Slab Deflections
Spreadsheet includes construction load effects
Construction Loading
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Deflection Calculations
K w n 4
384 Ec I e
(2)
(3)
(ti , t j ) =
kj
0.6
(1 + 50 )
(10 + (ti t j ) )
384 I e j =1
Ec (t j )
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(7)
(8)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3: Calculated deflections compared with measured deflections
from Reference 14. Measured values are the average of the
deflections measured at the four midpanel points: (a) Slab S1;
and (b) Slab S2 (dimensions in mm) (1 mm = 0.04 in.)
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Conclusion
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5: Example plots of deflection histories: (a) case study
showing effects of reshoring schemes; and (b) case study
showing the effect of age of concrete at stripping (1 in. = 25 mm)
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References
1. Ghosh, S.K., Construction Loading in High-Rise Buildings,
Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook, second edition, E.G.
Nawy, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008, pp. 8.1-8.60.
2. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
3. ACI Committee 347, Guide to Formwork for Concrete (ACI
347-04), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2004, 32 pp.
4. ACI Committee 347, Guide to Shoring/Reshoring of Concrete
Multistory Buildings (ACI 347.2R-05), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, 18 pp.
5. Grundy, P., and Kabaila, A., Construction Loads on Slabs with
Shored Formwork in Multi-Story Buildings, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings
V. 60, No. 12, Dec. 1963, pp. 1729-1738. Also published as part of the
Landmark Series, Concrete International, V. 26, No. 7, July 2004,
pp. 99-112.
6. Gardner, N.J., Shoring, Reshoring, and Safety, Concrete
International, V. 7, No. 4, Apr. 1985, pp. 28-34.
7. ACI Committee 435, Control of Deflection in Concrete
Structures (ACI 435R-95), American Concrete Institute, Farmington
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Concrete international
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The practical problem: The 3- to 9-month dead load deflection in two-way slabs
The construction sequence for buildings with two-way slabs is generally as follows:
Erect shores and forms;
Place and cure the slab concrete;
When a specified concrete strength is reached, remove shores and replace with reshores;
Continue this process until the slab is no longer supported by reshores;
Install mechanical, plumbing, electrical, masonry, and interior wall framing; and
Finally, at 3 to 9 months, install cabinets, molding, and floor coverings.
When the final finish trades start their work, they sometimes find that the floors are sagging too much to allow
a good fit of the interior finishes. The owner or construction manager may then claim that the problem stems
from inappropriate construction practices and use this as justification for requiring the concrete contractor to
provide supplemental fill to bring the slab surface closer to level. On one multi-story building, for which the
second author was a consultant, the cost of extra fill approached $1 millionthis is too large a cost to ignore.
Because of this, engineers, construction managers, and owners need to understand that if the dead-load
deflection at the time of finish installation is controlled by tolerances for finishes, the tighter tolerances must be
considered in the design, specification, and construction process.
Designing in accordance with building code requirements for deflection is not a solution to this issue. Table 9.5(c)
in ACI 318-082 includes minimum thicknesses of two-way slabs without interior beams that can be used without
providing deflection calculations. These thicknesses are intended to provide some control of deflection. The
commentary states:
R9.5.3.2The minimum thicknesses in Table 9.5(c) are those that have been developed through the years.
Slabs conforming to those limits have not resulted in systematic problems related to stiffness for short- and
long-term loads. These limits apply to only the domain of previous experience in loads, environment, materials,
boundary conditions, and spans.
Based on the second authors experience in the past 5 years, the owners, architects, or construction managers
expectations for slab deflections have changed and the expected deflections may be outside the domain of
previous experience.
ACI 318-082 also allows the designer to use a smaller value for the thickness than prescribed by Table 9.5(c)
if deflection calculations are performed. Table 9.5(b) gives limitations for maximum permissible computed
deflections based on two criteria:
Immediate deflection due to live load; and
That part of total deflection occurring after attachment of nonstructural elements.
There are no criteria for the $1 million issuedeflection prior to installation of the nonstructural elements. If
this deflection is limited to a very small value by tight tolerances for finish work, the designer needs to take that
into account. For instance, if a 10 in. (250 mm) thick slab is required by Table 9.5(c) and the designer chooses an
8 in. (200 mm) thick slab based on calculated deflection, the gross moment of inertia is about halved and the
deflections may increase by a factor of two. Such additional deflection may meet the requirements in ACI 318-082
but still result in the need for costly repairs to allow the finishes to fit properly.
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