2.

Identify the types of materials used to make pacemakers and the properties that make these suitable for
implanting in the body.
2.8.1
2.8.2

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

Identify two types of materials used in the manufacture of pacemakers.

For each of the materials identified in Question 2.8.1, identify the properties that make
them suitable for implanting in the body.
Describe the problems that can result from faulty valves in the heart.

2.9.1

Identify the number of valves in the heart and the sites where they occur.

2.9.2

Identify the function of these valves.

2.9.3

Describe the problems that can result from faulty valves in the heart.

2.9.4
Outline reasons why heart valves sometimes need to be replaced.
Process information to identify different types and functions of artificial valves in the heart.
2.10.1 Replacement heart valves may be taken from an animal, e.g. a pig, or manufactured
from synthetic materials. Identify the requirements of an artificial heart valve that allow
it to function effectively.
2.10.2 Describe two different types of manufactured heart valves. Include diagrams in your
answer.
Describe the properties of materials such as Teflon/pyrolytic carbon that make them versatile materials
for making artificial body parts, including heart valves.
2.11.1 Describe the properties of pyrolytic carbon, metal alloys and Teflon that make these
materials suitable for use in manufacturing artificial body parts, including heart valves.
Construct a simple model to demonstrate the function of valves in the heart.
2.12.1 Describe the model that you constructed to demonstrate the function of valves in the
heart and explain how your model functions as a valve. Include a diagram in your
answer.
2.12.2 Outline advantages and disadvantages of your model.
Describe and explain the effects of a build-up of plaque on the walls of major arteries and veins on blood
flow to and from the heart.
2.13.1
(a)
Plaque builds up on the inside of the walls of arteries and veins. Define plaque.
(b)
Identify possible effects of plaque build-up.
2.13.2 The following photograph shows the outside of a model of the heart. Indicate the
position of the coronary blood vessels that supply the walls of the heart with blood.

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2.12

Discuss ways in which plaque could be eliminated or altered to ease blood

(a)

flow. 2.14.1
Identify ways to reduce the build-up of plaque in blood vessels.

(b)

Identify two ways in which plaque could be eliminated or altered to ease blood flow.

2.13

Gather information from secondary sources on techniques used, including angioplasty, to ease
blood flow to and from the heart and in blood vessels, when there has been a build-up of
plaque.
2.13.1

Define angioplasty.

2.15.2
(a)
Identify the object being inserted into an artery in the following diagram and explain how
this procedure is carried out.

artery open

Cath
eter

(b)

Explain why this technique might be necessary.

(c)

Outline two other possible methods of dealing with this problem of plaque buildup in arteries.

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2.15.3 Use a diagram to describe what is meant by bypass surgery.

2.16 Gather, process and analyse information to outline areas of current research in
heart transplants and/or artificial hearts and their impact on society.

(a)

2.16.1
Explain what is meant by an artificial heart.

(b)

Outline the use of artificial hearts.