FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Case Study: Burj Khalifa

The main fire safety systems installed within the Burj Khalifa are the sprinkler systems,
standpipe system, fire alarm and smoke alarm and evacuation systems.
Automatic Sprinkler System

The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is outfitted with an automatic sprinkler system; its main task
is to control the spread of the fire. Assisting in fire safety is the fire resistant construction.
The skyscrapers composition protects surrounding floors, rest zones, mechanical areas,
and hazardous areas from the other areas around it.
Sprinkler system is provided for the entire Tower, Podium, D1 & F1 areas.
Express risers are in Mechanical & Plumbing closets of Center core of the building which
feeds water to Sprinkler & Standpipe risers.
Isolation valves are located at Different levels to isolate the system & FS are located at
different levels to indicate the flow of the system.

Automatic Sprinkler System Diagram:

Standpipe System

Standpipe systems are a series of pipe which connect a water supply to hose connections.
They are designed to provide a pre-piped water system for building occupants.

Equipment in standpipe system is composed of fire hose cabinet, hose rack, hose,
landing valve and jet spray nozzle.
Fire Hose cabinets are provided in every floor landing of each level. As well in Car park,
Kitchen & Loading dock areas. Each FHCs cover the buildings wings & center core.

Fire and Smoke

Alarm

Multi-alarm sensors that include smoke, heat and

optical sensors are located in all rooms throughout
the building. The system will immediately notify
occupants in the area through an emergency
voice/alarm communication.
Voice alarm speakers are also being provided to
all areas within the Burj Dubai, including the
residential and hotel units. These will provide test,
alert and evacuation messages in both Arabic and
English.
Stairwell pressurization and Evacuation systems (Refuge Floors)
The typical area of refuge will have fire rated exit stairs closed off by doors to counter
the spread of smoke. Also, the areas of refuge are designed to connect to various
stairwells. This means that occupants can be directed down the safest path, and will
almost never be trapped. As usual, the areas of refuge are encased in fire resistant
concrete, are well ventilated, and can be lit by emergency lights

MOVEMENT SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Case Study: Petronas Tower
Elevator System

Since the towers are each 88 stories high, it is inefficient in terms of money, space, and
time to have single elevators traveling directly from the bottom to the top of the building.
This prompted the builders to design high-speed double-deck elevators.
A double-deck, machine room-less elevator system has two elevator cabs attached,
with one on top of the other. This design allows passengers on consecutive floors to use the
elevators at the same time, which increases capacity and reduces wait times
The main bank of elevators is located in the center of each tower. All main elevators
are double-decker with the lower deck of the elevator taking passengers to odd
numbered floors and upper deck to even numbered floors.

Escalator System

In order to access an even numbered floor from

ground level, passengers are required to use
an escalator to access the upper deck of the
elevator

BUILDING COMMUNICATION AND SECURITY SYSTEM

Case Study: Petronas Tower

The Building Communication and Security System (BCSS) is designed to operate via a LAN
(local area network). High level software running on the integrated security network
captures all data to ensure fully automated coordination among the BSS sub-systems.
These sub-systems include a card access system, voice intercoms, alarm
monitoring system, audio alarm surveillance system, closed-circuit television,
and photo identification system.

Card Access System

The basic components of this security system are

access cards and card readers and access
control keypads.
The access card may be thought of as an
electronic "key". Each access card is uniquely
encoded. The card readers are the devices used
to electronically "read" the access card
(insertion or proximity).

Voice Intercom

The system is comprised of a central exchange and remote stations, and permits calls
to master stations located in the central control room or in facility guard rooms from
substations installed in such varied locations as entrance gates, parking lots or building
entrances.
A full range of exchange functions other than basic conversation are also featured,
including call forwarding, scan monitoring, emergency conference, conversation
recording by way of external equipment, and paging by way of an external amplifier.

Closed Circuit Television System (CCTV)

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a system where the circuit in which the video is
transmitted is closed and all the elements (camera, display monitors, recording
devices) are directly connected.
CCTV relies on strategic placement of cameras and private observation of the
camera's input on monitors. The cameras, monitors and/or video recorders communicate
across a proprietary coaxial cable run or wireless communication link. Access to data
transmissions is limited by design.

Central
System

Telecommunication

The telecommunications system is a structured cabling system comprising vertical and

horizontal cabling, inter-building cabling and connection to telecommunications carrier
companies.
The hub of the system is a central telecommunications office (CTO), which serves as
a local communications exchange and gateway to the outside world. The CTO also enables
tenants to access various value added services such as video conferencing, electronic
mail and central phone services.
The system is designed as a local loop communications system providing direct
connections from the main subscriber distribution frame to the end user using a fibre-optic
network.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Case Study: Burj Khalifa

The electrical system is arranged in three major categories; wiring and raceways,
power-handling equipment and utilization equipment.
In the first category, we include conductors and raceways of all types; in the second,
transformers, switchboards, panel boards, large switches and circuit breakers; and in the
last category utilization equipment such as lighting, motors, controls and wiring devices.

