Hydraulic Stuctures 4rth Class Lectures - 2014-2015

University of Kufa
College of Engineering
Structures & Water Resources Dep.
Design of Hydraulic Structures

Assistant lecturer Ali Mohsen Hayder
4th Class 2014-2015
Introduction
Hydraulic Structures
Hydraulic structures are engineering structures constructed for the purposes of
harnessing and using water resources (groundwater, surface water, lakes, sea, etc.)
or for the prevention of the negative and destructive actions (floods, shore erosion,
etc.) of water on the surrounding environment. Furthermore. Hydraulic structures
are used to positively control water flow velocities, directions and depths, the
elevation and slope of the streambed, and the general configuration of a waterway
including its stability and maintenance characteristics.
Many of these structures appear as specials and are expensive, which require
careful and thorough hydraulic engineering judgement. Proper application of
hydraulic structures can reduce initial and future maintenance costs by changing
the character of the flow to fit the needs of a particular project, and by reducing the
size and cost of related facilities.
The shape, size, and other features of a hydraulic structure can vary widely for
different projects, depending upon the functions to be accomplished. Hydraulic
design procedures must govern the final design of all structures. This may include
model testing when a proposed design requires a configuration that differs
significantly from known documented guidelines.
There are a large variety of hydraulic structures to serve the many purposes for
which water resources are put to use. There are several classifications of hydraulic
structures, however, the most important is the classification by function as given
below.
Classification of Hydraulic Structures According to the purpose of its

function.
1- Storage structures
Its function to store water such as Dams & Tanks .
2- Flow control structures
Its function to regulate the quantity and pass excess flow such as Spillways,
Outlets & Gates.
3- Flow measurement structures
Its function to measure discharge such as Weirs, Orifices & Parshall flume.
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4- Diversion structures
Its function to divert the main course of water such as Coffer dams, Weirs,
Canal head works & Intake works.
5- Conveyance structures
Its function to guide flow from one location to another such as Open channels,
Pressure conduits, Pipes, Flumes & Sewers.
6- Collection structures
Its function to collect water for disposal such as Drain inlets, Infiltration
galleries & Wells.
7- Energy dissipation structures
Its function to prevent erosion and structural damage such as Stilling basins,
Surge tanks & Check dams.
8- Shore protection structures
Its function to protect banks such as Dikes, Groins, Jetties & Revetments.
9- River training and waterway stabilization structures
Its function to maintain river channel and water transportation such as
Levees, Cutoffs, Locks, Piers & Culverts.
10- Sediment and quality control structures
Its function to control or remove sediments and other pollutants such as
Screens, Traps, Sedimentation tanks, Filters & Sluiceways.
11- Hydraulic machines
Its function to convert energy from one from to another such as Pumps,
Turbines & Rams.
Remark: For any hydraulic structure to design, we must study the following:
1- Hydrologic studies.
2- Hydraulic studies.
3- Structural studies.
Steps for Design of Hydraulic Structures

1. Prepare information for design.
a. The precise function of design.
b. Discharge (Max. & Min.) Use 1.2 Q max. discharge & 0.7 Q for min. discharge.
c. Head loss.
d. U/S & D/s canal.
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2. Determine the best location of the structure.

3. The shape of approach and the other components of the structure.
4. The requirements of water-way.
5. Protection against scouring.
6. The best method of dissipation energy.
7. Forces acting on various parts of the structure, Hydraulic forces (hydrostatic
pressure, dynamic forces) & other forces, live loads, dead loads, earth pressure.
Site conditions
In design of any structure, site condition have be taken into accounts:1. Soil properties.
2. Ground water.
3. Soil strength parameter.
4. Permissible bearing pressure.
5. Permeability.
6. Mineral content (especially sulphates) to both soil & ground water.
Structures on gypsum soils

Regardless of the mode occurrence, the effect of saturation of the pore space with
relatively fresh water is that gypsum as taken into solution. Permeability is
increased with consequent increase in seepage rate, soil strength is reduced,
cavities are formed in the soil structure and foundation failure by piping or
undermining may occur.
Where site investigation shows significant gypsum concentration in the underlying
soil strata, every efforts should be made to relocate structures to more favorable
locations.
Channels U/S & D/S of the structure should be lined and particular attention paid to
joints to ensure that water tights is maintained. Percolation beneath heading up
of hydraulic structures
The hydraulic Structures such as barrages, regulators, culverts, etc, may either
founded on an impervious solid rock foundation or a pervious foundation. It is
subjected to seepage of water beneath the structure in addition to all other forces to
which will be subjected. When founded on un impervious rock foundation, the
water seeping below the body of the hydraulic Structure, endangers the stability of
the structures may cause its failure.
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Causes of Failure of Hydraulic Structures Founded on Pervious

Foundations
1- Failure by Piping or Undermining
Water starts seeping under the base of hyd. Structure. It starts from U/S side and
tries to exit at the D/S end of the impervious floor. At the point of the exit, the exit
gradient may become more than the critical gradient, in which cause, the water
starts dislodging the soil particles & carrying it away with it causing formulation a
hole in the subsoil. So, formed resulting in the failure of the structure.
Prevention of Piping
Piping can prevented by the following methods:
A- By providing sufficiently long impervious floor
This long length will reduce the exit velocity & exit gradient. As the water has to
travel along distance beneath the floor, its head will sufficiently lost before it exits &
its velocity will be such that its cannot wash away any soil or sand particles.
B- By providing piles at both U/S and D/S ends:
This measure also results is increasing the path of the travel of seepage water &
hence it decreases its exit velocity & exit gradient.
2- Failure by Direct Uplift

The water seeping below the structure exerts on uplift pressure on the floor of the
structure if this pressure is not counter balance by the weight of concrete or
masonry floor. The structure will fail by a rupture of a part of the floor. The pervious
concept of the hydraulic structure due to subsurface flow where introduce by many
engineers on the bases of experiments & the research work.
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Seepage Theories
1- Blighs Creep Theory
According to Blighs theory, water creeps along the bottom contour of the structure.
The length of the path of water is called the length of creep and the loss of head is
proportional to the length of creep. If HL is the total head loss between upstream
and downstream and L is the length of the creep, then the loss of head per unit of
creep length (i.e. HL /L) is called the hydraulic gradient.
Note: Blighs theory makes no discrimination between horizontal and vertical
creeps.
Consider a horizontal floor of length (b) meter as shown in the figure below
impounding a depth (H) meters of water (no water is shown in the downstream
end). Water starts percolating at A and emerges at B
hydraulic gradient () =
( 1)
Mathematically ( C ) can be expressed as follow :

= . (/) . (/)
Total creep length (L) = 2d1 + L1 + 2d2 + L2 + 2d3
= (L1 + L2 ) + 2 ( d 1 + d 2 + d 3 )
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Head loss per unit length (hydraulic gradient)

=
(1 + 2 ) + 2 ( 1 + 2 + 3 )
Head loss occurs on upstream cutoff =
21
Head loss occurs on intermediate cutoff =
Head loss occurs on downstream cutoff =
22
23
Head at point C (HC)

=
( 21 )
21
Hydraulic gradient drop at upstream cutoff = H HC

= (
=
21
)
21
Head at point E (HE)

=
=
( + 23 )
2
(2 ) +
(23 )
Hydraulic gradient drop at intermediate cutoff = H HE
= ( (2 ) +
(23 ))
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Safety against Piping or Undermining

Safety against piping can be ensured by providing sufficient creep length given by
= . . (2)
where,
C : Blighs coefficient for the soil.
1
=
Table (1) : Recommended Safe Hydraulic Gradients.

Safe exit gradient
less than
1
Light sand and mud
18
1/18
2
Fine sand, alluvial soil
15
1/15
3
Coarse grained sand
12
1/12
4
Sand mixed with boulders and gravel
9-5
1/9 to 1/5
Hydraulic gradient H/ L < 1 /C for safety against piping.
No.
Type of soil
Value of C
Safety against Uplift Pressure

The ordinate of hydraulic grade line above the bottom of the floor represent the
residual uplift water head at each point. Say for example; if at any point the ordinate of
H.G.L above the bottom of the floor is 1m, then 1m head of water will acts as uplift at this
point.
If the uplift head at any point is (Hp), then water pressure equal to (Hp) meters will acts
at this point and has to be counter balanced by the weight of the floor of thickness say
(tp).
Uplift pressure w Hp
Where w is the unit weight of water (w g) .
Downward pressure wG) tp wtp
Where G is the specific gravity of the floor material.
G is approximately taken as 2.24 to 2.4 .
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For equilibrium condition :

w Hp wG tp wtp
Hp G tp tp
Hp tpG 1
=
(3)
1
Example
Find the hydraulic gradient and uplift pressure and the thickness of floor at a point
15 m from the upstream end of the floor in the figure below.
Solution
Water percolates at point A and emerges at point B .

Total creep length(L)= 26+10+ 23+ 20+ 28 = 64m
Head of water on structure(H) = 6 m
Hydraulic gradient = H/L = 6 /64
= 1/C = 1/10.67
According to Blighs theory, the structure would be safe on sand mixed with
boulders & Gravel .
Creep length up to point C = L1 = 26+ 23+15 = 33m
The residual uplift pressure at the point C under consideration
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=
6
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(64 33) = 2.91
The thickness of floor at C

=
2.91
=
1
2.4 1
= 2.08
Homework No. 1
For the hydraulic structure shown below :
1- Sketch the H.G.L from u/s to d/s .
2- Find the uplift pressure at key points &.
3- Find the thickness of floor at key point .
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2- Lanes Weighted Creep Theory

Lane approached the problem by making a statistical examination of large number
of structures on pervious foundations . Lanes concluded that horizontal creep is
less effective in reducing uplift than vertical creep. Therefore, he suggested a factor
of 1/3 for horizontal creep against 1 for the vertical creep.
Weighted Creep length (Lw) is given as

=
1
+
3
Where
N : The sum of all the horizontal contacts and all the sloping contacts <45.
V : The sum of all the vertical contacts plus the sloping contacts 45.
For the structure shown in figure :
To ensure safety against piping

Lw > C l H
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Where
Cl : An empirical coefficient depending on the nature of the soil as given in table (2).
Hydraulic gradient
<
should be less than
Table (2) : Lanes Creep Coefficient Values.

Type of soil
Safe Lanes Hyd.

Gradient should be
less than
Very fine sand or silt
8.5
Fine sand
7.0
Coarse sand
5.0
Gravel & sand
3.5 to 3.0
Boulders gravel and sand
3.0 to 2.5
Clay soil
3.0 to 1.6
1
8.5
1
7.0
1
5.0
1
3.5
1
3.0
1
3.0
to
to
to
1
3.0
1
2.5
1
1.6
Example
You are working as a consultant for an engineering company, and you have received
a design of a barrage structure on a river shown in figure below. It is required to
check if the thickness at points X,Y and Z is sufficient to counteract the uplift
pressure (G=2.4), and check safety against piping if the soil type is coarse
sand ( Cl =5).
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SOLUTION
=
1
+
3
N= 1.5+5.9+2+2+(5.12+12.32)0.5+10+16+1.5 =52.2 m
V=1+25.2+0.5+(0.52+0.52)0.5+23.2+1.5++24.6+1.5 = 31.2 m
1
= 3 52.2 + 31.2 = 48.6 m
H = 260-252.9 =7.1 m
H / Lw = 7.1/ 48.6 = 1/ 6.84 < 1/5 Ok - The structure is safe against piping.
Lx = 16.4 m
LY = 20.83 m
LZ = 37.4 m
HX = (7.1/48.6) (48.6 16.4) = 4.7 m of water
H=7.1
HY = (7.1/48.6) (48.6 20.83) = 4.05 m of water
HX
HY
HZ
HZ = (7.1/48.6) (48.6 37.4) = 1.63 m of water
=
tX = 4.7 /(2.4-1) = 3.36 m of concrete > 2 not OK

tY = 4.05 /(2.4-1) = 2.89 m of concrete < 3 OK
tZ = 1.63 /(2.4-1) = 1.16 m of concrete < 1.5 OK
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LX
LY
LZ
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3- KHOSLAS THEORY
It is used to find up lift at key points in a barrage or weir. In this method a complete
hydraulic structure is split up in to a number of a simple standard forms of known
analytical solution , these are:
a- A straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness with a sheet pile at either
ends .
b- A straight horizontal floor depressed below the bed but with no vertical cut
off.
c- A straight horizontal floor thickness with a sheet pile at some intermediate

position.
The key points are the junctions of the floor and the pile lines on either
side, and bottom point of the pile line, and the bottom corners in the case
of a depressed floor. The percentage pressures at these key points for the
simple forms into which the complex profile has been broken is valid for
the complex profile itself, if corrected for :
The following corrections are effected:
1- The correction for the mutual interference of piles.
2- Correction for the thickness of floor.
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3- Correction for the slope of the floor.
1- The correction for the mutual interference of piles.

