisvariablecanholdareferencetoanobjectoftypeOddEven.Thedeclaration
initializesnumberbyfirstcreatinganinstanceoftheOddEvenclass,usingthenewkeywordandthe
OddEven()constructor,andthenassigningthisinstancetothevariable.
Thestatementnumber.showDialog();callsthecalculatemethod.TheinstanceofOddEvenobject
referencedbythenumberlocalvariableisusedtoinvokethemethodandpassedastheundeclared
thisparametertothecalculatemethod.
userInput=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("PleaseEnterANumber"));isa
statementthatconvertsthetypeofStringtotheprimitivedatatypeintbyusingautilityfunctionin
theprimitivewrapperclassInteger.

Specialclasses
Applet
Javaappletsareprogramsthatareembeddedinotherapplications,typicallyinaWebpagedisplayedina
webbrowser.
//Hello.java
importjavax.swing.JApplet;
importjava.awt.Graphics;
publicclassHelloextendsJApplet{
publicvoidpaintComponent(finalGraphicsg){
g.drawString("Hello,world!",65,95);
}
}

TheimportstatementsdirecttheJavacompilertoincludethejavax.swing.JApplet(https://docs.oracle.
com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/JApplet.html)andjava.awt.Graphics(https://docs.oracle.com/ja
vase/8/docs/api/java/awt/Graphics.html)classesinthecompilation.Theimportstatementallowsthese

classestobereferencedinthesourcecodeusingthesimpleclassname(i.e.JApplet)insteadofthefully
qualifiedclassname(FQCN,i.e.javax.swing.JApplet).
TheHelloclassextends(subclasses)theJApplet(JavaApplet)classtheJAppletclassprovidesthe
frameworkforthehostapplicationtodisplayandcontrolthelifecycleoftheapplet.TheJAppletclassisa
JComponent(JavaGraphicalComponent)whichprovidestheappletwiththecapabilitytodisplaya
graphicaluserinterface(GUI)andrespondtouserevents.
TheHelloclassoverridesthepaintComponent(Graphics)(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/ja
va/awt/Container.html#paint(java.awt.Graphics))method(additionallyindicatedwiththeannotation,
supportedasofJDK1.5,Override)inheritedfromtheContainer(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/doc
s/api/java/awt/Container.html)superclasstoprovidethecodetodisplaytheapplet.The
paintComponent()methodispassedaGraphicsobjectthatcontainsthegraphiccontextusedtodisplaythe
applet.ThepaintComponent()methodcallsthegraphiccontextdrawString(String,int,int)(https://do
cs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/Graphics.html#drawString(java.lang.String,%20int,%20in
t))methodtodisplaythe"Hello,world!"stringatapixeloffsetof(65,95)fromtheupperleftcornerin

theapplet'sdisplay.
<!DOCTYPEHTMLPUBLIC"//W3C//DTDHTML4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<!Hello.html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HelloWorldApplet</title>
</head>
<body>
<appletcode="Hello.class"width="200"height="200">
</applet>
</body>
</html>

AnappletisplacedinanHTMLdocumentusingthe<applet>HTMLelement.Theapplettaghasthree
attributesset:code="Hello"specifiesthenameoftheJAppletclassandwidth="200"height="200"setsthe
pixelwidthandheightoftheapplet.AppletsmayalsobeembeddedinHTMLusingeithertheobjector
embedelement,[49]althoughsupportfortheseelementsbywebbrowsersisinconsistent.[50]However,the
applettagisdeprecated,sotheobjecttagispreferredwheresupported.

Thehostapplication,typicallyaWebbrowser,instantiatestheHelloappletandcreatesanAppletContext(h
ttps://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/applet/AppletContext.html)fortheapplet.Oncethe
applethasinitializeditself,itisaddedtotheAWTdisplayhierarchy.ThepaintComponent()methodis
calledbytheAWTeventdispatchingthreadwheneverthedisplayneedstheapplettodrawitself.

