CID=560002&LOCALE=EN_ID)
(https://www.waters.com/waters/shoppingCart.htm?locale=en_ID)
Indonesia
Login/Register (https://www.waters.com/waters/login.htm?redirectUrl=http%3A//www.waters.com/waters/en_ID/GPC---Gel-PermeationChromatography-Beginner%2527s-Guide/nav.htm%3Fcid%3D10167568%26locale%3Den_ID&locale=en_ID)
INDUSTRIES
PRODUCTS
RESOURCES
ABOUT WATERS
Contact Waters
Local Offices
(http://www.waters.com/waters/localeRed
locale=en_ID&type=contact_us)
Adhesive strenth
Cure time
Brittleness
Elastic modules
Flex life
Melt viscosity
Impact strength
Hardness
Toughness
Softening temperature
Drawability
Tear Strength
Adhesive tack
Stress-crack resistance
Coefficient of friction
Materials characterization
Understanding the makeup of a polymer is particularly important due to the variety of resins available for the
same purpose, the high cost of specialty resins or compounds, and the value added to the polymer during
manufacturing. For example, the cost of a resin used in a printed circuit board is very low, but the cost of the
finished board is very high. Poor quality resin can result in an unacceptable finished circuit board.
Where a polymer's end-use application requires precision performance or endurance under harsh conditions,
the need for polymer characterization is particularly acute. Because GPC fulfills these needs better than any
other single technique, it has become an extremely valuable tool for materials characterization in the polymer
industry.
Advanced Polymer
Chromatography (APC)
(http://www.waters.com/waters/promotionD
locale=en_ID&id=134729773)
Improved peak
resolution, especially for
low MW polymers and
oligomers; up to 20x
faster than GPC.
Learn more
(http://www.waters.com/waters/promotionD
locale=en_ID&id=134729773)
Though they are subtle, differences such as those shown in the molecular-weight distributions to the left, could cause
marked variations in the performance of the polymer.
In addition to providing the molecular weight distribution, GPC also separates a complex polymeric compound into its
component parts - polymer, oligomer, monomer, and additives.
The width of the individual peaks reflects the distribution of the size of molecules for a given resin and its
components. The distribution curve is also known as the molecular weight distribution (MWD) curve. Taken
together the peaks reflect the MWD of a sample. The broader the MWD, the broader the peaks become and vice
versa. The higher the average molecular weight, the further along the molecular weight axis the curve shifts
and vice versa.
You can see then how easily the MWD profiles of two resins can be compared. If the MWD profile of an incoming
resin doesn't match that of the control resin (i.e. one that is known to process well) closely enough, the
incoming resin can be modified or process conditions can be changed to make sure the resin processes
properly. If the differences between the control resin and the incoming resin are too severe, the incoming resin
can be returned to the supplier as unacceptable.
Molecules of various sizes elute from the column at different rates. The column retains low molecular weight material
(small black dots) longer than the high molecular weight material (large black dots). The time it takes for a specific
fraction to elute is called its "retention time".
GPC Systems
In designing instrumentation for GPC, a variety of requirements must be satisfied. Injectors are needed to
introduce the polymer solution into the flowing system. Pumps deliver the sample and solvent through the
columns and system. Detectors monitor and record the separation. Data acquisition accessories control the test
automatically, record the results, and calculate the molecular weight averages. The gel permeation
chromatograph contains a number of different components that work together to provide optimum system
performance with minimum effort. Schematic of a basic gel permeation chromatograph.
This diagram illustrates how the sample is injected into the mobile phase and the path the sample takes to the detector.
1. Pump
Pumps the polymer in solution through the system.
Different polymers produce solutions of different viscosities. To compare data from one analysis to the next, the
pump must deliver the same flow rates independent of viscosity differences. In addition, some detectors are
very sensitive to the solvent flow rate precision. Such constant flow must be a critical feature of the instrument.
2. Injector
Introduces the polymer solution into the mobile phase.