For the figure shown below.
= 19 (
Where:
C : correction at the corner(correction in a
percentage of head).
b : total floor length.
b' : distance between two piles.
d : depth of pile on which the effect of pile (D) is required to be determined.
D : depth of pile whose influence has to be determined on the neighboring pile of
depth (d).
Note :
1- The correction is positive (+ve) for points in the rear of back water and
negative (-ve) for points forward in the direction of flow . i.e.
Effective of d.s. pile on u.s. pile (+ve).
Effective of u.s. pile on d.s. pile (ve).
2- This equation does not apply to the effect of an outer pile on an intermediate
pile if the latter is equal to or smaller than the former and is at a distance less
than twice the length of the outer line .
2- Correction for the thickness of floor.
For different locations of piles, the corrections to be applied are as follows :
a- Correction for u/s pile
Corrected pressure at point C1
1 = + (
) 1
1
b- Correction for intermediate pile

Corrected pressure at point E1
1 = (
) 2
2
c- Correction for d/s pile

Corrected pressure at point E1
1 = (
) 3
3
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Where :
1 , 1 , 1 : uplift pressure at 1 , 1 , 1
d1 , d2 , d3 : depth of pile.
t1 , t2 , t3 : floor thickness.
We can use the following equations to find the uplift pressure () at E,C &D:
a- u.s. & d.s. pile
1
= cos 1 (
1
1
cos 1 (
)
1 = 100
1 = 100
=
1+ 1+ 2
; =
b- Intermediate pile
1
1 1
1 +1
= cos 1 (
= cos 1 (
1
= cos 1 ( 1 )
1 + 12 1 + 22
1 =
2
1 + 12 + 1 + 22
=
2
1 =
; 2 =
3- Correction for the slope of the floor.

Due to sloping floor, a suitable percentage correction is to be applied.
=
Where :
Cs : slope correction.
C : coefficient due to slope from table (3).
b : horizontal length of slope.
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b1 : distance between two piles which the sloping floor is located.

Note :
1- The correction is plus for the down slopes and minus for the up slopes
following the direction of flow.
2- The slope correction is applicable to the key point of pile line fixed at the
beginning or the end of the slope.
Table (3) : Khoslas theory slope corrections.
Slope (V:H)
1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8
% Correction
11.2 6.5 4.5 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.0
Exit gradient
Exit gradient at the downstream end of an impervious floor length b and vertical
cutoff d is given by
Where :
GE : exit gradient .
H : maximum static head .
d : depth of d/s cutoff .
b : length of floor (horizontal).
1+1+ 2
2
Table (4) : Safe exit gradient for different type of soils .

Type of soil
Shingle
Course sand Fine sand
1
1
1
1
1
1
Safe exit gradient (GE)
4
5
5
6
6
7
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Example
Determine the percentage pressures at various key points in figure below . Also
determine the exit gradient and plot the hydraulic gradient line for pond level on
U/S and no flow on d/s.
Example
Use KhosIa's method to calculate the percentage uplift pressures at the three cutoffs for a barrage foundation profile. shown in the figure below applying
corrections as applicable. (Given slope correction for 1 in 4 slope is 3.3%)
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Ex: A hydraulic structure with length of horizontal floor in alluvial soil 15m and 3m
deep vertical sheet pile is attached at its downstream end and the head of water is
4.0m. Find the thickness of the floor (using Khoslas theory). Is the structure safe
against the exit gradient?( = 8, = 2.45 ).
1
1
1 1
= cos 1 (
1 =
1 =
1+12 1+22
2
15
3
; =
= 5; 2 =
1+12 + 1+22
2
=3=0
1 = 2.05
= 3.05
1
1 1
= cos 1 (
= 0.39
HE = 0.394= 1.56 m of water
1.56
2.451
=
=
=
= 1.1
1

4
3 3.05
1
= 0.243
1
0.243
= 4.11 < 8
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Hydraulic Jump and Energy dissipation devices

Hydraulic Jump : is a sudden rise in water surface by great deal of turbulence, this
occur when shallow stream of water moving with high velocity strikes a stream of
water with low velocity .
Practical applications of hydraulic jump are:
1- To dissipate energy in water flowing over hydraulic structures as dams, weirs,
and others and prevent scouring downstream structures.
2- To raise water level on the downstream side for irrigation or other water
distribution purposes.
3- To increase weight on an apron and reduce uplift pressure under a structure by
raising the water depth on the apron.
4- To indicate special flow conditions such as the existence of supercritical flow or
the presence of a control section so that a gaging station maybe located.
5- To mix chemicals used for water purification.
6- To aerate water for city water supplies.
7- To remove air pockets from water supply lines and prevent air locking.
Momentum Formula
Consider the occurrence of a hydraulic jump in prismatic channel with a horizontal

bed. The depth before jump D1 is called the initial depth and the depth after the
jump D2 is called the sequent depth. The corresponding total pressures per unit
width and velocities are P1, P2 and V1, V2 respectively.
In the short length of the jump the energy loss due to friction is neglected.
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Types of Jumps on Horizontal Floor

For F1=1, the flow is critical and no jump can form.
1- For F1=1-1.7, water surface shows undulation and the jump is called undular
jump.
2- For F1=1.7-2.5, a series of small rollers on the surface of the jump develop, but
the downstream water surface remain smooth. The energy loss is low. The
jump is called weak jump.
3- For F1=2.5-4.5, there is an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to surface
and back again with no periodicity. Each oscillation produces a large wave of
irregular period which can travel for large distances doing unlimited damage
to earth banks and ripraps. This jump is called oscillating jump.
4- For F1=4.5-9, the downstream extremity of the surface roller and the point at
which the high velocity jet tends to leave the flow occur at practically at the
same vertical section. This jump is least sensitive to variation in tailwater
depth. The energy dissipation ranges from 45% to 70%, this jump is called
steady jump.
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5- For F1=9 and greater, the high velocity jet grabs large slugs of water rolling
down the front face of the jump generating waves downstream and a rough
surface can prevail. The energy dissipation may reach 85%. The jump is called
a strong jump.
Jump as Energy Dissipater

a- Jump Position
Case 1: Represents the pattern in which the tail water depth (Tw) equals sequent
depth (D2). In this case values of F1, D1 and D2 will satisfy the general equation of
hydraulic jump (Eq. 3.3) and the jump will occur on a solid apron. For scour
protection, this is an ideal case.
Case 2: Represents the pattern in which the tail water depth (Tw) is less than
sequent depth D2, this means that the tail water in Case 1 is deceased. As a result,
the jump will move downstream to a point where Eq. (3.3) is again satisfied. This
case must be avoided because the jump is taken place on a loose rubble bed or
unprotected channel resulting severe erosion. The purpose of design is to increase
Tw to insure a jump within the protected apron.
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Case 3: Represents the pattern in which the tail water depth Tw > sequent depth D2
as a result the jump will be forced upstream and may finally be drowned out at the
source (structure), becoming a submerged jump this is the safest case in the design
because the position of the submerged jump can be fixed but the design is not
efficient because only little energy will be dissipated.
b. Tailwater conditions
Class 1: Jump height rating curve is always above tail water rating curve. In this
class, the depth of in the river is insufficient for all discharges for the formation of a
jump at the toe of the structure. The jump will form at certain place for downstream
(Case 2). The energy dissipation can be achieved in any of the following ways:
1- Lowering the floor level downstream of the dam in order to make the tail water
depth in the stilling basin equal to the jump height for all discharges.
2- Stilling basin with baffles or sills at bed level.
3- Stilling basin with a low secondary dam downstream.
4- Bucket type energy dissipators (ski-jump).
Class 2: The jump height curve is always below tail water rating curve. This means
that Case 3 occurs at all times and the jump will move upstream consequently, little
energy will be dissipated. A method of energy dissipation can be achieved by:
1- Sloping apron.
2- Roller bucket type energy dissipator.
Class 3: Jump height curve is above tail water rating curve at low discharges and
below at higher discharges. An effective method of dissipating energy is by:
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1- Stilling basin for forming a jump at low discharges and to combine with the basin
a sloping apron for developing a satisfactory jump at high discharge.
2- Stilling basin with baffle piers or dentated sill.
Class 4: Jump height curve is below tail water curve at low discharges and above at
high discharges. An effective method to insure a jump is to increase the tail water
depth sufficiently high by providing stilling pool (basin), this forming a jump at high
discharges.
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HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF REGULATORS

Head and Cross Regulators
The supplies passing down the parent canal and off take channel are controlled by
cross regulator and head regulator respectively.
Cross Regulator
Is a structure constructed across any canal (a main canal , a branch canal). Its
regulators the quantity of water supplied and also the level of water on the u/s &
d/s side.
Functions of Cross Regulators
1. Regulation of the canal system.
2. Raising the water level in the main canal in order to feed the off take channels.
3. To facilitate communication by building a road over the cross regulator with little
extra cost.
4. To absorb the fluctuations in the canal system.
Head Regulator
Is a structure constructed at the head of an off-take channel.
Functions of Head Regulators
1. To regulate and control supplies entering the off take channel (distributary) from
the main (parent) canal.
2. To control silt entering into the distributary.
3. To serve for measurement of discharge.
4. For shutting out the river floods.
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Alignment
The best alignment of the off take channel is when it makes angle zero with the
parent canal initially and then separates out in a transition. See Fig. 13.1. In this case
there is a transition curve for both off take and parent channel to avoid silt
accumulation.
Another alternative by making both channels an angle with respect to parent
channel upstream. Fig. 13.2
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In case of obligatory straight alignment of the parent channel, the usual angle of the
off take channel is 60 to 80 (in most important works needs a model study). For
excessive silt entry into the off take channel. Fig. 13.3.
Design Of Cross & Head Regulator of Off-Take Channel (Design Criteria)

1- Waterway
The effective waterway of head regulator should not be less than 60% of bed
width of off taking channel and mean velocity of flow for fully open regulator
should not exceed 2.5 m/sec.
2- Crest level
Crest level of the distributary head regulator is generally kept 0.3 m to 0.6 m
higher than crest level of cross regulator (C.R.). The crest level of C.R. is provided
at bed level of parent canal.
The head of water over the crest (He ) should be worked out from the formula,
3
2
=
Where :
C = Coefficient of discharge
Be = Effective length of crest = Bt 2(N Kp +Ka )He
Bt = Net length of the crest
N = Number of piers
Kp = Pier contraction coefficient
Ka = Abutment contraction coefficient
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Table: Coefficients of contraction for piers and abutments.

Type of pier
Square nosed pier
Round nosed pier
Pointed nosed pier
Type of abutment
Square abutment
Round abutment
Kp
0.02
0.01
0.005
Ka
0.2
0.1
3- Coefficient of discharge (C)

The coefficient of discharge C is 1.84 for crests of width less than or equal to
2
3
In case of submerged falls, C should be reduced depending on the drowning ratio,

see Fig. 6.5.
C =1.840 (H.R. crest)
C =1.705 (C.R. crest)
4- Shape of crest
The u/s face of the crest should be given a slope of 1:1. The d/s. sloping glacis
should not be steeper than 2:1. The
corners at the crest should be rounded
as per details given in fig. 6.6 .
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5- Crest width
For head regulator Crest width should be kept equal to
2
3
6- Level and length of d.s. floor

Find discharge per meter length (q) and energy of flow on d.s. (Ef2). (From
Blench Curves, Fig. 2.5)
d.s. floor level = water level at d.s. (F.S.L. d.s.) - Ef2
If the actual bed level of canal at d.s. lower than calculated value , design d.s. floor
level on it.
Find Ef1 , D1 , D2 (from fig. 2.7 energy of flow curves)
Length of d.s. floor = 5 (D2 D1)
7- Vertical cut-offs
The cut-off should be provided at the end of u/s. and d/s. floors for safety against
uplift , scour, undermining and exit gradient. Due to Laceys scour depth.
Table 6.1 Minimum depth of u.s. and d.s. cut-offs
Canal capacity(Q)
in cumec
Up to 3
3.1 - 30
30.1 - 150
Above 150
Min. depth of u.s. cut-off

below bed level or G.L.
whichever is lower (m)
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
8- Thickness of top coat

Table 6.2 Thickness of top coat.
Canal capacity (cumec) Thickness of top coat (mm)
Q 1.5
100
1.5 Q 30
150
30 Q 150
200
Q >150
300
9- Freeboard
Minimum Freeboard
30
Min. depth of d.s. cut-off

below bed level or G.L.
whichever is lower (m)
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
University of Kufa

4th Class 2014-2015
Canal capacity (cumec) Freeboard (m)
Q 1.0
1<Q 10
10 <Q 30
30 <Q 150
Q >150
10-
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Protection works
Downstream of floor, properly designed filter loaded by concrete blocks should be

provided. The length of inverted filter is kept equal to 2D (D is the depth of d.s.
cut-off below d.s. bed). Details of minimum thickness of the filter are given in Table
6.3.
The width of gabs between the blocks shall not be more than 50 mm which should
be packed with biggest size of pebbles available. Beyond the filter, an apron of 1.5D
length shall be provided. Similar protection is also provided in the u.s. in a length
equal to D. the cubic content of material in launching apron should be equal to 3
2.25D m 3 .m/ m length.
Design Example
Design a cross regulator and a suitable head for a distributary which takes off at an
angle of 60 from a canal which discharges 120 cumec.
Discharge of distributary
Bed width of distributary
Water depth of distributary
Full supply level of distributary
= 10 cumec
= 10 m
= 1.2 m
= El. 310.2 m
u.s.
Full supply level of parent channel (F.S.L.)
= d.s. =
Bed width of parent channel
= d.s. =
Depth of water in parent channel
= d.s. =
Safe exit gradient (G.E.)
=5
u.s.
u.s.
311.00 m
310.85 m
60.0 m
56.0 m
2.0 m
2.0 m
Solution
A. Design of Cross Regulator
1. Fixation of crest level and waterway of cross regulator
The crest level of the cross regulator will be provided at u.s. bed level of the channel.
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Crest level of C.R. = F.S.L. of parent channel - water depth

= 311 - 2 = 309m
The water way has been worked out on the basis of the following formula.
3
2
Where C is to be worked out with the help of fig. 6.5 depending on the degree of
submergence.
h
Degree of submergence = H
hd = T.E.L. u.s. - T.E.L. d.s.

