Some Thoughts about the 'New' Gold Tablet from Pherai

Author(s): Alberto Bernab

Reviewed work(s):
Source: Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 166 (2008), pp. 53-58
Published by: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn (Germany)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20476511 .
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53

SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE

'NEW' GOLD

TABLET

FROM PHERAI

1.The 'new'gold tablet

RobertParkerandMaria Stamatopoulouhave recentlyediteda gold tabletdiscovered in 1904 ina field
near thehillMagoula Mati, close toPherai.I Itwas foundbyArvanitopoulos,who presentedan excava
tionreportin 1906.2The tablet,forgotten
foralmosta centuryin theNationalArchaeologicalMuseum in
Athens,was rediscoveredin2000, together
withArvanitopoulos'excavationdaybooks.According to the
daybooks,thetabletwas foundinan osteotheke(repository)
which containedtheremainsof a cremation,
butbecause therepository
was used by theownerof theplot as buildingmaterial, itwas verydifficultto
recoverthecontextof thefind.
The gold tabletis 7 cm longand 8mm wide and containstwo incompletehexameters(therightpart
of thetabletbeing lost).Creases on itssurfacesuggestthatitwas originallyfolded.
According toP. J.Parsons,3thehandof thetext'sinscriber
belongs to the 'epigraphic'period, thatis,
thelate4thcentury
BC and thebeginningof the3rd century
BC.
The gold tablethas been publishedagain by FritzGraf and Sarah I. Johnston,
by FrancoFerrariand
Lucia Prauscello,and bymyself in theappendixofmy editionof theOrphic testimoniaand fragments.4
2. Text
The gold tablet'stext(OF 495a) is as follows:
n1?1GP?PEJtQOC~flICTO)X0lQCOVCEXwOQYLC[
brfl]TQOCX0OVLaCThXCLgl%TQOCOQEL[

In a firstreadingthereare a fewdoubts:
rr?TE PE 3TQOCgVCT6OV 0l&COVc

OQwl6Yc

AT`LV1-TQoCX0OVlWC T?Xri xualMrlTQ9OC

[- x

Q?l[cC.

Two textualproblemsremain:thefirst,
thatTQ?kr
(u -) occupies a sedesmetrica thatrequiresthesequence
uu -; thesecond,how tocompletethefirst
hexameter.
For thefirst
problem,theeasiest solutionis tosupposea faultbyhaplography,
and toreconstruct
<Ta>
bothbeing dependenton FXw.XCLon theotherhand
tkXr. In thiscase, T? coordinates 9QyLaand TO?kf,
coordinatesAf'[tqTQOC
XOovcLacandMfTQolc OQ?l[c. Ferrari-Prauscellopropose tEkXcaL.
For semantic
reasons,thisismore difficulttoaccept,because, accordingto thetranslation
of theseauthors,themystes
states: 'I am able toperformtherites',whereaswe expecta statement
about theactual celebrationof the
rites,ratherthanthecapacityof themystes tocelebratethem.
We

find ?X(l and ooQyLc together inAeschylus

9XeLhas a double

verb

sense. Itmeans

fr.57.1 Radt ceFvdc KoTvtofc

'to have' because

themystes

'knows' 09QYl,

oQyL' exovT-c.5 The

that is, he has seen

and experiencedthem.But frequently

this 'possession'of ritebecomesmore tangiblebecause themystes
The Spanish Ministry
of Education
and Science
has given financial
support for the research of this paper
I am very grateful toAna
Isabel Jim?nez San Crist?bal, Marco
Santamar?a, Helena
Project HUM2006-09403).
Sarah Watson
for their interesting suggestions
regarding a former draft of the text.
1
2004 (actual date of publication
2007).
Parker-Stamatopoulou

(Consolider
Bernab?,

C
and

2
Arvanitopoulos 1907.
3 Parsons

ap. Parker-Stamatopoulou

Graf-Johnston

2007,

38-39;

2004,

5.

Ferrari-Prauscello

2007;

Bernab?

2007,

456

(fr. 495a),

henceforth

I will

quote

the frag

ments of thiseditionas OF followedby a number.The tabletis includedalso inBernab?-Jim?nezSan Crist?bal 2008:158-160

and 266.
5

Ferrari-Prauscello

excellent

conjecture

2007

and was

this clear parallel on the basis that it is a conjecture by Nauck.