The injector must be capable of small volume injections (for molecular weight determinations) and large
volume injections (if fraction collecting is desirable). The injector should not disturb the continuous mobile
phase flow. It should also be capable of automatic multiple sample injection when the sample volume is large.
3. Column Set
Efficiently separates sample components from one another.
High efficiency columns give maximum separating capability and rapid analyses. Every column must provide
reproducible information over extended periods for both analytical and fraction collecting purposes.
4. Detector
Monitors the separation and responds to components as they elute from the column.
Detectors must be nondestructive to eluting components if they are to be collected for further analysis.
In addition, the detectors must be sensitive and have a wide linear range in order to respond to both trace
amounts and large quantities of material if necessary.
Since all compounds refract light, the differential refractometer (RI) is referred to as a "universal" detector. As a
result it is the most widely used detector to monitor molecular weight distribution. The refractive index of
polymers is constant above approximately 1000 MW. Therefore, the detector response is directly proportional to
concentration.
Beside information about molecular weight averages and distribution obtained with RI, the use of UV
absorbance detectors may provide information about composition, while on-line light scattering detectors and
viscometers provide information about polymer structure.
Data systems can also provide complete control of GPC systems so that large numbers of samples can be run
unattended and raw data can be automatically processed. Today's GPC software offerings need to be able to
provide special calculations for multi-detection processing, band broadening correction, special calibration
routines and polymer branching determination, just to name a few.
Next (http://www.waters.com/waters/nav.htm?cid=10167593) >
GPC Basic Chemistry
(http://www.waters.com/waters/en_ID/GPC-Basic-Chemistry/nav.htm?
locale=en_ID&cid=10167593)
Gel Permeation Chromatography - Basic Chemistry
Calibration of the GPC System
(http://www.waters.com/waters/en_ID/Calibration-of-the-GPC-System/nav.htm?
locale=en_ID&cid=10167839)
In order to assign a molecular weight to each retention time slice for the eluted polymer, we must
calibrate our system, or more specifically, the column set.
Frequently Asked GPC/SEC Questions
(http://www.waters.com/waters/en_ID/Frequently-Asked-GPC-SEC-Questions/nav.htm?
locale=en_ID&cid=10167847)
Frequently Asked GPC/SEC Questions
Applications for Room Temperature GPC
(http://www.waters.com/waters/en_ID/Applications-for-Room-Temperature-GPC-/nav.htm?
locale=en_ID&cid=10167876)
Applications for Room Temperature GPC
References
(http://www.waters.com/waters/en_ID/References/nav.htm?locale=en_ID&cid=10168236)
GPC Primer references
PRIVACY (HTTP://WWW.WATERS.COM/WATERS/EN_ID/GLOBAL-PRIVACY-POLICY/NAV.HTM?LOCALE=EN_ID&CID=1000241)
USE/NAV.HTM?LOCALE=EN_ID&CID=1000245)
(/WATERS/SITEMAP.HTM?LOCALE=EN_ID)
TRADEMARKS (HTTP://WWW.WATERS.COM/WATERS/EN_ID/TRADEMARKS/NAV.HTM?LOCALE=EN_ID&CID=1000238)
SITEMAP
CAREERS (HTTP://WWW.WATERS.COM/WATERS/EN_ID/GLOBAL-JOB-OPPORTUNITIES/NAV.HTM?LOCALE=EN_ID&CID=134690899)
2016 WATERS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Brand (/1/1/indexb1.html)
Category (/1/1/indexc1.html)
Brand (/1/2/indexb1.html)
Popularity (/1/1/indexd1.html)
Category (/1/4/indexc1.html)
Price (/1/2/indexc1.html)
Title (/1/4/indexd1.html)
Recommendations (/1/3/indexc1.html)
Title (/1/3/indexd1.html)
By High-Volume
Name (/1/2/indexe1.html)
Category (/1/3/indexe1.html)
By Category: