Lecture 5 Heat Transfer in Solar Buildings Examples

Lecture 5
Passive Solar Building Design
Lecture 5 Heat Transfer in

Solar Buildings, Examples
ENGR 6951
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Lecture 5
Basic equations
Lecture 5
Basic equations
Heat flow q by convection or radiation described in

approximate terms by a heat transfer coefficient h
(convective, radiative or combined):
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Heat flow q through a wall layer

of thickness L, surface area A
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Lecture 5
Basic equations
Lecture 5
Example 1
Assume a space with all the surfaces ( exterior walls, floor and roof) the same:
The wall thermal mass acts as capacitance.
Outside and inside film coefficients are
resistances.
Node 1: outside face temperature
Node 4: inside face temperature
Node 2 & 3: Thermal mass inside
temperature. We can also divide it to more
layers to calculate the temperature more
accurately (discretization of space).
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The wall insulation acts as resistance .
Lecture 5
Spatial Discretization
R1 = R2 = R/2
R2 = R3 = R/4
C 1= C
R1 = R/2
transform a continuous function, model, and equation into discrete counterparts
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C1= C2 = C/2
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Lecture 5
Resistance / Capacitance
Lecture 5
Equivalent Thermal Network
Step 2: find the R and C values
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Step 1: Draw the Thermal Network
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Lecture 5
Example 1 (given values)
Lecture 5
Example 1
Outside temperature (assume a sinusoidal daily
function / can get directly from weather file)
Solar Radiation (can get directly from weather file)
Sol-air Temperature (combined effect of outside
boundary condition)
Step 3: Define the sources (free to choose your own set of equations)
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Room Temperature
Lecture 5
Example 1
Step 4: Stability Test
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Critical time step (selected time step should be smaller to ensure numerical stability):
Lecture 5
Example 1
Time Discretization:
Note : For the nodes that are not connected to a capacitance, the left
hand side of the first equation is zero, Thus there is no need for time
discretization.
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Step 5: Solve the heat balance equation for each node
Lecture 5
Example 1
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The values for node 1 and 4 are time dependent, but not relying on the values from
the previous time step
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Lecture 5
Example 1
Lecture 5
Example 2
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Consider a house which consists of a basement and a ground level floor

The concept is the same as example 1.
1. In this example , we have to separate floor from other surfaces, because its outside
boundary condition is not the same. ( adjacent to the basement instead of the outside)
2. Although the roof , walls and windows have different thermal properties. In the thermal
network, they are parallel and can all be connected to one node. ( if the temperature at
these surfaces is not a priority to find)
Lecture 5
Example 2
R16: convection between room air temperature and all unheated surfaces
R12: convection between air room temperature and floor surface
R10: all the resistances between inside and outside
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Node 1 : Air room temperature
Lecture 5
Example 2
C3=C4=Cfloor/2
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Node 2 : floor surface

Node 3 & 4: floor discretized sections
R34: R/2
R23: R/4
R0: R23 + basement file coefficient
Lecture 5
Example 2
R56: Rwall/2
R50: the summation of half of wall resistance
and film coefficients
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Node 6 : All the unheated wall inside surface

Node 5 : all the unheated wall middle temperature
Lecture 5
Example 2
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Lecture 5
Example 2
Step 3: Stability Test
Lecture 5
Example 2
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For our purposes , we generate harmonics to model ambient temperatures and solar
radiation (with simulation tools, we can use weather data produced based on historical
data gathered by different sources. For example, CWEC Canadian weather for energy
calculations)
Step 4: Define the sources
Lecture 5
Example 2
Equation for nodes which are

connected to the other nodes and
also capacitance
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Equation for nodes which are just

connected to the other nodes by
resistance
Lecture 5
Example 2
Other surfaces
30 % of solar the solar radiation

absorbs by the other surfaces
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Floor surface
70 % of solar the solar radiation

absorbs by the floor
Lecture 5
Admittance method (not in exam)

Resistance + j Reactance
Arg(Z) gives the phase difference

between voltage and current (electrical)
Capacitance is the ability of a body to
store an electrical charge
Reactance is the opposition of a circuit
element to a change in current or voltage
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Impedance
=
Z=R+jX
Phase. When capacitors or inductors are involved in an AC circuit, the current and
voltage do not peak at the same time. The fraction of a period difference between the
peaks expressed in degrees is said to be the phase difference. [hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/]
Resistance + j Reactance
Capacitance is the ability of a body

to store the thermal energy.
Reactance is the opposition of
thermal element to a change in
temperature or heat flow
The inverse of impedance is called
admittance
=
Admittance
Conductance + j Suspectance
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Impedance
=
Z=R+jX
Lecture 5
Lecture 5
In Admittance method we use Laplace transformation to solve the equation :
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In Finite Difference method we used Time Discretization to solve the equation
The purpose is to solve the same equation:
Lecture 5

Advantages:
particularly if inputs are of sinusoidal function, where the inputs repeated in phase (e.g.
idealized temperature profiles)
In Admittance method we use Laplace transformation to solve the equation :
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thedifferential operatoris converted into multiplication by s (a transform variable), so

differential equations become algebraic equations
Lecture 5
Example 3
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Consider a zone over a basement.

only the floor has significant thermal capacitance and that it consists of a massive interior
layer (room side) and layers without significant thermal capacity under it with insulation value
Rins. The room schematic together with an approximate network are shown below.
QR: Solar radiation
Qaux: the heat required to maintain the room air temperature to the specified set point (Heat Load)
Lecture 5
Example 3
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Lecture 5
Example 3
Step 3: Define the sources
Lecture 5
Example 3
Now performing an energy balance at the two nodes (R - room air and f- floor surface) we
obtain:
Step 4: Solve the heat balance equation Find the Transfer Function
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The differential equation has been changed to an algebraic equation ( In Laplace Domain)
By rearranging the above equations, Room Temperature is:
Lecture 5
Example 3
Note that To, qaux, Tb, and TR are in the Laplace domain. it may also be expressed as:
Where:
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Rearranging to find auxiliary heat:
Lecture 5
Example 3
Total response = mean term + harmonic variation
Z11 and Z12 are impedance transfer functions (analogous to impedances in A.C. electric circuits) and their
phase and magnitude may be evaluated by substituting s = jw where j = (-1)0.5, and is the frequency of
interest (one cycle per day). In general, given a transfer function Z which relates the effect of an input Q
on a temperature T , we have:
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For steady state calculations the capacitance term sC is set to zero, i.e. Z12 and Z11 become effectively
resistances. We can determine the periodic variation of qaux(t) and TR(t) by representing the variation of the
inputs To and QR by sinusoids. Then we have:
Lecture 5
Example 3
steady-state
Z12m = value of Z12 for w = 0
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Z11m = value of Z11 for w=0
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Lecture 5
Example 3
The general solution for qaux :

Lecture 5 Heat Transfer in Solar Buildings Examples

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