It is, however,
try to eliminate
now
Radt.
Nauck's
text
is
the
of
this
confirmed
tablet.
accepted by
judgment
by

an

54

A. Bernabe'

receives some objects, also called OQ9LU,which he keeps as a reminderof therites.Parallel examples
can be adduced:Theocr. Idyll.26.13 ci,v 6' ?Ta6QUcFroc'Lv!lcv60oc OQy1LB6xXw96Catull. 64.259
obscura cavis ...orgia cistis,Seneca Herc. Oet. 594f. orgia ferre/ ... condita cistis;Propert.3.1.4 orgia
l
ferre;Clem. Al. Protr.2.22.4 (OF 590)OlCl
XcL
6o &
a XLCTcL
pVcCTWXcL;
6l LAQa'JTO7V!1VWCCl
TCLaylc
OViCflCcAcli TtcdTa XUL JTVQUJJI&c ... XuA 6QUXwV, OQYlOv Awovucov

acLiT(V Xzi T' &9ArQQqTo?EUTav.

B acc('Qov
;7

On theotherhand,TO?kris a synonymof UkXETcl,

as attestedinnumerouspassages.8 It is probable
thatTPXkhas been preferredformetrical reasons.
Lastly 09Qlc and ktcTaiare frequently
coordinated.9So thereis no need to correctTFXriinorder
to 'avoid thepleonastic (if not tautological)juxtapositionof 0Qy7L/TFXn'.10
It seems clear that0Qyla
a synonymof Te`k, constitutea common sequence. In thisgold tabletbothwords are direct
and kXUTaf,
objects of 9Xw, in an fU97XOlVOVOconstruction.11

The secondproblem is thelacunaafteroQyLC.Parker-StamatopoulouconsiderBdxXov as a possible

but reject it.Ferrari-Prauscelloconsider thisreading 'highlyunlikelyon both linguisticand
reading,12
syntacticalgrounds'13.They argue thatthestatement:'I possess/bearthesacred rites/tokens
ofBacchus'
would in factbetterfita priest thanan initiate.This argumentcan be applied to theirproposed eXw ...
because if anyone is in a position to say 'I am able to performthe rites', thisought to be a
tCUccLC,
priest.
On theotherhand,Ferrari-Prauscelloconvincinglyargue todemonstrate
orphic influencein thecults
ofDemeterChthonia both inCallatis andHermione,14and itcannotbe a coincidence thatinHermione
was a cultofDionysusMelanaigis, relatedto theafterlife,15
there
and thatinCallatis there
was an active
Dionysiac thiasos.16
I am scarcely convinced by the reading i6ofica proposed by Bouraselis,17because a 'transitive,
resultative
perfect'is neverdocumentedingold tabletsnor inarchaicepic.

6 Cf. Henrichs 1969.

7 Turcan

1992,

latins, dans

po?tes

220:

a pris ... ? l'?poque

le sens concret qu'on
retrouve
hell?nistique,
?Qyia
et dans la litt?rature gr?co-romaine
cf. also Motte-Pirenne-Delforge
imp?riales',

'le mot

l'?pigraphie

plus

tard chez

les

1992.

8 In addition

can also be made

to the passages
of Poll.
1.35 x? ??
2004,
13, mention
quoted by Parker-Stamatopoulou
...
xeXexai xai T?Xr\ mjcxix?
xai xe^ecioufjyiai,
Max.
Conf. In Dion. Areop.
ep. 8.6 x? |xucxf)Qia
|xucTf)Qia xai x? ?Qyia
I cannot accept, however,
the parallel
?n?Xovv.
of the Pelinna
gold tablet OF 485.7 which
they adduce,
x?Xr| xai xeXex?c
I think that this verse must be read xeX?cac
because
in the critical apparatus
of OF, and in
cuteQ, for the reasons furnished
Bernab?-Jim?nez
9 For
2.13.3

San Crist?bal
D. H.

