Chem E 260

HW #9

C&B: 9.91, 9.94, 9.102E , 9.103 and 10.15E, 10.17, 10.23 ,10.34
9-91 A simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 8. The
air temperature at the turbine exit, the net work output, and the thermal efficiency are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions
T
exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are
applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy
3
1160
changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas
qin
K
with variable specific heats.
2
2s
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
4
Analysis (a) Noting that process 1-2s is isentropic,
310
1
qout 4
s
s
h1
K
T1

Pr 1 15546

Pr 2 =

P2
Pr = 81.5546 = 12.44 h2 s = 562.58 kJ/kg and T2 s = 557.25 K
P1 1

C =

h2 s h1
h h1
h2 = h1 + 2 s
h2 h1
C
562.58 310.24
= 646.7 kJ/kg
0.75
h3 = 1230.92 kJ/kg
= 310.24 +

T3 = 1160 K

P4
1
Pr = 207.2 = 25.90 h4 s = 692.19 kJ/kg and T4 s = 680.3 K
P3 3 8
h h4
= 3
h4 = h3 T h3 h4 s
h3 h 4 s
= 1230.92 0.82 1230.92 692.19
= 789.16 kJ/kg

Pr 4 =
T

Pr3 = 207.2

Thus,
T4 = 770.1 K

(b)

105.3 kJ/kg

(c)

18.0%

9-94 A simple ideal Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid operates between the specified temperature
and pressure limits. The net work and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are

applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas
with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK and k = 1.4
(Table A-2a).
Analysis Using the isentropic relations for an ideal gas,
2
2 1

( 1) /

0.4/1.4

2000 kPa
(300 K)

100 kPa

706.1 K

1000
K

Similarly,
4
4 3

( 1) /

0.4/1.4

100 kPa
(1000 K)

2000 kPa

qin

424.9 K

Applying the first law to the constant-pressure

heat addition process 2-3 produces

300
K

qout

4
s

in 3 2 (3 2 ) (1.005 kJ/kg K )(1000 706.1) K 295.4 kJ/kg

Similarly,
out 4 1 (4 1 ) (1.005 kJ/kg K )(424.9 300) K 125.5 kJ/kg

The net work production is then

wnet q in q out 295.4 125.5 169.9 kJ/kg

and the thermal efficiency of this cycle is

th

wnet 169.9 kJ/kg

0.575
q in
295.4 kJ/kg

9-102E A simple ideal Brayton cycle with argon as the working fluid operates between the specified
temperature and pressure limits. The rate of heat addition, the power produced, and the thermal efficiency
are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible. 3 Argon is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of argon at room temperature are R = 0.2686 psiaft3/lbmR
(Table A-1E), cp = 0.1253 Btu/lbmR and k = 1.667 (Table A-2Ea).
Analysis At the compressor inlet,

v1
&
m

T
1 (0.2686 psia ft 3 /lbm R )(540 R)

9.670 ft 3 /lbm
1
15 psia
1660
R

A1V1
(3 ft 2 )(200 ft/s)

62.05 lbm/s
v1
9.670 ft 3 /lbm

According to the isentropic process expressions for an ideal gas,

540
( 1) /

2
2 1

4
4 3

( 1) /

0.667/1.667

150 psia
(540 R)
15 psia

qin

qout

4
s

1357 R
0.667/1.667

15 psia
(1660 R)
150 psia

660.7 R

Applying the first law to the constant-pressure heat addition process 2-3 gives
& m
&c p (T3 T2 ) (62.05 lbm/s)(0.1253 Btu/lbm R )(1660 1357) R 2356 Btu/s
Q
in

The net power output is

&c p (T3 T4 T1 T2 )
W&net m
(62.05 lbm/s)(0.1253 Btu/lbm R )(1660 660.7 540 1357)R
1417 Btu/s

The thermal efficiency of this cycle is then

th

W&net
1417 Btu/s

0.601
&
2356 Btu/s
Qin

9-103 An aircraft engine operates as a simple ideal Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid. The
pressure ratio and the rate of heat input are given. The net power and the thermal efficiency are to be
determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are

applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas
with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK and k = 1.4
(Table A-2a).
Analysis For the isentropic compression process,
2 1 ( 1) / (273 K)(10) 0.4/1.4 527.1 K

The heat addition is

in

&

500 kW
in
500 kJ/kg
&
1 kg/s

qin

Applying the first law to the heat addition process,

in (3 2 )
3 2

273
K

in
500 kJ/kg
527.1 K
1025 K

1.005 kJ/kg K

The temperature at the exit of the turbine is

qout

4
s

 1
4 3

( 1) /

0.4/1.4

1
(1025 K)

10

530.9 K

Applying the first law to the adiabatic turbine and the compressor produce
T (3 4 ) (1.005 kJ/kg K )(1025 530.9) K 496.6 kJ/kg

C (2 1 ) (1.005 kJ/kg K )(527.1 273) K 255.4 kJ/kg

The net power produced by the engine is then

& m
&( wT wC ) (1 kg/s)(496.6 255.4)kJ/kg 241.2 kW
W
net

Finally the thermal efficiency is

th

W&net
241.2 kW

0.482
&
500 kW
Qin

10-15E A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between
the specified pressure limits. The rates of heat addition and rejection, and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
1 @ 6 psia 138.02 Btu/lbm
v1 v @ 6 psia 0.01645 ft 3 /lbm

p,in v1 ( 2 1 )