= 311 - 310.85 = 0.15 m
He = F.S.L. u.s. - crest level
= 311 309 = 2m
h
H
0.15
2
= 0.075
From Fig. 6.5

C
= 0.56 , = 1.705
C
Cs = 1.7050.56 = 0.95
Substituting the values in above formula
120 = 0.95 232
Be = 44.66m say 45m
Assume 6 bays of 8 m each = 48 m
use rounded nose piers & square abutment.
Find net length of crest
Bt = Be +2(NKp +Ka )He
= 45 + 2 (5 0.01+ 0.2) 2
=46 < 48 O.K.
Provide 5 piers of width 1.6 m each.
Total waterway6851.6 56m O.K.
2. Level and length of downstream floor
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Q = 120 cumec
=
Q
120
=
= 2.5 3 //
B
48
HL = T.E.L.u.s. - T.E.L.d.s. = F.S.L.u.s. - F.S.L.d.s. (v2/2g is negligible )

= 311 - 310.85 = 0.15 m
From Blench Curves, Fig. 2.5
Ef2=1.435m
d.s. floor level = F.S.L.d.s - Ef2
.
=310.85 - 1.435 = 309.415 m

Actual cistern level = 310.85-2 = 308.85m lower than 309.415 m O.K.
Cistern length Lc = 5 (D2 D1)
Ef1 = Ef2 + HL =1.435 + 0.15 =1.585 m
From energy of flow curves (Fig. 2.7)
Ef1 = 1.585 m gives D1 = 0.534 m
Ef2 =1.435 m gives D2 = 1.3 m
Lc = 5 (1.3 0.534 ) = 3.83 m say 4.0 m
3. Vertical cutoffs
Q =120cumec
Referring to table 6.1, the minimum depth of u.s. and d.s. cutoff = 1.5 m.
u.s. cutoff is at El. = 309 -1.5 = 307.5 m
4. Total floor length and exit gradient
The floor will be subjected to maximum uplift pressure when full supply level is
maintained on the u.s. for feeding distributary but no water is flowing down the
cross regulator.
Exit gradient :
u.s. full supply level = 311.00

d.s. floor level
= 308.85
Max. static head (H) = F.S.L.u.s. - G.L.d.s.
= 311.00 308.85 = 2.15 m
2
Find economical total floor length (b) by trial & error (length of d.s. floor 3 )
Min. length of d.s. floor = 4+(3(u.s. bed level d.s. bed level) =4+(3(309-308.85)) = 4.45 m
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1
5
2.15 1
1.5
= 5.2 ; =

4th Class 2014-2015
1+1+ 2
2
5.2 =
1+1+2
2
=9.35
b=d
b=9.31.5=14.0 m
D
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.25
2.5
5.2
4.57
4.05
2.92
2.31
1.87
9.35
8.08
7.03
4.75
3.48
2.56
b
14
12.93
11.95
9.5
7.84
6.39
d.s. cutoff is at El. = 308.85 2.25 = 306.6 m

d.s. floor length = 5.0 m
d.s. glacis length with (3H:1V) slope = 3(309-308.85) = 0.45 m
u.s. floor length = 3.0 m
Total floor length = 8.0 m
5. Pressure calculation
a. Upstream cutoff
d=1.5 m , b=8 m
Assume u.s. floor thickness near cut off =0.6 m ( Q > 1.5 m3/sec)
E1= 100% of head
=
=
8
=
= 5.33
1.5
1+ 1+ 2
2
1+ 1+5.332
2
= cos 1 (
= 3.21
3.212
) = cos 1 ( 3.21 ) = 37%
1
1
1
3.21 1
cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 26%
3.21
1 = 100% = 100% 37% = 63%
1 = 100% = 100% 26% = 74%
=
Correction of 1 for floor thickness = + (1 1 )

=
0.6
1.5
(74 63) = +4.4%
34
2/3 b
9.33
8.62
7.96
6.33
5.22
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correction of 1 due to interference of d.s. cutoff

+
= 19 (
)
1.8 0.9 + 1.8

= + 19
(
) = +3.2%
7
8
1 corrected = (63+4.4+3.2)% = 70.6% of head
b. Downstream cutoff
d=2.25 m , b=8 m
Assume d.s. floor thickness near cut off =0.6 m ( Q > 1.5 m3/sec)
=
=
8
=
= 3.55
2.25
1+ 1+ 2
2
1+ 1+3.552
2
= cos 1 (
= 2.34
2.342
) = cos 1 ( 2.34 ) = 46%
1
1
1
2.34 1
cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 31%
2.34
= 0%
=
Correction of for floor thickness = ( )
0.6
2.25
(46 31) = 4.0%
correction of due to interference of u.s. cutoff

+
= 19 (
)
0.75 1.65 + 0.75

= 19
(
) = 1.8%
7
8
corrected = (46-4-1.8)% = 40.2% of head
6. Floor thickness
a- d.s. floor
1- at 2 m from d.s. end
%pressure = 40.2 + (
70.6 40.2
) 1.5 = 47%
7
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Max. static head (H) = 2.15 m

Head = H % pressure = 2.15
47
100
= 1.0
Minimum concrete thickness =
1.0
2.41
= 0.71
Provide 0.75 m thick concrete floor for 1.5 m.

2- at 4 m from d.s. end
70.6 40.2
) 3.5 = 55.4%
7
55.4
Head =2.15
= 1.19
100
Dynamic head at toe of crest = 50% (D2 D1) + at toe HL

= 0.5 ( 1.3 -0.534 ) +0.5540.15 = 0.47 m < 1.19
=
1.19
2.41
= 0.85
Provide 0.9 m thick concrete floor for 2 m.

b- u.s. floor
The net uplift pressure on the u.s. floor will be nil as all the uplift pressure shall be
counter balanced by the weight of standing water. Theoretically no floor thickness is
required, however, 0.6 m thick floor shall be provided. The floor shall be thickened
to 1.0 m under the crest in 2 m length.
7. Upstream protection
i. Block protection
Length of protection = depth of u.s. cutoff (D) =1.5 m
Provide 2 rows of 0.8m 0.8m0.6m C.C. blocks over 0.6 m thick inverted filter.
( from table 6.3)
ii. Launching apron
Volume per meter length = 2.25D m3/ m
If thickness is 1.2 m, then the required length
2.25
2.25 1.5
=
=
= 2.81
1.2
1.2
Provide 3.0 m long launching apron.
8. Downstream protection
i. Block protection
Length of protection =2D =22.25 = 4.5 m
Provide 6 rows of 0.8m 0.8m 0.6m blocks over 0.6 m inverted filter.
ii. Launching apron
Volume per meter length = 2.25D m3/ m
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If thickness is 1.2 m, then the required length

2.25
2.25 2.25
=
=
= 4.2
1.2
1.2
Provide 4.5 m long launching apron
Provide 0.4 m thick and 2.25 deep toe wall between filter and launching apron.
B. Design of distributary head regulator
1. Fixation of crest and waterway

The crest level should be provided 0.5 m higher than upstream floor level.
Crest level = 309+0.5 = 309.5 m
hd = T.E.L. u.s. - T.E.L. d.s.
= 311 - 310.2 = 0.8 m
He = F.S.L. u.s. - Crest level
= 311 309.5 = 1.5 m
h
H
0.8
1.5
= 0.533
From Fig. 6.5

C
= 0.98, = 1.84
C
Cs = 1.840.98 = 1.8
The effective width of waterway is found by
3
2
10 = 1.8 1.53/2
= 3
Provide 60% of distributary width = 0.6 10 = 6 m
Provide 2 bays of 3 m each separated by 1 m thick pier.
Therefore, the overall waterway 23+1= 7 m
2. Level and length of d.s. floor
Q=10 cumec , water way=6 m
Q
10
=
=
= 1.67 3 //
B
6
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Head loss HL=311-310.2=0.8 m

Using Blench curves (Fig. 3.5)
HL = T.E.L.u.s. - T.E.L.d.s. = F.S.L.u.s. - F.S.L.d.s. (v2/2g is negligible )
= 311 - 310.2 = 0.8 m
Cistern length Lc = 5 (D2 D1)
Ef1 = Ef2 + HL =1.37 + 0.8 =2.17 m
From energy of flow curves (Fig. 2.7)
Ef2=1.37 m gives D2 = 1.32 m
Ef1 =2.17 m gives D2 = 0.32 m
Lc = 5 (1.32 0.32 ) = 5.0 m
Provide cistern length = 6m
d.s. floor level = F.S.L.d.s - Ef2
=310.2 - 1.37 = 308.83 m
Actual cistern level = 310.2-1.2 = 309.0 m > 308.83 m.
Provide d.s. floor level at El. 308.8 (Ground Level)
3. Vertical cutoffs
a- u.s. cutoff
Q =10cumec
Referring to table 6.1 .
Provide u.s. cutoff depth 1.5 m
u.s. cutoff is at El. = 309 -1.5 = 307.5 m
b- d.s. cutoff
The minimum d.s. cutoff depth = 1.2 m
.
4. Total floor length and exit gradient

Exit gradient :
u.s. full supply level = 311.00

d.s. floor level
= 308.85
Max. static head (H) = F.S.L.u.s. - G.L.d.s.
= 311.00 308.2 = 2.2 m
2
Find economical total floor length (b) by trial & error (length of d.s. floor )
3
d.s glacis length 2H:1V slope 2309.5308.8= 1.4 m

Min. length of d.s. floor = 5+(2(crest level d.s. bed level) =6+(2(309.5-308.8)) = 7.4 m
1
2.2 1
1+1+ 2
1+1+ 2
=
= 8.50 ; =
8.5 =
5
1.2
2
2
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=15.99
b=d
b=15.991.2=19.0 m
d
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
2/3 b
8.50 15.99 19.00

12.79
6.26 11.47 16.05
10.7
4.75 8.50 13.62
9.08
4.24 7.42 12.60 8.40> 7.4 OK
d.s. cutoff is at El. = 308.8 1.7 = 307.1 m

He = F.S.L. u.s. - crest level
= 311 309.5 = 1.5m
2
Crest width = = (1.5) = 1.0

3
3
u.s. glacis length 1H:1V slope = 1(309.5-309.0) = 0.5 m
u.s. floor length = 4.1 (balanced)
Total floor length = 13 m
5. Pressure calculations
a- Upstream cutoff
Assume u.s. floor thickness near cut off =0.6 m ( Q > 1.5 m3/sec)
E1= 100% of head
=
=
13
=
= 8.67
1.5
1+ 1+ 2
2
1+ 1+8.672
2
= cos 1 (
= 4.86
4.862
) = cos 1 ( 4.86 ) = 29%
1
1
1
4.86 1
cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 20%
4.86
1 = 100% = 100% 29% = 71%
1 = 100% = 100% 20% = 80%
=
Correction of 1 for floor thickness = + (1 1 )

=
0.6
1.5
(80 71) = +3.6%
correction of 1 due to interference of d.s. cutoff

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+
= 19 (
)
1.3 0.9 + 1.3

= + 19
(
) = +1.0%
12
13
1 corrected = (71+3.6+1.0)% = 75.6% of head
b. Downstream cutoff
d=1.7 m , b=13 m
Assume d.s. floor thickness near cut off =0.6 m ( Q > 1.5 m3/sec)
=
=
13
=
= 7.65
1.7
1+ 1+ 2
2
1+ 1+7.652
2
= cos 1 (
= 4.35
4.352
) = cos 1 ( 4.35 ) = 32%
1
1
1
4.35 1
cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 22%
4.35
= 0%
=
1
Correction of for floor thickness = ( )
0.6
1.7
(32 22) = 3.5%
correction of due to interference of u.s. cutoff

+
= 19 (
)
0.70 1.1 + 0.70

= 19
(
) = 0.6%
12
13
corrected = (32-3.5-0.6)% = 27.9% of head
6. Floor thickness
a. d.s. floor
1. at 2 m from d.s. end
75.6 27.9
) 1.5 = 33.86%
12
0.3386 2.2
Minimum concrete floor thickness tmin =
= 0.53 < 0.6
2.41
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Provide 0.6 m thick concrete floor for 1.5 m length.

