Chapter 12:

v=c
wavelength times frequency= speed of light
frequency: herz=cycle/second
E=nhv
n=integer
h=placks constant=6.626*10-34J*sec=6.626*10-34kg*m2/sec
Ephoton=hv=hc/
KEelectron=0.5mv2=hv-hvo (energy required to remove electrons)=
=h/mv
Energy to excite Hydrogen electron from level n=1 to n=x
E=-2.178*10-18J(Z2/n2)
Z=atomic number (1 for Hydrogen, etc. )
n= largest value of orbit radius
-2.178*10-18J(1/nfinal2-1/ninitial2)
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
x*p>or=/2 (h/4)
x=percent in fraction*atom radius
p=momentum=mv
Particle in the box
E=n2h2/8mL2
n=energy level , h=Planks c, L=length of the box in meters, m= mass of electron 9.11*10-31kg
Quantum numbers
n=principal quantum number,
l=angular momentum number from 0 to n-1

ml=Magnetic quantum number -l to l

ms=electron spin quantum number +1/2 or -1/2
Pauli exclusion principle: no electron can have same set of four numbers
Zeff=Zactual-repulsion
Periodic table trends
Ionization energy: Energy required to ionize. Lowest at left bottom. Highest at right top.
Exception: Harder to remove half filled p shell. Easier to remove O than Nitrogen. C is easiest
than O than N.
Electron affinity energy change associated with addition of electron to a gaseous atom
X(g)+ e-=>X-(g) most positive at left bottom.(endothermic) Most negative at right top. (exothermic)
Atomic radius: largest at left bottom. At right top.
Electronegativity: highest at right top. Lowest at left botom
Density: Mass increases more rapidly than atomic size.
Chapter 13:
Coulombs law: energy of ionic bonds
V=2.31*10-19J*nm(Q1Q2/r)
r=distance of ion centers in nm
Q are charges of ions
Dipole moment==QR
Debye=3.336*10-30Coulomb meter
Energy of formation
Li(s)+1/2F2(g)=>LiF(s)
Energy of sublimation Li(s)=>Li(g)
First ionization energy Li(g)=>Li+(g)+eDissociation of F molecule 1/2F2(g)=>F(g)
Electron affinity F(g)+e-=>F-(g)

MORE IONIZATION ENERGY IF ITS 2+

Lattic energy for LiF Li+(g)+F-(g)=>LiF(s)

Lattice energy=k(Q1Q2/r)
Energy of formation= sum of bonds of products-sum of bonds of reactants
Resonance: multiple way to make a molecule
Formal charge: How many e- it has how many it usually has
Preferred resonance structure
1. Small as possible
2. Negative formal charge goes to electronegativity
3. + and are next to each other.
VSEPR
Sp 2/2/0 linear
Sp2 3/3/0 trigonal planar
3/2/1 bent
Sp3 4/4/0 Tetrahedral
4/3/1 Distorted tetrahedral/trigonal pyramidal- say both
4/2/2 Distorted tetrahedral/or angular
Dsp35/5/0 trigonal bipyramidal
5/4/1 Trigonal bipryamidal or Seesaw
5/3/2 Trigonal bipyramidal or T-shaped
5/2/3 Trigonal bipyramidal or linear
D2sp36/6/0 Octahedral
6/5/1 Octahedral or square pyramidal
6/4/2 octahedral or square planar
Chapter 14
Sigma bond: first bond
Pi bond: extra bonds.

Molecular Orbitals
Paramagnetic: unpaired
Diamagnetic: paired
Spectroscopy
Electronic:
Vibrational:
F=-k(R-Re) v=1/2pi*sqrt(k/)=c/
= (m1)(m2)/(m1+m2)
Ev=hvo(v+1/2) vo=frequency of vibration, v=vibrational quantum number
Rotational: EJ=h2/82I*J(J+1)=hBJ(J+1)
J=rotational quantum number
h=plancks constan6.626*10-34J*s
I=moment of inertia
B=h/82I
I=Re2
= (m1)(m2)/(m1+m2)
NMR
Area: Number of Hs around the C
Singlet, doublet, etc. Number of Hs 3 bonds away from the set of C and Hs
Chapter 15
Rate=[A]/t=k[NO2]n=mol/L/sec
Initial rates: k[A]m[B]n