1 Btu
( 0.01645 ft 3 /lbm )(500 6) psia
5.404 psia ft 3

1.50 Btu/lbm

2 1 p,in 138.02 1.50 139.52 Btu/lbm

500
psia
qin

3 500 psia 3 1630.0 Btu/lbm

2
3 1200F 3 1.8075 Btu/lbm R
6 psia
4 1.8075 0.24739
4 6 psia 4

0.9864
1
qout 4

1.58155

4 3
138.02 (0.9864)(995.88) 1120 .4 Btu/lbm
4

4
s
Knowing the power output from the turbine the mass flow rate of steam in the cycle is
determined from
&T, out
500 kJ/s
0.94782 Btu
&T, out &(3 4 ) &

0.9300 lbm/s
3 4 (1630.0 1120.4)Btu /lbm
1 kJ

The rates of heat addition and rejection are

& m
&( h3 h2 ) (0.9300 lbm/s)(1630.0 139.52) Btu/lbm 1386 Btu/s
Q
in
& m
&( h4 h1 ) (0.9300 lbm/s)(1120.4 138.02) Btu/lbm 913.6 Btu/s
Q
out

and the thermal efficiency of the cycle is

th 1

Q&out
913.6
1
0.341
&
1386
Q
in

10-17 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the
specified pressure limits. The power produced by the turbine and consumed by the pump
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
1 @ 20 kPa 251.42 kJ/kg
v1 v @ 20 kPa 0.001017 m 3 /kg

p,in v1 ( 2 1 )

1 kJ

(0.001017 m 3 /kg )( 4000 20) kPa

1 kPa m 3
4.05 kJ/kg
2 1 p,in 251.42 4.05 255.47 kJ/kg

4 MPa

3 4000 kPa 3 3906.3 kJ/kg

qin
2

3 700C
3 7.6214 kJ/kg K
20 kPa
4 7.6214 0.8320
1
4 20 kPa 4

0.9596
qout 4

7.0752

4 3
251.42 (0.9596)(2357.5) 2513.7 kJ/kg
s
4

The power produced by the turbine and consumed by the pump are
&
&( h3 h4 ) (50 kg/s)(3906.3 2513.7) kJ/kg 69,630 kW
W
T, out m
&w P, in (50 kg/s)(4.05 kJ/kg) 203 kW
W&P, in m

10-23 A 300-MW coal-fired steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle
between the specified pressure limits. The overall plant efficiency and the required rate of
the coal supply are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 25 kPa = 271.96 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 25 kPa = 0.001020 m 3 /kg
w p ,in = v1 P2 P1

h2

1 kJ

= 0.00102 m 3 /kg 5000 25 kPa

1 kPa m 3

= 5.07 kJ/kg
= h1 + w p ,in = 271.96 + 5.07 = 277.03 kJ/kg

5 MPa

Q
i

n
25 kPa

1
Q
ou
t

4
s

P3 = 5 MPa h3 = 3317.2 kJ/kg

T3 = 450C s3 = 6.8210 kJ/kg K

P4 = 25 kPa s 4 s f 6.8210 0.8932
=
= 0.8545
x 4 =
s 4 = s3
s fg
6.9370
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 271.96 + 0.85452345.5= 2276.2 kJ/kg
The thermal efficiency is determined from

in 3 2 3317.2 277.03 3040.2 kJ/kg

out 4 1 2276.2 271.96 2004.2 kJ/kg
and
th = 1

Thus,

q out
2004.2
= 1
= 0.3407
q in
3040.2

overall = th comb gen = 0.3407 0.750.96 = 24.5%

(b) Then the required rate of coal supply becomes

and
&

&

&

&

150.3 tons/h

10-34 A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered.
The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h
1
v1
w p ,in

= v

f
f

@
@

20

kP a
kP a

P
1

h
1

251 .42

0 .001017

0.001017

= 8.12
h2

20

= v1
P
2

m 3 /kg

kJ/kg
m 3 /kg

8000

20

kJ/kg
w

p ,in

251 .42

+ 8.12

kPa

259.54

kJ

kPa

m3

kJ/kg

3 5
8 MPa
4
2
1

20 kPa

P3 = 8 MPa h3 = 3399.5 kJ/kg

T3 = 500C s3 = 6.7266 kJ/kg K

P4 = 3 MPa
h4 = 3105.1 kJ/kg

s4 = s3

P5 = 3 MPa h5 = 3457.2 kJ/kg

T5 = 500C s5 = 7.2359 kJ/kg K

s6 s f 7.2359 0.8320
=
= 0.9051
P6 = 20 kPa x6 =
s fg
7.0752

s6 = s5

h6 = h f + x6h fg = 251.42 + 0.90512357.5 = 2385.2 kJ/kg

The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency are determined from
and
wT, out = h3 h 4

+ h5

h6

= 3399.5 3105.1 + 3457.2 2385.2

q in = h3 h 2

+ h5

h4

= 3399.5 259.54 + 3457.2 3105.1 = 3492.0

w net

Thus,

th

wT , out

w net
q in

p ,in

= 1366.4 kJ/kg

1366.4 8.12 1358.3 kJ/kg

1358.3 kJ/kg

3492.5 kJ/kg

38.9%

kJ/kg