example
x? CauoOQatxcov

2008,

1.61.4

?v?a

?Qyia

xai

90-91.
\ir\iQi Oecov leQ?v lOQUc?|U?voc
?Qyia
Themist.
Or. 349b 6 ?Q(()ea)c

xeXex?c,

xeXexai xai x? ?Qyia, IG II2 3639 c. 170AD

???oQxac
PE 7.2.4

/ UAJQLOV?v co(j)LT|L xD?oc

x? ?QYLOt xai x?c ?c?jivouc

10 Ferrari-Prauscello

2007,

xai

Clem. Al. Protr.

xaxecxfjcaxo,
xe xai opyia,
Theodoret.
7.11 ai

xeXex?c

xeXex?c

(Anth.Gr. App. 318) 1-3Mvf|jia xo?' uipuj)av?c An,[oD]c [?]a[xooJoio

/?c xeXex?c
?veyxauivoD,
xeXex?c, Proel. Hymn. 4.15

?v?^>r\ve xai o?ytcx

xai xeXex?c.

Jt?vvuxot

?alJcxaLc Ei)u?}jtou,

Eus.

?Qyia

194.

11

10 point out that in this case one would

that the
2004,
expect, rather, c()?rjco. But it is probable
Parker-Stamatopoulou
an
because
it
is
xoivo?
has
cut?
construction.
poet
preferred ?x
simply
12
10.
2004,
Parker-Stamatopoulou
13 Ferrari-Prauscello
find this statement a bit curious, since I have always considered
2007,
194; cf. also Ferrari 2007.1
syntax a part of linguistics.
14

Ferrari-Prauscello

2007,

197f.

15Cf. Jim?nezSan Crist?bal

forthcoming.
16 Cf. Avram
17
Ap.

2002.

Parker-Stamatopoulou

2004,

11.

Some Thoughtsabout the 'New'Gold TabletfromPherai

55

I preferB6xXov, a) because therearemany documentedinstancesof 69yLocBaxxov, some in the

same sedesmetrica,18and b) because therearemany connectionsbetweenDionysus andDemeter and
Persephoneboth inHermione and inCallatis.
Therefore,I considerthatthemost plausible textis thatpublished in theeditionofGraf-Johnston
and
followedbymyself:
JTQOC iVCTyOVOL6'COVC' ECxwOQylA [BCxCoU
7tEPF,
Af'L`lzQoC X)OVLAC <TE> Ti'Xr Xcl MrTQO6C 6Q9i[C.

Sendme to thethiasoiof theinitiates;I have19 thesacredsymbola

and theritesofDemeterChthonia and theMountainMother.
3. The Pherai gold tabletand 'O9QLxc

Various different
criteriasuggestthatthegold tabletfromPherai shouldbe placed inanOrphic context.
3.1. The firstisgeographical:thereis anothergold tabletfromPherai,consideredclearlyOrphic (OF
493), and othershave been foundinThessalian area: Pharsalos (OF 477) andPelinna (OF 485-486); the
leafkept inMalibu (OF 484) also comes fromThessaly,and otherswere foundinMacedonia. It isprob
able thatdocumentsof thesamekind (cf. ? 3.2), in thesamecontext,in thesamearea and in thesame time
periodbelong to thesame religiouscontext.
3.2. The gold tabletswe know, foundin tombsandwritteninhexameters(sometimes
mingledwith
was to aid thedeceased to remembera textthat
shortprose statements)are orphic.20Their function
supposedlycan influencethegods of theunderworldto receive initiatesina specialplace inHades. This
tablethas thesame function.
3.3.As regardsthespeakerand theaddresseeof thetext,Parker-Stamatopoulouhave convincingly
arguedthatthespeakeris thedeceased and theaddresseePersephone,whichmakes thePherai tabletsimi
lar tomany otherOrphic gold tablets.21
3.4. Parkerand Stamatopouloustate:22"OLucoL,now attestedforthefirsttimeon a gold leaf,makes
more explicitthando theotherexpressionsquoted23thattheblessed futureenvisagedby thesoul is as a
member of a group. It also strongly suggests that the dead person may have been a member of a

olACOC ...

and thatthismembershipispartof his or herqualificationfora blessed lot in theafterlife."