The provided 11kv services enter via underground concrete encased ductbanks into the
building by the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA). Multiple 11 kV risers will
provide power to the transformers to produce power. Due to the extreme heat and
humidity, the transformer rooms are air conditioned and have ventilation fans as back-up
in case of emergencies.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Case Study: Burj Khalifa

Two points of connection with the incoming city water service are provided for the
domestic water system and include connections to water metering assemblies.
A single connection with the incoming gray water service will be provided with the
condensate recovery to complete the site irrigation water system.

The hot water system includes liquid petroleum

gas (LPG) hot water heaters placed in the podium,
to heat the incoming water before transferring to
multiple tanks within the tower.
Local electric heaters are designed to heat the
returning water from the riser prior to reaching the
tanks.
Transfer pumps will pump the cold and hot water to
the water storage tanks located at multiple levels in
the building. The domestic cold and hot water
systems will consist of a gravity-feed system from
the elevated water storage tanks and will provide
water to all plumbing fixtures and equipment
requiring cold and hot water.

A complete low pressure propane gas distribution system is provided including

independent incoming service pressure regulator and meter rooms located on the building

ground level, gas distribution piping system and pressure regulators as may be
required to ensure a steady low pressure gas flow to the equipment.

MECHANICAL SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Case Study: Burj Khalifa

In the tower, six mechanical zones equipped with centrally treated outside air
handling units provide fresh air to the fan coil units located at each floor. Exhaust
fans, pressurization fans, chilled water pumps and electrical substations are located
in the mechanical zones.
The mechanical rooms of the burj khalifa is a seven double storey area that houses
the electrical sub-stations, water tanks and pumps, air-handling units, that
are essential for the operation of the tower and the comfort of its occupants.

Air Conditioning System

The complex air-conditioning system in Burj Khalifa
uses 21 miles (34 km) of pipes. These transport
water through the basement where it is chilled. The towers air
relies on an ice-production system.

This air conditioning system was designed to take advantage

colder air at higher altitudes. This system captures
air near the top of the building and in turn pumps this
cleaner air to warmer floors below.

conditioning

of
cool
cooler

Water Cooling System

Cooling water for the complex is provided by central plants located off site. Two
incoming lines from different central plants are provided.
Due to the extreme temperature, the central plants have ice storage to allow
emergency cooling for selected equipment. The district chilled water is routed to
heat exchanger stations located on the Concourse Level. Each heat exchanger
station will include multiple plate and-frame heat exchangers and pumps.
Risers serving the tower residential and hotel fan coils are piped in a reverse return
system.

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Case Study: Taipei 101
Garbage Chute
Installed in the building is a waste collection system that transports non-recyclable waste
to the Waste Management Center. The waste collection system consists of four sections
of gravity driven chutes. At the end of each chute is a shredder that cuts waste into
pieces before it is sent to the Waste Management Center in the basement.

With such a process, the air and liquid in the waste will be extracted, and the volume of
the waste will be compressed to one-third of the original size. Then the waste handling
contractor hauls it away. Recyclable waste is sent to the Waste Management Center by
service lift.
In consideration of sanitation factors and to prevent the decomposition of food from
affecting the environment of the building, food waste is first stored in a freezer in the
basement and then hauled away by the food waste handling contractor

LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Case Study: Taipei 101
Rainwater Recovery System
TAIPEI 101 installs rain water capture systems
on platforms every 8 floor above the 34th floor.
The system collects rain water and sends it to the
large rain water tank on the B5 level.
After the rain water is filtered, it is reused as
outdoor landscape irrigation water and for washing
exterior equipment and surfaces.
Additionally, the company used the collected rain
water for the toilets in the shopping mall. The
remainder of the waste water is drained to the
sewage system of the city according to
government regulations.

References:
Fire Protection System
http://www.javafire.com/uploads/Resources/Fire.pdf
https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/4529/ESL-HH-06-07-19.pdf?
sequence=4&isAllowed=y
https://mtbeyerwisc.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/burj-dubai-report-complete.pdf
Movement System
http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/link-suggestion/wpcd_200809_augmented/wp/p/Petronas_Twin_Towers.htm
http://www.elevatordesigninfo.com/double-deck-elevators-improve-efficiency
https://illumin.usc.edu/181/the-petronas-towers/
Security System
http://www.silvaconsultants.com/introduction-to-access-control-systems.html
file:///C:/Users/Shekinah/Downloads/bil-1-jun-klcc.pdf
https://illumin.usc.edu/181/the-petronas-towers/
http://www.toacanada.com/assets/files/vs-900_specJnt.pdf
Electrical System
http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~jef22/myweb4/electrical.htm
http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/electrical-power-systems.html
http://etamneho.ae/New/indexd334.html
http://www.voltas.com/emr_international/towers/burj_tower.html
Mechanical system
burj khalifa: the tallest tower in the world by Stuart Kallen

https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/4529/ESL-HH-06-07-19.pdf?
sequence=4&isAllowed=y