International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering

Volume: 1 Issue: 3

e-ISSN:
ISSN: 2394-8299
2394
p-ISSN:
ISSN: 2394-8280
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ADVANCE BIOCOMPATIABLE MATERIALS FOR IMPLANTS

Pankaj K. Bhoyar1, Dr.A.B. Borade2
1

Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, MSSCOET, Jalna,

Jalna
pankajbhoyar318@gmail.com
2
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, JDIET, Yavatmal
Yavatmal,
atulborade@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT

Nowadays the problems regarding the Arthroplasty are increasing. Lifestyle

style of the peoples are
ar improved,
because of thee economic wealth is higher. So the
he artificial implants are having interesting market. Biocompatible
Orthopaedic materials are playing an important role for manufacturing the implants. For every material there is
a different manufacturing technology. This paper describes various biocompatible materials for implants.
Focusing on the various Titanium based alloys. Also it elaborates materials manufacturability using Single Point
Incremental Forming (SPIF) process.

Keywords: Biocompatible materials, Titanium Alloys, M

Manufacturability, SPIF.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
For improving the quality and expectancy of life the biocompatible materials plays a very important role. In
the market there are various biocompatible materials like titanium and its alloys, stainless steel, cobalt chromium,
tantalum, polyethylene, zirconium alloys
alloys,, etc. According to materials properties suitability with the human body is
checked for accepting it as a biocompatible material. Another term for choosing the proper biocompatible material is
its manufacturability. There are various manufacturing processes that are used for machining the various types of
materials.
Today there are various processes are used for producing the implants like moulding, grinding, rapid
prototyping,
ototyping, deep drawing, etc. These processes are costly and time consuming. One of the newest technology for
manufacturing the bio implants is Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) process. This is one of the newly
invented technology to manufacture com
complex and axis-symmetric components. This process can be performed on the
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines. This is highly available in industries and also in institutes. The SPIF
process forms the component by stretching and bending using hemispherical tip milling tool.

1.1 Various Biocompatible Materials

In market there are implants of various materials are used for a specific patients. As per the suitability of
the particular patient
tient the materials are selected. The materials are also
so selected on the basis of span of
implementation in the body. Materials
rials which can be used in implants are as follows.
Stainless Steel- Limited ability to withstand corrosion in human body so it is no
nott often used.
Cobalt-Chromium Alloys- This alloy contain Nickel but some patients have allergic reaction with this
alloy.
Titanium & Titanium Alloys- Pure titanium used where high strength is not necessary due to low density.
Ti6Al4V alloy is generally use
used
d for the implants but vanadium is toxic so this is also not suitable for
biomedical implants.
Uncemented Implants- Knee implants may be cemented or cementless depending on the type of
fixation used to hold the implant in place. The majority of knee rreplacements
eplacements are generally cemented into
place. There are also implants designed to attach directly to the bone without the use of cement. The
cementless designs rely on bone growth into the surface of the implant for fixation.
Tantalum Tantalum is a type of pure metal, which has excellent biological and physical properties,
namely flexibility, corrosion resistant and biocompatibility.
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International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering

Volume: 1 Issue: 3

e-ISSN:
ISSN: 2394-8299
2394
p-ISSN:
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Polyethylene the tibial and patellar components in knee replacements are made of polyethylene. This
material is used where
re wear is maximum for example hip joint.
Zirconium & Its Alloys Zirconium alloy is used in a new ceramic knee implant. The zirconium alloy is
combined with an all-plastic
plastic tibial component, replacing the metal tray and plastic insert used in other knee
replacements.
eplacements. It is believed that this new knee could last for 20
20-25
25 years, substantially more than the 15-20
15
years that cobalt chromium alloy and polyethylene implants are effective. The new combination can be
lubricated, which results in a smoother and ea
easier
sier articulation through plastic. Another important
characteristic of this material is that it is biocompatible, meaning that people who have nickel allergies and
cannot have knee implants made of cobalt chromium alloy. Zirconium alloy implants eliminate the risk to
nickel-allergic
allergic patients because this new material contains no nickel. [14]

1.2 Single Point Incremental Forming

Unlike many other sheet metal forming processes, incremental forming does not require any dedicated dies
or punches to form a complex shape and is therefore well adapt
adapted
ed to rapid prototyping, as confirmed
confi
by several
authors [2, 4, 5, 6, 8]. The process uses a standard smooth
smooth-end
end tool, the diameter of which is far smaller than the part
being made, mounted on a three-axis
axis CNC milli
milling machine.
The sheet metal blank is clamped around its edges using a blank
blank-holder.
holder. During the forming process, the
tool moves along a succession of contours, which follow the final
nal geometry of the part, and deforms the sheet into
its desired shape incrementally as shown in Fig
Fig-1. [01]

Fig-11 Single Point Incremental Forming [01]

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review has been done on the recent development in the field of biocompatible materials for the
SPIF technique. The emphasis regarding the biomedical materials for SPIF technique was not much given. The
review has been categorized in various biocompatible materials used in various manufacturing fields.
fields

