Bell1

JulianBell
Dr.Hall
APLiteratureandComposition
26April2016

CulturalBackgrounds:ThomasHardy,
TessoftheDUrbervilles
(1891)

GeneralTerms
1. Victorian Era: The Victorian era is generally agreed to stretch through the reign of
Queen Victoria (18371901). It was a tremendously exciting period when many artistic
styles, literary schools, as well as,social,politicalandreligiousmovementsflourished.It
was a time ofprosperity,broadimperialexpansion,andgreatpoliticalreform.Itwasalso
a time,whichtodayweassociatewith"prudishness"and"repression".Withoutadoubt,it
was an extraordinarily complex age, that has sometimes been called the Second English
Renaissance.

It

is,

however,

also

the

beginning

of

Modern

Times.

http://www.victoriaspast.com/FrontPorch/victorianera.htm
2. Hardys dates/brief biography: One of the most renowned poets and novelists in
English literary history, Thomas Hardywasbornin1840intheEnglishvillageofHigher
Bockhampton in the county of Dorset. He died in 1928at MaxGate,ahousehebuiltfor
himself and his first wife, Emma Lavinia Gifford, in Dorchester, a few miles from his
birthplace. Hardys youth was influenced by the musicality of his father, a stonemason
and
fiddler, and his mother, Jemima Hand Hardy,oftendescribedastherealguidingstar

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of
Hardys early life. Though he was an architectural apprentice in
London, and
spent
time thereeachyearuntilhislate70s,DorsetprovidedHardywithmaterialforhisfiction
andpoetry.
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems
3. Information on the publication of
Tess
, both serial and book editions:
Tess of the
d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy. It
initially appeared in a censoredandserialisedversion,publishedbytheBritishillustrated
newspaper The Graphic in 1891[1] and in book form in 1892. Thoughnowconsidereda
major nineteenthcentury English novel and possibly Hardy's fictional masterpiece,[2]
Tess of the d'Urbervillesreceivedmixedreviewswhenitfirstappeared,in partbecauseit
challenged

the

sexual

morals

of

late

Victorian

England.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_of_the_
4. What is Wessex?:
Wessex, one of the kingdomsofAngloSaxon
England
,whoseruling
dynasty eventually became kings of the whole country.Initspermanentnucleus,itsland
approximatedthatofthemoderncountiesof
Hampshire
,
Dorset
,
Wiltshire
,and
Somerset
.
At times its land extended north of the River Thames, and it eventually expanded
westward to cover
Devon and
Cornwall
. The name Wessex is an elision of the Old
English

form

of

West

Saxon.

http://www.britannica.com/place/Wessexhistoricalkingdom
5. A Pure Woman (subtitle):
A ne'erdowell exploits his gentle daughter's beauty for
social advancement in this masterpiece of tragic fiction. Hardy's 1891 novel defied
convention to focus on the rural lower class for a frank treatment of sexuality and
religion. Then and now, hissympatheticportraitofavictimofVictorianhypocrisyoffers

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compelling

reading.

http://www.worldcat.org/title/tessofthedurbervillesapurewomanfaithfullypresented/
oclc/2667882
6. Epigraph:
The epigraph is taken from a play by William Shakespeare called Two
GentlemenofVerona(I.ii.115116),andintheplay,thelinecontinues,"tillthywoundbe
thoroughly healed." Andtheepigraphhaspuzzledreaderssinceitwas firstinsertedinthe
1891versionofthenovel.
In the context of Tess, who is the speaker of these lines? In other words, whose is the
"wounded name"? And whose "bosom" is going to nurture and heal the "wounded
name"?It'sunclear...butlet'slookatsomeofthepossibilities.
Since theepigraphcomesimmediatelyafterthetitleonthetitlepage,itseemsfair toread
the epigraph as referring to"TessoftheD'Urbervilles"asthe"woundedname."Afterall,
we learn in the first chapter that the D'Urbervilles were once a great noble family, but
have fallen on hard times and are now eking out a livingascommoncottagers,and have
corrupted

the

family

name

from

"D'Urberville"

to

"Durbeyfield."