2. At 4 m from d.s. end
%pressure = 41.8% of head
Provide 0.7 m thick concrete floor for 2.0 m long.
3. At the toe of glacis (beginning of the hydraulic jump)
75.6 27.9
) 5.5 = 49.8%
12
Unbalanced head = 0.4982.2 =1.095m
Unbalanced head due to dynamic condition = 50% (D2 D1) + at toe HL
= 0.5 ( 1.32 -0.32 ) +0.4980.8 = 0.898 m < 1.095
=
1.095
2.41
= 1.39
Provide floor thickness 1.4 m.

b. u.s Floor thickness
Same as provided in u.s. floor for the cross regulator (minimum thickness of 0.6
m in the u.s. which should be thickened under the crest).
7. u.s Protection
Same as provided in the u.s. of cross regulator.
8. d.s. protection
i- Block protection
Length of filter = 2D
=21.7 = 3.4 m
Provide 6 rows of 0.6m 0.6m0.4m C.C. blocks over 0.4 m thick inverted filter.
ii- Launching apron
Volume per meter length = 2.25D = 2.251.7= 3.825m3/ m
Assume thickness of launching apron = 0.8 m, then
Required length =
3.8
0.8
= 4.75 m
Provide 5.0 m long launching apron.

Masonry toe wall 0.4 m thick and 1.2 deep shall be provided between filter
and launching apron.
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Stilling Basins
The stilling basin is a hydraulic structure located between the outlet works of a dam
and the tailwater, to where, should return excess flows safely. The stilling basin is a
structure in which a hydraulic jump is generated and has been designed
economically in terms of length, tailwater level and scour.
In a stilling basin excess hydro mechanical energy is converted mainly into heat,
spray and sound
Basic Elements of Stilling Basin
The basins are usually provided with special appurtenances including chute blocks,
sills and baffles or piers (floor blocks).
Chute blocks: Are used to form a serrated device at the entrance to the stilling
basin. Their function is to furrow the incoming jet and lift a portion of
it from the floor producing a shorter length of jump than would be
possible without them.
Baffles: Are blocks placed in the intermediate position across the basin floor. Their
function is to dissipate energy mostly by impact action. They are useful in
small structures with low incoming velocities. They are unsuitable where
high velocities make cavitation possible.
The sill: Is usually provided at the end of stilling basin. Its function is to reduce
further the length of the jump and to control scour. The sill has additional
function of diffusing the residual portion of high velocity jet that may reach
the end of the basin.
Classification of Stilling Basins
Stilling basins can be classified into:
1. Stilling basins in which F1< 4.5 . This is generally encountered on weirs and barrages.
2. Stilling basins in which F1 > 4.5 . This is a general feature for medium and high dams.
Stilling Basin Design for Low Froude Numbers F1<4.5

i. R.S. Varshney Stilling Basin
ii. S.A.F. (Saint Anthony Falls) Stilling Basin
iii. U.S.B.R. Stilling Basin IV
iv. Indian Standard Stilling Basin
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I. R.S. Varshney
On the basis of extensive model test, R. S. Varshney has evolved a stilling basin
design, which is exhibited in Figure 3.14 and 3.15.
II. The S.A.F. Stilling Basin
This stilling basin was developed at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,
University of Minnesota.
The design rules are:
1- The stilling basin can be designed for Froude numbers F1=1.7 and 17. Length of
basin(LB):
4.52
= 0.76
1
2- The height of chute blocks and floor blocks= D1 and the width and spacing
= 0.75 D1.
3- The distance from chute blocks to floor blocks= L B/3
4- No floor blocks should be placed closer to side wall than 3D 1/ 8
5- The floor blocks should be placed downstream from the openings between chute
blocks.
6- The floor blocks should occupy between 40-55% of basin width.
7- The height of end sill C = 0.07D2
8- Tailwater depth above stilling basin floor is given by
A. For F1 = 1.7 to 5.5
12
= (1.1
)
120 2
B. For F1 = 5.5 to 11
= 0.85 2
C. For F1 = 11 to 17
12
= (1.1
)
800 2
9- Height of side wall above tailwater Z = D2/3.
10- Wing walls should be equal in height to stilling basin side walls. The top of the
wing wall should have a slope of 1:1.
11- The wing wall should be placed at an angle 45 to the outlet centerline.
12- Cutoff wall of normal depth should be used at the end of stilling basin.
13- The effect of entrained air should be neglected in the design of stilling basin. See
Fig. 3.20, Varshney.
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III. Indian Standard Stilling Basin I

Definition sketches are given in Figs 3.16 and 3.17, Varshney.
IV. U.S.B.R. Stilling Basin IV

This stilling basin is recommended for F1= 2.5-4.5 which usually occur on canal
structures and diversion dams. For this range of Froude number an oscillating jump
will be produced in the stilling basin generating a wave that is difficult to dampen.
U.S.B.R. Stilling Basin IV is designed to solve this problem. See Figure 22. For better
performance, it is desirable to make the blocks narrower than D1 preferable 0.75D1
and to set the tailwater (Tw)= (1.05-1.1)D2. The length of basin equals the length of
the jump. Basin IV is applicable to rectangular cross-sections only.
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Stilling Basin Design for Froude Numbers F1>4.5

I. S.A.F. Stilling Basin.
II. Indian Standard Stilling Basin II. The dimension sketches are given in Fig. 3.21,
Varshney.
III. U.S.B.R Stilling Basin II.
This design is recommended for large and medium spillways and large canal
structures. The length of basin is 33% reduced with the use of appurtenances.
The basin contains chute blocks , dentated sill. No baffle piers are used because
high velocities might cause cavitation on piers (i.e Velocity > 15 m/sec) . See fig
15-16 (Chow) or Fig. 3.22, Varshney.
IV. U.S.B.R Stilling Basin III.
It is used when the incoming velocities not exceed 15, atypical design of U.S.B.R
stilling basin II is shown in the figure below.
Design Steps
1- Set apron elevation to use tailwater depth (Tw) plus an added factor of safety
(use Fig. 15-16b, Chow) on the figure there is a minimum Tw depth line which
indicates the point at which the front of the jump moves away from the chute
blocks. Any lowering would cause the jump to leave the basin. Bureau
recommends a minimum safety margin of 5% of D2 be added to sequent depth.
2- Basin II maybe effective down to Froude No. 4.
3- Length of the basin can be obtained from Fig. 15-16c, Chow.
4- Height of chute blocks= D1, width and spacing= D1. Space of 0.5D1 is preferable
long each wall to reduce spray and maintain desirable pressure.
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5- Height of the dentated sill= 0.2 D2. Maximum width and spacing= 0.15 D2. The
block is placed adjacent to each side wall. The slope of the continuous portion of
the end sill is 2H:1V.
6- The slope of the chute varies from 0.6H:1V to 2H:1V.
7- This type of basin is suitable for spillways with fall up to 200 ft and flows 500
cfs/ft of basin width.
8- Water surface and pressure profiles of a jump in the basin are shown in
Fig. 15-6d, Chow.
Design Example: R.S. Varshney Stilling Basin
Water flows under a sluice gate discharges into a rectangular plain stilling basin.
Determine the stilling basin parameters for the following data.
q 34 m3 / s/ m, HL1 m, tailwater depth 8.3 m, width of basin 20 m
Homework
Find out stilling basin parameters (R. S. Varshney) for the following flow data for undersluice
bays of a barrage across an alluvial.
Discharge intensity 28 m3/sec/m
Head loss HL
0.8 m
Prejump depth D1
2.68 m
Conjugate depth D2 6.1 m
Tailwater depth Tw 7.32 m
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Canal falls
Hydraulic Design of Canal falls
Vertical drop fall
The energy is dissipated by means of impact and deflection of velocity suddenly
from the vertical to the horizontal direction.
Cistern length (LC) = 5(HL*D) 1/2

Cistern depth (X) =
1
H L * D 2 / 3 , d c
4
3
1/ 3
q2
d c
g
Lc = the length of cistern,

X = the depression below downstream bed,
HL = drop in meter,
D = depth of crest below u/s T.E.L in meter
Design of Sharda type fall
1 . Crest
i. Length of crest
The length of crest is kept equal to bed width. It is also possible, that length is
extended to bed width + depth.
ii. Shape of Crest
For Q < 15 cumecs, the section is kept rectangular with d/s face absolutely
vertical. The top width is kept 0.55 D1 and the minimum base width (D1/2).
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Where:
D1 is the height of crest above downstream bed level. It may be capped with 25 cm
1:2:4 cement concrete with its both edges rounded.
For discharge above 15 cumecs, a trapezoidal section with top width = 0.55 D D1
with upstream side slopes of 1:3 and segment top conforming to a quadrant of a circle of
0.3 m at downstream edges of crest width and downstream slope of 1:8 is adopted.
iii. Crest level
The following equation is used to determine the height of the crest:
1/ 6
Q CLt D
3/ 2
D

Bt
Where:
Lt = length of crest,
Bt = width of crest,
The value of C for rectangular crest 1.835 and for trapezoidal crest 2.26
Crest level = u.s. F.S.L. + ha D
Types of crest for sharda type fall
a. Rectangular crest fall (Q<15m 3 /sec)
b. Trapezoidal fall(Q>15m 3 /sec)
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2. U/S Approaches
The wing wall are kept segmental with radius equal to 5 6 times D making an
angle of 60o at centre, and carried tangentially into the beam. The foundations of the wing
walls are laid on impervious concrete floor itself.
For fall less than 15 cumecs, the approach wings may be splayed straight at an
angle of 45o.
i. U.S. Protection
Brick pitching in a length equal to u.s. water depth should be laid on the u.s. bed
towards the crest at 1:10 slope.
ii. U.S. curtain wall
1
The thickness of curtain wall equal to 1.5 brick and depth to ( of water depth +
3
0.6 m) be provided, with minimum 0.8 m.
3. Impervious Concrete Floor

i. Total length and its disposition
Khosla's theory is used for large works.
Bligh's theory is used for small works.
The minimum length of the floor on the d.s. side is given as:Lb 10.53d c 4.877 1.5H L
Where:
Lb = downstream floor length.
This equation is used for clear falls and submergence less than 33%.
The balance of the total length may be provided under and u.s. of crest.
ii. Floor Thickness
The minimum u.s. floor thickness is 0.3 m. The d.s. thickness should be
determined by uplift pressure with minimum of 0.6 m for large works and 0.3 m for
minor works.
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4. Cistern
i. Length of cistern = 3.8dc + 0.415 + HL
ii. depth of cistern =
X
dc
in all cases
3
1
H L * D 2 / 3
4
5. Down Stream Protection

i. Bed Protection
Brick pitching about 20 cm thick resting on 10 cm ballast in a length three times
the d.s depth of water. Toe wall 1.5 brick thick and of depth equal to half the d.s. depth
of water with minimum 0.6 m provided at the end of pitching.
ii. Side Protection
After the wing walls, the side slopes of the channel are pitching with one brick on
edge in a length equal to three times the d.s depth. The pitching should rest on toe wall
1.5 brick thick and of depth equal to half d.s. water depth.
iii. Curtain walls

The thickness of curtain wall may be 1.5 brick and of depth equal to half the d.s.
water level + 0.6 m with minimum of 1 m.
iv. D.S. Wings
D.S. wings are kept vertical for a length of 5 to 8 times
DH L and many then be
gradually warped. They should be taken up to the end of the pucca floor.
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Design Example:
Design a Sharda type fall with the data given below:
i Full supply flow rate u.s. /d.s.
= 10 cumecs
ii Drop
= 1m
iii Full supply level u.s. /d.s.
=101.5/100.5 m
iv Full supply depth u.s. /d.s.
= 1.5/1.5 m
v Bed level u.s. /d.s
= 100/99 m
vi Bed width u.s. /d.s
= 8m/8 m
vii Soil
good loam
Assume Bligh's coefficient = 7
Solution
1. Length of crest
Take crest length = Lt = 8m
2. Crest level
Since discharge less than 15 cumecs, rectangular crest with both sides vertical.
1/ 6
Q CLt D
3/ 2
D

Bt
Assume Bt = 0.8 m. assumed value range (0.75-1.0) m

D1 / 6
10 1.835 * 8 * D 3 / 2 1/ 6
0.8
0.6545 = D1.67
D = 0.776 m say 0.78 m.
Velocity approach with 1:1 sides Va=Q/A =
Velocity head=ha=
10
= 0.702 m/sec
(8 1.5 *1) *1.5
va2
0.7022
0.025 m
2 g 2 * 9.81
U.S. T.E.L = u.s. F.S.L + ha = 101.5 + 0.025 = 101.525 m

R.L. of crest (u.s. T.E.L D) = 101.525 0.78 = 100.745 m Say 100.75m
Adopt crest level = 100.75 m
3. Shape of crest
i. Top width:
Bt = 0.55 D1 ,
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D1 = 100.75 99 = 1.75 m
Bt = 0.55 1.75 0.73 m
Adopt Bt = 0.75 m
Check for D
10 1.835 * 8 * D
3/ 2
D1 / 6
1/ 6
0.75
D = 0.771 m
ii. width and base = 0.5*D1
= 0.5*1.75 = 0.875 m say 1 m
Its top shall be capped with 25 cm thick cement concrete.
4. The side walls: may be splayed straight at an angle of 45 o from the u.s. edge of the
crest and extending by 1m in the earthen bank from the line of F.S.L.
5. D.S. expansion
Side walls should be straight and parallel up to the end of floor and shall be kept
vertical.
6. U/S protection
Brick pitching in a length equal to u.s. water depth = 1.5 m should be laid on the
u.s. with a slope of 1:10 downstream and 3 pipes of 15 cm diameter at the bed should be
provided for drainage during maintenance (cleaning).
7. Cistern Element
Depth of cistern =
1/ 3
dc
3
1/ 3
q2
(10 / 8) 2
0.542 m
d c =
9.81
g
0.542
0.181 m
Depth of cistern =
3
1
Cistern depth (X) = H L * D 2 / 3
4
1
1 * 0.752 / 3 0.21 m
4
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Length of cistern (Lc) = 3.8dc + 0.415 + HL

