Anda di halaman 1dari 48

Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
1 +, 1 +

01 ' 5

The Right to Information, The Right to Live

Step Out From the Old to the New

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

Jawaharlal Nehru

IS 9841 (1981): Guide for treatment and disposal of


effluents of fertilizer industry [CHD 32: Environmental
Protection and Waste Management]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

! > 0 B

BharthariNtiatakam

Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

IS : 9841 - 1981
( (Reaffirmed
2005) )
Reaffirmed 1995

Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
EFFLUENTS OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
( Secmd Reprint FEBRUARY

UDC

628.543

(026) ; 63 l-8

CopVrrghr 1981

BUREAU
OF
JNDIAN
MANAK BHAVAN,
9 BAHADUR
NEW

199X )

BElx1

STANDARDS
SHAH

ZAPAR

MARG

llooo2
November

1981

IS : 9841- 1981

Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
EFFLUENTS OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
Water Sectional

Committee,

CDC 26

Representing

Chr/irtmn

Geo

DR T. R. BHASKARAN

Miller & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta

Members

Kerala State Board for the Prevention


of Water Pollution,
Trivandrum

SHRI S. BHiIOTHALINGAhl
SHRI J. D. JOYSINCH ( Alternate
CHIEF WATEK ANALYST, KINCI
1SW WTE, MADRAS
SHKI L. M. CHOUDHRY

Director
of Public
Health,
Government
Nadu, Madras
Haryana
State Board for the Prevention
of Water Pollution,
Chandigarh

SHKI M. L. PRABHA~AR (Alternate


SHRI M. V, DESAI
SHRI MANGAL SINGH ( Alternafe
SHRI H.P. DIJBEY
SHRI B. K. DUTTA
SHRI G. S. RAY ( Alternate
SHKI R. C. DWI~EDI

SHRI R. N. SEN ( Alternate


SHRI P. GANCIULY

of Tamil
& Control

Indian
Chemical
Calcutta

Manufacturers

Association,

National
Test House, Calcutta
The Fertilizer
( Planning
& Development
Ltd, Sindri
Uttar

Pradesh
Water
Polhtion
Control
Board, Lucknow

) India

Prevention

and

The Alkali & Chemical Corporation of India Ltd,


Calcutta

SHRI P. K. CHAKRAVARTY ( Alternate


)
Research
Laboratory
Regional
SHRI K. L. GHOSH
Bhubaneshyar
Natige;fii
Physlcal
Laboratory
(
DR P. K. GUPTA
SHRI JITENDRA RAI ( Alfernate
DR M. I. GURBAXANI
SHRI S. HANUMANTH RAO

& Control

( CSIR

CSIR ),

1,

New

The Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur


State Board
for Prevention & Control
of Water Pollution, Bangalore

Karnataka

SHRI C. H. GOVINDA RAO ( Alternate )


Central
SHRI C. P. JAIN
SHRI J. JHA ( Alternate
)

Electricity

Authority,

New Delhi
( Continued on page 2 )

@ Copyrlghr 1981
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under tho I&an Copyrlghf Acr ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in wholo or in part by any mean8 except with written pormirrlon of the
publbbor ahall bo doemod to be 81) infrigement of copyright under the raid Act.

IS : 9841- 1981
( Continued

from puge 1 )
Represetrring

Members
Delhi

SHRI MALLINATH JAIN

Water
Supply
&
taking, New Delhi

Sewage

Disposal

Under-

SHRI K. R. SAHU ( Allernute)


Railway
Board ( Ministry of Railways )
JOINT DIKLCTOK
(CHEM ), RDSO,
LUCKNOW
ASSISTANT CHEMIST & METAL.
LURGIST, N. E. RLY, GORAKHPUR ( Alternate
)
Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre, Bombay
SHRI M. S. KRISHNAN
lon Exchange ( India ) Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. N. LAM~U
SHKI M. S. BIIXAKAK ( Alternate
)
Bharat Heavy Electricals
Ltd, Hyderabad
SHRI S. MAHAUEVAN
SHRI G. KKISIINAYYA ( Altermte
I )
DR A. PKABHAKAR ho
( Alrrmutc
I1 )
All India Distillers
Association,
New Delhi
SHRI V. K. MALIK
SHRI K. SURIYANARAYANAN ( Alternute
1
Director
of Industries,
Government
of Haryana,
SHKI K. MANIVANNAN
Chandigarh
Guiarat Water
Pollution
Control
Board,
GandhiPKOF R. S. MEHTA
nagar
SHRI M. D. DAVE ( Alternate
)
West
Bengal
Prevention
& Control
of
Water
SHR~ S. K. MI.~.HA
Pollution
Board,
Calcutta
Municipal
Corporation
of Greater Bombay
MUNICIPAL ANALYST
M. P. State
Prevention
Xr Control
of
Water
SHRI D. V. S. MUKTHY
Pollution
Board, Bhopal
SHRI P. K. BANERJEE ( Alternate
)
Bombay
Chamber
of
Commerce
& Industry,
SHRI R. NATARAJAN
Born bay
SHRI B. M. RAHUL ( Alternate )
Institution
of Public
Health
Engineers,
India,
SHRI S. K. NEOC~I
Calcutta
DR M. BANERJEE ( Alternate
)
The Fertiliser Association
of India, New Delhi
DR V. PACHAIYAPPAN
DR R. N. TIUVEDI ( Alternate
)
National
Environmental
Engineering
Research
SHRI R. PARAMASIVAM
Institute ( CSIR ), Nagpur
SHRI M. V. NANOTI ( Alternate
)
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
PROF S. C. PILLAI
Steel Authority
of India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI A. K. PODDAK
SHRI A. K. DAS ( Alternate
)
Punjab State Board for the Prevention
of Water Pollution,
Patiala

SHRI H. S. PrRI
SHRI QIMAT RAI ( Alternate
SHRI B. B. RAO

Ministry

of

Works

& Housing

DR I. RADHAKRISHNAN ( Afternate
SHRI B. V. ROTKAR

1
Central
Board for the Prevention
Water Pollution. New Delhi
DR K. R. RANGANATHAN ( Alternare )
Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI K. RUDRAPPA
SHRI S. N. CHAKRABARTI ( Alternate )
( Continued

and Control

& Control

on page 41

IS : 9841- 1981

Indiun Standard
GUIDE FOR TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
EFFLUENTS
OF FERTILIZER
INDUSTRY
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards
on S June 1981, after the draft finalized by the Water Sectional
had been approved by the Chemical Division Council.

Institution
Committee

0.2 A number of nitrogenous


and phosphatic
fertilizer factories ha\c been
commissioned
in Tndia in the last three decades and more are either under
installation
or planned for installation
in the coming years. These fcrtiliser
on the proximity of the
factories arc located throughout
India, depending
raw material source, availability
of water and power and distribution
of
finished product.
The efllucnt disposal facility has also been considered
recently in deciding the factory site.
0.3 The production
of fertilizers
requires a huge quantity
of water for
various uses.
A substantial
part of this water after use in the process finds
its way out contaminated
with various pollutants.
These effluents finally
flow to the nearby inland surface waters, coastal waters, or on land causing
water pollution problems.
0.4 Considerable
work has been done in India and abroad on proper treatment and disposal of these effluents and information
and data on the subject
are now available.
These data and information
have formed the basis for
the preparation
of this standard.
While realizing that any effluent treatment
process has the inherent
scope for being further improved, the Committee
responsible for the preparation
of this standard has given careful consideration to the feasibility of the methods available in literature and has been of
the view that effective measures can now be taken for abatement
of pollution.
It is hoped that the industry,
public health authorities
and other
agencies concerned
with water pollution
control in different parts of the
country will find this standard useful.
0.5 The object of this standard
is to compile information
on methods of
treatment
of effluents and to make definite recommendations
for their treatment in India.
The standard does not seek to provide detailed information
on the working of a plant or on the designing and operation of the effluent
treatment plant.
Further,
the methods recommended
taking into consideration
the practicability
3

for adoption
have been selected
of their adoption by the industry.

IS: 9841- 1981

When better and more economic methods of treatment become available,


revision of this standard will be taken up. A list of relevant references is
given in Appendix A.
0.6 It is recommended that plants located near the sea may preferably discharge their effluents into the marine coastal area rather than into inland
surface water. The extent of pollution of marine coastal areas permitted by
discharge of efYuents is laid down in IS : 7967-1976*.
0.7 The extent of pollution of inland surface waters permitted by discharge
of effluents is laid down in IS : 2296-1974-t. The following Indian Standards
lay down tolerance limits for industrial effluents :
IS : 2490 (Part I)-1974 Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into inland surface waters : Part I General limits
(first revision )

IS : 2490 (Part VIII)-1976 Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into inland surface waters : Part VIII Phosphatice fertilizer industry (first revision )
IS : 2490 ( Part IX)-1977

Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into inland surface waters : Part IX Nitrogenous
fertilizer industry (fjrst revision)
IS : 3306-1974 Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into
public sewers ( first revision )
IS : 3307-1977 Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged on
land for irrigation purposes (first revision )
IS : 7968-1976 Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into
marine coastal areas.
0.8 Methods of sampling and test for industrial effluents are covered in
various parts of IS : 24881.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard
covers methods
of treatment
and disposal of effluents
from nitrogenous
and phosphatic
fertilizer industry.
It includes available
data and information
on the sources, characteristics,
volumes,
pollutional
effects of the effluents, ways of waste prevention
and methods of their treatment and disposal.
*Criteria for controlling pollution of marine coastal areas.
TTolerance limits for inland surface waters subject to pollution (first revision).
$Methods of sampling and test for industrial effluents :
Part IV - 1974
Part I - 1966
Part V - 1976
Part II - 1968
Part III - 1968

1s : 9841 - 1981
2. DESCRIPTION

OF PHOCE:SSES

INVOLVEI)