http://www.shmoop.com/tessofthedurbervilles
7. Explanatory Note:
I will just add that the story is sent out in all sincerity of purpose
Thomas Hardy might be warning the reader that although his writing istrueandsincere,
he nevertheless still wishes to perfect the essence of artistic form through imagery.
http://www.pinkmonkey.com/
8. PreRaphaelite:
The PreRaphaelite Brotherhood (PRB) was founded in 1849 by
William Holman Hunt (18271910), D.G. Rossetti, John Everett Millais (18291896),

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William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Thomas Woolner, and F. G. Stephens to

revitalize the arts. (Even though William and Michael's sister, Christina, never was an
official member of the Brotherhood, she was a crucial member of the inner circle.
Although the young wouldbe art revolutionaries never published a manifesto, their
works and memoirs show that having read Ruskin's praise of the artist as prophet, they
hoped

to

create

an

art

suitable

for

the

modern

age

by:

http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/prb/1.html
PhasetheFirst(1789)
1. William the Conqueror (18):
At the age of 8, William the Conqueror became duke of
Normandy.Violenceplaguedhis earlyreign,butwiththehelpofKingHenryIofFrance,
William managed to survivetheearlyyears.AftertheBattleofHastings,in1066,hewas
crowned king of England. He never spoke English and was illiterate, but he had more
influence on the evolution of the English language than anyone before orsince.William
ruled England until his death, on September 9, 1087, in Rouen, France.
http://www.biography.com/people/william
2. TheValeofBlackmoorandHenryIII(2122):
TheBlackmoreVale(/blkmr/less
commonly spelt Blackmoor) is a vale, or wide valley, in north Dorset, and to a lesser
extent south Somerset and southwest Wiltshire in southern England. Henry III (1
October 1207 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of
England, Lord of Ireland and DukeofAquitainefrom1216untilhisdeath.[1]Thesonof
King John and Isabella of Angoulme, Henryassumedthethronewhenhewasonlynine
in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Gualadeclaredthewaragainsttherebel

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barons to be a religiouscrusadeandHenry'sforces,ledbyWilliamMarshal,defeatedthe
rebels

at

the

battles

of

Lincoln

and

Sandwich

in

1217.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England
3. May Day (23):
May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several public holidays.
As a day of celebration the holiday has ancient origins and relates to many customsthat
have survived into modern times. Many of these customs are due to May Day being a
crossquarter day, meaning that (in the Northern Hemisphere, where it is almost
exclusively celebrated), it falls approximately halfway between the spring equinox and
summer solstice. May Day has it origins in pagan preChristian festivals related to
agriculture and fertility, and its celebration involved joy and lighthearted fun in the
outdoors

as

the

warmer

weather

of

spring

and

summer

began.

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/May_Day
4. Cerealia (23):
In ancient Roman religion, the Cerealia was the major festivalcelebrated
for the grain goddess Ceres. It was held for seven days from mid to late April, but the
datesareuncertain.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealia
5. A Counterblast to Agnosticism:
They aren't interestedthey want to keep going sothat
they'll make it to theirnextstopbeforedark,andoneofthebrothersparticularlywantsto
leave time to read the next chapter of the book he brought with him: A Counterblast to
Agnosticism. (Sounds exciting.Wecan'treallyblameAngelforpreferringadancewitha
hugegroupofprettyyoungwomentolisteningtohisbrotherreadfromACounterblastto
Agnosticism.)
http://www.shmoop.com/tessofthedurbervilles/chapter2summary.html

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6. The Spotted Cow:

While yet many score yards off, other rhythmicsoundsthanthose
she had quitted became audible to her sounds that she knew wellso well. They were a
regular series of thumpings from the interior of the house, occasioned by the violent
rocking of a cradle upon a stonefloor,towhichmovementafemininevoicekepttimeby
singing, in a vigorous gallopade, the favourite ditty of "The Spotted Cow"
http://www.onlineliterature.com/hardy/
7. The Sixth Standard (31):
In part, Tess represents the changing role of the agricultural
workers in England in the late nineteenth century. Possessing an education that her
unschooled parents lack, sinceshehaspassedtheSixthStandardoftheNationalSchools,
Tess does not quite fit into the folk culture of her predecessors, but financial constraints
keep

her

from

rising

to

higher

station

in

life.