Reaction order=m+n

Rate Law
Integrated rate law

Zero
Rate=k
[A]=-kt+[A]o

Linear

[A] to time

First
Rate=k[A]
ln[A]=-kt+ln[A]o
ln([A]o/[A])=kt
Ln[A] to time

Second
Rate=k[A]2
1/[A]=kt+1/[A]o
1/[A] to time

Half life
[A]o/2k
Forward reactions and reverse

0.693/k

O3<=>O2+O
Rate=K1[O3]=k-1[O2][O]
Slower determines speed
Arrhenius equation.
Ln(k)= -Ea/R*(1/T)+ln(A)
Ln(k2/k1)=Ea/R*(1/T1-1/T2)
Chapter 16
Simple cubic: e=2r V=8r3
Body centered cubic: e=r*sqrt(8) V=8sqrt(8)r3
Face centered cubic: e=4*r*sqrt(3)/3 V=64sqrt(3)/9*r3
n=2dsin
Patm=Pvap+PHgcolumn
Ln(Pvap)=-Hvap/R(1/T)+C
Ln(K)=-H/8.314*(1/T)+S/8.314
Phase diagrams

1/k[A]o

Critical point. When temperature/pressure doesnt matter anymore since the other factor is too
great.
Chapter 17
Volume percent: V solute/Vsolution * 100
Mass percent: mass solute/mass solution*100
Mass/volume percent: Mass solute/V solution
Mole fraction: nA/(nA+nB)
Mole percent: nA/(nA+nB)*100
Molality: moles of solute/kg of solvent
Hsoln=H1+H2
Henrys law: P=kHX
P=partial pressure, kH=constant, X=mole fraction of dissolved gas
Raoults law: P=XsolventPsolvent
Xsolvent=mole fraction, Psolvent=vapor pressure of pure solvent
Observed vapor pressure is usually lower than the actual.
Negative deviation for exothermic and vice versa.
T=Kbmsolute, m=molality, Kb=constant 0.51 for water
T=Kfmsolute m=molality, Kf=constant 1.86 for water
Osmotic pressure equation: =MRT, =osmotic pressure in atm, M=molarity,
R=0.08206L*atm/K/mol, T=temperature in K

Osmotic pressure equation: =iMRT, =osmotic pressure in atm, i=moles of particles in

solution/moles of solute dissolved, M=molarity, R=0.08206L*atm/K/mol, T=temperature in K
Fluoro, Chloro, iodo, bromo
OH- Hydroxo
CN- Cyano
Oxalate C2O42- (ox)
Ethylenediamine (en)
Aqua H2O
Ammine NH3
Methylamine CH3NH2
Carbonyl CO
Nitrosyl NO
Iron Ferrate
Copper Cuprate
Lead Plumbate
Silver Argentate
Gold Aurate
Tin Stannate
Oxidation state of central metal needs to Roman numeral
Prefix: mono, di, tri, tetra,/bis, tris, tetrakis
Coordination isomer: [Cr(NH3)4SO4]Br and [Cr(NH3)5Br]SO4
Linkage isomer: SCN-, NO2Geometric isomers: cis/trans only for square planar, and octahedral
Optical isomers: enantiomers, chiral
OCHEM

Alkane: CnH2n+2: 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

Combustion: +O2
Substitution: +Halide2=>R-Halide+ H-Halide
Alkene: CnH2n: diene, triene, tetraene; benzene: 1,3,5-cycloehexatriene
Hydrogenation (Pt): alkene+H2=>alkane
Halogenation: alkene+Br2=>Alkane with Br where double bond was
Addition of Hydrogen Halide: propene+HBr=> 2-bromopropane (major) +1bromopropane (minor)
H majorly binds to the carbon with more Hs
R-Halide + R-Halide=> R-R + Halide2 (Li-CuI)
Alkyne: CnH2n-2
Alcohol: -OH, diols, triols, tetrols, glycerol: 1,2,3-propanetriol
Oxidation: primary->aldehyde->Carboxyl
Secondary->ketone
Tertiary-> none
Dehydration: (H2SO4)
Intramolecular: Remove OH and the nearby H, preferably remove the H from
lower numbered Carbon
Intermolecular: 2 alcohols bind. Similar to Dehydration synthesis. Forms Ether.
C=O=C
Aldehydes: R-CHO, terminal aldehyde end is 1
Ketone: R-C=O
|
R
Carboxyl: R-COOH oic acid terminal group ex: propanoic acid, propenoic acid
-Dioic acid if both ends are carboxyl

- greek alphabet to count the Carbons after the carboxyl (excluding)

Salt formation: R-COOH + NaOH=>RCOONa + H2O
Esterification: R-COOH+ R-OH <=> R-COOR + H2O
R-CO-Break here-OR+ H2O=>R-COOH + ROH
Anhydrides: 2Carboxylic acid=>H2O + Anhydride (O=C-O-C=O)
Amide: R-COOH +HHN-R=> H2O + R-C=O
|
HN-R
Include MO from notecard
Shorter wavelength means energy is increased.
Stronger series means large E means separate MO.
E=hc/