= 3.8*0.542 + 0.415 + 1
= 3.47 m
Lc = 5(HL*D)1/2 = 5*(1*0.75)1/2 = 4.3 m
Provide 4.5 m long cistern at R.L. 98.75 m
8. Length of impervious floor
Bligh's coefficient =C= 7
Maximum static head =H=(crest level d/s bed level)= 100.75 99 = 1.75 m
Total floor length required =C*H= 7*1.75 = 12.25 m
Minimum d.s. floor length (Lp) required
Lb 10.53d c 4.877 1.5H L
Lb 10.53 * 0.542 4.877 1.5 * 1
= 9.08 m say 9 m
9. Floor thickness
Minimum floor thickness of 0.3 m should be provided at the u.s. region.
Max Up left head at the toe of crest =
Floor thickness required =
1.75
* (12.25 3.25) 1.29 m
12.25
1.29
1.03 m
1.25
Provide 1.05 m thick concrete over laid with 0.2 m thick brick pitching.
Max up left head at 2.25 m d.s. from the toe of crest:
1.75
* (12.25 5.5) 0.96 m
12.25
0.96
0.77 m
1.25
Floor thickness required at 4.5 m d.s. from the toe of crest:
1.75 12.25 7.75

*
0.51 m
12.25
1.25
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Floor thickness required at 6.75 m d.s. from the toe of crest =
1.75 12.25 10
*
0.26 m
12.25 1.25
10. Curtain Walls
a. D.S. Curtain Wall
The curtain walls at d.s. end of floor should be 1.5 brick thick and of depth
d
0.6m to a minimum of 1 m.
2
Depth of curtain wall at d.s. end floor =
1. 5
0.6 = 1.35 m
2
Provide 0.4 m*1.4 m deep curtain wall.

b. U.S. Curtain Wall
Depth =
u.s water depth

0.6 = 0.5 + 0.6 = 1.1 m
3
Provide 0.4 m*1.1 m deep curtain wall.

11. D.S. Protection
a. bed protection
Length of bed protection = 3D3 = 3*1.5 = 4.5 m
Provide 4.5 m long dry brick pitching resting on 10 cm ballast which should be
protected by a toe wall 0.4 m wide and 0.8 m deep. (half d.s. w. depth)
b. Side protection
For length similar to that of bed, provide dry brick pitching 0.2 m thick on sides
resting 0.4 m and 0.8 m deep. (half u.s. w. depth)
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Design Example:
Design a Sharda type fall for data given below:
i Full supply flow rate u.s. /d.s.
= 50 cumecs
ii Drop
= 1.5 m
iii Full supply level u.s. /d.s.
= 101.5/100 m
iv Full supply depth u.s. /d.s.
= 2 m /2 m
v Bed level u.s. /d.s
= 99.5 m/98 m
vi Bed width u.s. /d.s
= 30 m/30 m
vii side slope
= 1H: 1V
Safe exit gradient
= 1/4.5
Design the floor using Khosla's theory.
Solution
1. Length of crest
Take crest length (Lt) = 30 m
2. Crest level
Since discharge greater than 15 cumecs, use trapezoidal crest with
1/ 6
Q CLt D
3/ 2
D

Bt
Assume Bt = 1 m.
D1 / 6
50 2.26 * 30 * D 3 / 2 1/ 6
1
D1.67 = 0.7375, D = 0.833 m.

Velocity approach with 1:1 sides Va =
Velocity head=ha=
50
= 0.781 m/sec
30 * 2 2 * 2
va2
0.7812
0.031m
2 g 2 * 9.81
U.S. T.E.L = u.s. F.S.L + ha

= 101.5 + 0.031 = 101.531 m
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R.L. of crest = u.s. T.E.L D

= 101.531 0.833 = 100.698 m
Adopt crest level = 100.698 m
3. Shape of crest
i. Top width:
Bt = 0.55 D D1 ,
D1 = crest level - d.s. bed level
D1= 100.698 98 = 2.698 m
= 0.55 0.833 2.698 1.034 m
Adopt Bt = 1.0 m, u.s. face slope 1H: 3V and d.s. face slope 1H: 8V.
4. Approaches
Radius of u.s. wing wall = 6*D= 6*0.833 = 4.998 m
Adopt u.s. wing wall radius of 5.0 m making an angle of 60 o at centre and carried
tangentially into the berm for a distance 1m from the line of full supply level.
5. D.S. Wing Wall
D.S. wing are kept vertical for a length of 5 DH L = 5 0.833*1.5 5.589 and then
be gradually warped. They should be taken up to end of pucca floor.
6. U/S protection
Brick pitching in a length equal to u.s. water depth to ward the crest with a slope
of 1:10. Provide drainage pipes of diameter 20 cm at 3m centre to center drain the u.s.
water during maintenance (cleaning).
7. Curtain Walls
a. D.S. Curtain Wall
Depth of curtain wall = 0.6m .
d
2
2
= 0.6 = 1.6 m
2
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Adopt d.s. curtain wall of 0.4m*1.6 m deep.

b. U.S. Curtain Wall
Depth of curtain wall =
2
u.s water depth
0.6 = 0.6 1.27 m
3
3
Adopt u.s. curtain wall of 0.4 m*1.3 m deep including 0.3 m foundation concrete.
8. Cistern Element
X=
dc
3
1/ 3
1/ 3
q2
(50 / 30) 2
0.65 m
d c =
g
9.81
0.65
0.22 m
X=
3
1
1
X = H L * D 2 / 3 = 1.5 * 0.8332 / 3 0.29 m
4
4
Adopt x = 0.3 m
Cistern level 98 0.3 = 97.7 m
Length of cistern (Lc) = 3.8dc + 0.415 + HL
= 3.8*0.66 + 0.415 + 1.5
= 4.423 m
Lc = 5(HL*D)1/2 = 5*(1.5*0.833)1/2 = 5.589 m
Adopt cistern length = 5.6 m
9. Floor thickness and exit gradient
GE
H 1
d
Max static head (H) =crest level d.s. bed level

H=100.698 98 = 2.698 m
GE = 1/4.5
1
2.698
1
*
4.5
1.7 3.14
= 5.167
= [(2 1)2 1] 1/2 = 9.282
Total floor length required (b) = *d = 9.282*1.7 = 15.77 m
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Adopt floor length = 16 m

Lb 10.53d c 4.877 1.5H L
Lb 10.53 * 0.66 4.877 1.5 * 1.5
Lb 6.95 4.877 2.25 9.577 m
Adopt d.s. floor length of 10 m and the rest under and u.s. of crest.
10. Pressure Calculation

Assume minimum u.s. and d.s. floor thickness near cut off = 0.6 m
a. U.S. Curtain wall
b = 16 m, d = 1.3 m , =b/d = 12.308 , =6.674
1
d 1.3
0.0815
b 16
D1 = 100 D = 100 18 = 82%
C1 = 100 E = 100 26 = 74%
C correction due to floor thickness =
0 .6
82 74 3.7 %
1. 3
C corrected = 74 + 3.7 = 77.7%
b. D.S. Curtain wall

d = 1.7 m, b = 16 m , =b/d = 9.412 , = 5.232
1
d 1.7
0.10625
b 16
E = 28%
D = 20%
E correction for thickness =
0.6
28 20 2.82 %
1.7
E corrected = 28 2.82 = 25.18%
11. Floor thickness

i. U.S. Floor
The up lift pressure in the u.s. is counter balanced by weight of water itself and
therefore no thickness is required. However, provide 0.6 m thick concrete.
ii. D.S. Floor
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a. At toe of crest
i.e at distance 6m from u.s. end.
H= crest level d.s. bed level = 100.698 98 = 2.7 m
% pressure = 25.18
52.52
* 9.6 58.35%
15.2
Up lift head due to static head = 0.5835* (2.7)

= 1.575 m of water
1.575
1.26 m of concrete
1.25
Provide 1.3 m thick concrete floor at the toe of crest in a length of 2 m over laid
0.2 m thick brick pitching.
b. At 2 m from the toe of crest
% pressure = 25.18
52.52
* 7.6 51.44%
15.2

= 1.39 m of water
1.39
1.11 m of concrete
1.25
Provide 1.2 m thick concrete floor over laid 0.2 m thick brick pitching.
c. At 4 m d.s. from the toe of crest
% pressure = 25.18
52.52
* 5.6 44.53%
15.2

= 1.2 m of water
1.20
0.96 m of concrete
1.25
d. At 6 m d.s. from the toe of crest
% pressure = 25.18
52.52
* 3.6 37.62%
15.2

= 1.01 m of water
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1.01
0.81 m of concrete
1.25
e. At 8 m d.s. from the toe of crest
% pressure = 25.18
52.52
* 1.6 30.71%
15.2
Up lift head due to static head = 0.3071*(2.7)

= 0.83 m of water
0.83
0.66 m of concrete
1.25
12. Energy dissipater

a. Cistern
Depth and length of cistern have already been worked out.
b. Size and position of friction blocks
Cistern depth (dc) = 0.65 m
i.
Length of block = 2dc = 2*0.65 = 1.3 m
ii.
Width of block = dc = 0.65 m
iii.
Height of Block = dc = 0.65 m
iv.
Distance from toe of crest = 1.5 dc

= 1.5*0.65 = 0.975 m Say 1 m
Provide two rows of blocks of size 1.3 m*0.65 m * 0.65 m staggered at a distance
of 1 m from toe of crest

c. Cube blocks
i. Length =
water depth 2
0.2 m say 0.25 m

10
10
ii. Width = 0.25 m

iii. Height = 0.25 m
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Provide two rows of cube blocks of size 0.25 m*0.25 m* 0.25 m staggered at the
end of floor.
13. Downstream Pitching
a. Bed Pitching
Length = 3dc = 3*2 = 6 m. thickness = 0.2 m of brick over 0.1 m of dry brick
ballast.
b. Toe Wall
Provide 0.4m * 1 m deep toe wall at end of pitching.
c. Side pitching
Length = 3dc = 3*2 = 6 m. thickness = 0.2 m.
The end should be protected with toe wall in continuation of the bed
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Design of pipes and Box culverts

When a road embankment is constructed across a flat terrain, the runoff from the
area having no deep and defined channels in it, may have to be disposed of by some
suitable means. In such cases, the surface water will go on collecting on one side of
the road embankment, unless drained out either through culvert openings inside
the embankment or by allowing the water to submerge the dipped road at frequent
intervals.
Hence, under all such circumstances, it may be better to construct culverts at
intervals rather than frequently dipping the road for crossing the surface water.
The operating head, i.e. the difference of the upstream and downstream levels (say
HL) will give us the maximum head causing flow. The area of the opening should
then be decided, so that it is sufficient to pass the design discharge (Q).
If V is the velocity through the culvert opening, which runs full in such a case, then
the head loss (HL) will be equal to:
1- The entrance loss (he). =
2
2
2- Friction loss in the barrel (hf).

3- The outlet loss (ho). =
2
2
Note : The entrance & outlet losses depends on the type of the shape provided for
entrance & outlet, and it may be :
1- Square edged entrance ( = 0.505)
2- Well rounded entrance ( = 0.05)
3- Curvature entrance ; if =0 =0.1
=0.05 =0.25
4- For grooved or socket end pipe

Value of K o =1
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5- Losses in bent =

4th Class 2014-2015
2
2
Kb can be calculated as shown in the table below :
Table of Kb values
R/D
5
90o
0.6
45o
0.45
22.5o
0.3
4.3
0.65
0.5
0.35
2
1
Elbow
T
0.75
1
0.7
1.8
0.55
0.75
-----
0.4
0.5
-------
The friction loss hf can be calculated by Manning's formula as:

=
1 23 12
hf = S L
where:
L=length of culvert
If the flow in the pipe is full flow then = R = D/4 ; where D= diameter of the pipe.