http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/tess/canalysis.html
8. The Complete Fortune Teller (33):
On her way out the door, she asks Tess to take the
Complete FortuneTeller to the outhouse. (The Complete FortuneTeller is just what it
sounds like: a fortunetelling book that Mrs. Durbeyfield consultsfromtimetotime.She
has a superstitious fear of having it stay in the house overnight, which is why she asks
Tess

to

take

it

to

the

outhouse.)

http://www.shmoop.com/tessofthedurbervilles/chapter3summary.html
9. Jacobean:
The reign of James I of England (VI of Scotland) is known as the Jacobean
period. Printed sources of designs and motifs from Europe were plentiful and imports
from as far away as Asia fired the imagination of designers. Luxury goods were rich in
design and extravagant in material, while court architecture reflected a move towards a

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new,

more

restrained

Classical

style.

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/styleguidejacobean/
10. Natures Holy Plan(35):
William Wordsworth Hardy is inspired by him.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy
11. Blighted Stars:
In Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles, the setting is used to
affectthe
theme.Byusingvividimagesofnatureandruralsettings,Hardydevelopsathemeof
isolationanddespair.Theweather,architecture,andgeographyallcomplimentthemood
and theme of the novel.Tess Derbeyfield met her first misfortune early one morning
while taking her father's good tobesold.Inthedarknessoftheveryearliestmorning,the
silhouettesof
variousobjectsagainsttheskytakeonstrange,threateningshapes.Above,thestarslook
cold in the dark hollow of the sky. Her star, she says, must be a blighted one.
http://www.charminggeek.net/words/docs/TessoftheDUrbervilles.pdf
12. Malthusian (48):
Thomas Robert Malthus was the first economist to propose a
systematic theory of population. He articulated his views regarding population in his
famous book, Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), for which he collected
empirical data to support histhesis.Malthushadthesecondeditionofhisbookpublished
in 1803, in which hemodifiedsomeofhisviewsfromthefirstedition,butessentiallyhis
original

thesis

did

not

change.

http://cgge.aag.org/PopulationandNaturalResources1e/CF_PopNatRes_Jan10/CF_PopNat
Res_Jan108.html

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13. The Chase (49): isitreal?:

SpeakingofNaturewithacapital"N,"wehavetotalkabout
the importance of The Chase. After all, one of the most important scenes of Tess's life
takes placethere.TheChaseisallthatremainsoftheancient,primevalforestthatusedto
stretch allacrossWessex,thefictionalcountywhereallofTessoftheD'Urbervillestakes
place.
Why is it important that The Chase be so ancient? Well, one reason might be that the
ancientness of The Chase provides astarkcontrasttothesurprisinglymodernhousethat
Alec D'Urbervilles lives in. The Slopes is brandspanking new: "everything looked like
moneylikethelastcoinissuedfromthe Mint"(5.22).Theideaofoldandnew,pastand
present, nature and civilization somehow overlapping or coexisting is one that Hardy
brings

up

again

and

again.

http://www.shmoop.com/tessofthedurbervilles/chasevsslopessymbol.html
14. Druidical (49): A member of an order of priests in ancientGaulandBritainwhoappear
in

Welsh

and

Irish

legend

as

prophets

and

sorcerers.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/druidical
15. DUrberville:

Not

really

real

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervi
16. Take,OTakeThoseLipsAway(73):
Take,ohtakethoselipsaway,
Thatsosweetlywereforsworn,
Andthoseeyes:thebreakeofday,
LightsthatdomisleadtheMorn
Butmykissesbringagain,bringagain,

name.

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Seals

of

love,

but

sealed

in

vain,

sealed

in

vain.

Shakespeare.

http://www.poetryfoundation.org
17. Satyrs, Pan, syrinxes (77):
yrinx was a beautiful, gamesome wood Nymph from
Arcadia.Shewasfamousforherstrongpassionforhunting.
One day, the Greek satyr Pan spotted Syrinx in the backwoods on her way to hunt.
Delighted fromwhathesaw,Pandecidedtoapproachherlustfully.Syrinx,however,was
averyproudNymphwhodidn'twishtobelovedsosheranawaytoavoidthesatyr.
ButPantookoffinpursuit.
Suddenly, the Nymphs path became cut by the river Ladon. Desperately, Syrinx
appealed to the river god to rescue her, until finally her prayers were heardandtheriver
godturnedSyrinxintoareed.
Soon enough, Pan managed to reach Syrinx and spread his arms to fondle and embrace
her but all he found inside his arms was a plain tuft of reeds. Pan sighed out
desperately... a sigh so deep that it sounded through the reeds, producing a melody!
http://greekgods.info/monsters/sa
PhasetheSecond(90116):
1. Passage of Time (90): The passage of time always seems out of whack in Tess of the
D'Urbervilles. Because of the sudden changes described in the "Contrasting Regions"
theme, different parts of the country, and even different characters, seem to be from
differenthistoricaleras.

