Mantenimiento de Redes HFC

Quito, Septiembre 2013

Mantenimiento de la seal
de Retorno

Nodo ptico SG-4000

Configuracin de la Base

Configuracin del Lid

Nodo a 1GHz Diseo 750Mhz

SG4-R Receptor

Test Point ptico

SG4-Transmisor

SG4-RF Module

SG4000 - Energizacin

Seal de Retorno

Downstream Punto a Multipunto

Headend

Nodo

Upstream: Multipunto a Punto

Headend

Nodo

Espectro Tpico Upstream

IMTV
Data

Return
Signaling for
NVOD & VOD

5
FREQ
Status Monitor,
5.5 MHz

10

High Speed
Data Service
Video
Telephony

Commercial
Access

15
PCS

20

25

30
POTS

35

40

Cable

2
3
4
Pilot
Carriers

5
6
V-91.25

TV-Channels 5-6

100 MHz

T-13

1 (A-8)

FM

95 (A-5)

Sweep

Open

A-47.5

V-43

A-41.5

CB

(Public
Safety)

Land Mobile

Land Mobile

Land Mobile

Land Mobile

Land Mobile
(Public Safety)

Land
Mobile

V-97.25

90 MHz

V-37

A-35.5

V-31

A-23.5

T-12

A-95.75

Radio
Astronomy
& Aeronautical
Radionavigation
(Marker
Beacons)

T-11

A-87.75

2nd Harmonic CB

T-10

V-83.25

TV-Channels 2-4

Shortwave
10 Meter
HAM

10 MHz

7.6
7.9

20 MHz

50 MHz

40 MHz

30 MHz

Civil Air
Patrol
26.62

A-81.75

80 MHz

T-9
V-25

15 Meter

HAM

Shortwave
A-23.5

V-19

HAM

20 Meter
WWV

V-77.25

70 MHz

T-8
A-17.5

V-13

A-11.5

T-7

Civil Air
Patrol
14.9

A-71.75

60 MHz

Shortwave

V-67.25

HAM
WWV

A-65.75

6 Meter
40 Meter

HAM

Internatl
Shortwave

WWV

V-61.25

Cable
V-7

OverThe-Air
HAM

Civil Air
Patrol

A-59.75

50 MHz
WWV

V-55.25

Data Services

OverThe-Air

Sweep

Tabla de Canales
Land
Mobile

Return Two-Way Cable

FM

3rd Harmonic CB

96 (A-4)

FM

Los Niveles de Retorno

Son diferentes a los de forward ya que dependen del ancho de banda y el
numero de portadoras.
Dependen tambien del tipo y potencia del laser para evitar overdrive.
Se puede utilizar 4 portadoras o metodo de inyeccion por sweep. Al utilizar mas
de cuatro portadoras la formula es:
Nivel combinado (dBmV) = Portadora Simple - 10 Log (# de portadoras)
Ej. Si una portadora tiene 35.4 portadoras deben estar a 29dBmV para mantener la
misma energia
Combined carrier level (dBmV) = 35dBmV - 10 Log 4 (6.02)
Combined carrier level (dBmV) = 35dBmV - 6 = 29 dBmV

Igualacion de Energia

E2

E1

50Mhz

750Mhz

Mdulo Lser
Fotodiodo
Fotodiodo
Monitor
Monitor

Refrigerante
Refrigerante
Termoelctrico
Termoelctrico

Diodo
Diodo
Lser
Lser

Lentes
Lentes

Aislador
Aislador
Optico
Optico

Pigtail
Pigtail

Conector
Conector
APC
APC

Diagrama de un Transmisor Tpico

DFB
Fuente
de la
Seal de
RF

1ra.
Etapa de
Gan.

Atenuador
Electrnico
de diodo PIN

Conversor
Digital/Analgico

2da.
Etapa de
Gan.

Conmutador
de corte.

Detector de
Nivel de RF

Mdulo
Lser

Conversor
Analgico/
Digital

Microprocesador

Monitores y Controles del Panel Delantero

Control de
monitoreo de estado

Potencia de Salida
(Unidades Arbitrarias)

Espectro de un Tx Fabry-Perot

1300

1-5 dB
por
debajo
de la
portadora

Luz Primaria

1310
Longitud de Onda (nm)
Luz de Modo Secundario
Luz de Modo Terciario

1320

Potencia de Salida
(Unidades Arbitrarias)

Espectro de un Tx DFB (Distributed

Feed Back)
35-40 dB
por
debajo
de la
portador
a

1295

Luz Primaria

1305
Longitud de Onda (nm)
Luz de Modo Secundario
Luz de Modo Terciario

1315

Laser Clipping
Laser en operacion Linear

Laser en Clipping

Optical
Output
Power

Optical
Output
Power
Output
Signal

Output
Signal

Laser Drive Current

Laser Drive Current

Input
Signal

Input
Signal

Medicin del Retorno

6 MHz Service

Amplitude

1 MHz Service

15

25

FREQUENCY (MHz)