2.0 General - Nitrogenous


fertilizer industry is mainly concerned
with the
production
of fertilizers like urea. ammonium
sulphate, ammonium-nitrate,
Phosphatic
calcium ammonium
nitrate ( CAN ). ammonium
chloride, etc.
fertilizer category manufactures
mainly single superphosphatos,
triple superphosphates,
nitrophosphates,
ammonium
phosphates.
etc.
2.1 Nitrogenouo

Fertilizer

Industry

2.1. I .4~mzotziu Production - In the production


of nitrogenous
fertilizer
anlmonia
is the basic intcrmctliatc
product.
Ammonia
is produced
by
This reaction is carried out in a co~ireaction of hydrogen
with nitrogen.
vcrtcr in the presence of iron catalyst
promoted
with metal nxidcs at
elcvatcd pressure, which favours
ammonia
formation.
The raw material
source ot nitrogen is atmospheric
air or pure nitrogen from an air liquefacZion plant.
Hydrogen
OII the other
hand is obtatned
from a variety
of
so LIrcec
namely
naphtha,
fuel oil, coal, natural
gas, coke-o\.en
gas,
hytlro&
rich refinery gas. electrolytic
hydrogen off-gas, etc.
The production of ammonia from the above feed stock involve< three main steps :
preparation
of raw synthesis
gas, purification
of the gas mixture and
synthesis of ammonia.
2.1.1.1 The process adopted for synthesis gab preparation
depends on
the fccdstock
used.
Where a cheap source of electricity
is available,
electrolysis
01 water yields hydrogen off-gas with the production
of heavy
In the partial
In India only one such unit is operating
at present.
water.
oxidation
process hydrocarbon
feedstock and oxygen or oxygen enriched air
arc prehcatcd and reacted at high temperature
and pressure to form carbon
The raw gas is scrubbed with water for removal
monoxide and hydrogen.
of the carbon formed during gasification and after desulphurization
is sent
In the steam reformation
process, desulphurito the shift conversion
unit.
zed naphtha or natural gas is subjected to catalytic reforming in a primary
reformer in the presence of steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Since the reaction is incomplctc in the primary reformer. a secondary reforAir is injected
mcr is used for converting
the remaining
hydrocarbons.
into the secondary reformer to burn the unreatcted
hydrocarbons
and supply
Coal gasification process involves
the nitrogen requirement
of the raw gas.
The raw
pulverised coal gasification
in the presence of oxygen and steam.
gas produced is cleaned up before it goes for shift reaction for purification.
2.1.1.2 Purification
of raw ~cy~~---The first step in the purification of raw
synthesis gas is the shift conversion
of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide
which is accomplished
by reacting carbon monc?xide with steam over activated iron oxide catalyst;
carbon dioxide thus produced
with hydrogen
is
The absorremoved by absorption
process by use of scrubbing solutions.
bent\ normally
used are hot potash activated
with arsenic in Vetrocoke

IS:9841-

1981

process. hot potash activated with a small quantity


crf vanadium,
arsenic,
ctc, in the Benfield process, chilled methanol
in the Kectisol process.
monoethanolaminc
process, etc. Carbon dioxldc is recovered and reused.
The residual carbon monoxide is removed by mcthanation
or absorbed by
liquid nitrogen wash.
2.1.1.3 Ammoniu synt/z(~sis - Pure hydrogen 3nci nitrogen in the requircd quantities
arc made to react under elzvatcd prcssure and tcmpcrature
over activated
iron oxide catalyst
to protiucc ammonia.
The ammonia
produced is cooled so that it condenses
and is ~ccovc~ed
in a liquid-gas
separator.
2.1.2 Urea Produdon
.--- Urea is the main nitrogenous
fertilizer in India.
Urea is produced
from ammonia
and carbon
dioxide
obtained
from
ammonia plant normally located at the site of the urea plant. Urea synthesis
can he divided into three main sections, namely,
synthesis,
&composition/
recovery
and finishing
sections.
In the synthesis section ammonia
and
carbon dioxide are comprcsscd
in an autoclave at elcvatcd tcmpcraturc
and
pressure to form a solution of urea, ammonium
carbonate
and water.
The
product
stream from the urea reactor is a mixture of urea, ammonium
carhamate.
water. unrcncted ammonia and carbon
dioxide.
An excess ol
ammonia 1s always maintained,
so that carbon dioxide concentration
in the
exit stream is low. The next section. in the urea process is the &composition
section whcrc: the solution
from the autoclave
is hcatcd to decompose
ammonium
carbamate.
The decomposed ammonium
carbamate along with
excess and unreacted ammonia and carbon dioxide is recycled in the autoclave, while 70 to 75 percent urea solution
is recovered.
ln the finished
section, the urea solution
leaving the dccompositi&n
section is further
processed.
The urea solution is concentrated
under vacuum or at atmospheric pressure in a specially designed evaporator
of falling film type to
raise the urea concentration
above 98 percent.
The molten urea from the
concentrator
is pumped to the top of the prilling tower where it is sprayed
downward
against an upward stream of cold air.
The urea prills from the
tower are cooled, screened and stored.
2.1.3 Ammoniunz Sulphate Prodzzction -~- Ammonium
from three sources.

sulphate

is produced

2.1.3.1 The production


of coke from coal results in the production
of
This
coke oven gas which contains
a significant
amount
of ammonia.
ammonia is converted
into byproduct
ammonium
sulphate
by reacting it
with sulphuric acid.
2.1.3.2 Ammonium
sulphate
is produced
by neutralizing
synthetic
ammonia
with sulphuric
acid and the ammonium
sulphate crystals formed
are separated from the mother liquor by filtration or centrifuging.
6

IS:0841

- 1981

2.1.3.3 Ammonium
sulphatc
is ;~.lso manufactured
from natural
or
byproduct gypsum.
The ground gypsum is reacted with ammonium
carbonatc producing
ammonium
sulphatc and chalk.
The chalk is separated by
filtration and the liquor is evaporated
and crystallized.
The ammonium
sulphatc crystals arc scparatcd by filtration and dried.
2.1.4 Anunoniur~z hritrutc, and Cdcimz Arnnwniuw Nirratc Production
Ammonia
reacts with nitric acid in a neutralizer
producing
ammonium
Ammonia
and nitric acid are prohcatcd
with the vapours of the
nitrate.
ncutrali7cr.
In the neutralizer,
concentrated
ammonium
nitrate solution
is
Ill
producctl
which is furthcr concentrated
in vacuum
concentrators.
ammonium
nitrate production,
the concentration
is carried out up to molten
nitrate which is then sprayed from a prllling tower against an upward stream
In
the case of calcium
of air to produce
prilled
ammonium
nitrate.
;tmmonium
nitrate (CAN), the concentrated
liquor is pumped and sprayed
Into the granulator
which is also fed with a measured quantity
of limestone
powder and recycle fines.
The hot granules arc dried, scrcencd, cooled and
coated with soapstone dust in a coating drum and stored.
2.1.5 Nttric Acid and .Su/p/mu~~
Ac,iti Pwductior~
In the industries where
ammonium
nitrate and anlmonium
sulphatc are produced,
nitric acid and
bulphuric acid production
plants arc alho installed.
Sulphuric
acid and
nitric acid are also required for the production
of phosphatic
fertilirers.
Nitric acid is produced by oxidation of ammonia over a noble metal catalyst
and absorbing
III
water.
Sulphuric
acid is normally produced by burning
sulphur to form sulphur dioxide which is then oxidized to sulphur trioxide
over vanadium
catalyst:
sulphur trioxide is then absorbed in concentrated
sulphuric acid.
2.1.6 Armnonito~l C/dot-i& Production ~-- Ammonium
chloride is normally
obtained as a byproduct in the production
of soda ash.
Sodium chloride is
reacted with ammonium
bicarbonate
producing
ammonium
chloride and
sodium bicarbonate.
The ammonium
chloride solution is filtered, evaporated
and crystallized.
Ammonium
chloride
is also manufactured
by direct
neutralization
of ammonia with hydrochloric
acid gas.
2.2 Phosphatic Fertilizer Industry
2.2.1 Pkosplwric Acid--- In the manufacture
of phosphatic
fertilizers, ihe
production
of phosphoric acid is the basic building
block.
The first step
involved
in phosphoric
acid production
is grinding
of rock phosphate.
Ground phosphate rock is mixed with sulphuric acid after the acid has first
been diluted with water to 55 to 70 percent sulphuric acid concentration.
The acidulatcd
rock is digested and retained for several hours in attack
vessels.
The rock phosphate is converted into gypsum and phosphoric acid.
Some of the fluorine contained in the rock phosphate
is evolved from the
attack vessels as silicon tetrafluoride
and hydrofluoric
acid.
Both silicon