Tess's parents live in the past, but Tess, who has had a better education, is very much a

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modern girl. Parts of their daytodaylivesareuntouchedbymoderninventions,butthen

an ultrasleek train zooms past and reminds them and the reader that the times are
changing.
http://www.shmoop.com/tessofthedurbervilles/timetheme.html
2. 2 Pet. ii.3 (95):
Above all, you must understand that in the last days scoffers willcome,
scoffing

and

following

their

own

evil

desires.

https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Peter
3. THOU,SHALT,NOT,COMMIT (96):
The signwriter is intheprocess ofwritingupthe
seventh commandment: "Thou shalt not commit adultery". Thisappears, alongwith nine
other commandments, in the Book of Exodus in the Bible (20:14). The Ten
CommandmentsweregiventoMosesbyGodasrulesfortheIsraelitestoliveby.
The word adultery in this context has a broader scope than we usually give it, and
encompasses any form of sexual intercourse outside marriage. No doubt this is what
rattles

Tess.

http://www.bookdrum.com/books/tessofthedurbervilles/495/bookmark/80862.html
4. Robert South (99):
Robert South (4 September 1634 8 July 1716) was an English
churchman

who

was

known

for

his

combative

preaching.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_
5. Langdon (100):
The event of Tess Durbeyfield's return from the manor of her bogus
kinsfolk was rumoured abroad, if rumour be not too large a word foraspaceof asquare
mile. In the afternoon several young girls of Marlott, former schoolfellows and
acquaintancesofTess,calledtoseeher,arrivingdressed intheirbeststarchedandironed,
as became visitors toaperson whohadmadeatranscendentconquest(astheysupposed),

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and sat round the room looking at her with great curiosity. For the fact that it was this
said thirtyfirst cousin, Mr d'Urberville, who had fallen inlovewithher,agentlemannot
altogether local, whose reputationasarecklessgallantandheartbreakerwasbeginningto
spread beyond the immediate boundaries of Trantridge, lentTess'ssupposedposition,by
its fearsomeness, a far higher fascination that it would have exercised if unhazardous.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urberv
6. Maltese Cross (102):
Renowned worldwide, the Maltese Cross is the symbol of the
KnightsofMaltaortheKnightsHospitaller,astheyarealsoknown.

The Knights Hospitaller are hugely associated with the tiny island ofMalta.Theknights
were essentially an order of Christian warriors and their legacy on the Maltese Islands
can

be

seen

and

felt

almost

in

every

corner

of

the

islands.

http://www.maltabulb.com/maltesecross.html
7. Reaping machine (102):
a machine used in reaping grain and typically equipped witha
raking device that bends the grain against the cutter bar with power takenfromaground
wheel.
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/reaping%20machine
8. Baptism (108):
A general definition for the word baptism is a rite of washing with
water as a sign of religious purification and consecration. This rite was practiced
frequently in the Old Testament. It signified purity orcleansingfromsinanddevotionto
God. Since baptism was first instituted in the Old Testament many havepracticeditasa
tradition

yet have not

fully understood its significance and meaning.

http://christianity.about.com/od/faqhelpdesk/f/whatisb

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9. Book of Genesis (110):

The book of Genesis chronicles the creation of the worldthe
universe and the earth. It reveals the plan within God's hearttohaveapeopleofhisvery
own,

set

apart

to

worship

him.

http://christianity.about.com/od/oldtestamentbooks/qt/Genesisintro.htm
10. LordsPrayer(111):
OurFatherinheaven,
hallowedbeyourname.
YourKingdomcome,
yourwillbedone,
onearthasinheaven
Giveustodayourdailybread.
Forgiveusoursins,
asweforgivethosewhosinagainstus.
Leadusnotintotemptation,
butdeliverusfromevil.
Forthekingdom,
thepowerandthegloryareyours.
Nowandforever.
http://www.lordsprayerwords.com/
11. Sexton (113):
n official of a church charged with taking care of the edifice and its
contents, ringing the bell, etc., and sometimes with burying the dead.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/s

