Lecture contents
What is a hydrate?
Gas Hydrates
Ice-like crystalline molecular complexes
Mixture of water and suitably sized 'guest' gas
molecules
http://www.pet.hw.ac.uk/research/hydrate/hydrates_what.cfm
Hydrate Structure
Methane, ethane, propane, isobutene, CO2, H2S, mixture of methane and neohexane or methane and
cyclopentatne
The cage is formed by water molecules arranged in structure with number of rectangular,
pentagon, or hexagon faces, or combination of them
The hydrate crystal consists of minimum number of cages
Structure I
Structure II
Structure H
Asset
Energy Source
Dense energy storage
Solution
Desalination
CO2 capture
Trouble making
https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=110&v=HTNcv_LGh38
6
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U46XOoU0DrM
CO2 capture
Desalination
Acid gas removal
http://feel.postech.ac.kr/research/gas_hydrate/
Robert W. Bradshaw, et al, Desalination Utilizing Clathrate Hydrates, (LDRD Final Report), Sandia Lab, 2008
8
Hydrate Problems
Presence of free or
liquid water (T< dew
point)
Low temperature
High pressure
Hydrate
formation
acceleration
Agitation (turbulence)
Pressure pulsations
Hydrate crystals (seeds)
Suitable sites for crystal
formation
Operational
problems
Complete or partial
blocking of flow line
Fouling and plugging of
heat exchangers
Erosion of expanders
10
Sweet Gas
Sour Gas
11
12
Simple method
Good for natural gas
with SG of 0.7 or less
Not accurate for natural
gas with SG 0.9-1.0
Should be used as a first
approximation only
13
It utilizes vapor-solid
equilibrium constant
KVS
y
xs
K 1
si
VS
14
A chart generated by
Hysim simulator
Used for
Equation-of-State Methods
16
Inclass exercise
Which results would you use if you design for hydrate inhibition?
Comp
Mole
Frac
Mole
Wt.
C1
0.784
16.04
C2
0.060
30.07
C3
0.036
44.10
iC4
0.005
58.12
nC4
0.019
58.12
N2
0.094
28.01
CO2
0.002
44.01
Total
1.000
17
Hydrate Prevention
If practically feasible
Hydrate Inhibition
19
No inhibitor
Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THI)
Anti-agglommerants (Agg)
Disperse hydrates
Alcohol cosurfactant
21
EG
Methanol
22
Methods Comparison
Cost:
24
25
Next Lecture:
Hydrate Inhibition Design
26
Design Procedure
The minimum required mass flow rate of hydrate
inhibition chemical can be calculated as follow
1. Fraction of inhibitor in the aqueous phase
a)
Hammerschmidt correlation:
Inhibitor
KH
MW
a)
EG DEG MeOH
4000 4000
62
2335
106
32
Design Procedure
xi
x 0 x i
28
29
31
Glycol Injection:
Glycol-water-oil separation:
Glycol losses:
Corrosion inhibition
33
iv.
S Q sW G
xi
x 0 x i
42
CO2 vent
Sulfur
Recovery
Solid
Sulfur
Acid Gas
Removal
Compression
Dehydration
Water
Oil
Gas to
Pipeline
Condensate
Recovery
Recompression
Condensate
Water
Phase
Separation
Solids
Raw Gas
43
Gas Hydrates
http://www.pet.hw.ac.uk/research/hydrate/hydrates_what.htm
Gas Hydrates
www.hydrafact.com
Hydrates
Hydrates
+ Ice
Ethane
47