IS : 9x41 - 19x1

fluoride and hydrofluoric


acid are collected in the wet scrubber unit.
Some
quantity
of fluorine and I,<), remains along with the byproduct gypsum
which posts disposal
problems.
After the reaction in the digester. the
mixture of phosphoric acid and gypsum is pumped to the filter whcrc gypsum
is separated from phosphoric acid.
ljilute phosphoric acid, thus produced
is further concentrated
to 40 to 54 percent phosphorus
pentoxide
under
reduced pressure.
Iluring concentration.
the evolved fluorine together with
minor quantities of phosphoric acid passes to the barometric condensers and
thcsc contaminate
the condenser water.
22.2 Sitrglr .)lcp~,rpho.rpll{lt~, -- Single supcrphosphatc
is produced by tho
reaction of sulphuric acid with ground rock phosphate.
After reaction. the
mixture is transferred
to a den where suthcient retention time is provided for
solidification.
At the end, it is taken to storage for curing.
2.2.3 Trip/c Slrp~~rph(~.rpi2l~r( Ground
rock phosphate
and phosphoric
acid are mixed in a tank with agitation.
After reaction the slurry is distributed on to the recycled dry product.
It ic dried in rotary driers and Gzed in
vibrating screens before storage.
2.2.4 Ammo/lium
Pl~osphotcs
Two primary
raw materi,tls
for the
production
of ammonium
phosphates
are ammonia
and phosphoric acid.
Different grades of ammonium
phosphate
vary only in the mtrogcn and
phosphate
contents.
Therefore,
by controlling
the degree of ammoniation
during the neutralization
of phosphoric acid, ditlerent grades ofammonium
phosphate can be obtained.
Ammonia
is reacted with phosphoric
acid in
vertical cylindrical
vessels with or without agitation.
The resultant slurry is
then distributed on to dry rccyclcd product.
The product is then dischnrgcd
into rotary driers from where it passes to storage.
2.2.5 Nitropho.~phrJtc.r - Nitric acid acidulation
differs from sulphuric acid
acidulation
in that phosphoric acid is not separated as a product from the
acidulation
reaction mixture.
Nitric acid and rock phoshpate are mixed in
In the first few vessels. the
a series of reaction
vessels with agitation.
reaction products - calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid-remain
in a mixed
liquid form.
At this point. either phosphoric
or sulphuric
acid is added
together with ammonia
to produce a specific mix of calcium compounds,
This is then converted into a dry
ammonium
nitrate and phosphoric acid.
product.
3. SOURCES,

VOLUMES

3.1 Nitrogenous

Fertilizer

AND CHARACTERISTICS
Industry

(Sources

OF EFFLIENTS

of Effluents )

3.1.1 Ammonia
Plant
3.1.1.1
From raw material handling, storage and preparatron
sections.
normally a small stream of effluent containing
mainly some coal dust, fuel
oil or naphtha is discharged, depending on the feed stock used
8

IS : 9841 - 1981
3.1.1.2 Where coal is used as feedstock, a considerable qllantit), of
quenched ash is discharged continuously from the coal gasification sectron.
The ash slurry from the direct scrubber recirculating water settling system
containing some cyanides is also discharged to the ash pond.

3.1.1.3 When naphtha is used as feed stock. the chlucnts from the oil
gasification section and carbon recycle section contain high concentration of
oil, in addition to the carbon particles and sulphidc impurities. Catal! tic
steam reformation process is mostly adopted when naphtha i4 USC{!nc
feedstock. No liquid effluents are produced in this process.
3.1.1.4 In the partial oxidation process. finely divided carbon is proJucc~~
Some built-in facility in the plant exists for recycle and reuse of this wrhor
in the process itself, but due to unforeseen accidental failure of the $!stcr;.
some carbon slurry may be discharged for a short period. This carhcm
slurry may also contain some cyanides and sulphides.
3.1.1.5 Depending on the absorbent used for the purification of raw ga>.
some toxic chemicals, namely, arsenic, MEA, vanadium, methanol and some
alkali are discharged in a small stream.
3.1.1.6 From the CO-conversion unit, some quantity of condensate
containing ammonia and catalyst dust is discharged.
3.1.1.7 During the commissioning of the plant and initial start-up some
quantity of ammonia is discharged when the catalyst reduction operation is
carried out. Normally, this effluent emanates once every 2 to 3 years.
3.1.1.8 From the ammonia
containing oil is discharged.

synthesis section, a stream of condensate

3.1.1.9 Some effluent containing ammonia is sometimes


from the storage and recovery sections of some plants.
3.1.1.10 A continuous purge from recirculating cooling
discharged which contains conditioning chemicals and biocides.

discharged
water is

3.1.2 Urea Plan1


3.1.2.1 From the carbon
containing oil is discharged.

dioxide compression

section some ctfluent

3.1.2.2 Considerable quantities of ammonia and urea arc discharged


continuously along with the vacuum condensate.
In modern urea plants.
the quantities of ammonia and urea discharged has been reduced appreciably
be process modification.
When urea solution is concentrated at atmospheric pressure, no liquid effluent is produced in the urea plant, as no barometric condenser is needed for vacuum generation,
9

IS: 9841 - 1981


3.1.2.3 Some urea and ammonia
are occasionally
discharged which
originate from spillage, leakage of glands, flanges, joints, etc. floor washings
and also from drainings during shutdown and startup of plants.
In modern
plant\ these discharges are collected and rccyled.
3.1.2.4 A stream of cooling water purge containing
conditioning
cals and biocidcs is discharged from the cooling tower continuously.

chcml-

3.1.3.1 The scrubber


liquor from the neutralization
section contains
ammonia and nitric acid which may or may not be recycled.
3.1.3.2 Some
centration
section.

ammonium

nitrate

is discharged

from the vacuum

3.1.3.3 Occasional
spillage and leakage from process
an cfflucnt containing
ammomum
nitrate.
3.1.3.4 The cooling water blowdown
containing
chemicals and biocides is discharged continuously.
3.1.4 Amnioitium

Sulphtc

may give
some

con-

rise to

conditioning

Plant

3.1.4.1 From the reaction and filtration


some effluents are discharged which contains
chalk, etc.
3.1.4.2 Where direct neutralization
ammonia may be released in the efffuent.

section of the gypsum process,


ammonium
sulphate, ammonia,
is

3.1.4.3 From the concentration,


evaporation
an effluent containing
ammonia and ammonium

done,

containing

quantity

of

and crystallization
section,
sulphate is discharged.

3.1.4.4 Spillage and leakages also form another


containing
mainly ammonium
sulphate.
3.1.4.5 Cooling tower blowdown
biocides is discharged continuously.

a small

effluent

conditioning

stream

eflluent

chemicals

and

3.1.5 Amtnotliutn Cltloridcj Plant -- The efBuents are mixed up with soda
and contain
ammonia
and ammonium
chloride.
effluent
ash plant
However, this efllucnt is discharged in a limited quantity.
3.1.5.1 In the direct process, the main effluent is the wash water used to
This will be of considerable
volume
wash the gases before they arc let out.
aud will contain ammonia.
10

IS : 9841 - 1981
3.2 Phosphatic

Fertilizer Industry ( Sources of Effluents )

3.2.1 Phosphoric

Acid Plant

3.2.1.1
During
the digestion
of rock phosphate
with acid, silica,
fluorine and other impurities
present in it are evolved as silicon fluoride,
hydrotluoric
acid, dust, etc. These off-gases are scrubbed
with water.
A part of the scrubber liquor is discharged continuously.

3.2.1.2 In the phosphoric


acid concentration
section, fluorine together
with minor quantity of phosphoric acid passes to the barometric condenser.
The condenser discharge contains 2 to .J.percent H,SiF,.
3.2.1.3 From the
effluent is discharged
pentoxide and fluorine.

gypsum
which

filtration
contains

section also, some


suspended
matter,

quantity
of
phosphorus

3.2.1.4 Normally, the gypsum obtained as a by-product


is collected in a
pond; the overflow from this pond contains
suspended
matter, phosphate,
fluorine, etc.
3.2.2 Single Sqwrphosphate
During the production
of single superphosphate
dust, fluorine. phosphate bearing waste water is discharged from
scrubbers
of the digestion section and scrubber liquor of the exit off-gases
from the dens.
3.2.3 Triple
dust, fluorine,
tor and dryer
its way out in

Supcrphosphute

- In the manufacture
of triple superphosphate
phosphate bearing off-gases from the reaction vessels, granulaare scrubbed with water.
A part of this scrubber liquor finds
the effluent stream.

3.2.4 Ammonium
Phosphates
--- The main effluent normally discharged
from ammonium
phosphate plant contains
ammonia, phosphate, fluorine,
dust, etc.
The contaminants
indicated
above
are evolved during
the
and granulation,
drying
and sizing operations.
neutralization
reaction,
These off-gases are scrubbed with phosphoric
acid and the entire scrubber
liquor is put into the reactor.
3.2.5 Nitrophosphates - In nitrophosphate
production also, dust, fluorine,
phosphate, ammonia, ctc, containing
off-gases from digestion and ammoniation section and also from drying, granulation
and sizing sections are scrubbed with water for reduction
of the pollutants
in the emissions of nitrophosphate
plant.
A portion of the scrubber liquor is discharged as effluent
continously.
3.2.6 During the processes of manufacture
of phosphoric
acid and
phosphatic fertilizers
considerable
quantity
of recirculating
cooling water is
blowdown
containing
used.
A continuous
stream of cooling
water
conditioning
chemicals and biocides is discharged from the cooling towers

IS:98413.2.7

1981
Sulphuric Acid Plants -

gets contaminated

When there are leakages, the cooling water


with sulphuric acid.

3.2.8 Nitric Acid Plant -- When there are leakages, the cooling water gets
contaminated with nitric acid.
3.3 Quantity of Effluent -- The total quantity of finally treated effluent
discharged from fertilizer industries varies widely, depending on the raw
material used, the end product obtained and the process adopted for
A 1 000 tonnes per day urea plant having
the production of fertilizers.
recirculating cooling water system and all the auxiliary facilities required for
production, generally discharges 8 000 to 12 000 m3/day effluents, while a
phosphatic
fertilizer plant with recirculating cooling water system and
auxiliary facilities and having a production capacity of about 100 tonnes of
P?O, per day as fertilizer generally discharges 3 000 to 6 000 m3/day effluents.
3.4 Characteristics

of Effluents

3.4.1 The main pollutants from the nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizer
industry along with the auxiliary facilities are indicated below:

a>Ammonia

and ammonium salt;

b) Suspended solids and ash;


c) Acids and alkalis;
4 Oil;
4 Arsenic, MEA and methanol;
f > Nitrates;
8) Urea;
h) Cooling water conditioning chemicals like chromate,

phosphates,

biocides, etc;

j) Cyanides and sulphides;


k) Biochemical oxygen demand;
m) Fluorides; and
n) Phosphates, etc.
3.4.2 Nitrogenous Fertilizer - Typical ranges of contaminant
tions* from various operations are given below:

concentra

*Data based on Revised Draft Report on Fertilizer Industry Pollution and Contrc
Measures submitted to the Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollutio
by Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay.