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12. Keelwells Marmalade (113):

o the baby was carried in a small deal box, under an
ancient woman's shawl, to the churchyard that night, and buried by lanternlight, at the
cost of a shillingandapintofbeertothesexton,inthatshabbycornerofGod'sallotment
where He lets the nettles grow, and where all unbaptized infants, notorious drunkards,
suicides, and others of the conjecturally damned are laid. In spite of the untoward
surroundings, however, Tessbravelymadealittlecrossoftwolathsandapieceofstring,
and having bound it with flowers, she stuck it up at the head of the grave one evening
when she could enter the churchyard without being seen, puttingatthefootalsoabunch
of the same flowers in a little jar of water to keep themalive.Whatmatterwasitthaton
the outside of the jar the eye of mere observation noted the words "Keelwell's
Marmalade"? The eye of maternal affection did not see them in its vision of higher
things.
http://www.literaturepage.com/read/tessofthedurbervilles108.html
13. Roger Ascham(113):
RogerAscham,(born1515?,KirbyWiske,nearYork,Eng.died
Dec. 30, 1568, London) British humanist, scholar, and writer,famousforhisprosestyle,
his

promotion

of

the

vernacular,

and

his

theories

of

education.

http://www.britannica.com/biography
14. St. Augustine (114):
Aurelius Augustinus [more commonly St. Augustine of Hippo,
often simply Augustine] (354430 C.E.): rhetor, ChristianNeoplatonist,NorthAfrican
Bishop, Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church. One of the decisive developments in the
western philosophical tradition was the eventually widespread merging of the Greek
philosophical tradition and the JudeoChristian religious and scriptural traditions.
Augustine is one of the main figures through and by whom this merging was

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accomplished. He is, as well, one of the towering figures of medieval philosophywhose

authority and thought came to exert a pervasive and enduring influence well into the
modern period (e.g. Descartes and especially Malebranche), and even up to the present
day, especially among those sympathetic to the religious tradition which he helped to
shape(e.g.Plantinga1992Adams1999).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/
15. Jeremy Taylor(114):
JeremyTaylor(baptised15August161313August1667)wasa
cleric in the Church of England who achieved fame as an author during the Protectorate
of Oliver Cromwell. He is sometimes known as the "Shakespeare of Divines" for his
poeticstyleofexpression,andheisfrequentlycitedasoneofthegreatestprose writersin
the English language. He is remembered in the Church of England's calendar of saints
withaLesserFestivalon13August.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Taylor
16. FrenchBarbizonschoolofpainting:TheSongoftheLark:
Shesnotprettyshesa
little bit mannish, actually her feet are a little too large, her hands too strong on the
handle of the scythe, her eyes too dark behind heavy brows. The empty field where she
stands is harsh, with flat dirt extending foralongwaybeforetouchingagreenborder far
in the background. A mottled red sun rises behind her, heraldingthedawn,buteventhat
haslittleinherentbeauty.
Yet the the look of searching wonder in her face is touching, even breathtaking. All the
emotion of The Song of the Lark by Jules Breton is imbued with the implied things
outside the canvas, lending the dull, mundane scene a romantic tinge.
http://blogs.colum.edu/reviewingthearts/20
PhasetheThird(117168):

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1. Passage ofTime:
Inthesechapters,Angelvisitsorrunsintoseveralfamilymembersand
acquaintances who all try to tell him that Tess is a noble and loyal wife. When Angel
visits his parents, it seems that Angel is more conventional than his parents in his
definitionofwifelyvirtue.TheBiblepassagethattheyreadsaysnothingaboutpremarital
celibacy, but Angel seems to believe that chastity is an absolute virtue. While the Bible
passage seems to describe Tess accurately, Angel cannot recognize her in it. He is
blinded by his failure to accept Tess for who she really is. In this section, Angel proves
himself more judgmental and inflexible than his mother,whoturnsouttobesurprisingly
adaptable. When Angel runs into Izz, she freely admits that no one could lovehimmore
than Tess, even though she too loves him. But Angel is unable to register these
testaments to Tesss worth, as he is still sleepwalking through life. He takes Tesss
transgression as a personal attack on him, which makes him unable to see her clearly.
Even his family, who has been preoccupied with social distinctions, can actually accept
Tess

as

she

isand

they

have

not

even

met

her.