2 2
43
( )
4
HL = Entrance loss + Friction loss + Velocity head in barrel
= [
12
2
2 2
43
(4)
= [ + + ]
2
2
2
2
Where :
=
2 2
43
(4)
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Hence, knowing the area, the discharging capacity of the culvert, or by knowing the discharge, the required area can be
easily computed. The required sized pipe (or a rectangular barrel) may then be constructed. through the road
embankment.
Example : Design a box culvert for the given data :

Discharge = 43.8 m3/sec ; length of culvert = 50m ; Ke = 0.3 ; Ko=0.6 ; n = 0.015 ;
operating head (HL) = 0.4 m . If the inlet height of the culvert does not exceed 3.0 m.
Solution :WEED
2
= [ + + ] 2
= [ +
2 2
43
4
( )
0.4 = [0.3 +
+ ]
2
2 2
29.81 0.0152 50
43
4
Q=AV ; A=DD
+ 0.6]
( )
43.82
4 29.81
By trail & error D = 4 m ,

But the max. height of culvert equal to 3.0m,
use a rectangular box
= 2 = = 16
16
=
= 5.33
Example : A precast concrete pipe culvert is to be constructed under road as

sketched below. Find the head drop(H) that takes place with a discharge of
0.5 cumec and a pipe diameter of 0.75 m .
Solution:
For inlet ke 0.25 (approx.) because
For outlet ko = 1
For bend R D 0.75 1.0 45
0.75
0.05
0.066
0.75
from table Kb = 0.75

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For friction kf =
124.58 n 2 L
D

4th Class 2014-2015
124.58 0.0152 * 40
(0.75)
1.65
K 0.25 1.0 1.65 0.75 3.65

H K
V2
2g
H 3.65 *
(0.5) 2
*
2 * 9.81
1
0.24 m
2
2 0.75 2
(
)
4
H 0.24 m
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Example : A concrete pipe culvert is to be constructed under road to carry a

maximum discharge 9 m3/sec. If the length of pipe culvert 10m on slope 1/100 .
Find the diameter of the pipe and draw the culvert between the change of discharge
and the diameter.
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Design of INVERTED SIPHON

Inverted siphons are used to convey canal water by gravity under roads, rail roads,
other structures, various types of drainage channels and depressions. A siphon is a
closed conduit designed to run full and under pressure. Inverted siphons
(sometimes called sag culverts or sag lines). The structure should operate without
excess head when flowing at design capacity.
Application
Economics and other considerations determine the feasibility of using an inverted
siphon or another type of structure. The use of an elevated flume (aqueduct) would
be an alternative to an inverted siphon crossing such features as a deep roadway
cut or another channel. The use of a raised grade line and culvert may be a more
economical alternative to employing a siphon under a road.
Hydraulic design consideration:

Size of siphon is function of ( Head , Economy , Velocity in the pipe)
Assume internal dimension for the siphon.
Compute head losses
The total head loss:
1- Entrance and outlet.
2- Head loss in the two screens (trash rack).
3- Head loss due to friction in the barrel.
4- Head loss in the two elbows.
Energy grade line elevation is the differences between u.s and d.s = the sum of
all computed losses.
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Selection of cross section type :

1- If Q<2.5 m3sec (Use round section).
2- If Q>2.5 m3sec (Use square section).
Example :
Design an inverted siphon required to pass a canal discharge of 4.0 m3sec under
main road with 0.2m head loss. The velocity in the canal is 0.82 msec and the
depth of water in the canal 1.5m. Safety screen are provided of entry and exit. The
inverted siphon has 22.5 elbows of each end. The site dimension are shown as
below .
IF : n=0.013 , Ke=0.2 , Ko=0.3 , Ksecreens=0.2 , Kelbows=0.05
Solution:Total head loss = 0.2m

H = 0.2m = US (W. L) DS (W. L) = sum of the losses
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For discharging more than 2.5 m3 sec , use square section.

Q = 4 m3 sec , hence use square section.
A
d
A = d2
P = 4d
R= =
P
4
Velocity in the canal = 0.8 m/sec
Velocity head =
V2
2g
0.822
29.81
= 0.034m
Discharge in the barrel Q = 4 m3 sec .

Assume velocity in the barrel = V1
Q
4
V1 = = 2 msec
A d
V2
16
Velocity head= 1 =
4
2g
2gd
Length of the barrel = 7.5 + 26.8 + 7 = 41.3 m

1- Friction losses in the barrel
22 12
= 43
2
=
=
n2 L
V12
(d/4)43
(0.013)2 41.3(4)43
(d)43
16
d4
0.709
d5.33
------------(1)
2- Entrance & outlet losses:

= Ke (
=(
16
V21
2g
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
0.034)
2gd4
0.4077
= ( 4 0.017)-------------(2)
d
3- Head loss in two elbows:
V12
16
= 2 0.05
= 2 0.05
2g
2 9.81 d4
0.08155
=
-----(3)
d4
4- Head loss in two screens
= K
V2
+ K o ( 1 ) = 0.2 ( 1 ) + 0.3 ( 1 )
)
2g
2g
2g
2g
2g
2g
2g
2
2g
= (0.2 + 0.2)
2
2
= 0.4
0.822
29.81
= 0.0137 -------------(4)
Total loss = sum of Eq. ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4) = 0.2m
0.709
0.4077
0.08155
0.2 = 5.33 + (
0.017)
+
+ 0.0137
d
d4
d4
0.709
0.4893
0.2 = 5.33 + 4 + 0.0307
d
d
By Trail & Error d = 1.5 m
use dimension of Box = 1.5 1.5 m
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WEIRS
Introduction
Weirs provide one of the most common forms of flow monitoring or water level
control structures throughout the world.
Any flow taking place over a hydraulic structure under free surface condition is
analyzed with the weir formula.
Weirs are good flow measuring devices .
Practical purpose of weirs :

weirs are used for the following purposes:
1) To maintain high water level in order to divert water into a diversion channel
for irrigation or Power purpose.
2) To gauge the discharge of branch channel at their intakes, the discharge of

drains at their escape & the discharge of canals funding power houses.
= ()32
3) Water can be stored for a short period.

4) To reduce the head acting on a barrage.
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5) To reduce the water slope in case of a very steep land.
6) To escape the water in canal automatically.
7) To control silt movement into the canal system , we can use the weir to
many purpose at the same time.
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Weirs are commonly constructed as :

1- Sharpe crested weirs .
with opening of the shapes :
a) Rectangular.
b) Triangular .
c) Trapezoidal .
2- Broad crested weir :

Where the flow is significantly influenced by viscous drag which is enumerated in
the form of a discharge coefficient.
Broad crested weir
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Weirs also classified as .

A- Contracted weirs : where the width of the channel is greater than the width of
the weir opening.
B- Suppressed weirs : where the width of the channel and the width of the weir
opening are equal.
Hydraulics and Theories of Weirs

1) Rectangular sharp crested weirs :
Hydraulic equation of this type can be simplified to :
(theoretical )
=
2
3
3
2
(Ideal case) (1)
For real weir flow (true flow)

2
= . 2
3
3
2
(Real case) (2)
Where
Cd : is an experimentally determined coefficient including the effects of the many
simplifications disregarded in the derivation of eq(1). , i.e , cd is the factor which
transforms the simplified weir flow in to the real weir flow .
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The experimental work of Rehbock

v 2
2
Led to an empirical formula for

H
Cd of well- ventilated sharp- crested rectangular weir :

V
Cd =0.611 + 0.08
H
P
for water ; this true only for values of
Up to approximately (5). i.e. ( 5)
The effective width (b) : this is considered as :

1) (b) for suppressed rectangular weir (R.W).
2) (b n 0.1 H ) for contracted rectangular weir .
n : number of contractions ( usually one to each side ).
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H
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2) Triangular weir or V- notch :

This type is widely used as measuring device for small flow rates.
A simplified analysis yield the fundamental formula as :
Q = Cd
8
15
tan 2g H
5
2 . (3)
Cd 0.59 for weir of 2 = 90

Coeff. (Cd) for lenz is :
= 0.56 +
0.7
0.165 0.17
Where
IR : Reynolds No.
W : Surface tension
The conditions of (c) for Lenz :

1- H > 0.06 m
2- IR > 300
3- W > 300
3) Trapezoidal weir ( Cipolletti weir ) with ( S.S 1: 4 ) :
This can be considered as one rectangular notch of width (b) and two half V-notch
( angle = =14 ) The discharge eq. may be written as :
= 1
2
3
2 ( 0.2)
3
2
8
15
2 2 tan
5
2
due to presence of 2 ends contractions.
When we use this type of weir , we can obtained W.L

more stability than The type of rectangular Weir because
that (b) increase with increase of the depth & give a
greater discharge & keep the W.L At stable , therefore ; its
use in the escape weir .
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EXAMPLE
Determine the discharge over a sharp crested weir 4.5m long with no lateral
constrictions(suppressed). The measured head over the crest being 0.45m and the
sill height of the weir is 1m.
Solution :
3
Q = C b 2g H 2
3
H
0.45
=
= 0.45 < 5
P
1.0
H
Cd =0.611+ 0.08
P
= 0.611 + 0.08
2
0.45
1
= 0.647
3
2
Q = 0.647 4.5 2 9.81(0.45)

3
= 2.61 m3 /sec
EXAMPLE
A 6m long weir was measured to carry a 1.4 m3/ sec discharge when the crest is
over topped by 0.2m of water. Determine the discharge coefficient of the weir ?
Solution :
Q
1.4
Cd = 2
= 2
= 0.883
3
3
3
b 2g H 2
629.81(0.2) 2
EXAMPLE
A 30 m long weir is divided into 10 equal bays by vertical posts each 0.6 m wide .
calculate the discharge over the weir under an effective head of 1m ? Cd = 0.623
Solution
Sometimes the total length of a weir is divided into a number of bars or span by
vertical posts in such case , the number of bays or spans , into which the weir is
divided.
No.of bays = 10
( 30 m length of weir)
Width of each post = 0.6 m
Effective length L = (30 -9* 0.6) = 24.6m
No. of end contractions, n = 2*10 = (one bay has two end contraction)
3
2
Q = Cd (L 0.1nH)2g H 2
3
= 2/3 *0.623*2g (24.6 -0.1*20*1) * 132

= 41.6 m3 sec
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Design of Escape weir

1- Rectangular escape weir
Let AB be the normal water line in the canal which should be ended at a
natural drain of the point B . to avoid a sudden drop in water a weir is
constructed (Escape Weir ). For the determination of the dimensions of this
weir , knowing (alternatively) either b or p the remaining dimension ( p or b )
can be directly obtained from the weir formula :
2
Q = Cd 2g H 2
3
Regarding that
P = D H or H = D P
As Q & H are given
on the other hand, knowing
both the canal properties &
the range of max. & min.
water depth ( Dmax ,Dmin )
then two cases at four D ranges can be chosen :
1
D1 = Dmin + ( Dmax - Dmin )
D2 = Dmin +
4
3
4
( Dmax - Dmin )
or D2 = Dmax -
1
4
( Dmax - Dmin )
Now : If the corresponding discharges for D1 & D2 are Q1 & Q2 and

corresponding depth over sill are
H1 & H2
3
3
Q1 = Cb H1 2 = Cb (D1 P) 2 ..(1)
3
3
Q 2 = Cb H2 2 = Cb (D2 P) 2 ..(2)
2
Where C = Cd . 2g
3
From which b & P are found.
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EXAMPLE
Given an open channel of the following properties :
Min water depth = 1m
(0.7 Q)
Max water depth = 2.5m
(1.2Q)
Bed width = 2m
Bed slope = 15 cm/km
Side slope = 1:1
Mannings roughness = n = 0.03
It is required to design an escape weir at the end of this channel assuming that:
2
C = Cd 2g = 1.6
3
Solution :
D1 = Dmin +
1
4
3
( Dmax - Dmin ) = 1+
4
3
(2.5- 1) = 1.375 say 1.5m
D2 = Dmin + ( Dmax - Dmin ) = 1 + (2.5 1) = 2.125 say 2.0m

4
4
Using the Mannings eq. with the canal properties :
Q=
1
n
AR23 S 12
; A = b . d + z d2
or
(2 + 1.5 1) 1.5
1
(2 + 1 1.5)1.5 [
Q1 =
]
0.03
2 + 22 1.5
Q1 = 1.91 m3/sec (min)
( b + zd )d
23
(0.00015)12
23
(2 + 2 1) 1.5
1
(2 + 2 1) 2 [
Q1 =
]
0.03
2 + 22 2
(0.00015)12
Q2 = 3.364 m3/sec
Using the weir formula :
3
3
Q1 = Cb H1 2 = Cb (D1 P) 2
3
3
Q 2 = Cb H2 2 = Cb (D2 P) 2
1.91 = 1.6 * b * (1.5- P)1.5 (1)
3.364 = 1.6 * b* ( 2- P)1.5 (2)
_______________________________
2P
(1.76)2/3 =
1.5P
From which
P = 0.41 m & then b = 1.865 m
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2- Trapezoidal Notch Fall Escape

In the previous type of escape weir the canal cannot be drained totally unless
a pipe is provided at bed level. This pipe adds a certain variable to the problem.
A solution which is more simple
being to adopt a V notch Fall
on which the inclination of the
sides takes the place of the depth
(p) as a variable :
nD
tan =
=n
or n =
D
tan
Two values of Q & D must be known to determine the two unknowns ( b) & h)
from an equation which may be derived as follows:
The equation of the trapezoidal weir was previously given as :
Q = C1
2
3
2g(b 0.2H)H 32 + 15 C2 2g(tan)H 52 (1)
For a very low rectangular weir :

C1 =1.06 (1+P/H)
P=0 (2)
=1.06 (1+0) = 1.06 1.0
Assume C2 0.6
Then the last equation may approximate in SI units as:
2
8
Q = 1 2 9.81 b H 32 + 0.6 2 9.81 n H 52
3
15
In which n = tan
Or
Q = 2.95 * b * H3/2 + 1.417 * H5/2
Rearranging ( out of brackets)
Q = 2.95 H3/2 ( b + 0.48 n H)
But we have :
P=0 no. sill
H=D
Finally :
Q = 2.95 D3/2 ( b + 0.48 n D ) . (3)
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EXAMPLE
For the previous example it is required to design a trapezoidal notch escape ?
Solution:
From mannings equation it has been found that :
For :
D1 = 1.5 m ; Q1 = 1.91 m3/sec
D2 = 2.0 m ; Q2 = 3.364 m3/sec
Using equation (3):
Q = 2.95 D3/2 ( b + 0.48 n D )
1.91 = 2.95 * 1.53/2 ( b + 0.48 n * 1.5 ) .(1)
3.364 = 2.95 * 23/2 ( b + 0.48 n * 2) ...(2)
From eq. (1) & (2)
b = 0.352 0.72 n .(1)
b = 0.403 0.96 n ..(2)
from which n = 0.2125 = tan
= 12
& b = 0.352 0.72 * 0.2125 = 0.2 m
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DESIGN OF GATES
Sliding gates or vertical lifting gate
The design of vertical gate would involve

the design of the following:
1- Gate leaf
2- Groove embedment
3- heisting equipments
Principle for design of lifting gate