Nevertheless,afterexaminingevidence about [VOCTCR
and, despite thefact thatthis termis docu
mented inOrphic gold tablets(Pherai,OF 493; Pella, OF 493b; Aigai, OF 496c-e andHipponion,OF
474.16 - in this latter,near 1cxXoL), and despite theclear relationshipbetweenOrphic and Bacchic
theauthorsreacha hypercritical
thatcan bemade is that
rites24,
conclusion:25"The onlycertainstatement
thesoul's claim tobe sent tojoin the 'bandof initiates'
must be based on an initiation
which ithas itself
undergone;as for thecharacterof thatinitiation,thedivine nameswhich follow showwhat iswas not
notwhat itwas."
(Eleusinian initiation),
18 For
B?xxou,

the same
(* indicates
example
Nonn. D. 44.219*,
45.25*,
46.81*,

sedes m?trica):
46.107*

?Qyia

26.13*

Theoc.
B?xxou,

?Qyia, Thdt.HE 317 xai ol xoi) Aiovucou x? ?Qyia xexeXecu?voi.

19 In the double

sense T know/I

possess'.

20Cf. Bernab?-Jim?nez San Crist?bal

21
22

Parker-Stamatopoulou

2004,

6-7.

Parker-Stamatopoulou

2004,

8.

23 Se.
OF
Hipponion
Thurii
OF
488.9
glorious',

Cf.

the statements

?Qyia B?x%oo, Macedonius

cf. also other similar sequences

about ?Qyia

supra

AP

11.63.1*

like E. Ba.

998

?Qyia
?an%i

and nn. 7 and 9.

2008, 179-205.

the other mystai and bacchoi

advance,
'you too will go along the sacred way by which
a
will
be
from
mortal
Petelia
OF
476.11
were',
you
'you
god
'you will reign with the other heroes',
Pelinna OF 485.7
'and you will go under the earth, once you have accomplished
the same rites as the other happy ones', Thurii
OF 488-489.7
T come as a suppliant before chaste Persephone,
to see if, benevolent,
she may send me to the dwelling
of the
414,

15-16

limpid ones'.

24OF 497-505.

25

Parker-Stamatopoulou

2004,

10.

A. Bernabe'

56

OcLacoc,however,does seem tobe documentedinanotherOrphic gold tablet.SantamariaAlvarez has

passage ina leaffromThurii (OF 487.2):26
proposed a new readingfora difficult
* 0 laC 6FlelVCCLEE+V

68ELOV?

a.VOV?V'

RCCkU7tVTC

naWva) were
word (&6lOv) and thefinalones (m4 Xkacyvov Fa Xcka
In thisseriesof lettersthefirst
clear,but fortherestsome unconvincingreadingswere proposed and sometimesthepassage was leftas
a locusdesperatus.27SantamariaAlvarez proposes:
6?LOV EC OL'C<OV>

?i C' L<V>VUL,

'vov ?V [taXca rAVTc

+VXay

verywell.
You must go to therightthiasos,bearing inmind everything
is
The verse isnotmetrical,but twodactylicsequencesbadly assembled are visible.Metrical irregularity
frequentin thegold tablets.
The OLicoc is thegroupof the initiatesin theNetherworldand for themystes thegold tabletis 'a
claim ofmembership'28which enables him tobe admittedin the locus amoenus reservedinHades for
thisgroup. In thePherai tablet,too, themystesargues thathe is an initiatein somemysteriesrelatedtoan
Orphic ambience.
3.5. Dionysus is clearlymentioned in twoThessalian gold tabletsfromPelinna (OF 485-486.2):
dlU;lV ('FEQC+06vuL C' OTL BaXtocLC

&UTOC ?VC?.

