13/10/2014

Hygiene Industry
Ade Irman SM
Untirta
2014

Sample Case-1
Karyawan mengeluh bahwa cairan xylene yang
digunakan pada proses cleaning memiliki bau
yang menyengat, menyebabkan kulit kering,
sakit kepala serta meyebabkan iritasi pada
mata dan tenggorokan.
Perusahaan melakukan pengecekan terhadap
penggunaan Xylene

13/10/2014

Sample Case-2
Hasil investigasi xylene:
Xylene bersifat flammable
Mudah menyerap pada kulit
Berbahaya jika karyawan kontak langsung
dengan xylene

Sample Case-2
Larangan:
Dilarang menyemprotkan xylene pada mesin yang
sedang hidup
Rekomendasi:
1. Penggunaan cairan pembersih lain yang lebih tidak
berbahaya
2. Jika cairan pembersih lain tidak ditemukan, maka:
Jika bisa, lakukan pembersihan secara otomatis
Jika bisa, gunakan xylene hanya untuk pembersihan final

3. Selama cairan pembersih lain belum ditemukan,

karyawan wajib menggunakan APD (gloves, glasses,
apron)

13/10/2014

Definition of HI
The art and science devoted to the
recognition, evaluation, and control of
workplace health hazards

The Principle of HI

Recognition
Evaluation
Control

Anticipation

13/10/2014

History of HI#1

Georgius Agricola (14941555)

Paracelsus (14931591)
Bernardino Ramazzini (16331714)
Percival Pott (17131788)
Alice Hamilton (18691970).

Georgius Agricola (14941555)

A Saxon physician, is best known as the Father
of Geology
Published De Re Metallica (On the Nature of
Metals)
describes illnesses experienced by miners
the need for ventilation and ergonomic issues
related to mining.

13/10/2014

Paracelsus (14931591)
ASwiss physician and chemist, is best known
as the Father of Toxicology.
Published: On the Miners Sickness and Other
Diseases of Miners.
All substances were poisons
Dose-Response relationship.

Dose Response Relationship

All substances are toxicit is the dose that makes

the poison

13/10/2014

Bernardino Ramazzini (16331714)

An Italian physician, is best known as the
Father of Occupational Medicine.
Published: De Morbis Artificum (Diseases of
Workers)
Of what trade are you?

Percival Pott (17131788)

A London surgeon
The first to establish the relationship between
an occupation (chimney sweep), a toxin
(polyaromatic hydrocarbons [PAH] from soot),
and malignancy (testicular cancer).

13/10/2014

Alice Hamilton (18691970)

An American physician
Published:
Industrial Poisons in the United States (1925),
Industrial Toxicology (1934), and
Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943).

The tenets of industrial hygiene

13/10/2014

Recognition

Recognition
Performing survey or inspection
Recognize visible hazards and/or identify areas
that need additional monitoring for
contaminants that cannot be evaluated
visually

13/10/2014

Occupational Health Hazards

Categories

Occupational Health Hazards

Categories
1. Chemical stressors include substances such
as solvents, acids, caustics, and alcohols.
2. Physical stressors include ionizing radiation
(alpha, beta, gamma,neutron, X-ray
radiation), nonionizing radiation (infrared,
ultraviolet, visible light, radio frequency,
microwave, and laser radiation),noise, and
temperature.

13/10/2014

Occupational Health Hazards

Categories
3. Biological stressors include hazards such as
bacteria, viruses, mold,
4. Ergonomic stressors are the human
psychological and physiological injuries or
illnesses associated with repetitive and
cumulative trauma, fatigue, and exertion.

Sample Question for Recognition

What environmental stressors are present in the facility?
Where are the points of origin of those environmental
stressors?
What are the forms that those environmental stressors take?
Are they dusts, vapors, gases, mists?
What are the work processes at the facility?
Have these work processes changed in any way?
What are the raw materials and intermediate and finished
products that are involved in the work process? Do they pose
health risks?
What physical and mental tasks are required? Do these tasks
require frequent repetitive motions or excessive forces for
long durations?
What control methods are currently being used?

10

13/10/2014

Evaluation

Evaluation
Understand the manner in which the potential
contaminant appears in the workplace.
Based upon analytical measurement of
workplace hazards
Compares the results to established (standard)
criteria (ex OHSA)

11

13/10/2014

Form Variety of Contaminants #1

Dusts: Solid particulates generated by crushing,
grinding, chipping, or abrasion. Examples of dusts
include coal, wood, and sand.
Fumes: Solid particulates (usually metals)
generated by condensation from a gaseous state.
An example of a fume is welding emissions.
Aerosols: Liquid droplets or solid particulate
dispersed in air. An example of an aerosol is
overspray from spray painting.
Mists: Suspended liquid droplets generated by
the condensation from gas to liquid state.

Form Variety of Contaminants #2

Gases: Substances which are in the gaseous
state at normal temperature and pressure
(NTP). Examples: oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide.
Vapors: Gaseous phases of a material which is
ordinarily a solid or liquid at room
temperature. Examples: gasoline, toluene,
xylene, and benzene.

12

13/10/2014

Control

Control
Defined as processes, procedures, or method
changes that correct existing health problems
and prevent or minimize the risk of health
hazards in the workplace

13

13/10/2014

Types of Control

Engineering Control
Objective: to isolate or eliminate health
hazards
Example:
the use of ventilation systems to reduce the
concentration of contaminants
shielding hot work areas
ect

14

13/10/2014

Administrative controls
Health hazard control methods that are
employee oriented or process management
oriented.
Example: Job rotation

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The last line of defense
A greater risk for illness or injury when the
employee does not wear the PPE or it fails

15

13/10/2014

Alat Pelindung Tubuh (APD)

Syarat Umum APD:
1. Memberikan cukup perlindungan terhadap bahaya
2. Ringan, awet
3. Tidak membuat rasa kurang nyaman pada saat
dipakai (tidak terlalu sempit, longgar)
4. Tidak menghalangi mobilitas,penglihatan,dsb.

31

Jenis Pelindung

Pelindung Tubuh
Pelindung Mata
Pelindung Kepala
Pelindung Kaki
Pelindung Tangan
Pelindung Alat Pendengaran
Pelindung Alat Pernafasan
dll
32

16

13/10/2014

Pelindung Mata
Melindungi mata dari:
partikel, gram
debu
sinar (mis: pada pengelasan)

33

Pelindung Wajah Dan Alat Pernafasan

34

17

13/10/2014

Pelindung Telinga
Jika intensitas suara
di atas 90 db
Kebisingan menyebabkan:
- komunikasi sulit/ isyarat atau peringatan tidak terdengar
- rusaknya alat pendengaran

35

18