1- The gate will act as slab support on two walls.
2- The total load was not uniform distributed but it various from top to bottom.
3- The total load transmitted to a stiffener member is equal to the area of loading may
equal to the area of loading member.
The loading may be equally divided into n number (n part), each stiffener is located such
that it carry a total load equal to the calculated
1
= 2 W 2
1 2
=
Procedure for design

1- Find the water depth.
- Front side water level (F. s. W. L)
- Bed level (B. L) under gate.
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2- Height of gate= water depth + 0.1 water depth

L = d 1.1
3- Draw pressure diagram.
Pressure at any point= W depth of water
4- Assume n division.
5- Find the location of stiffener from principle each.
6- Bending moment calculation.
Total load stiffener (beam) equal (W)
W = W a L
- Stiffener is simply supported beam.
- The stiffener it can be angle, I beam or channel.
W. L
B. M =
8
M
7- Find Z (The section modulus) =
fs
I bt
Z= =
c
6
W.L2
The plate as continuous slab(
10
8- Calculate the thickness of plate. Consider a unit of 1m width of slab spacing

vertically & supported on the stiffener.
Find the max. Bending moment
M = fs Z
. =
2
6
Find
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Example
Design a vertical gate with the following information:
F. S. W. L. = 35.25m
Crest level = 32.75m
Width of gate = 3 m
fs = 20 000 psi
Solution
= F. S. W. L. Crest level
= 35.25 32.75 = 2.5m
2.5 0.1 = 0.25m
Height of gate = 2.5 + 0.25
= 2.75m
Assume the number of division (n) = 5
y 2 2.75
a
0.756m 2
2n
2*5
2
a1
y12
0.756
y1 1.23m
2
Area
Formula
Value of y
0.756
1.512
2.268
3.024
3.78
y12
y22
y32
y42
y52
y1 = 1.23
y2 = 1.74
y3 = 2.13
y4 = 2.46
y5 = 2.75
88
Division Height
1.23
0.51
0.39
0.33
0.29
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Calculation of plate thickness
Consider a unit of 1.0m

Width of slab spacing vertically & supporting on the stiffeners.
Loads on span L1 , L6 are about half strip
L2 , L3 , L4 , L5 are equal & about (1/5) of the total area.
Assume an average uniform load on each strip , the total load (w) on each of
them is the same.
The biggest moment will be the one with largest span.
Note: For accurate solution use moment distribution for determining (B.M.).
820 1490
w 0.67
775kg
2
wl 775* 0.67
M
52kg.m 4580in.Ib
10
10
B.M(Ib .in) = B.M(T.M) * 88000

Use fs = 20000psi
Section modulus = Z
Z
M
.......... .......... .......(1)
fs
bt 2 40t 2
.......... .......... .......( 2)

6
6
M 4580
t 0.185
b = 1m = 40in
20000* 40 * t 2
6
3
16
in.
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Design of stiffeners:

4th Class 2014-2015
(Beam Design)
Each stiffener is simply supported beam

M
WL
8
w: (total load)
Area of one strip = 756 kg/m
The stiffener can be angle , L beam
756 3 = 2268kg = 5100 Ib
WL 5100*118
75225
8
8
M 75225
Z
3.76 in3
fs 20000
H.W:Design a sliding gate wing type of beams (w8*40) which have an elastic section
modulus equal to 582 cm3. If the height of gate 5m , span 3.5m and fs =10000 T/m2 ?
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Dams
Introduction
The dam is a barrier constructed across the river to store water on its
upstream side due to construction of a dam the water level of the river
on its upstream is very much raised. Due to rise in water level large
areas lying upstream of the dam get submerged. Dams are
constructed to store the river water in form of on artificial lake or
reservoir. The stored water can be utilized for generation of hydroelectric power, water supply, irrigation or for any other purpose.
Classification Of Dams:
Dams may be classified in several way as follows:
1-Classification based on materials of

construction:
a- Earth fill dams.
b- Rock fill dams.
c- concrete dams.
d- Masonry dams.
e- Steel dams.
f- Timber Dams.
2- Classification based on flow over its top:

a- Over flow dams.
b-Non over flow dams.
3- Classification based on the use of the dams:

a- Storage dams.
b- Diversion dams.
c- Detention dams.
d-Multi-purposes dams.
4- Classification based on the mode or resistance

offered by the dams
against external forces:
a- Gravity dams.
b- Buttress dams.
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c-Arch dams
5- Classification based on rigidity of the dams:

a- Rigid dams.
b- Non- rigid dam.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gravity dams:

Advantage:
1-Maintenace cost is negligible.
2- They are specially suitable for deep steep valley conditions where
no other dam is possible.
3- If suitable foundation is available, such dams can be constructed
for
very large heights.
4- Because they can be constructed in very large heights, they can
store more amount of water.
5- If suitable separate place is not available for installation of spillways,
they can be installed in the dam section itself.
6- This dam gives prior indication of instability. If remedial
measures are taken in time-unsafe dams may even be rendered
safe. Even if they cannot be made safe they give sufficient time for
the people to move out the area likely to be submerged due to
failure
of the dam.
7- silting rate of the reservoir can be reduced considerably by
installing
under sluices in the dam near the bed of the reservoir. Sluices can
be operated from time to time and silt may be scoured out of the
reservoir.
8- They are not affected by very heavy rainfall. Earth dams cannot
sustain very heavy rainfall because of heavy erosion.
Disadvantages:
1-They are very costly in initial construction.
2-They take lot of time to construct.
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3-They require skilled laborer for construction.

4-Such dams can be constructed only on good foundation.
5-If height of the dam is to be raised, it cannot be done unless
provision for it had been made in the construction of the lower part of
the dam.
Earth fill and Rock fill Dams:

Advantage:
1-They can be constructed on any type of foundation.
2- They can be constructed in comparatively less time.
3-they do not require skilled labor.
4-Initial cost of construction is low as locally available soils, and rock
boulders are normally used.
5-Their height can be increased without any difficulty.
6-They are specially suitable for condition where slopes of river banks
are very flat. Gravity dams under such conditions are not found
suitable.
Disadvantage:
1-The fail all of a sudden without giving any per-warning.
2-Flood water affect the dam safety.
3-spillways have to be located independent of the dam.
4-They cannot be constructed as over flow dams.
5-They require continuous maintenance.
6-They cannot be constructed in narrow steep valleys.
7-They cannot with stand heavy rains unless properly protected.
8-They cannot be constructed in large height. The usual height is 30m
for which most of the earthen dams.
Factors governing selection types of Dams:

1-Topography:
such as
V-shape nor row valley select arch dam.
Narrow U-shape valley indicates choice of over flow concrete
dam.
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A low, rolling plan suggest earth dam.

2-Geology&Foundation:
*Solid rock-foundation: select any type.
*Gravel &coarse sand foundation: select earth dam or Rock fill dam.
*Silt & fine sand foundation: select earth dam or low concrete dam
up to 8m.
*Clay foundation: select earth dam with special treatment.
3-Availability of materials of construction:
*If sand ,gravel and stone is available , concrete gravity dam may be
suitable.
*If coarse and fine grained soils are available, an earth dam may
be suitable.
4-Length and height of dam
If the length of the dam is very long and its height is low, an earth
dam would be a better choice. If the length is small and height is
more, gravity dam is preferred.
5-Spillways :
Separate spillway -----earth dam
Large spillway with dam concrete gravity dam and
6-Road way over the dam:
We can constructed earth or gravity dam
7-Generation of hydro-electric power:
Concrete or masonry gravity dams because can be constructed at
height level and develop sufficient head for running the turbines.
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Concrete Dams:
Is a structure which is designed in such a way that its weight resist the
force exerted up on it. It may constructed of concrete or masonry.
Forces acting on gravity dams:

1-Water pressure.
2-Uplift pressure.
3-Silt pressure.
4-Wave pressure
5-Pressur due to earth quake force
6-Ice pressure
7-Weight of the dam
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1-Water pressure
P=1/2 h2
If the upstream face Is partly vertical
and partly inclined
The resultant water pressure can be
Solved in tow components
P=1/2 h2
& P1=v
P2=1/2h12 & P3= v1
2-Uplift pressure
Without gallery
With gallery
1
(2h1+ h)
h1 + (h h1) = (
3- Earth Quack Forces:

a- Effect of vertical acceleration:
when the acceleration is vertically upward the inertia force ; F = W
K
( where W = weight of the dam and K = coff. Of earth quake )
acts vertically downwards , these increasing the downwards weights .
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when the acceleration is vertically downward the inertia force acts

upwards and decrease the downward weight .
Net Weight = W(1 kv) ; kv coff. Of earth quake of ver. dir.
+ for acceleration is ver. upward .
- for acceleration is ver. downward .
b- Effect Of Horizontal acceleration
I- Hydrodynamic pressure
The horizontal acceleration of the dam and foundation towards the
reservoir causes a momentary increase in the water pressure .
The increase in water pressure ( Pe) is given by :
Pe = 0.55 Kh h2 acts at 4h / 3
Kh=coff. Of earth quake horizontal dir.
II- Horizontal Inertia force
The inertia force acts in a direction opposite to the acceleration
imparted by the earth quake forces
FH = W . Kh W = weight of the dam
This force can be considered at the center of gravity of the mass .
4- Wave Pressure:
Wave pressure depends on the height of the wave (hw) developed .
hw = 0.032 (V*F) +0.763 0.27 4F
.. for F 32 km
hw = 0.032 (V*F)
..for F > 32 km
where : hw = height of the wave in (meter)
V = wind velocity in (km / hr)
F = straight length of water expanse in (km)
wave pressure is
PW = 2000 hw2 kg / m
= 2 hw2
Ton / m
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This force acts at distance ( 3 hw / 8 ) above the reservoir surface .
5- Silt Pressure:
Psilt = s hs2 ka
Where ka = ( 1-SIN) / (1+SIN)
s = submerged unit weight of silt material
hs = height of silt
If the upstream face of the dam is inclined , the vertical weight of silt
supported on the slope also acts as vertical force .
6- Ice Force:
The coefficient of the thermal expansion of ice being five times more
than that of concrete . the ice force acts linearly along the length of the
dam at the reservoir level.
The average value of ( 5 Kg / cm2 ) or ( 50 Ton / cm2 ) may be taken
as an ice force.
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7- Weight of the dam:

W1 = V1 con ; W2 = V2 con
Wdam = W = W1 + W2 + W3 + ..
STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF GRAVITY DAMS

Failure and inertia for structural stability of concrete gravity dam due to
the following reasons :
1- overturning of the dam
2- compression or crushing of the dam
3- sliding of the dam
4- development of tension in the dam
1- Failure by overturning :
If the resultant of all forces acting on a dam at any section of its
sections passes outside the toe , the dam shall rotates and overturning
about the toe .
The factor of safety against overturning is :
(F.S)overturning = ( Righting moments ) / ( Overturning moments)
(F.S)overturning = ( MR ) / ( MO )
The value of F.S against overturning should not be less than (1.5)
2- Compression or crushing :
A dam may fail by the failure of its materials , the compressive stress
produced may exceed the allowable stress and dam material may get
crushed .
The vertical stress distribution at the base is given by :
V MC
Pmax,min =
V
B
( 1
Where :
6e
B
V
B
)
= direct stress
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MC
I
Bending stress =
Ve
B

4th Class 2014-2015
6Ve
+ will be used for calculating normal stress at the toe

- will be used for calculating normal stress at the heel
e : eccentricity of the resultant from the center of the base
V : total vertical force
B : base width of the dam
3 Sliding (Shear failure):

Sliding occur when the net horizontal force at the base of the dam
exceeds the frictional resistance developed at the level
F.S sliding = ( (V-U)) / ( H) > 1.0
Where : (V-U) = net vertical force = V
H = sum of horizontal forces causes the sliding
: coefficient of friction = ( 0.65 0.75)
4- Tension
From the present equation :
P heel = (V / B) (1- ((6e)/B))
If e > (B/6) ,the normal stress at the heel will be (-ve) or tension
No tension should be permitted
at any point of the dam
The eccentricity (e) should be less than B/6(e < B/6) the resultant
should always lie within the middle third.
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Example:
Determine the heel and toe stresses and the sliding factor for the dam
section shown in the figure for the following loading conditions :
- horizontal earth quake (Kh) = 0.1
- normal uplift pressure (drain working)
- silt deposit up to 30 m height
- no wave pressure and no ice pressure
- unit weight of concrete = 2.4 Ton/m3
- unit weight of silty water = 1.4 Ton/m3
- submerged weight of silt = 0.9 Ton/m3
- coeff. Of friction = 0.65
- angle of reporse = 25
(+) (-) (-) (+) (+)
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Name of forces
1- vertical forces
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W
2- uplift pressure
U1
U2
U3
U
3- horizontal forces
P1 = h2
Ps = s hs2 ka
H
4- earth quake
F1 = W1 * Kh
F2 = W2 * Kh
F3 = W3 * Kh
Hydrodynamic (Pe)
(0.55 kh h2)
E