Furthermore,theowner of a gold tabletfromAmphipolis (OF 496n), a woman, definesherselfas

A ovcov Buxxiov; in theotherleaf fromPherai (OF 493) thenomensacrumAV69LX?
?VOIU
yC
toDionysos, is repeated,and in thatfromHipponion (OF 474.16)
undoubtedlyreferring
3r;Cl6O0VQCoV,
gVCTuLand P3/xxoLappear together.29
3.6. Parker-Stamatopoulouexhaustivelygatherquotationsof ANrWTfQXOOVcl.One is a passage
fromPausanias, according towhich theLakonians claim thattheywere taughttoworship Chthonian
theepithetXOoviLUappears inanOrphic hymntoDemeter (40.12)
Demeter byOrpheus.30Furthermore,
and, severalcenturiesbefore,ina gold tabletfromThurii,31is applied toKore.
3.7. The presence in thisgold tabletof Demeter andM4TflQ oQiLa surprisedthe firsteditorsand
fosteredthe traditionaltendencyamongstBritishphilologists todoubt theOrphic characterof thegold
ofmanymyster
Orpheuswas associatedwith thefoundation
But, asGraf-Johnston
pointout,33
tablets.32
And on p. 155 theyadd thatthegroup recalls theGurob
of all kXETci).34
ies (in fact,with thefoundation
pantheon;cf.P. Gurob (OF 578): BQLWbo...AuTjrflQ ... P?0C ... IQLXEJtayl7/ALOVVcoC.
MiTiQ O'QcLCappears in several places35, but from theperspectiveof Orphica some are espe
T O'Q?cLOl,in a passage whose
Eur. Cret. fr.472.13 Kannicht (= OF 567.13) MTQ
cially significant:
Orphic characterseems evident36or theequivalent expressions (Kov0fQrlv)MrtQoc 6OQ?LoiVoiiC,
26 Santamar?a
genda)

Alvarez, M.
and by Bernab?-Jim?nez

A.,

verbal

This

communication.

San Crist?bal

2008,

proposal

is accepted

by Bernab?

2007,

455

(addenda

et corri

96, 258.

27 Cf. more details inBernab?-Jim?nez San Crist?bal 2008, 96 and 258.

28 Graf-Johnston

2007,

95.

29 Cf. Bernab?-Jim?nez

San Crist?bal

y 2-53.

2008,154-155

30Paus. 3.14.5
(OF 533) AfjprjTQa ?? XOovtav Aaxe?aipovioi
31

Orph. H.

32
West

40.12

ci) xOovia,

OF

492.8

ArjpfrteQ

...
Koqt]

X9ovta

p?v ce?eiv cj)aci Jtaoa?ovxoc ccjncivOQc))?a)c.

(Burkert

:xaQrjx^ovia

gold

tablet).

ignores the gold tablets. It is very significant also that the first information offered by
completely
N.S. no 9 spring 2003 (http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/BES/newsletters/besnews9.
R. Parker (British Epigraphy
Society, Newsletter
new unorphic gold tablet" and the report's end was:
'There is nothing Orphic here ... by the second half of
was
"A
entitled
pdf)
to salvation had apparently multiplied.'
routes
the
the
date
for
the third century B.C.
tablet)
(the provisional
possible
1983, for example,

33 Graf-Johnston
34 Cf. Bernab?
related

2007,

121.

forthcoming

b, with bibliography.

35 Cf.
14-15: E. Hel.
2004,
Parker-Stamatopoulou
as a goddess who can provoke madness,
like Pan, Hecate
Id. Dact.
8 and 23, Telest. fr. 6.2 Page, Poll. 5.13.

36Cf.

same

The

initiate mentioned

them, probably

convinced

that all of them were

to Orpheus.
...
Hipp.
\xaxx\Q (referring to Demeter),
OQeta
Ar. Av. 746 (invoked by the birds'
and the Corybants),

1301ss.

144 (presented
chorus), Hymn

bibliographyquoted inOF 567. It is curious enough thatParker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 8 quote the line 10 of the

fragment,

about Ai?c

l?aiou

p?cxrjc,

but they do not highlight

that in the same passage

Mf]tr|Q

o?eia

ismentioned.