http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/tess/section10/page/2/
2. Van AeslotorSallaert(119):
Willem vanAelst(16May1627inorafter1683)[1]was
a Dutch Golden Age artist who specialized in stilllife painting with flowers or game.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Aelst
3. Benedicite (120):
(esp in Christian religious orders) a blessing or grace
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/benedicite
4. Olympian, Alexander, Caesar, the Pharoahs (122):
he Ptolemaic Kingdom
(/tlme.k/ Ancient Greek: , Ptolemak Basilea)[3] was a

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Hellenistic kingdom based in Egypt. It was ruled bythePtolemaicdynastywhichstarted

with Ptolemy I Soter's accession after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and
whichendedwiththedeathofCleopatraVIIandtheRomanconquestin30BC.

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter, who declared
himself Pharaoh of Egypt and created a powerful Hellenistic dynasty that ruled an area
stretching from southern Syria to Cyrene and south to Nubia. Alexandria became the
capital city and a major center of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the
native Egyptian populace, they named themselves the successors to the Pharaohs. The
later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions by marrying their siblings, had themselves
portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian styleand dress,andparticipatedinEgyptian
religious life. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign
and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome.
Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine
periodsuntiltheMuslimconquest.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemai
5. Dairy Industry 1880s, England:
Intheearly1600simmigrantsbroughtcattlewiththem
from Europe to supply their families with dairy products and meat. Although many
different breeds of cattle including Durhams, Ayrshires, Guernseys, Jerseys, and Brown
Swiss were imported through the next few centuries, it was not until the late 1800s that
cattlebreedsweredevelopedspecificallyfordairypurposes.

In rural America, milk and milk products were made primarily for home or local use.

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However, with the movement of population from the farms tothecitiesattheturnofthe

century, it became necessary to mass produce and improve the quality of milk.
Significant inventions such as commercial milk bottles, milking machines, tuberculin
tests for cattle, pasteurization equipment, refrigerated milk tank cars, and automatic
bottling machines contributed towards making milk a healthful and commercially viable
product.
WidespreaduseoftheMehringmilkingmachineinthe1890sprovidedamore
efficient milking method for the farmer and made it possible to produce a cleaner milk
product. Shown here is a farmer operating the Mehring milking machine, York Roads,
Maryland,in1908.
http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/dairyexhibit#EarlyHistory
6. Pattens (122):
Pattens are protective overshoes that were worn in Europe from the
Middle Ages until the early 20th century. Pattens were worn outdoors over a normal
shoe, had a wooden or later wood and metal sole, and were held in place by leather or
cloth bands. Pattens functioned to elevate the foot above the mud and dirt (including
human effluent and animal dung) of the street, in a period when road and urban paving
wasminimal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patten_%28shoe%29
7. Nott cows (125):
There's an awful lot of loving attention to detail in the descriptions of
the cows at Talbothays Dairy, don't you think? We tend to think if you've seen one cow
you've seen them all, but not Hardy. Not only are individual cows frequently referred to
byname,wegetthesevividdescriptionsoftheshape,size,andcoloroftheirudders.

Justlookatthisexample:

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The red and white herd nearest at hand [] now trooped towards the steading in the
background,theirgreatbagsofmilkswingingunderthemastheywalked.(16.25)

Okay, the udders are "great bags of milk" that "swing" heavily. Fine. If it were just this
onedescription,we'dtrytoignoreit.Buthere'sanother,fromtheverynextparagraph:

[...] their largeveined udders hung ponderous as sandbags, the teats sticking outlikethe
legs of a gipsy's crock and as each animal lingered for her turn to arrivethemilkoozed
forth

and

fell

in

drops

to

the

ground.

(16.26)

http://www.shmoop.com/tessofthedurbervilles/cowssymbol.h
8. Low Church (129):
ny study of denominationalism or church history is sure to lead,
sooner or later, to the terms High Church and Low Church. Originally, these terms
defined movements within the Anglican Church, but the meanings have broadened to
applytononAnglicanchurches,aswell.

