GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ANGIOSPERM SEED FORMATION
PROPAGATION
Julio Marcos Filho
DEPTO. PRODU
PRODUO VEGETAL
USP/ESALQ
2
ASEXUAL: PROPAGULES
FLORAL INDUCTION
FLORAL INITIATION
- Water
- Photoperiod
- Chemicals
- Temperature
- Nutritional status
3
head
b) JUVENILLE PERIOD
spike
panicle
raceme
umbel
composite
umbel
TYPES OF FLOWERS
HERMAPHRODITES
UNISEXUAL
UNISEXUAL:
UNISEXUAL:
Monoecious:
Monoecious: maize, cucumber, Pinus
Dioecious:
Dioecious: papaya, pecan, Araucaria
stigma
pollen grain
style
anther
ANDROECIUM
Set of stamens: Filament + Anther
petal
ovule
filament
embryo sac
ovary
GYNOECIUM (pistil)
Stigma
Style
Ovary
sepal
micropyle
gp
sp
lc
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ov
MICROSPOROGENESIS
and
MICROGAMETOGENESIS
fl
STAMEN
OVARY
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12
Anther Primodia
POLLEN GRAIN
Mother cells
differentiation
Meiosis
Microspore mother
cell (2n)
Exine Porosity
Characteristics of the Intine Importance
Tetrad of
microspores (n)
Pore
Exine
Ttrades
generative (sperm)
cell (n)
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Intine
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Ovary
Ovule
Integuments
Ovule
Archesporial
cell (2n)
Functional
Megaspore
MEGASPOROGENESIS
and
MEGAGAMETOGENESIS
Micropyle
Egg cell (n)
Polar nuclei (2n)
Synergids (n)
Integuments
Embryo Sac
Ovary
Ant
Antpodals (n)
Nucellus
Funiculus
Ovule
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POLLINATION
TYPES
AGENTS
POLINNATION
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Pearl Millet
POLLINATION
female
flowers
LPV/USP
Plant of Vallisneria sp.
(Bhojwani e Bhatagnar,
Bhatagnar, 1976)
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POLLINATION
DIFFICULTIES
POLLINATION
IMPORTANCE
GENETIC PURITY
DICHOGAMY
Crop isolation
Wind direction
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Hybrid Corn
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Hybrid Sorghum
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POLLINATION
IMPORTANCE
PRODUCTION
Presence of insects
Geography of Area
Insect control
Sowing date and climate during
flowering and fruit development
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Pistil
Petals
Stamens
Anther
cone
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P.C.T. Melo
Flower abortion
Sepals
Ovary
Abscission
layer
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P.C.T. Melo
FERTILIZATION
GERMINATION OF THE POLLEN TUBE
Anther
pollen
germination
Pollination
embryo sac
pollen tube
Pollen Tube
ovule
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ovary
Sperm cells
(n)
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Vegetative cell
FERTILIZATION
SYNGAMY:
sperm cell (n) + egg cell (n)
ZYGOTE (2n)
EMBRYO
TRIPLE FUSION:
sperm cell (n) + polar nuclei (2n)
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ENDOSPERM (?)
ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT
ENDOSPERM NUCLEUS
A) STORAGE TISSUE
divisions
differentiation
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Pericarp
coleoptile
plumule (primary
(primary leaves)
leaves)
Endosperm
Seminal roots
(cotyledonary node)
node)
ENDOSPERM
Cotyledon (scutellum
):
(scutellum):
protection of embryo
axis and reserve transfer
coleorhiza
rad
radcle
coleoptile
GERMINATION
plumule
seminal roots
primary root
MAIZE EMBRYO
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ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT
Plumule
Radicle
B) STORAGE TISSUE
Hypocotyl
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
Cotyledons
cotyledons
hypocotyl
primary root
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FIELD BEAN
EMBRYO
EMBRYO PARTS
PERISPERM
- COTYL
COTYLDON(S):
Dicotyledonous storage of reserves or embryo leaves
Monocotyledonous protection of embryo axis and transfer of
reserves from endosperm to
to embryo
Endosperm
Perisperm
- Coleorhiza,
Coleorhiza, coleoptile,
coleoptile, seminal roots (cotyledonary
(cotyledonary node)
Embryo
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SEED COATS
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PRIMINE
TESTA (External)
SECUNDINE
TEGMA (Inner)
FRUIT
PARTS:
PARTS:
Functions
EXOCARP
MESOCARP
a) PERICARP
ENDOCARP
SEED COAT
ENDOSPERM (?)
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schizocarp (carrot)
carrot), nuts
AXIS
COTYLEDON (s)
APOMIXIS
EMBRYO
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Embryo axis
EXAMPLES OF SEED
STRUCTURE
Cotyledons
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PEA SEED
Seed coat
Endosperm
COTYLEDON
SEED COAT
Cotyledons
Embryo axis
EMBRYO AXIS
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PUMPKIN SEED
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Cotyledon
SEED
MATURATION
Plumule
Endosperm
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ONION SEED
HypocotylHypocotyl-radicle axis
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Delouche (1971)
Seed maturation is a process which
includes a sequence of morphological,
physical, biochemical and physiological
changes from ovule fertilization to the
point when the seed becomes
physiologically independent of the parent
plant
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SEED DEVELOPMENT
+ 80
Fleshy
Dry
TIME
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R5
R6
R6
R7
R8
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DESiCCATION
(PHASE
(PHASE IV)
IV)
Moisture content
SEED DEVELOPMENT
moisture content
seed size
4. Germination
vigor
dry weight
germination
5. Vigor
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Ana Novembre
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CONCLUSION
CROP TECHNOLOGY
Climate, sowing time, sowing management, inspections, harvest
POLLINATION CONTROL
PRE AND POST HARVEST SEED MANAGEMENT
BASIS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND HARVEST DECISIONS
SEED TESTING: routine analysis and in house
house quality control
BIOTECHOLOGY
Somatic embryogeny
Artificial seeds
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