12

IS :9841- 1981
3.4.2.1
Coohg

tower blowdown
Concentration

Contaminant

a) Suspended

b) Dissolved

30-3 000

solids

300-3 200

solids

0.4-40

c) Free ammonia

Ammoniacal

Range ( mgjl )

20-400

nitrogen

e>Phosphates
f) Chromium

IO-30

8) Chlorides

8-18

h) Sulphates

20-50

j) Calcium

SO-240

k) Zinc

Traces

m) Oil

10-I 000

6-R

3.4.2.2 Water treatment


plant - - The ^effluents from the water treatment
_
plant of a nitrogenous
fertilizer unit varres from 380 l/tonne ofurea to 2 000 11
tonne of urea, depending
upon the quantity
of raw water used.
The
dominant contaminants
in a water treatment
plant effluent are anions and
cations.
In a typical nitrogenous
fertilizer unit manufacturing
urea the
amount
of sodium hydroxide
in the water treatment plant effluent is 11.6
The total sulphate ion quantity is 18.2 kg/
kg/tonne of urea manufactured.
Besides these, when a process condensate
is treated for use
tonne of urea.
as boiler feed water, ammonia finds its way into the water treatment plant
effluent.
3.4.2.3

Boiler blow-down
Contaminant

Concentration

.a) Phosphorus

10

b) Dissolved

solids

100

c) Suspended

solids

10

d) Free ammonia
e) Ammoniacal

e
nitrogen

f) Oil

;0
13

Range

( Ifg/J )

IS : 9841- 1981
3.4.2.4 Ammonia plant

Contaminant

Concentration Range ( mg/l )

a) Suspended solids

100-I 5000
1 000-3 000
200-I 500
o-2
5000
SO
200
25
7
75
O*l

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
j)
k)
m)

Dissolved solids
Ammoniacal nitrogen
Arsenic
Carbon dioxide
Chlorides
Sulphates
Calcium
Cyanides
Sodium
Vanadium

3.4.2.5 Urea plant


Contaminant
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Concentration Range ( mg/l )

Suspended solids
Dissolved solids
Ammoniacal mitrogen
Urea
Sulphates
Chlorides
Calcium
Phosphates

100
1000-3 000
500-2 000
340-20 000
200
80
20
5

3.4.3 Phosphatic Fertilizer - Typical ranges of contaminant


tions* from various operations are given below:

concentra.

3.4.3.1 Cooling tower blowdown


Contaminant
a) Dissolved solids
b) Volatile solids
c) Fluorides ( as F )

Concentration Range ( mg/l )


380
50
I

*Data based on Revised Draft Report on Fertilizer Industry Pollution and Contra
measures submitted to the Central Board for Provontion and Control of Water Pollutic
by Tata Consulting Engincqg,,Bombay.

14
t

;.

IS : 9841- 1981

d)
e)
f)
g)

Traces
52
30
10

Chromates
Chlorides ( as Cl )
Sulphates ( as SO, )
Calcium ( as Ca )

3.4.3.2 Boiler blowdown


Concentration Range ( mg/l )

Contaminant
a) Dissolved
( fixed )
b) Sulphates
c) Alkalinity
d) Hydroxide
e) Silica ( as
f) Zinc

solids

9 661
918.3-3 813
2 150-2 950
450-515
0.80
0.10

( as SO* )
( as CO, )
SiO, )

3.4.3.3 Superphosphate plant


Contaminant

Concentration Range ( mg/l )

a) Suspended solids
b) Dissolved solids
cl Biochemical oxygen demand

150-6Qo
644-980
35-175

( 5 day at 20C ), Max

d) Fluorides ( as F )
e)
f)
g)
h)

1 920-2 163
42-234
40-336
32-86
0.4-l

Chlorides ( as Cl )
Sulphates ( as SO,,)
Calcium
Phosphates ( as PO,)

3.4.3.4 Blending unit


Contaminant

Concentration Range ( mg/l )

a) Total dissolved solids


b) Dissolved oxygen
c) Biochemical oxygen demand
( 5 days at 20C ), Max
d) Chlorides ( as Cl )
15

1480
6.7
1
488

IS : 9841 - 1981
200

c) Sulpllates ( as SO,)
f)

Ammoniacal

10

nitrogen

g) Phosphates ( as PO, )
h) Oil and grease
4. METHODS

OF TWLATMENT,

Traces

UTILIZATION

AND DISPOSAL

4.1 Ccncrsl --- In the preparation


of any scheme of treatment for effluents it
is essential that each source of eftluent be studied regarding its flow over a
2J-hour period for several davs and the maximum,
minimum and average
flow be ascertained.
Installation
of flowmeter or weir of continuous
recording type 1s weful.
Otherwise, readings of Aow have to be recorded at hourly
intervals normally.
In case no measurement
device can be installed,
the
efhuents
should flow to a holding tank where the level has to be recorded
hourly.
While locating the source of effluent, due consideration
should be
given to occasional
discharges due to leakage and Boor washings, etc, and
also the ctlluents
which may be discharged
during
malfunctioning
of
the plants and during the start-up or shutdown of the plant.
4.1.1 I.,ach elfuent
source has to be analysed individually
over a 24hour
period with samples drawn hourly.
The samples may be collected hourly and
made into 3 to 6 composite samples, depending on the variation of flow and
composition.
4.2 Segregation of Effluents
The effluent streams have to be segregated
according
to the
nature
of pollutants
present
in them and their
concentration.
As a general practice, all effluents containing
high concentration
of total ammonia
nitrogen
should be combined.
Normally
eflluent containing
ammonia
nitrogen
above 100 mg/l
should fall in
this category.
However,
effluents with 50 to 100 mg/l ammonia nitrogen
may also be collected in this stream if the volume is large.
The following
steps should be followed, wherever applicable :

4
b)

Effluents containing
suspended
solids above 100 mg/l should
combined together as far as practicable;
Oil bearing effluents should be combined as far as possible;

c>Highly

acidic and alkaline


of the effluent streams;

4
4
f)

effluents

should

be separated

from the rest

Urea bearing effluents which also contain high concentration


ammonia should be separated from ammonia bearing effluent;
All cooling tower purge water containing
chromate,
phosphate
biocides should be separated from the rest of factory effluents;
Ash slurry should

g) Eflluents containing

be separated from the rest of the effluents;


carbon slurry should be stored separately;
16

be

of
and

IS : 9841 - 1981
h) Arsenic and cyanide

bearing

j) Efiluents containing
from other effluents:

fluorides

k) Sewage effluents
m) Storm water
effluents.

should

and drain

eflluents

should

and

phosphates

be treated
water

separately

should

be stored separately;
are to be segregated
as far as possible

and

not mix with individual

However, many of the above effluents may be combined,


their characteristics.
flow and type of treatment to be adopted.

depending

plant
on

4.2.1 After assessment


of the individual
effluent streams regarding their
volume,
pollutant
content,
frequency
of discharge
etc. the volume and
concentration
of various pollutants
in the final effluent discharged beyond
the factory boundary
limit have to be ascertained.
These figures along with
the prevailing standard of the effluents and the receiving water and also the
local regulation
will indicate the degree of specific type of treatment of the
individual
segregated
eflluents
that will be necessary
for adoption
for
treatment
of the effluent.
Accordingly,
various
methods
of treatment
available arc to be studied to suit the requirements
for individual pollutants.
Once the treatments
for the pollutants
are finalized,
a broad scheme
is developed and in the same scheme integration
of all the treated effluents
is made ( Fig. I ).
4.2.2 While studying
the different
treatment
schemes. preference should
always be given to such schemes where some recovery of waste products for
reuse in the process or recovery for direct marketing can be made from the
wastes.
Sometimes
the effluent water after adequate
treatment
can be
recycled in the process.
This reduces water consumption
as well as the final
effluent volume discharged.
4.2.3 Sometimes the segregated cthucnts can be combined in such a way
that one can be utilized for the treatment of the other.
This type of judicious
combination
reduces the cost of chemicals and also increases the efficiency of
treatment
rendered.
4.2.4 The various
processes
available
at present for the treatment
of
individual
pollutant parameters
relevant to the fertilizer industry have been
compiled below for study before final adoption according
to the suitability
of a particular
process depending
on the degree of treatment
considered
necessary.
4.3 Treatment

of Effluents

for Specific Pollutants

4.3.1 Amtnonia
NitrL?+ztr
Various
processes
have been developed
for removalrecovery
of ammonia nitrogen from effluents.
These processes
basically fall in two categories
: ( a ) Physio-chemical.
:.nd ( b ) biological.
17

PROCESS
TREATMENT

WATER
PLANT

SULPHURIC
ACID
PLAN1

HANDLING

SECTION

GENERATION

17

18

19

20

21

II9riJ
Y

r-

15

13

'
I

16

II,

In

uNCON

TED

STREA

0
FK.

TYPICAL

yJy7

;;$T&E
1

NT
TO
RECE!VI:IG
WATER

EFFLUENT TREAThlENTSCHEME OF FERTILIZERFACTORY PRODLTISG UREA AND


PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZERS

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
z

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
5:.
22:
23.