Some Thoughtsabout the 'New'Gold TabletfromPherai

57

inOrph.H. 31.537or 0Q9CCL6Qgo0VTE kUTQFcLV

/MrTQO6Cin thereferencetoOrpheus'
0QyLo0kQvtuCL
works inOrph.A. 21s., or aThuriigold tablet(OF 492. 1) inwhichKvPEXEFIcL<L>
KOQQcC<L>...AihrITQoc
arementioned.38
3.8. Parker-Stamatopoulouand especiallyFerrari-Prauscelloofferinteresting
suggestionsconcern
ing thecult towhich thisgold tabletshouldbe adscribed;Ferrari-Prauscelloalso pointoutmany orphic
connections,but I do not referhere to theirconclusions,because I thinkthatstable cultshave a minor
importancein thestudyof thegold tablets.They do not seem tobe relatedto stablecults; theyare not
foundin sanctuaries,but in tombs;theydo not refertopublic cults,but are foundin theprivatesphere,
and orpheotelestaipractisean itinerant
craft39.
3.9. The clearestargumentinfavourof theOrphic characterof thePherai gold tabletis itstotalcoin
cidencewith theperformative
schemaofmany othertablets,accordingtowhich theinitiate(or somebody
on his/her
declares
behalf)
somethingforthesakeof claiminga privilegedsituationin theunderworld,as
amemberof a chosengroup towhich he/shebelongedwhile he/shewas alive.The elementsof thispattern
can be seen in thefollowingtable:
Gold tablet

Place thatis claimed forhim

Initiate'sdeclaration
or declarationmade on his behalf
I am theson ofEarth and starry
Heaven
I am theson ofEarth and starry
Heaven
you have accomplished therites

Hipponion
Petelia
Pelinna

thesacredway of other 'CTCcL

ruixui PdxXo
reignwith theotherheroes
go under theearthwith theotherhappy ones
liberationand rebirth
conversion intoa god, reborn
in the lap of thegoddess
tobe accepted in thedwelling on the limpid
ones

I come fromamong thepure,pure

I belong toyourblessed race
I come fromamong thepure,pure
I belong toyourblessed race
I have paid thepunishment
password /the initiateis freefrom
punishment
keeping everythingverywell

Thurii 488
Thurii 489-90

Pherai 493
Thurii 487
Pherai 493a

toenter in thesacredmeadow
togo to therightthiasos /conversion intoa
god in themeadows of Persephone
tobe accepted in the thiasosof initiates

I have celebrated therites/I possess

OQyLa

There arealso close tiesbetweenthistabletand thoseofPelinna. Inall of them

Bakchos appearsas guarantor
of thesoul's liberationandPersephoneas thegoddesswho can carryitout.Both in thistabletand inone
fromPelinna ritesarementioned (PelinnaOF 485 TEX?cCc `neQ,Pherai t?Xiq).
4. Conclusion
The tabletfromPherai shows thesame features
which are characteristic
of theOrphic ambience:vocabu
lary,geographicorigin,time,archaeologicalcontext,
material,divinities,function,
metricalpatternsand
performativescheme.Moreover nothingin itcontradictsan Orphic context.The conclusion,therefore
cannotbe otherthantoaccept itsOrphic provenance.
Bibliography
Arvanitopoulos, A. 1907. Xoovix?, PAAH: 160.
Avram, A. 2002. Der dionysische Thiasos inKallatis: Organisation, Repr?sentation, Funktion, inU. Egelhaaf
37Ricciardelli
2000, 357, ad loc.
38 There
Mycenaean

is an interesting far antecedent

of the relationship
between K?re, Demeter
and theMountain
Mother
in several
tablets from Thebes:
TH Fq (1) 126.1-2;
etc., where ma-ka
(1) 130.1-2,
(i. e. M?i
Tai),
(i. e. ?JtOQ?hi,
o-po-re-i

a compound by ?Jti,aMycenaean variantof ?m, and ?qoc), thatis thegod or goddess (thegender in this typeof adjectives
is ambiguous)

2006.
39Cf. OF

who

is over

the mountain,

and ko-wa

(i.e. xOQf?i)

653-655, Jim?nezSan Crist?bal 2008.

are mentioned.

Cf. Bernab?,

forthcoming

a, contra Duhoux

A. Bernabe

58

Gaiser - A. Sch?fer (eds.), Religi?se Vereine in der r?mischen Antike. Untersuchung zu Organisation, Ritual
und Raumordnung, T?bingen, 69-80.
Linus Epimenides Papyrus
Bernab?, A. 2007. Poetae Epici Graeci testimonia et fragmenta II fase. 3,Musaeus
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UniversidadComplutense

Prof.AlbertoBernabe
UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid
Ciudad Universitaria
28040Madrid
Espafia
albernab@filol.ucm.es

AlbertoBernabe