Servlet
JavaServlettechnologyprovidesWebdeveloperswithasimple,consistentmechanismforextendingthe
functionalityofaWebserverandforaccessingexistingbusinesssystems.ServletsareserversideJavaEE
componentsthatgenerateresponses(typicallyHTMLpages)torequests(typicallyHTTPrequests)from
clients.Aservletcanalmostbethoughtofasanappletthatrunsontheserversidewithoutaface.
//Hello.java

importjava.io.*;
importjavax.servlet.*;
publicclassHelloextendsGenericServlet{
publicvoidservice(finalServletRequestrequest,finalServletResponseresponse)
throwsServletException,IOException{
response.setContentType("text/html");
finalPrintWriterpw=response.getWriter();
try{
pw.println("Hello,world!");
}finally{
pw.close();
}
}
}

TheimportstatementsdirecttheJavacompilertoincludeallthepublicclassesandinterfacesfromthe
java.io(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/packagesummary.html)and
javax.servlet(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/servlet/packagesummary.html)packages
inthecompilation.PackagesmakeJavawellsuitedforlargescaleapplications.
TheHelloclassextendstheGenericServlet(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/servlet/Gene
ricServlet.html)classtheGenericServletclassprovidestheinterfacefortheservertoforwardrequeststo
theservletandcontroltheservlet'slifecycle.
TheHelloclassoverridestheservice(ServletRequest,ServletResponse)(https://docs.oracle.com/java
ee/7/api/javax/servlet/Servlet.html#service(javax.servlet.ServletRequest,javax.servlet.ServletRe
sponse))methoddefinedbytheServlet(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/servlet/Servle
t.html)interfacetoprovidethecodefortheservicerequesthandler.Theservice()methodispassed:a
ServletRequest(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/servlet/ServletRequest.html)objectthat

containstherequestfromtheclientandaServletResponse(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/java
x/servlet/ServletResponse.html)objectusedtocreatetheresponsereturnedtotheclient.Theservice()
methoddeclaresthatitthrowstheexceptionsServletException(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/j
avax/servlet/ServletException.html)andIOException(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/ja
va/io/IOException.html)ifaproblempreventsitfromrespondingtotherequest.
ThesetContentType(String)(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/servlet/ServletResponse.h
tml#setContentType(java.lang.String))methodintheresponseobjectiscalledtosettheMIMEcontent
typeofthereturneddatato"text/html".ThegetWriter()(https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/java
x/servlet/ServletResponse.html#getWriter())methodintheresponsereturnsaPrintWriter(https://do
cs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintWriter.html)objectthatisusedtowritethedatathatis
senttotheclient.Theprintln(String)(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintWrite
r.html#println(java.lang.String))methodiscalledtowritethe"Hello,world!"stringtotheresponse
andthentheclose()(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintWriter.html#close())
methodiscalledtoclosetheprintwriter,whichcausesthedatathathasbeenwrittentothestreamtobe
returnedtotheclient.

JavaServerPages

JavaServerPages(JSP)areserversideJavaEEcomponentsthatgenerateresponses,typicallyHTML
pages,toHTTPrequestsfromclients.JSPsembedJavacodeinanHTMLpagebyusingthespecial
delimiters<%and%>.AJSPiscompiledtoaJavaservlet,aJavaapplicationinitsownright,thefirsttimeit
isaccessed.Afterthat,thegeneratedservletcreatestheresponse.

Swingapplication
SwingisagraphicaluserinterfacelibraryfortheJavaSEplatform.Itispossibletospecifyadifferentlook
andfeelthroughthepluggablelookandfeelsystemofSwing.ClonesofWindows,GTK+andMotifare
suppliedbySun.ApplealsoprovidesanAqualookandfeelforMacOSX.Wherepriorimplementations
oftheselooksandfeelsmayhavebeenconsideredlacking,SwinginJavaSE6addressesthisproblemby
usingmorenativeGUIwidgetdrawingroutinesoftheunderlyingplatforms.
ThisexampleSwingapplicationcreatesasinglewindowwith"Hello,world!"inside:
//Hello.java(JavaSE5)
importjavax.swing.*;
publicclassHelloextendsJFrame{
publicHello(){
super("hello");
super.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
super.add(newJLabel("Hello,world!"));
super.pack();
super.setVisible(true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(finalString[]args){
newHello();
}
}