4th Class 2014-2015
Magnitude
La (m)
Moment toe
(126+140) * 0.5 * 1*2.4 = 21168 +

150 * 8 *1*2.4 = 2889+
(30+6)*0.5*1*2.4 = 216 +
(30+6)*0.5*1*1.4 = 126 +
114 *6*1*1 = 684 +
+ 25074
84.3
130
136
138
137
+1778112
374400
29376
17388
93708
(1)(144)(21)(1) = - 1008
( *1*144)*119*1 = - 2856
(*1*144)*21*1 = -1008
129.5
79.33
133
M = 229284
M = -491176
- 4872
0.5 * 1442 * 1*1 = - 10368
0.5 *0.9 * 302 *0.4058 = - 164.4
- 10532.4
- 130536
- 226576
- 134065
144/3
30/3
- 497664
- 164.4
- 499014
21168 *0.1= - 2116.8 140/3

2880*0.1 = - 288 150/2
216 *0.1 = - 21.6
30/3
0.55 * 0.1 *1 * 1442 = - 1150.848 144/3
- 98784
- 21600
- 216
- 703346
- 3577.284
M = - 190934.6
M = +2292984 499014 190934.6 491176 = 1111859.4 Ton . m

V = W - U = 25074 4872 = 20202 Ton
e = (B/2) - X = (B/2) ( M / V)
e = (140 /2) (1111859.4 / 20202) = 15 m
Pmax , min = (V / B) (1 ((6e)/B))
= (20202/140) (1 ((6*15) /140 ))
Pmax = 237.06 Ton / m2
Pmin = 51.54 Ton / m2
F.Ssliding = ( (V-U)) / ( H) > 1.0
= 0.933 1 not o.k
(F.S)overturning = ( MR ) / ( MO )
= 2292984 / (Mu + MH + ME)
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Spillway
U/S T.E.L
Ha
U/S W.L
He
Hd
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Spillway
Introduction
A spillway is a structure constructed at a dam site through which the design flood
could be disposed of safely to the downstream , just after the reservoir gets filled
up. up to the normal pool level , water starts flowing over the top of the spillway
crest. A spillway is essentially a safety valve from a dam .
In general, spillways comprise five distinct components namely:
i. Entrance channel.
ii. Control structure
iii. Discharge carrier.
iv. Energy dissipator.
v. Outlet channel.
The entrance channel transfers water from the reservoir to the control structure,
which regulates the discharge from the reservoir. Water is then conveyed from
reservoir to the low-level energy dissipator on the riverbed by the discharge
conveyor. An energy dissipator is required to reduce the high velocity of the flow to
a nonscouring magnitude.
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The crest of the spillway is usually provided at F.R.L (Full Reservoir Level) or
(Normal Pool Level ). However, in order to control floods the gates could be
provided at the top and the water level could be increased upto maximum water
level. The height between F.R.L and M.W.L is called the "Flood lift". Reservoir level
should not cross MWL. Following are different types of spillways usually adopted in
practice.
A spillway can be located either within the body of the dam or at one end of it or
entirely away from it .
Classification of spillways
The spillways can be classified of the following major types , depending upon the
type of the structure constructed for disposing of the surplus water :
123456-
Straight drop spillway .

Ogee spillway (overflow spillway).
Chute spillway (open channel spillway).
Side channel spillway.
Shaft spillway.
Siphon spillway.
Major dam will be usually provided with an overflow spillway with crest gates.
However, the type and location of spillway depends on the site conditions of
topography.
Ogee spillway (overflow spillway) :

Ogee spillway is an improvement upon the free over fall spillway , and is widely
used with concrete , arch and buttress dams.
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Discharge formula for the ogee spillway :

U/S T.E.L
Ha
U/S W.L
He
Hd
The discharge passing over the ogee spillway is given by the equation weir:
Q = C Le He3/2
Where :
Q : Discharge.
Le :Effective length of the spillway crest.
C : Coefficient of discharge.
He : Total head over the crest = ( Ha + Hd )
2
=
2
=
(+ )
where B : width of canal

Le = L 2 [ Kp . N + Ka ] He
Where :
L : The net clear length of the spillway crest.
Kp : Pier contraction coefficient .
N : Number of piers.
Ka : Abutment contraction coefficient.
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Va
spillway
abutment
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PIER SHAPE
Square nosed piers without any rounding
Square nosed piers with rounding on radius at corners =0.1 of pier thickness
Rounded nose piers and 90o cut water nosed piers
Pointed nose piers
Kp
0.10
0.02
0.01
0.00
ABUTMENT SHAPE
Ka
Square abutment with head wall at 90o to the direction of flow

Rounded abutment with head wall at 90o to the direction of flow
0.2
0.1
For high spillway the approach velocity is very small and the velocity head can be
neglected .
(ha=0) ( He = Hd )
If H / Hd > 1.33
( High ogee spillway )
Crest of Spillway :
For spillway having a vertical face the D/S crest is given by :
X1.85 = 2 Hd0.85 y
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The U/S profile may be designed as the equation :

y = 0.724 ( x + 0.27 Hd )1.85 +0.126 Hd 0.4315 Hd0.375 ( x + 0.27 Hd)0.625
Hd0.85
Example :
Design ogee spillway for concrete gravity dam having downstream face sloping at
( 0.781H:1V ) , the discharge for the spillway is (8000 m3/sec) the height of spillway
crest is kept at level (204 m) the average river level at the site is (100 m) , the
spillway length consist (6) span having clear width (10 m) each with pier
thickness=3m , kp=0.01 , ka=0.1 , C=2.2 .
Solution :
N=5
L = 6 * 10 = 60 m
Le = L 2 [ NKp + Ka ] He = 60 2 [ 5 (0.01) + 0.1 ] He = 60 0.3 He
Q = C Le He3/2
8000 = 2.2 (60 0.3 He) (He3/2)
By trial and error
He = 16.3 m
Let He = Hd
=
=
(+ )
8000
((204100)+ 16.3)(60+53)
= 0.887 /
H/Hd =( 204 100)/16.3 = 6.4 > 1.33

=
=
High spillway
2
2
0.8872
29.81
= 0.04
this is very small value and may neglected.

D/S profile
X1.85 = 2 Hd0.85 y
y= X1.85 / 2 Hd0.85
y = X1.85 / 2 (16.3)0.85
y= X1.85 / 21.45
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dy/dx = (1.85 X0.85) / 21.45

1/0.781 = 0.0862 X0.85
X = 22.4 m
The coordinates of the D/S profile are :
X
Y
=X1.85
/21.45
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
22.4
0.17
0.61
1.28
2.18
3.3
4.62
6.15
7.87
9.79
11.90
14.19
14.67
U/S profile
y = 0.724 ( x + 0.27 Hd )1.85 +0.126 Hd 0.4315 Hd0.375 ( x + 0.27 Hd)0.625
Hd0.85
y = 0.724 ( x + 0.27 *16.3 )1.85 +0.126*16.3 0.4315 *16.30.375 ( x + 0.27 *16.3)0.625
16.30.85
y = 0.724 ( x + 4.4)1.85 +2.05 1.23* ( x + 4.4)0.625
10.72
The values U/S profile extends up to

X = -0.28*Hd = -0.28*16.3 = - 4.56 m
X
Y
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
-4.0
-4.56
0.01
0.06
0.14
0.27
0.43
0.66
0.95
1.37
2.06
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Design ogee spillway for a concrete gravity dam and find the maximum
flood discharge could be disposed of safely to the downstream. It is having
downstream face sloping at ( 0.85H:1V ) , the height of spillway crest is kept
at level (310 m), the average river level at the site is (190 m), the spillway
length consist (5) span having clear width (12 m) each with pier
thickness = 3m , kp=0.01 , ka=0.1 , C=2.2 .
If the D/S crest profile is given by : x1.85 = 25 y , and the U/S by: =
0.724 (+0.27 )1.85
0.85
+ 0.126 0.4315 0.375 ( + 0.27 )0.625
Neglect the approach velocity head.

Le = L 2 [ NKp + Ka ] He ; Q = C Le He3/2 ; X1.85 = 2 Hd0.85 y
Dynamic force on spillway :

When water flows over the curved surface of ogee spillway , there is continuous
change of velocity and hence there is change in momentum from section to section .
According to Newton's second low of motion , this change in momentum , causes a
force on the spillway structure this force is known as the (dynamic force) .
Fo cos ?
Fo
Vo
Fo sin ?
?
R
A
R
FH
FV
B
V1
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F1
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Example :
The ogee spillway shown in the figure which discharge water with head of 1.2m
over crest , taking C=2.2 .
Compute the dynamic force on the curved section AB which has a constant radius of
3m and = 60o
1.2 m
Vo
Solution :
V1/2g
10 m
A
V1 y1
Q = C Le H3/2
B
q= Q/L = 2.2 L (1.2) 3/2 / L = 2.9 m3/sec/m
(Vu/s)2 / 2g + Pu/s/ + Zu/s = (Vo)2 / 2g + Po/ + Zo =(V1)2 / 2g+ P1/ + Z1
11.2 = (Vo)2 / 2g + yo Cos60 + Zo = (V1)2 / 2g + P1/( y1) + Z1
11.2 = (Vo)2 / 2g + yo Cos60 + 1.5 = (V1)2 / 2g + y1
Voyo = V1y1 =2.9
Vo = 2.9 / yo
and V1 = 2.9 / y1
11.2 = (2.9)2 /19.62 yo + 0.5 yo + 1.5
yo = 0.212m and Vo = 13.7 m/s
11.2 = (2.9)2 /19.62 y1 + y1
Y1 = 0.197m and Vo = 14.7 m/s
Fo = 1/2 yo2
Fox = 1/2 yo2 Cos = 0.5 * 9.81 * 0.2122 * 0.5 = 0.11 kN
Foy = 1/2 yo2 Sin = 0.5 * 9.81 * 0.2122 * Sin60 = 0.19 kN
F1x = 1/2 yo2 = 0.5 * 9.81 * 0.1972 = 0.19 kN
W = V = 2 * 3 * (0.212 + 0.197)/2 * 60 / 360 * 9.81 = 6.3
Fx = Q (- Vo Cos 60 + V1 )
0.11 0.19 + FH = 1 * 2.9 * ( - 13.7 Cos60+ 14.7)
FH = 22.845 KN
Fy = Q (- Vo Sin 60 + 0)
- 6.3 0.19 + Fv= 1 * 3.9 * ( - 13.7 Sin 60)
Fv = - 27.917 KN
F = FH2 + Fy2 = 36.07 KN
= tan-1 Fy/Fx = 50.7o
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Hydraulic Stuctures 4rth Class Lectures - 2014-2015

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Hydraulic Stuctures 4rth Class Lectures - 2014-2015

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University of Kufa

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Classification of Hydraulic Structures According to the purpose of its

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Steps for Design of Hydraulic Structures

Design of Hydraulic Structures

2. Determine the best location of the structure.

Structures on gypsum soils

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Causes of Failure of Hydraulic Structures Founded on Pervious

2- Failure by Direct Uplift

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Mathematically ( C ) can be expressed as follow :

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Head loss per unit length (hydraulic gradient)

Head loss occurs on upstream cutoff =

Head loss occurs on intermediate cutoff =

Head loss occurs on downstream cutoff =

Head at point C (HC)

Hydraulic gradient drop at upstream cutoff = H HC

Head at point E (HE)

Hydraulic gradient drop at intermediate cutoff = H HE

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Safety against Piping or Undermining

Table (1) : Recommended Safe Hydraulic Gradients.

Safety against Uplift Pressure

Design of Hydraulic Structures

For equilibrium condition :

Water percolates at point A and emerges at point B .

Design of Hydraulic Structures

(64 33) = 2.91

The thickness of floor at C

Design of Hydraulic Structures

2- Lanes Weighted Creep Theory

Weighted Creep length (Lw) is given as

To ensure safety against piping

Design of Hydraulic Structures

should be less than

Table (2) : Lanes Creep Coefficient Values.

Safe Lanes Hyd.

Very fine sand or silt

Gravel & sand

Boulders gravel and sand

Design of Hydraulic Structures

tX = 4.7 /(2.4-1) = 3.36 m of concrete > 2 not OK

Design of Hydraulic Structures

c- A straight horizontal floor thickness with a sheet pile at some intermediate

Design of Hydraulic Structures

3- Correction for the slope of the floor.

1- The correction for the mutual interference of piles.

b- Correction for intermediate pile

c- Correction for d/s pile

Design of Hydraulic Structures

3- Correction for the slope of the floor.

Design of Hydraulic Structures

b1 : distance between two piles which the sloping floor is located.

Table (4) : Safe exit gradient for different type of soils .

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Design of Hydraulic Structures

Hydraulic Jump and Energy dissipation devices

Consider the occurrence of a hydraulic jump in prismatic channel with a horizontal

Design of Hydraulic Structures