35

40

Power Per Hertz

To Calculate the Power Per Hertz
Power/Hz = Power Across the Entire Bandwidth
Bandwidth

- 10 log10 Total

P/Hz = 28 dBmV - 10 log10 35 MHz

P/Hz = 28

- 75.4 = -47.4dBmV per Hertz

Assumptions:
Return Bandwidth = 35 MHz (5 MHz - 40 MHz)
Total Optical Power Across the Return Bandwidth = 28
dBmV

Return Signal Measurement

Power Level (dBmV) Per Hertz

1 MHz BW
Power Level (PL) Equals 10 x LOG10 1,000,000
+(-47.4) PL= 60 - 47.4 = 12.6 dBmV

1 MHz Service
(12.6 dBmV)

6 MHz Service
28 dBmV
(20.4 dBmV) Total Power
for the
Entire 35 MHz Band

Amplitude

To find the power Level for an Individual Service

10 x LOG10 (BW) + (-47.4)
- 47.4 dBmV
Examples:
Per Hertz
200 kHz BW
Power Level (PL) Equals 10 x LOG10 200,000
+(-47.4) PL= 53 - 47.4 = 5.6 dBmV

6 MHz BW
Power Level (PL) Equals 10 x LOG10 6,000,000
+(-47.4) PL= 67.8 - 47.4 = 20.4 dBmV
37 MHz BW
Power Level (PL) Equals 10 x LOG10 35,000,000
+(-47.4) PL= 75.4 - 47.4 = 28.3 dBmV

15

25

35 40

FREQUENCY (MHz)

Calibracin de Retorno
From
Channel
Modulation

Sweep
Data
Information

C
o
m
b
i
n
e
r

Reverse Sweep
transceiver
(Headend Unit)

Node

Sweep Data
Information

Optical
Transmitter

H
L
Optical
Receiver

Headend
Reverse Sweep
transceiver
(Field Unit)

Calibracin (Mtodo 2)
Headend
TV
From
Channel
Modulation

Vacant
Channel

C
o
m
b
i
n
e
r

Node
Optical
Transmitter

H
L

Video Modulator

Optical
Receiver

Spectrum
Analyzer

Comb
Generator

Node Return Setup - Step 1

Headend

Fiber Node

Opt. Tx
Opt. Rx

P
A
D

H
L
-20 dB TP

Return Tx
RF

Signal
Level
Meter

Return Path Rx

Adjust Level Control

for +35 dBmV
Out of Return Receiver

P
A
D

-20dB TP

+35 dBmV
Comb
Level in to
Generator
Return Laser
NOTE: Consult Mfg.'s Documentation for
Actual levels.

Node Return Setup - Step 2

Headend

45/35 dBmV O
20 dBmV

Fiber Node

Opt. Tx
Opt. Rx

- .5 dB

P
A
D

H
L
-20 dB TP

Return Tx
RF

Signal
Level
Meter

P
A
D

Return Path Rx

Adjust Pad for +35 dBmV

Level Out of Return Path
Receiver

-20dB TP

Comb
Generator

+39.5 dBmV (20 dB plus .5 dB loss Diplex Filter)

NOTE: Consult Mfg.'s Documentation for Actual levels.

Amplifier Return
Setup
Distribution Amplifier
RF

Signal
Level
Meter

Return
Path
Rx

45/35 dBmV Out

20 dBmV In

Fiber
Node
H
L

L
Step
2

P E
A
D Q

Step
1

Adjust Pad in Dist. Amp. for

+35 dBmV Level Out of
Return Path Receiver After
Equalizing Flat

TP
H
P
A
D

TP

- 3.5 dB - .5 dB

-20dB TP

Comb
Generator
NOTE: Consult Mfg.'s Documentation for Actual levels.

+36 dBmV (20 dB plus

-.5 dB Diplex Filter, & 3.5 Combiner & 20 dB
Test Point Loss)

INGRESO y EGRESO

Ingreso
Ingreso es la introduccion de seales no deseadas a la
planta.
Las Mayores fuentes de ingreso son:
Equipos de Banda ciudadana
Operadores de Radio
Ruidos de Impulso

Los mayores puntos de entrada de Ingreso son

Los dispositivos del Abonado

Cable Drop
Taps sin trerminaciones
Housing abiertos o mal cerrados, conectores oxidados
Apantallamiento defectuoso

Qu es Ingreso

26K

FFT

11

33

General
General
Instrument
Instrument

22

44

Egreso es la salida de seal hacia fuera de la planta. En general es

causado por los mismos problemas que el ingreso

Que es Egreso
26K

FFT

11

33

General
General
Instrument
Instrument

22

44

Egreso debido a conector en mal estado

Egreso debido a acometida en mal estado

Que es Egreso
Pedestal

Damage to
cable (shield)

Efectos de Ingreso/Egreso
Ingreso
Interfiere con la calidad de la
seal

Egreso
Sujeto a las regulaciones de
cada pais (FCC en US).

Aparecen imgenes fantasma

en las seales de la planta
producto de las seales
broadcast.

Transmisiones de Onda corta

pueden interrumpir ell servicio
de retorno.

Interfiere con otras seales

autorizadas del espectro
electromagnetico:
Radios de comunicacion
Broadcast TV
Radios FM
Aeronavegacion

Perdida de la impedancia de
75 Ohm resulta en cambios
en la forma de onda

Ingress Level Distribution

Ingreso Headend al Tap

Housing daado
O abierto

Headend

Puertas desbalanceadas
Mal alineamiento Ondas Estacionarias
Power Supply,
Noise & Hum

Node

H
L
Cable
Deformado
Splice reflectivo

Laser Clipping
Reflexiones pticas
Conectores sucios

Puertas no terminadas
Crack radial
Debido a loop mal hecho
Mala Tierra

Splice sin sello

De humedad

CPD
Conoector corroido
O

Ingress:
Ham & Short-wave Voice of
America CB Land & Mobile Paging

Ingreso - Tap al Abonado

90% del ingreso viene desde el
abonado

Customer
Installed
Multiple Splits
Tap
Poor or
Non-Existent
Bond
Illegal
Taps

Underground
Cable

Single Shield

Cracked or Broken
Cable

TV #2

Stereo

Unterminated
Splitter

Loose Connector,
No Weather Shield

Noisy Consumer
Grade RF
Amplifier

Set-Top
TV #1

Customer Prepared
and Installed
F Connector

High Return
Loss TV
Tuner

Ingress:
Impulse Noise
Inductive Interference

Controlando el Ingreso
Para controlar el ingreso se debe medir el egreso.
El Egreso es la fuga de seal de RF desde la planta de RF
y esta regulado por la FCC.
El Egreso puede ser mitigado y se realizar el monitoreo
apropiado
Las mediciones de fugas de seal se realizan con un
Medidor de cable calibrado y una antena bideireccional
bipolo
Un sistema que tiene un poco de ingreso pasara las
pruebas CLI, pero un sistema que pasa las pruebas CLI no
necesariamene tendr poco ingreso
.

FCC Rules
You must have a copy of The Code of Federal
Regulations, title 47- Telecommunication and part
76- Cable Television Service.
Part
15
18
21
69
73
81
83

Other Rules of Interest

Service Description
Part Service Description
Radio Frequency Devices
87
Aviation
Industrial, Scientific, Medical
89
Safety Land Mobile
Domestic Public Fixed
91
Industrial Land Mobile
Services
93
Land Transportation
Home Electronics
94
Private Operational Fixed
Broadcast
95
Personal Radio
Maritime
97
Amateur Radio
Shipboard
G
Governmental

Limites de Seal de
acuerdo a la FCC
Desde Hasta Leakage Measured at a
(MHz) (MHz)
Level
Distance
-

54

15 V/m 100 feet / 30m

54

216

20 V/m

216

1000

15 V/m 100 feet / 30m

10 feet / 3m

Procedimientos FCC
Las seales deben ser medidas con
1) Calibrador de campo CLI
2) Antena Dipolos HorizontalHorizontal
(Resonant Half Wave)

FCC - Procedimientos
Posicionar la antena:
1) 3 M desde el componente
2) 10 Feet/ 3 Metros sobre el nivel del mar.
3) Directamente debajo (si es possible).
4) At least 10 (or more) feet /
5) 3 metros de otros conductores

10ft/ 3m

10ft/ 3m

Procedimentos FCC
Video providers operating in the 108-137 and 225-400 MHz
frequency bandwidths shall:
1) Demonstrate compliance with a cumulative leakage index of
less than 64.
2) Regularly monitor the physical plant by substantially covering
the geographic area every three months.
3) Maintain a log of signal leakage indicating:
a) All signal leakage exceeding 20V/m at a distance of 3
meters in the aeronautical radio frequency bands.
b) Date and location of each leakage source.
c) Date leakage was repaired.
d) Probable cause of leakage.

Procedimentos FCC
Prior to providing service to any subscriber in a
new section of cable plant if operating in the
108-137 and 225-400 MHz bandwidths, the
operator shall:
1) Demonstrate compliance with a cumulative
leakage index of less than 64.
2) Ascertain that no individual leak in the new
section of plant exceeds 20 V/m at 3
meters in the aeronautical frequency bands.

Procedimentos FCC
Video providers shall not operate or provide service
in the 108-137 and 225-400 MHz radio frequency
bands until the system/network is in compliance with:
1) Notification to the FCC of all signals carried in the
aeronautical radio frequency bands (FCC Form 325).
2)CLI (Cumulative Leakage Index) is demonstrated
to be below 64.
3) Proper frequency offsets are maintained in the
aeronautical radio frequency bands.

Procedimentos FCC

Cumulative Leakage Index Formula

CLI = 10 Log ((

Plant Mileage
Monitored Mileage

CLI = 10 Log ((

PM
MM

) x (Sum of each Leak2))

) x ((E1)2 + (E2)2 + (E3)2 +.... (En)2))

E = Signal Leakage Measurement in V/m

Monitored Mileage = Minimum of 75% of Plant
Mileage

Procedimentos FCC
Plant Miles:

1000

Plant Miles Driven:

750

Leakage Recorded:

3 at 450 V/m
30 at 150 V/m
300 at 50 V/m

What is the CLI?

_______

Procedimentos FCC
Alternately the CLI can be met by measuring
the leakage in the airspace above the system
by doing a fly over and recording the signal
strength that proves the following:
1) At an altitude of 450 meters (1500 ft) the field strength shall not be greater
than 10 V/m.
2) This measurement must be made once each calender year.
3) Detail of this is in section 76.611, (a), (2)

Procedimentos FCC
Frequency Offsets
The transmission of carriers or other signal
components capable of delivering peak power
levels equal to or greater than 10-5 watts at any
point in the system is prohibited:
1) Within 100 kHz of the frequency 121.5 MHz.
2) Within 50 kHz of the frequency 158.8 MHz.
3) Within 50 kHz of the frequency 243.0 MHz.

Channel
2
2
3
4
5
6
FM band**
A-2
A-1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

dBmV
-37.6
-35.3
-36.2
-36.9
-38.2
-38.8
-40.3
-41.2
-41.7
-42.1
-42.5
-42.9
-43.3
-43.7
-44.0
-44.4

Measurement (in feet)

100
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Practical Considerations
FCC Leakage
Limits in dBmV

Channel
H
I
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
II
JJ
KK
LL
MM
NN
OO
PP
QQ
RR
SS
TT
UU
VV
WW
XX
YY
ZZ
*HRC only
**middle of band

dBmV
-44.7
-44.9
-45.3
-45.6
-45.9
-46.2
-46.4
-46.7
-46.9
-49.7
-49.9
-50.1
-50.4
-50.6
-50.8
-50.9
-51.2
-51.4
-51.6
-51.8
-51.9
-52.2
-52.3
-52.5
-52.7
-52.8
-53.0
-53.2
-53.3
-53.5
-53.6
-53.8
-53.9
-54.1
-54.2
-54.4
-54.5
-54.6
-54.8
-54.9
-55.0
-55.2
-55.3
-55.4
-55.5
-55.7
-55.8
-55.9
-56.0

Measurement (in feet)

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Practical Considerations
Step 1) dBmV
to V dBmV
Convert
(dBmV
20 )
V = 1000 x 10

to V/m

Step 2) V to V/m
V/m = V x 0.021 x freqMHz

Practical Considerations
Convert V/m to dBmV

V(dBmV) = 20
log10

E(V/m)
1000
0.021 x f(MHz)

Typical
Typicalterrestrial
terrestrialsignal
signal
leakage
leakagemonitoring.
monitoring.

Practical Considerations
All vehicles should have signal leakage detection
equipment.
All maintenance employees should be required to
file leakage reports daily.
All systems should have someone assigned to
signal leakage repair.

Practical Considerations
Meeting or exceeding CLI standards will
help tremendiously toward minimizing
ingress into the return path at a 2-way
system.
A good rule to follow is: If a leak can be
detected it should be fixed to insure a
clean return path.

CPD
El contacto de metal-metal de un cable coaxial a un housing,
tap o splice puede no ser optimo. Esto porduce un efecto
llamado CPD
Se forma una capa de oxido
Esta capa de oxido muestra una caracteristica de
tranferencia no linear(diodo)
Esto genera perturbaciones que pueden interferir incluso
en el forward

Common Path Distortions

(CPD)

Common Path Distortion

Downstream Signals

Distribution
Amp
Tap

Splice

Common Path Signals

12
18
24
30
Return Path Frequency (MHz)
Common Path Signals spaced at 6 MHz intervals

Common Path Distortion