Efluent Streams
Effluent containing suspended carbon, cyanide,
sulphide, etc
Condensate containing oil
Cooling tower blowdown containing CrO,
and PO,
Process condensate containing ammonia
Catalyst reduction NH%
Reactor draining, overflow of tanks and plant
washings
Vacuum condensate containing ammonia and
urea
Cooling tower blowdown containing CrO,
and PO,
Condensate containing oil
Acidic effluent
Alkaline effluent
Acidic effluent
Raw water treatment plant sludge
Boiler blowdown
Ash slurry
Oily effluent
Concentrated fluosilicic acid solution
Effluent containing fluorine and phosphate
Gypsum slurry
Effluent containing fluorine and phosphate
Sewage effluent from toilets and washings
Uncontaminated effluent stream
Final effluent of the factory after treatment

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Treatment of Efluent
Suspended matter settling
Cyanide, sulphide removal system
Oil separator
Evaporation of ammonia
Collection pit for ammoniacal effluent
Air/steam stripping of ammonia with recovery
of ammonia in case of steam stripping
Thermal urea hydrolysis ammonia recovery
Chromate phosphate removal system
Neutralization
Oil separation
Ash settling pond
Oil separation
Recovery of fluosilicic acid
Fluorine and phosphate removal system
Gypsum settling pond
Sewage treatment
Biological treatment
Mixing pond

IS : 9841 - 19x1

a) Air

stripping -~ The
concentration
of ammoiGa
nitrogen
in
effluent can be reduced considerably
by adopting
air strIpping of
ammonia
from the effluent at an elevated pH
Ammonium
ions
( NH, ) in water exist in equilibrium
with NH, as follows:

NH,+

=: NH,

At pH level above 7.0, the equilibrium


is shifted progressively
towards the right, so that ammonia is liberated as gas. This dissolved gaseous ammonia
in the effluent is stripped off by Aowing air
through the ellluent.
In actual operation,
the pH of the waste water is brought to a pH
lcvcl between IO.0 and 1 I.0 by adding alkali; the waste water is
then pumped to the top of the cooling tower type packed tower and
distributed evenly to cover the full surface of the packings ( k:ig. 2 ).
The waste water moves down through
the packing countercurrent
with the air flow.
The tower for ammonia
stripping may be either
crossflow or counterflow type with induced or forced air circulation.
The ammonia
present in the waste water is stripped off before it
leaves at the bottom of the tower.
The extent of ammonia removal
depends on many factors of which pH. temperature,
ammonia concentration.
contact time with air and water-air-water
ratio, etc, are
very important
and these factors are to be considered
adequately
while designing
an air stripper
for ammonia
removal.
In a well
designed plant, the concentration
of ammonia in the effluent can bc
reduced to 50 mg/I adopting this process.
b) .Sf~unz stripping - Steam stripping
of ammonia
( Fig. 2 ) is a well
established process.
The process is adopted by the coke-oven industries for the recovery of by product ammonia..
Here also stripping
of ammonia from waste water depends on how the ammonia
exists
in the water.
In neutral solution, ammonia does not exist as dissolTherefore,
the pH and the
ved NH, gas at ambient
temperature.
temperature
are increased,
so that the reaction proceeds progressively further to the right, namely, in favour of the formation
of NH,.
In a suitably designed distillation
unit, the ammonia can be stripped
OR by steam with or without raising the pH as the case may be and
the resultant
ammonia
can be covered
by condensing
as dilute
ammonia solution or as ammonium
sulphate solution after neutralizing it with sulphuric acid. Under ideal operating conditions,
90 to
99 percent ammonia removal efficiency can be obtained.
c)

/on exchange ment method.

Ion exchange is a unique eflluent waste water treatIon exchange


can accomplish
purification
of tha
20

AMHONl

AIR

WASTE

AMMONIACAL

ALKALI
STREAM

EFFLUENT

CLARIFICATION
I

SLUDGE

FIG. 2 AMMONIACALEFFLUENTTREATMESTBY STEAM/AIR STRIPPING

IS : 9841-

1981

waste water to a quality that could comply with zero pollutant


discharge criteria or that would permit complete recycle of waste waters.
The ion exchange process can also accomplish complete recovery of
waste products bein? lost along with the waste water stream and can
provide for efficient recycle of the recovered products into the plant
proccssc\.
This may be reprcscntcd as follows:
I

NH,NO,,

/- HNO,
{
t H,SOI

7
+ RH _- - RNH,

HNO,

H,SO,

>
J

+ RNH,--:-

RH

+- ROH -+

H,O +

f N&NO,
(
1 (NH,), SO4
r RNO,
(
(

+ NH, OH -a
R,SO,,

ROH

.:

R,SO,

[
NH,NO,
{
((NH,),
SO,

When the recovery of ammonia


by ion exchange is aimed at from
amlnoniacal
waste waters and no recovery of waste water is enviraged . :t simple process based on adsorption
of ammonium
ion by
hydrogen form 01 a cation exchanger is incorporated
( Fig. 3 ). The
clarified ammoniacal
waste water is passed through
the exchange
column whcrc ammonium
ion would be absorbed in the exchanger
When the exchanger approaches
exhausreplacing hydr-c~gcnion.
tion ( indicated
12) residual ammonium
ion in the treated ettluent
at the outlet of fh~ cxchangcr ), it is regenerated
to the hydrogen
form with a suitable concentration
of sulphuriqnitric
acid.
The
regeneration
procchs i\ adopted to get minimum
regenerant
use and
The product ammomaximum concentration
of product solution.
nium sulphatc
or amlllonium
nitrate solution is concentrated
and
pruccsscd in the process plant for the production
of fertilizer and the
waste water with ver) low concentration
of ammonia
is neutralized
before discharge along with the other eflluent streams.
When the recovery of waste water is also envisaged, in addition to a
cation exchanger.
an anion
exchanger is incorporated
( Fig. 4).
This unit can be used for the treatment
of waste waters containing
both ammonium
ions and other acidic ions.
The ammonium
salt
contaminated
waste water after proper
clarification
first flows
through a bed of strongly acidic cation. resin operating, in the hydrogen form.
The ammonium
ion combines with the catlon. while the
hydrogen ion combines with the nitrate/sulphate
ion to form nitric/
22

IS : 9841 - 1981

ACID

7
AMMONIACAL

DISPO~
FILTRATION

EFFLUENT

t
FIG.

AMMONIACALEFFLUENT

NLlJTRALIZ4TlON

EXCHANGER

;r
4MMONIUM

SALT

SOLUTIOV

I'KEATMENI.
1%~CATION EXCHANL~

sulphuric acid.
The acidic water then passes through the bed of
anion resin in base form where the acidic ions are absorbed.
The
effluent water from the second bed is very low in ammonium
salts.
and can be reused in the process as make up water in boiler feed
water treatment plant and may be used in the boilers after polishing in mixed bed ion cxchangc system.
The cation exchange resin
holding
the ammonium
ion can be regenerated using sulphuric or
nitric acid to form ammonium
sulphate or nitrate solution.
The
anion resin holding the acidic ion is regenerated using a solution
of
ammonium
hydroxide to form more ammonium
sulphate or nitrate
The ammonium
salt solution thus produced may be used
solution.
in the process for the production
of ammonium
sulphate or nitrate,
provided such facilities arc available at site. It may be noted that
soluble inorganic
contaminants
in the waste water will also find
their way into the product.
4.3.1.2

Biolo~icd proccsw Y

-~ Biological nitrification and


a) Biological nitrijicutiotz ailrick~nit~L~catiorr
denitrifcation
can reduce ammoniacal
nitrogen content of the final
effluent to a very low level.
This process is being adopted in municipal waste treatment
for years.
In the treatment
of industrial
waste, this treatment
may be adopted
as a secondary
or tertiaq
treatment where the ammonia nitrogen
content
of the influcnt
is
comparatively
low and also a high degree of treatment for the removal of ammoniacal
nitrogen is desired.
The treatment
is based on the reaction of ammonia nitrogen wjt:l
oxygen in an aerated pond or lagoon to form nitrites and linally to
the nitrate nitrogen form in the presence of a specialized group P(

IS : 9841 - 1081
nitritymg
organisms
( Fig. 5 ). The mtrates irl turn
rcact~d
I,)
another anaerobic pond in the presence 01 biodegradable
carbon
compound
employing the denitrifying
process Iorm elemental
nitrogen.
The process may be rcprcsented as follows:
Ammonia
nitrogen

Aeration

Nitrifying
organism

Nitrate
nitrogen

Organrc
carbon
---+ N lJ
I)enitrifyin;
organism

(0,

The first step nitrification


takes place in the presence of acrobrc
bacteria which converts the ammonia
nitrogen
into nitrates.
7311s
reaction is affected by degree of aeration, water temperature,
lmtral
ammonia nitrogen content. bacterial population,
ptl of solution. etc.
As destruction
of alkalinity is associated with the reaction. sufhcicnt
alkalinity should be present in the waste in the nitrification
tank,
otherwise alkalinity
should be supplemented
to the waste water.
Similar supplementation
may be required for other bacterial
nutrients like phosphate,
potassium,
magnesium,
iron, etc if these arc
not originally present adequately in the waste water. This \tep can
be carried out in tank. pond. lagoon, trickling filter. etc.
The denitrification
step is an anaerobic
process which occurs
when the biological
micro-organisms
cause the nitrates
and the
organic carbon to be broken down into nitrogen gas and carbon
dioxide.
As the organisms responsible
for denitrification
can utiliLc
only organic carbonas
their carbon source, a supplement of a readily
biodegradable
soluble organic compound
is required to be added to
the nitrified e@luent prior to its entry into the denitrification
unit.
The organic carbon used for such a process is methanol,
sewage
effluent or organic waste from industries.
In case methanol is used
as the organic carbon source, 2 to 2.5 g of methanol
is required for
denitrification
of lg of nitrate
nitrogen.
This reaction is carried
out in a tank, pond or lagoon under anaerobic conditions.
The
reaction requires very low or nil dissolved oxygen in the effluent,
neutral pH range, proper supply of organic carbon, suitable detention time, etc.
b) Al& uptake -- Since ammonia nitrogen is an algal nutrient, algae
are capable of extracting this nutrient from the waste water.
Algae
growing in waste water stabilization
ponds utilize ammonia nitrogen
of the waste water to form cell tissue in the presence
of sunlight.
Adequate carbon dioxide and some other nutrients are also required
in this process. For fixing up Ig of nitrogen into algal cell material
10 to 12 g of carbon as carbon dioxide gas is normally required.

