RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
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Abstract:
Images of different body organs play very important role in medical diagnosis. Images can be taken
by using different techniques like x-rays, gamma rays, ultrasound etc. Ultrasound images are widely used
as a diagnosis tool because of its non invasive nature and low cost. The medical images which uses the
principle of coherence suffers from speckle noise, which is multiplicative in nature. Ultrasound images are
coherent images so speckle noise is inherited in ultrasound images which occur at the time of image
acquisition. There are many factors which can degrade the quality of image but noise present in ultrasound
image is a prime factor which can negatively affect result while autonomous machine perception. In this
paper we will discuss types of noises and speckle reduction techniques. In the end, study about speckle
reduction in ultrasound of various researchers will be compared.
Keywords Noise, Speckle, Gaussian, Spatial Filtering, Transform Filtering
----------------------------------------************************---------------------------------the beam forming process and also during the signal
processing stage. Even during the Scan conversion,
I. INTRODUCTION
there could be loss of information due to the
Ultrasound imaging is a medical diagnosis interpolation. So we can say image gets corrupted
technique that uses sound waves of very high with noise during acquisition, transmission, storage
frequency and their echoes. In addition, ultrasound and the retrieval processes. Ultrasound imaging
images have the advantage of being portable, system overview is given below in fig.1.
versatile, and not requiring ionizing radiations [1].
The image generated using ultrasound waves is
called Ultrasonogram. There are many modes of
ultrasound imaging but b-mode and m-mode are
most commonly used methods. Moreover the
diagnosis procedure in ultrasound is of low cost and
in order to diagnose an illness, person need not to
go through dangerous invasive procedures.
Ultrasound images are coherent images so speckle
noise is inherited in ultrasound images which occur
at the time of image acquisition. There are many Fig.1 Ultrasound Imaging System
factors which can degrade the quality of image but
noise present in ultrasound image is a prime factor
which can negatively affect result while II. SPECKLE NOISE
autonomous machine perception [2]. Noise in a
digital image is a very common problem. Noise can Image noise is the random variation of brightness or
be introduced at all stages of Image acquisition. color information in images produced by the sensor
There could be noises due to the loss of proper and circuitry of a scanner or digital camera [3].
contact or air gap between the Transducer probe Speckle is a particular kind of noise which occurs in
and body; there could be noise introduced during
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z 1
( 1)! a
z
a
z
Fig-2 Probability density function of speckle noise
III.
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Where G(n) and F(n) are the input and the output
sequences, respectively.
Ultrasound images corrupted with speckle noise can
be processed with mean and median filters. Results
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of median and mean filter on ultrasound images in the size of the image and Yj is the value of each
pixel in the image.
matlab are given below
=1 M
m 1
(Yi) 2
j=0
Img(i,j)=Im + W*(Cp-Im)
= 1 / ENL
n 1
= 1 N ( Xj ) 2
j=0
E. Frost Filter
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F. Wiener Filter
F ( x, y ) = g +
And
f 2
f 2+ n 2
g =
( g ( x, y ) g )
M
N
g ( s, t )
L s = m t = n
1
The wiener filter is a spatial domain filter and it Soft computing principles like Artificial Neural
generally used for suppression of additive noise. Networks (ANN), Genetic Algorithms (GA) and
Wiener filters are a class of optimum linear filters Fuzzy Logic (FL) are also be used in designing
which involve linear estimation of a desired signal algorithms for speckle noise reduction in medical
ultrasound images. Hyunkyung Park et al shows
sequence from another related sequence. The
that a cellular neural network which is a kind of
wiener filters main purpose is to reduce the amount
recurrent neural network can deal with images by
of noise present in a image by comparison with an the weight of neurons called a cell. It could obtain
estimation of the desired noiseless image [14]. This more detail image recognition compared with other
filter is the mean squares error-optimal stationary methods. In the study [15], they discuss
linear filter for images degraded by additive noise determination template parameters of the cellular
and blurring. due to linear motion or unfocussed neural network for ultrasound image processing.
optics Wiener filter is the most important technique Their experimental results show effectiveness of
for removal of blur in images. Wiener filter can be applying the proposed method to boundary
applied in two ways (a) spatial domain by using enhancement and the speckle noise reduction of
mean squared method (b) fourier transform method. medical ultrasound image. In [16] Maruyama
Wiener filter in fourier domain can be used for Kenjiro et al presents a neural Network based
deblurring and denoising whereas in spatial domain nonlinear 2D filtering technique for adaptive
Wiener filter cannot be used for deblurring. Wiener speckle reduction in ultrasound images. Then use
filter is based on the least-squared principle, i.e. the ultrasound speckle model and back propogation for
this filter minimizes the mean-squared error (MSE) training the Neural Network. They confirmed the
between the actual output and the desired output. efficiency of the approach with simulated results.
Thus, both global statistics (mean, variance, etc. of
the whole image) and local statistics (mean,
V.
SPECKLE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES AND RELETIVE FINDINGS
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Author
Title
Approach
Relevant Findings
1980
Lee
Single scale
1982
Frost et al
Single Scale
1989
T.Loupas et al
Single Scale
1995
Richard N.
Czerwinska et al
Single Scale
2001
Chedsada
Chinrungrueng et al
Single Scale
2004
Yu and acton
Single Scale
2006
Badawi et al
Single scale
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Ricardo G. Dantas et
al
Single Scale
2009
Shankar
Single Scale
2011
Babak
Mohammadzadeh et
al
Single Scale
2011
Single Scale
2003
Pizurica et al
Multi scale
2004
S. Gupta et al
Multi Scale
2007
Zhang et al
Multi Scale
2010
Maryam
Amirmazlaghani
Multi Scale
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S. Kalaivani et al
Multi Scale
VI.
CONCLUSION
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
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