The terms have to do with worship procedures,specifically,theuseofritual,liturgy,and

accoutrements in worship. Leaders of a High Church congregation place a high
emphasis on ceremony, vestments, and sacraments. Leaders of a Low Church
congregation place a low emphasis on such things and follow a freer worship style.
http://www.gotquestions.org/highchur

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9. Cambridge (131):
Cambridge (/kembrd/[2] kaymbrij) is a university city and the
county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam about 50 miles (80 km)
north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867,
including24,488students.[3][4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge
10. Evangelical (132):
of or relatingtoaChristiansectorgroupthatstressestheauthorityof
the Bible, the importance of believing that Jesus Christ saved youpersonallyfromsinor
hell,

and

the

preaching

of

these

beliefs

to

other

people

http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/eva
11. Source of poem (132):
ource Poems. Below are examples of source poems. This list of
source poems is made of PoetrySoup member poems. PoetrySoup is a greatresourcefor
examples of source poems or a list of source poetry. These examples illustrate what
source poems look like. There is also a link below to the definition ofsourceandapage
whereyoucandiscussthesetypesofpoems
http://www.poetrysoup.com/poems/source
12. The Colonies(133):
agroupofpeoplewholeavetheirnativecountrytoforminanew
land a settlement

subject to,

or connected

with, the

parent nation.

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/colonies
13. What kind of harp may Clare play? (133): The novel tells the story of TessDurbyfield,
the passionate daughter of a tippling peddler and his simple, forgiving wife. After the
family discovers their connection to the previously noble, now decrepit DUrberville
family, Tess is sent off to the DUrberville mansion, a house owned by a nouveau riche
family who has legally changed its name to DUrberville but has no real connection to
the ancient clan. While Tesss ostensible purpose is to tend to the blind Mrs.

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DUrbervilles collection of birds, her family really hopes that she can ensnare Alec
DUrberville, Mrs. DUrbervilles lascivious son, as her husband and thus remove her
family from rural poverty. After repeatedly rebuffing Alecs advances, Tessisrapedand
conceives a child. Leaving the mansion and returning to her family, Tess has a son who
she names Sorrow he dies shortly after birth but not before Tess herself baptizes him.
She eventually falls passionately in love with and marries Angel Clare, the fastidious,
unbelieving son of an evangelical preacher. When Tess reveals her previous sexual
history on their weddingnight,Angelabandonshiswife,movingtoBraziltotryhishand
at farming and leaving Tess to make her own way by working on various farms in the
area

as

milkmaid

and

as

field

hand.

http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Tess_of_the
14. (Charles) Hodge (134):
Charles Hodge (December 27, 1797 June 19, 1878) was an
important Presbyterian theologian and principal of Princeton Theological Seminary
between 1851 and 1878. He was a leading exponent of the Princeton theology, an
orthodox Calvinist theological tradition in America during the 19th century. He argued
strongly for the authority of the Bible as the Word of God. Many of his ideas were
adopted

in

the

20th

century

by

Fundamentalists

and

Evangelicals.[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hodge
15. Pascal (134):
Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist and religious
philosopher, who laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities.
http://www.biography.com/peopl

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16. The Ache of Modernsim (140):

This feeling of listlessness Hardy calls in this novel
the ache of modernism (180), anditisspecificallylinkedtomodernexperience.Hardy
describes the sense of dissatisfaction and ennui endemic to a world that has lost stable
gods and stable villages, that is moving inexorablytowardsmechanization,urbanization,
and dislocation. This conception of the challenges of modernity is perhaps best
symbolized in the engineman (404), the worker who travels from farm to farm with
his threshing machine, as if some ancient doom compelled him to wander here against
his will in the service of his Plutonic master (405). He is a man cut off from the
community and from the world, his thoughts turn[ing] inwards upon himself, his
machine the sole tieline between agriculture and him. Gone is the organic relation
between man and nature gone is the flowing of self into other self in passionate love.
Hardy describes the gradual abandonment of villages for larger cities and towns, a
movement humorously designated by statisticians as the tendency of the rural
population towards the large towns, being really the tendency of water to flow uphill
when

forced

by

machinery

(436).

http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Tess_of_the_D%27Urbervilles

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