ORGANIC
-(SEWAGE

C+.-1301
- ._~__ .---.

~_.

_--_c

J h!E>I,jL!,L)

NUTRIENT
ALKALi

o----AMt.:ON!ACAl.

EFFLUENT

ORGANIC
CARBON
-___
METHANOL)

r_lli

(SEWAGE/

NlTRATf

BEARING

Cl_Ai?iF~i?.i

EFFLUENT

FIG. 5 DILUI-E AMMONIAAND UREA BEARING EFFLUENT TREATMEN

CIr:

IS : 9841 - 19x1
Oxidation pond-like ponds may be used for the culture of algae
(Fig. 6). Carbon
dioxide may bc supplied by biodegradation
of
organic matter or dilute carbon dioxide may be dil~us~d through a
network of carbon dioxide difTuscrs in the pond.
Other ncccssary
nutrients
for algal cultures may be supplemented
in the pond.
With suitable detention t&c, depth of the pored. conccntmtjon
of
algae, concentration
of ammonia nitrogen,
sunlight. etc. the upt:tkc
of ammonia
nitrogen in the cell formation
of algal cell> is quite
appreciable.
Algae thus produced may be harvested
u>ing a suitable process and utilized as manure.
4.3.2

Urm and Nitrate

Nitropv~

4.3.2.1 In modern urea manufacturing


technology, thermal urea hydrolysis with recovery of ammonia of the waste water ( f-ig. 7 J is being incurporated in the plant itself.
This system, if provided. is expected to reduce
the quantity
of urea in the effluent appreciably.
The use of hydrolyser
stripper should bc considered as an alternate arrangement.
4.3.2.2 Urea nitrogen
can be removed from clfucnts
by h;drolyJing
urea in the presence of enzyme urease secreted by some bacteria formed in
the soil (Fig. 5). The dilute
urea solution i\ hydrolyred
by the abate
bacteria in the presence of organic carbon
compounds
to give ammonia
and carbon dioxide.
NH,CONH,

-I- 2H,O +

(NH,),CO,

The pH increases
with the progress of hydrolysis;
under properly
maintained conditions,
over 95 percent of urea can be hydrolyzed
in 2-t h.
The hydrolyzed
solution containing
ammoniacan
be treated by any of the
methods described under ammonia removal.
4.3.2.3 Reduetion
of nitrates can be clfected
process (Fig. 5) described under 4.3. 1. 2 (a).

by

the dcnitrilication

4.3.3 Sqxwdetl Solids - Suspended solids originate from various sources


in the fertilizer industry.
The process water clarification
plant sludge. aah
slurry from coal gasification plants, steam generation
plants or phosphoric
acid plant effluent during neutralization
of effluent with lime, etc. suspc~~cled
I IlCX
solids in different particle sizes find their way into the eflluent.
effluents containing
suspended solids are settled in a suitably dcs~gncd
wttIn home case\. pat :iLularlq
ling basin and the clear overflow passes out.
where the particlc size is comparatively
small. mechanical
clar~fi~rh ha\ 1n.p
proper arrangements
of dosing coagulants
or polyelectrol> tcy art rcquircti
The sludge discharged
from the bottom of the clarifier
for quick settling.
may be dra\vn out mechanically,
dewatercd and disposed of as solid waste
as required.
27

IS : 9841- 1981
4.3.4 pH-Sometimes
the effluents are highly acidic or alkaline in nature.
When both acidic and alkaline waste waters are found, they may be mixed
Otherwise for neutralization
of acidic effluent,
suitably for neutralization.
lime or soda ash may be used and for neutralization
of alkaline eflluent
In the process of neutralization
proper mixing
sulphuric acid may be used.
is very important.
This can be effected by flash mixing or mixing by
agitation or recirculation.
4.3.5 Oils ad Greases - Oils and greases normally
discharged
in fertiFurthermore,
a
lizer industry eflluents are mostly in non-emulsified
form.
majority of these insoluble
oils are lighter than water and therefore they
Insoluble oils lighter than water are usually sepawill float on its surface.
rated in settling tanks provided with an adjustable
skimming
weir (Fig. 8).
These settlers are usually termed as gravity type mechanical
oil separators.
The oils readily float on these separators
and the depth of the weir is
adjusted according to the amount
of oil present in the waste water.
The
collected
oil is skimmed by mechanical
means periodically.
A properly
designed oil separator can reduce the oil content
of the effluent
below
50 mg/l. If a greater degree of oil removal is desired, the effluent from the
oil separator may be passed through active carbon or a porous coke bed by
which the oil and grease content of the effluent is reduced to 3 to IO mg/l.
4.3.6 Atwnic -- In fertilizer industry, arsenic is a constituent
ofabsorbent
liquids used for carbon dioxide removal.
Normally adequate arrangements
are provided in the plant so that arsenic does not find its way out in the
eflluedt.
But in actual practice, due to leakages in pump glands, flanges,
joints, etc, and also from spillages, some arsenical solution is discharged.
The quantity of this arsenical solution can be controlled
within reasonable
limits by good housekeeping.
The arsenic solution which is discharged
even after taking all the precautions
is completely
separated
from other
waste waters.
The waste water containing
arsenic is then filtered, concentrated, further filtered through active carbon filter if necessary and recycled
in the process.
When it is not possible to take it into the process, the
arsenical solution is evaporated to dryness and the solids are placed in concrete drums, sealed properly
and buried underground
or disposed of into
the deep sea far away from the coastline.
4.3.7 Cltrotttate atd Phosphare -- Fertilizer
industry
requir-es a high
quantity of cooling water during processing of fertilizers.
In most of the
Suitfertilizer factories. cooling water is recycled through
cooling towers.
able inhibitors for control of scaling/corrosion
properties of circulating water
are dosed into the cooling water system. Various inhibitors are used depending on the local conditions.
Most of the plants use combinations
of chromate,
phosphate and zinc in different proportions.
Normally.
zinc is used in a
very low concentration,
therefore, any specific treatment for the removal
of
zinc is not considered necessary.
In the treatment for removal of chromate
29

IS : 9841 - 1981

from waste water, phosphate is also simultaneously removed, so specific


treatment for removal of phosphates is not considered necessary.
The basic principle of chromate removal is the reduction of hexavalent
chromium to trivalent form and precipitation of chromium as chromium
hydroxide (Fig. 9).
REDUCING
SULPKATE/S001UM
MEiStiLUC2llE
$:.LP:!~II

AGENT

OIOX.!DE

FERROUS
SULPHII+/
I
LIME
C

ACID

CGOLtNG
BLOWDOWN
AND

TOWER

ACID
NEUTRACIZATIClN

SETTLING

PHOSPHATE

Dspos2

/
1

SLUDGE

FIG. 9 CHROMATE
BEARINGEFFLUENTTREATMBNT
The cooling tower blowdown which contains chromate is collected in a
tank and the%pH of the water is lowered to the range 2 to 4 by adding
sulphuric acid. After mixing with the acid, ferrous sulphate, sodium
sulphite, sodium metabisulphite or sulphur dioxide is added to reduce
hexavalent chromium.
For removal of lg of CrO, about 10 g of ferrous
sulphate, 2.5 g of sodium sulphite or 1.5 g of sulphur dioxide is required.
After reduction, lime is added to the effluent for raising the pH and precipitation of chromium.
The settled effluent is allowed to be discharged
The reactions which take place
along with other effluents of the factory.
during the above operations are as follows:
Reduction of chromate

1, When ferrous sulphate is used for reduction:


Na,Cr,O,

+ 6FeS0,

+ 7 H,SO,

----f Cr,(SO& + 3Fe,(SO,),


+ 7 H,O + Na2S0,

2. When sodium sulphite is used for reduction:


Na,Cr,O,

+ 3Na,SO,

-I- 4H,SO,

-+

4Na,SO,
+
+ 4&O

3. When sulphur dioxide is used for reduction:


Na,Cr,O,

3S01 + HpSO, ---+ Cr., (SO,), + HI0


31

Na,SO,

IS:9841-1981
Precipitation with lime
Cr,(SOJ,

+ 3Ca(OH),

-+

2Cr (OH),

+ 3CaS0,

Fe,(SO.&

+ 3Ca(OH),

2Fe (OH),

+ 3CaS0,

Lime treatment for precipitation


of chromium also partially precipitates
out phosphate which is added to the cooling towers as sodium hexametaphosphate.
Recently, another iron process based on reduction with ferrous ion provided by electrolysis
using iron electrode has been developed. This process
can operate at pH 6 to 8. The chromium
hydroxide and iron hydroxide are
precrpitated together and can be separated as a sludge by clarification.
It
consumes only electricity and metallic iron.
4.3.7.1 Many fertilizer units use furnace oils containing
about 4 percent
sulphur in their boilers; the boiler stack contains around 0.2 percent SO,
which is a reducing agent. The chemistry of the process is:
Cr,O,

+ 3S0,

-t 2H+ -+

2Cr+-++ + 3SO,--

-1 HZ0

The reaction takes place quite rapidly at low pH (2 to 3). The SO,
present in the flue gas helps in attaining the low pH of this order; under this
condition even a small percentage of SO, is able to reduce the hexavalent
chromium.
In this arrangement
the problem
of air contamination
is also
reduced due to utilization
of SO, and SO,.
The resulting trivalent chromium as chromium
sulphate is much less
To fully overcome the toxicity problem,
it is necessary to convert
toxic.
soluble chromium sulphate into chromium hydroxide atpH 10 to 11 through
the addition of alkali as suggested in 4.3.7.
However, to further reduce the
cost of disposal, the ammonia containing
waste water itself may be utilized
as an alkali
to bring about
the precipitation
of chromium
hydroxide.
Effluents from fertilizer plants happen to be rich in plant nutrients
and can
be a secondary
source of fertilizers.
These effluents can, therefore, after
suitable treatment,
be applied on land for irrigation with the prior permission
of local authorities.
Experiments
have shown that the etfluents from fertilizer plants can be usefully employed to raise various crops and vegetables
due to their high nitrogen and phosphorus
contents.
4.3.8 Cyanide - Depending on the process and raw material, cyanides
are sometimes encountered
in the fertilizer factory effluent.
Usually cyanide
containing
effluents are completely segregated from other waste waters and
are treated or disposed of separately.
When the cyanide content is low, the
effluent can be discharged at a controlled
rate along with the other waste
water, so that cyanide content of the final effluent does not go beyond specified limits.
When the cyanide content of the effluent is comparatively
high,
some suitable treatment is required.
32

1s: 9841- 1981


4.3.8.1 When cyanide content is high and the etiluent volume is low
it can be removed by stripping with steam and acidic gas (Fig. IO). The
residual cyanide after stripping may be treated further. if required.