2.1 Titanium and its Alloys

[02] defined a process chain for creating a customized biomedical implant as well as determining the
validity of the process chain by applying each step. The design and development procedure of a titanium based
biomedical Arthroplasty implant using innovative Incremen
Incremental
tal Sheet Forming (ISF) techniques will be documented,
as well as an investigation of the financial cost and potential gain that this implant can offer.
In [03] the manufacturing of Titanium based plate implants in the bio
bio-medical
medical sector has been done at
University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. This investigates the forming of bio
bio-medical
medical titanium plate implants for
minimal invasive surgical procedures. It propo
proposes
ses a customizable process chain capability for the production of
patient-specific bio-medical
medical implants using the incremental forming technology. Biocompatible titanium material
has a low density material and life is only 15
15-20 years than Ti-Ta alloy.
[04] discussed the challenges associated with the manufacture of cranio
cranio-facial
facial implants with extreme
forming angles using medical grade titanium sheets. While on one hand, the failure wall angle is an issue of concern,
the parts also need to be manufactured wi
with
th accuracy at the edges where the implants fit into the human body.
Systematic steps taken to overcome these challenges, using intelligent intermediate part design, feature analysis and
compensation, are discussed.
[05] evaluated the SPIF process for producing titanium customized maxillofacial implants and
demonstrated the role of this technology in manufacturing customized medical parts. Maxillofacial implant
operations are done in very rare cases i.e., in accidental an
and
d in implants of cancer patient. There is a research gap to
go for another Anatomical part.
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International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering

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[06] used the orthopedic products in the recovery and rehabilitation of upper and lower limbs. The
manufacturing of these products in a customized way was done thr
through
ough the use of incremental sheet forming (ISF).
ISF is a modern metal forming process offering significant economic and ecological advantages for small scale and
customized production of sheet metal products. By economic condition the ISF process is better
bette for customized
implants.
[07] described the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the titaniumtitanium
tantalum alloys together with pure titanium was comparatively studied for biomedical applications. The
experimental results confirm
rm the previous theoretic investigation that tantalum has a potential to enhance the
strength and reduce the elastic modulus of titanium alloys at the same time, and indicate that the titanium-tantalum
titanium
alloys are more suitable than pure titanium for biomed
biomedical
ical applications because of their lower elastic modulus,
higher strength and enhanced corrosion resistance than pure titanium used as a standard metallic biomaterial, and the
same excellent compatibility to pure titanium.
[08] constructed a CAD model of the skull (biomodel) and a restorative implant digitally,
digitally from CT images
of a fractured skull,.. The biomodel was then physically constructed with 3D Printing, and Incremental Sheet
Forming (ISF) was used to manufacture the implant from a sheet of pure grad
gradee 2 titanium. Before cutting the
implants final shape from a pre-formed
formed sheet, heat treatment was performed to avoid deformations caused by
residual stresses generated during the ISF process.
[09] invented a new biocompatible titanium alloy Ti
Ti-25Nb-10Zr-8Ta,
Ta, which was produced from pure
metals (Titanium Ti, Niobium Nb, Zirconium Zr and Tantalum Ta) using the vacuum induction melting method in a
levitation furnace. Microstructure and phase composition of the titanium alloy were investigated by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray
Ray diffraction (XRD). By improved quality, expectancy, non toxicity this
material is best for biomedical implants.

2.2 Bio-ceramics
[10] taken Bioceramics in total knee joint endoprostheses. Sintered bioceramics can be machined only by
grinding and polishing processes. Due to high quality requirements, there are significant challenges with regard to
these machining technologies. An automat
automated
ed precise economical process chain for the manufacturing of a new allall
ceramic knee implant design was developed. It was assumed the geometrical accuracy and the shape of implant
contact geometry specified during the manufacturing process has a substantial influence on the wear behavior of the
prosthesis. The importance of the surface quality of the ceramic implant surface remains unclear and warrants future
examination. But the time required for grinding and finishing is larger as compare to incremental forming.
fo
[11] used ceramics among all biocompatible materials as advances in the properties and processing ease of
these compounds broaden their uses. New generations of alumina
alumina-zirconia
zirconia nanocomposites are expected to see the
strongest gains. These high density
ity structures incorporated the greater resistance to cracking, an important advantage
in orthopedic implants, fixation devices, and dental repair and restoration products.
[12] studied the use of additive manufacturing (AM) within orthopedic implant manufacturing,
manuf
especially
for the customization of implants. This manufacturing technique is also takes more time required as compared to
incremental forming.
[13] invented highly automated CNC
CNC-RP
RP for Rapid Prototyping in the manufacturing of bone implants. By
RP process the surface roughness of products are more so there is a requirement other manufacturing process for
customized biomedical implants.

2.3 Interpretation
This literature provides the maximum research has been carried out on the materials like titanium and its
alloys. For particular Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) Technique Ti
Ti-6Al-4V
4V alloy was used. Rapid
prototyping technique was also used for manufacturing the bone implants. In RP various bio ceramics like zirconica
nano composites were used.
The Titanium
itanium material is mostly used for implants. But due to its low density and life only titanium is not
considered for biomedical implants. Ti6Al4V alloy is generally used for the implants. But the vanadium is toxic so
this alloy is not compatible
ble for biomedical implants [Wikipedia of Vandium].
[09]] invented a new biocompatible titanium alloy Ti
Ti-25Nb-10Zr-8Ta,
8Ta, which was produced from pure
metals (Titanium Ti, Niobium Nb, Zirconium Zr and Tantalum Ta) using the vacuum induction melting method in a
levitation furnace. Microstructure and phase composition of the titanium alloy were investigated by scanning

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International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering

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electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray

Ray diffraction (XRD). By improved quality, expectancy, non toxicity this
material is best for biomedical implants.
ts.

3. CONCLUSION
Various
arious biocompatible materials and manufacturing processes are implemented for producing implants.
Mostly the Rapid Prototyping processes are incorporated for producing the bone implants. By RP process the
implants surface roughness is more. So for vanishing this problem new manufacturing technique of SPIF is one of
the best option.
It is observed that most of the researches are on the Ti6Al4V materials. As Vanadium material is toxic, it is
not biocompatible to the human being. New biocompatible material titanium alloy Ti-25Nb-10Zr
10Zr-8Ta invented by
researchers. This is the gap of research to use this new alloy for producing the bone implants.

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