Thefirstimportincludesallthepublicclassesandinterfacesfromthejavax.swing(https://docs.oracle.
com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/packagesummary.html)package.
TheHelloclassextendstheJFrame(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/JFrame.ht
ml)classtheJFrameclassimplementsawindowwithatitlebarandaclosecontrol.
TheHello()constructorinitializestheframebyfirstcallingthesuperclassconstructor,passingthe
parameter"hello",whichisusedasthewindow'stitle.ItthencallsthesetDefaultCloseOperation(int)(h
ttps://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/JFrame.html#setDefaultCloseOperation(int))

methodinheritedfromJFrametosetthedefaultoperationwhentheclosecontrolonthetitlebarisselected
toWindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/WindowCon
stants.html#EXIT_ON_CLOSE)thiscausestheJFrametobedisposedofwhentheframeisclosed(as
opposedtomerelyhidden),whichallowstheJavavirtualmachinetoexitandtheprogramtoterminate.
Next,aJLabel(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/JLabel.html)iscreatedforthe
string"Hello,world!"andtheadd(Component)(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/C
ontainer.html#add(java.awt.Component))methodinheritedfromtheContainer(https://docs.oracle.co
m/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/Container.html)superclassiscalledtoaddthelabeltotheframe.The

pack()(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/Window.html#pack())methodinherited

fromtheWindow(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/Window.html)superclassiscalled
tosizethewindowandlayoutitscontents.
Themain()methodiscalledbytheJavavirtualmachinewhentheprogramstarts.Itinstantiatesanew
HelloframeandcausesittobedisplayedbycallingthesetVisible(boolean)(https://docs.oracle.com/j
avase/8/docs/api/java/awt/Component.html#setVisible(boolean))methodinheritedfromtheComponent
(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/Component.html)superclasswiththeboolean
parametertrue.Oncetheframeisdisplayed,exitingthemainmethoddoesnotcausetheprogramto
terminatebecausetheAWTeventdispatchingthreadremainsactiveuntilalloftheSwingtoplevel
windowshavebeendisposed.

Generics
In2004,genericswereaddedtotheJavalanguage,aspartofJ2SE5.0.Priortotheintroductionofgenerics,
eachvariabledeclarationhadtobeofaspecifictype.Forcontainerclasses,forexample,thisisaproblem
becausethereisnoeasywaytocreateacontainerthatacceptsonlyspecifictypesofobjects.Eitherthe
containeroperatesonallsubtypesofaclassorinterface,usuallyObject,oradifferentcontainerclasshasto
becreatedforeachcontainedclass.Genericsallowcompiletimetypecheckingwithouthavingtocreate
manycontainerclasses,eachcontainingalmostidenticalcode.Inadditiontoenablingmoreefficientcode,
certainruntimeexceptionsareconvertedtocompiletimeerrors,acharacteristicknownastypesafety.

Criticism
CriticismsdirectedatJavaincludetheimplementationofgenerics,[51]speed,[52]thehandlingofunsigned
numbers,[53]theimplementationoffloatingpointarithmetic,[54]andahistoryofsecurityvulnerabilitiesin
theprimaryJavaVMimplementationHotSpot.[55]

Useonunofficialsoftwareplatforms
TheJavaprogramminglanguagerequiresthepresenceofasoftwareplatforminorderforcompiled
programstobeexecuted.AwellknownunofficialJavalikesoftwareplatformistheAndroidsoftware
platform,whichallowstheuseofJava6andsomeJava7features,usesadifferentstandardlibrary(Apache
Harmonyreimplementation),differentbytecodelanguageanddifferentvirtualmachine,andisdesignedfor
lowmemorydevicessuchassmartphonesandtabletcomputers.

Google
TheJavalanguageisakeypillarinAndroid,anopensourcemobileoperatingsystem.AlthoughAndroid,
builtontheLinuxkernel,waswrittenlargelyinC,theAndroidSDKusestheJavalanguageasthebasisfor
Androidapplications.However,AndroiddoesnotusethestandardJavavirtualmachine,insteadusingJava
bytecodeasanintermediatestepwhichistransformedintoDalvikbytecode.DependingontheAndroid
version,thisistheneitherinterpretedbytheDalvikvirtualmachine,orcompiledintonativecodebythe
AndroidRuntime.

AndroidalsodoesnotprovidethefullJavaSEstandardlibrary,althoughthe
Androidclasslibrarydoesincludeanindependentimplementationofalarge
subsetofit.ThisledtoalegaldisputebetweenOracleandGoogle.OnMay
7,2012,aSanFranciscojuryfoundthatifAPIscouldbecopyrighted,then
GooglehadinfringedOracle'scopyrightsbytheuseofJavainAndroid
devices.[56]DistrictJudgeWilliamHaskellAlsupruledonMay31,2012,
thatAPIscannotbecopyrighted,[57]butthiswasreversedbytheUnited
StatesCourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitinMay2014.[58][59][60]

Classlibraries
TheJavaClassLibraryisthestandardlibrary,developedtosupport
applicationdevelopmentinJava.ItiscontrolledbySunMicrosystemsin
cooperationwithothersthroughtheJavaCommunityProcessprogram.
Companiesorindividualsparticipatinginthisprocesscaninfluencethe
designanddevelopmentoftheAPIs.Thisprocesshasbeenasubjectof
controversy.Theclasslibrarycontainsfeaturessuchas:

TheAndroidoperating
systemmakesextensiveuse
ofJavarelatedtechnology

Thecorelibraries,whichinclude:
IO/NIO
Networking
Reflection
Concurrency
Generics
Scripting/Compiler
FunctionalProgramming(Lambda,Streaming)
Collectionlibrariesthatimplementdatastructuressuchaslists,dictionaries,trees,sets,queues
anddoubleendedqueue,orstacks[61]
XMLProcessing(Parsing,Transforming,Validating)libraries
Security[62]
Internationalizationandlocalizationlibraries[63]
Theintegrationlibraries,whichallowtheapplicationwritertocommunicatewithexternalsystems.
Theselibrariesinclude:
TheJavaDatabaseConnectivity(JDBC)APIfordatabaseaccess
JavaNamingandDirectoryInterface(JNDI)forlookupanddiscovery
RMIandCORBAfordistributedapplicationdevelopment
JMXformanagingandmonitoringapplications
Userinterfacelibraries,whichinclude:
The(heavyweight,ornative)AbstractWindowToolkit(AWT),whichprovidesGUI
components,themeansforlayingoutthosecomponentsandthemeansforhandlingevents
fromthosecomponents
The(lightweight)Swinglibraries,whicharebuiltonAWTbutprovide(nonnative)
implementationsoftheAWTwidgetry
APIsforaudiocapture,processing,andplayback
JavaFX
AplatformdependentimplementationoftheJavavirtualmachinethatisthemeansbywhichthe
bytecodesoftheJavalibrariesandthirdpartyapplicationsareexecuted
Plugins,whichenableappletstoberuninwebbrowsers

JavaWebStart,whichallowsJavaapplicationstobeefficientlydistributedtoendusersacrossthe
Internet
Licensinganddocumentation

Documentation
Javadocisacomprehensivedocumentationsystem,createdbySunMicrosystems,usedbymanyJava
developers.Itprovidesdeveloperswithanorganizedsystemfordocumentingtheircode.Javadoc
commentshaveanextraasteriskatthebeginning,i.e.thedelimitersare/**and*/,whereasthenormal
multilinecommentsinJavaaresetoffwiththedelimiters/*and*/.[64]

Editions
SunhasdefinedandsupportsfoureditionsofJavatargetingdifferentapplicationenvironmentsand
segmentedmanyofitsAPIssothattheybelongtooneoftheplatforms.Theplatformsare:
JavaCardforsmartcards.[65]
JavaPlatform,MicroEdition(JavaME)targetingenvironmentswithlimitedresources.[66]
JavaPlatform,StandardEdition(JavaSE)targetingworkstationenvironments.[67]
JavaPlatform,EnterpriseEdition(JavaEE)targetinglargedistributedenterpriseorInternet
environments.[68]
TheclassesintheJavaAPIsareorganizedintoseparategroupscalledpackages.Eachpackagecontainsa
setofrelatedinterfaces,classesandexceptions.Refertotheseparateplatformsforadescriptionofthe
packagesavailable.
SunalsoprovidedaneditioncalledPersonalJavathathasbeensupersededbylater,standardsbasedJava
MEconfigurationprofilepairings.

Seealso
DalvikusedinoldAndroidversions,replacedbynonJITAndroidRuntime
JavaOne
Javapedia
ListofJavavirtualmachines
ListofJavaAPIs
ListofJVMlanguages
Graal(compiler),aprojectaimingtoimplementahighperformanceJavadynamiccompilerand
interpreter
SpringFramework

ComparisonofJavawithotherlanguages
Comparisonofprogramminglanguages
ComparisonofJavaandC++
ComparisonofC#andJava

Notes
1.Binstock,Andrew(20May2015)."Java's20YearsOfInnovation".Forbes.Retrieved18March2016.
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Que/Ans".Retrieved29May2016.
3.Java5.0addedseveralnewlanguagefeatures(theenhancedforloop,autoboxing,varargsandannotations),after
theywereintroducedinthesimilar(andcompeting)C#language[1](http://www.barrycornelius.com/papers/java
5/)[2](http://www.levenez.com/lang/)
4.Gosling,JamesMcGilton,Henry(May1996)."TheJavaLanguageEnvironment".
5.Gosling,JamesJoy,BillSteele,GuyBracha,Gilad."TheJavaLanguageSpecification,2ndEdition".
6."TheAZofProgrammingLanguages:Modula3".Computerworld.com.au.Retrieved20100609.
7.NiklausWirthstatedonanumberofpublicoccasions,e.g.inalectureatthePolytechnicMuseum,Moscowin
September,2005(severalindependentfirsthandaccountsinRussianexist,e.g.onewithanaudiorecording:
Filippova,Elena(September22,2005)."NiklausWirth'slectureatthePolytechnicMuseuminMoscow".),that
theSunJavadesignteamlicensedtheOberoncompilersourcesanumberofyearspriortothereleaseofJavaand
examinedit:a(relative)compactness,typesafety,garbagecollection,nomultipleinheritanceforclassesall
thesekeyoveralldesignfeaturesaresharedbyJavaandOberon.
8.PatrickNaughtoncitesObjectiveCasastronginfluenceonthedesignoftheJavaprogramminglanguage,stating
thatnotabledirectderivativesincludeJavainterfaces(derivedfromObjectiveC'sprotocol)andprimitivewrapper
classes.[3](http://cs.gmu.edu/~sean/stuff/javaobjc.html)
9.TechMetrixResearch(1999)."HistoryofJava"(PDF).JavaApplicationServersReport."Theprojectwentahead
underthename"green"andthelanguagewasbasedonanoldmodelofUCSDPascal,whichmakesitpossibleto
generateinterpretivecode"
10."AConversationwithJamesGoslingACMQueue".Queue.acm.org.20040831.Retrieved20100609.
11.Inthesummerof1996,SunwasdesigningtheprecursortowhatisnowtheeventmodeloftheAWTandthe
JavaBeansTMcomponentarchitecture.Borlandcontributedgreatlytothisprocess.Welookedverycarefullyat
DelphiObjectPascalandbuiltaworkingprototypeofboundmethodreferencesinordertounderstandtheir
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References
Gosling,JamesJoy,BillSteele,GuyBracha,GiladBuckley,Alex(2014).TheJavaLanguageSpecification
(PDF)(JavaSE8ed.).
Gosling,JamesJoy,BillSteele,GuyL.,Jr.Bracha,Gilad(2005).TheJavaLanguageSpecification(3rded.).
AddisonWesley.ISBN0321246780.
Lindholm,TimYellin,Frank(1999).TheJavaVirtualMachineSpecification(2nded.).AddisonWesley.
ISBN0201432943.

Externallinks
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Java_(programming_language)&oldid=723122176"

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