AND-/OR

STEAM
ACIDIC

SODIUM

SODIUM

HYDROXIDE

GAS
1

7
CYANIDE

BEARING

-STRIPPER

EFFLUENT

PARTIAL
OXIOATION
TO
CYANATE

r_

OXIDATION
TO NITROGEN

DISPOSAL

i_

FK.

COMPLETE

_?.?PO_S!J-

__

10 CYANIDE BEARING EFFLI.IEN.TTRFATMEN~

4.3.8.2 Cyanide bearing effluents may be treated


by alkaline
chlorination process ( Fig. 10 ) which oxidizes cyanide ultimately into carbon dioxide
and nitrogen.
Cyanide forms cyanogcn chloride according to the equation:
NaCN

;- Cl, - > CNCl

In the presence of caustic


sodium cyanate a> follows:
CNCl

-t 2 NaOH

-+

.:- NaCI.

soda

cyanogen

NaCNO

chloride

is converted

into

+ HZ0 + NaCl

The sodium cyanate produced in the above reaction


is much less toxic
If complete treatment is
and may be discharged along with other effluents.
desired, sodium cyanate is further oxidized by the addition
of chlorine to
carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
2NaCN0

+ 4NaOH

3C1, --f 2C0,

+ 6NaCl

+ N, +

2H,O

In order to have simplified operation and control, a single vessel is used


The pH is maintained
at about 8.5 by dosing caustic
for cyanide removal.
soda, and chlorine is added from chlorinators
of suitable capacity.
The
requirement
of chlorine for complete oxidation
of cyanide is 9 to 10 g for
1 g of cyanide.
The process is quite satisfactory for treatment of efhuents
from fertilizer industries.
4.3.9 Sulphides - Sulphides are sometimes present in small quantities
in
Water containing
sulphides in excess of 0.5 mg,l
fertilizer factory effluents.
The sulphides
has offensive ( rotten egg ) odour and is also very corrosive.
33

IS : 9841 - 1981
present in fertilizer factory waste water normally do not require any special
treatment.
Natural dilution by the other waste water from the factory is
sullicicnt to bring down the level ofsulphides
within specified limits. SulphiJcs are present in acidic pH range as hydrogen sulphidc
and in ALaline
Hydrogen sulphide is usually removed by acr;tpII range as sulphidc salts.
lion process in the acidic pH range. In this process hydrogen sulphidc removal
Sometimes
chemical
oxidation
by
15 by stripping rather than oxidation.
dosinS chlorine is also resorted to for removing sulphides from effuents.
4.3.9.1

Sulphidc\

can

bc prccipitatcd

also

chemically.

The main source of fluorides and phos4.3.10 Llfloritk~s tr~l Phosp/raf~~v


phatcs in the phosphatic fertilizer industry are scrubber liquors from various
unit opcratiom
involving scrubbing
of the off-gases. floor ivashings and
In the clllucnt. fluorides are present as fluosilicic acid
~~~psurn
md
water.
bith smail amounts of soluble salts as sodiutn and potassium
fluocilicatcs
Phosphorus is present principally as phosphoric acid
and hydrofluolic acid.
For the removal 01
with minor amounts
of soluble calcium phosphates.
Fluorides and phosphates
two-stage treatment
with chalk f~~llowed by lime
or tioublc lime treatment is adopted ( Fig. 1I ).
cA~c1ut.4

CARBONATE

-mz--l
FLUORIDE
PHOSPHATE

AN0
)

EFFLUENT

I-I(,.

I I

FLUOK~E

LIME

FIRST
STAGE
REACTION
TANK

SECOND
STAGE
REACTION
TANK

AND PHOSPHATE BEARING EFFLUENT TREATMENT

In the former case, in the first stages the effluent is treated with chalk or
finely divided calcium carbonate at a pH of about 3.0. The requirement
of
calcium carbonate is 3 to 3.5 g for I g of F and 0% to 0.7 g for I g of PO,.
The following reactions are believed to take place:
H,SiF,
?H,PO,

-I- 3CaCO,, -+ 3CaF,


+ CaCO,

-+ SiO, + 3C0,

+ Ca ( H,PO,

):: +

H,O

-t H,O
i- CO,

In the above reactions, almost all the fluorides arc precipitated ac calcium
fluoride.
Silica is also precipitated
out.
However, most of the phosphates
During the second stage
remain in solution as monocalcium
phosphate.
treatment,
the product of the first stage is further treated with lime at a pH
33

1s:
of about 8.5. In this reaction. calcium hydroxide requirement
for I g of residual F and 1.0 to 1.1 g for I g of residual PO,,.
It is believed

that in the second stage the undermentioned

9841 - 1981
is 2. I to 2.3 6

reaction

takes

place:
H,SiF,
3Ca ( H,PO,

+ 3Ca ( OH j2 -+ 3CaF,
)z +

-t SiO, -t 3H,O

7Ca ( OH )z -+ 2Ca,OH

( PO, )s +

I2H,O

In the second stage. residual fluorides and phosphates from the first stage
arc converted into insoluble caicium fluoride and calcium hydroxy apatite at
The overall fluoride and phosphate
/IH around 8.5 and precipitated
out.
removal efficiency is above 99 percent in the above two stage treatment.
In double lime treatment,
lime is used in place of chalk or powdered
calcium carbonate as indicated earlier in the two stage treatment.
The efhuent after the second stage reaction is transferred to a settler for
the removal of fluoride and phosphate
precipitates
and the overflow water
is discharged.
The settled sludges are removed periodically and dumped or
used as fill for low lying areas.
4.X10.1 Where by-product
precipitated chalk from ammonium
sulphate
produced by Merseburg process is used for preliminary
treatment, the chalk
should have a minimum optimum ammonia level or preferably it should be
fret from ammonia.
4.3.11 Srwuge Ejhent .~ The waste water from toilets and other sanitary
facilities in the factory area has high biochemical
oxygen demand ( BOD )
and contains suspended solids. The sewage effluent is segregated from other
industrial wastes and treated for removal of BOD and suspended solids. The
volume of the eflluent is normally comparatively
low. The general practice
Howis to treat these effluents in oxidation ponds or by aeration processes.
ever, depending on the level of HOD, these waste waters may be subjected to
partial BOD removal by any conventional
practice and discharged along
with the other treated industrial
waste water so that the BOD value of the
final effluent does not go beyond specified limits.
4.4 Sampling and .4nalytical Control - In order to observe the performance
of the ctlluent treatment units and also to control the plant operating system
etfcctivcly. suitable instrumentation
for recording pollutants and other physical characteristics
( namely temperature,
pressure. flow of effluents, quantny
of treatment chemicals. etc ) are required to be incorporated
into the etlluent
treatment
process design. so that input and output conditions
of cfhucnt
Where suitable automatic contreatment
units can be assessed properly.
tinuous monitoring
of pollutants in the effluents cannot be provided. regular
sampling and anaI!sis of the pollutants
necessary for the control of operation
In such a case, the frequency of sampling and analysis
arc to be conducted.
35

IS :9841-

1981

will depend on the process plant operating conditions but a minimum of two
composite samples should be analysed daily. In the case of final effluent
discharged beyond the factory boundary limit, a suitable arrangement for
recording the volume and proper sampling of the final effluent is to bc made
Installation of an automatic pollutant monitoring and recording system for
final effluent of the factory is very advantageous and an endeavour should be
made to install these instruments wherever possible. Similarly, a composite
sample of the receiving water should also be analysed daily. In case some
other industries are located on the upstream of the river and they also discharge some effluents to the same river. sampling and analysis of the receiving water should be done. both from the upstream and downstream of the
effluent outfall. This will indicate the contribution to pollution by the fertilizer industry concerned.
4.5 Waste Utilization - Apart from the utilization of waste waters and reuse
of treated effluents for conservation of water as well as for other purposes,
recovery of usable products present in this waste water has gained importance
in recent days. The main recoverable products from waste waters of fertilizer industries are ammonia, urea, carbon, fluoride, gypsum, phosphate,
chalk, etc, depending on the product manufactured and the process adopted.
4.5.1 Ammonia-The processes
commonly used for the recovery of ammonia
from ammoniacal waste waters are steam stripping and ion exchange system.
Steam stripping of ammonia is suitable for ammoniacal effluent containing
high concentration of ammonia with comparatively low volume. The stripped ammonia gas is either absorbed in acid to form ammonium salts or
condensed to form ammonia liquor which is recycled in the process itself.
In the case of ammoniacal waste waters containing low concentration of
ammonia, ammonia can be recovered using a cation exchange system regenerated with acid to produce ammonium salt solution. This process is
more suitable where already a secondary ammonium salt manufacturing
facility exists.
4.5.2 Urea - In spite
ring process, substantial
into the waste waters of
urea from these effluents

of improvement in the design of the urea manufactuamount of urea along with ammonia finds its way
urea plant. The different methods of recovery of
are as follows:

a) Thermal hydrolysis of urea present in the condensate followed by

stripping of the ammonia produced and recycling of the ammonia in


the urea process itself;

b) Collecting of all spillages, leakages and overflows of urea bearing


waste, concentrating

and recycling them in the urea process; and

Scrubbing urea dust from prilling tower exhaust vapours and recovering this urea as per process mentioned in (b) above.
36

is:

9x41-

1981

In modern plants all or some of the above processes form an integral


part of the urea plant itself and fhc etiluent which comes out from urea plant
contains practically a negligible quantity ofurea.
In older plants installation
of the above facilities is dilficult. as it requires large invcstmcnt.
:&o. thtrc
arc constraints
in accommodating
this additional
load in the process.
II1
any case installation
of these facilities for the recovery of urea improves
process eficiency by reducing the specific ammonia
consumption.
The cost
of ammonia
recovered by thi5 process is enough to pay back the capital
invested in a short time.
4.53 Cc~rhorz - In the partial oxidation process of ammonia manufacture.
the carbon formed in the procchs is normally thrown out as carbon slurry.
This carbon can bc recovered either by pelleting with a suitable pctrolaum
distillate followed by further processln g or by filtration and drying.
The
recovered carbon has very low particle diameter,
large surface area, high
covering power and adsorption
capacity.
It can bc: used as carbon black
suitable for printing ink, rubber, battery and other industries.
It can also be
further processed into active carbon.
4.54 Llozlrirl? - The efHuents from phosphoric acid plants contam varying concentration
of fluoride which pollutes
the water course seriously
if not removed prior to its discharge.
Fluoride is now rccovcrcd from the
fluoride bearing cttluents
by treating
them with lime to recover calcium
fluoride, wrth aluminium
salts to recover aluminium iluoride and with sodium
salts to rccovcr sodium fluoride.
Various processes are available
for the
recovery of fluorides that serve as r,lw material for the manufacture
of a
wide range of fluoride chemicals.
4.5.5 Gy~~swr
-Gypsum obtained as a byproduct durmg the production
of phosphoric acid used to bc dumped in low lying areas.
This gypsum can
bc processed for various products
like ammonium
sulphate
by Mcrsburg
blocks; it can also be used for land
process, plaster boards, and
building
reclamation
and
recovery of sulphur
with simultaneous
manufacture
of
cement.
4.5.6 C/zulk- The chalk is obtained as a byproduct
in ammonium
sulphate production
using Mersburg
process utilising gypsum.
This chalk is
It is also used to a
used as a raw material in the manufacture
of cement.
large extent in neutralizing
acidic effluents in industry.
4.57 Pllospllati
~- Substantial amounts of phosphates are present in waste
removed during
the
waters of phosphatic
industries;
these are normally
removal of fluorides.
This phosphate can be used in phosphoric
acid manufacture after blending
with rich rock phosphate.
The phosphate bearing
sludge can also be used as low nutrient value cheap fertilizer in some cases.
4.6 Disposal - The final disposal of the treated effluents beyond the factory
Normally,
effluents originating
from
boundary limit is an important
step.
37

IS : )x41- 1981
individual
clllucnt treatment
units are Icd to a mixing pond.
lhc uncon
taminatcd effluents which do not require any treatment
also flow to this
mixing pond.
It is preferable to give sulficient detention time in Ihi, mixing
pOJld

for

CqualiZatiOIi

and

alSO

t0

effect

5eCOndary

settling

Of sM;)Cl&xi

The overflow from this final mixing pond passes to the elllucnt drain
matter.
leading to the receiving waters.
It may be clearly understood
that the treated effluents in the effluent drain conform to IS : 2-M* and therefore cannot
in case the drain
passes through a
normally be used as raw water source.
locality where there is possibility
of use of this water as raw water source
of the drain from the
by the inhabitants
and cattle. suitable protection
approach of the pcoplc and cattle with proper warnings has to be made. III
some
cases
it is preferable
to discharge the treated effluents through a pipcWhen
all the characteristics
of the individual
lint to the receiving water.
effluent streams of the process plants are properly asscsscd, the effluents
discharged from effluent treatment units also can be evaluated
with respect
to the extent of treatment necessary during the planning and designing stage
of the efnuent treatment
plants.
The final effluent characteristics
can be
predicted and made to comply with the requirements
prescribed
by the
regulatory authorities.

APPENDIX

( Clause 0.5 )
REFERENCES
ALAGAKSAMY ( S R ), BHALEKILO ( B B ) and JZAJAGGPALAN
wastes from fertilizer plants.
Irdfan J. Environ. 15, 1 ; 1973 ;
( R J ) and

AUSTIN

water.

( R E ).

BAUMANN

nar,

VANSE

Proc. of 6th Industrial

Kansas

city,

( E H ).
Waste

On removal
USA 197 1.

Chemical Coagulation

Conference.

of ammonia

Purdue

Univ.

by air stripping

BENIUB~ ( F W ) and SPALI. ( B C ). A review of effluent


Paper presented
at the Seminar of the Fertilzer
manufacture
April 1976.
*Tolerance
revision ):

limits

for industrial

Part J-1974 General limits


Part VIJJ-1976 Phosphatic
J>art 1X-1977 Nitrogenous

effluents

discharged

(first revision )
fertilizer industry
fertilizer industry

into

inland

(first revision )
(first

revision j

( S ) Treatment
52.
of refinery
I-eb.

1951; 272.

-- EPA

Design

problems
Society

surface

of

waste
semi-

in fertilizer
of London,

waters

(/;r,sr

IS : YH41 - 1981
5.

13IIArrACtl,~RYA ( G 5: ), Roy ( G S ). J~vI.RJ~.F


( c D ) and Di-ri I ( lj K ), lii~i~~oval of Huorides and phosphorous
from phosphatlc
lertiltzer
factory \ba\te,.
I:iCi
presented
in the seminar IJtlli/ation and Disposal of Industrial M a\tcs ,>rg.li!i,c<j

by I. I. Ch. E ( Calcutta ) at Jadavp~u Univerbtt), DCC lY7;


6.

1jtIATTACHAKYA ( <i s ), &Y ( G s ) Xld DUI IA ( 13 K ).


InbeStigatltIfl
II,CO it::
of
algae
for removing
ammonium
nitrogen
from nitrogenous
ind~~rr~,ii II,I,I~,
Part 1 Tec~/rm/
3 ; 3 ; lY66 ; 135.Part II ZT/IW/ 5 ; I ; lYh8 ; 31.

use

Brta~rrA(tlARyA ( G S ), ROY ( Ci S ) and I)UrTA ( H K ). Treatment


of modern
urea fertilizer factories.
Tdr!7ol
6 ; 1 ; 1969
in scmlnar on lndu~trial w.lstc at I. I 1 ., Kanpur lj69.

and

of efBucnts
presented

<
s.

~AT~~~AC~~AHYA

( <; s

), SAKlcAK

( c

and its effects on water treatment.


IOhS CIHPEKI ~- Nagpur ( 1966 ).
0.

&I

IA

( 1% K

).

~hOSphdtC

S\im. of water pollution

Idper

POhiiC~!l

cnrltr01 in 1)~~

( s K ), BtIATrACHAIIYA
( c; s ) :tnd I)t,TrA
( u K )_ Kenl(~\al <,!
from nitrogcnc,us effluent. Tr~,lr~~jlIO ; 3: 1 : 1973 ; ??_I.

I<IiAYTACtIAHYA

nitrogen
IO.

1.) ) alld

hoc.

cII\P~~\.II

. 62

bINbllAM ( E C ). Solutions
Expert
Group
meeting
on

for minjmum
minimi7ir,g

pollution

pollution

in nitrogen

from

Industry.

fertilii-cr

Lhl

plants.

110

llclsinhi

Aug. 1974.
1 I.

12.

HINC~IIAM
( 1-t C ) and CIIUIJHA
( Ii C ). :\ unique closed cycle water
s)stcm Iljr lil~
ammonium
nitrate producer
using Chem-scps continuous
counter current 1ut1
exchange.
Proc. of 32nd Internattonll
Water Conference of the Engs SOC of \\ ei:
Penn. Pillsburg, USA I\lov 1971.

BHIN(;UA~U~+( G ).
J.

lJt~t~rrft.r
Poll

Ahr.

On nitriticatioii
17 , I964 ; 18.

and dcnitrification

111 SeWcige

treatment.

13.
14.

cyamdc
CHATT~RJLI: ( D 1) ), SRIVASTAVA ( A C ) and DUTTA (, B K ). Hydrogen
Technoi. 13 ; 4 ; I)76 :
from weak aqueous
potassium
cyanide
solution.

removal
273.
15.

16.

Coon ( N E ) and Coo~v.~~ ( K M ). Some aspects of pollution control at a large


Ammonia
Plant safety symposium of the 3rd Joint meeting
fertilizer complex.
AlCLE-IHIQ, Denver, Colorado, USA Aug-Sept 1970.
CULIJ

( G

Advanced
17

L ) and CUI.P ( R L ). On stripping


of ammonia
from efluents.
Van Nostrand, Reinhold.
New York 1971,
waste water treatment.

( R L ).
On air stripping of ammonia
.I. Amer. WL)IPT wkr Assn. 60 ; 1968 : 84~

CULP

from effluents and water

reclamation.

18.

DAS ( A C ), Krt~iu ( J A ) and DLJTTA ( J.3 K ), Kemoval of nitrogen


from the
fertilizer factory effluents hy biochemical nitrification and denitrification.
Techrrol
3 ; 4 ; 1966 ; 41. Spl issue of seminar on wastes and etiuents in chemical mdusrrles.

19.

DE LOKA ( F Y ) and MASIA ( A ). Influence of effluent standards on the economics of alternate waste water treatment designs ; UNIDO Expert Group meeting on
minimizing pollution from fertilizer plants. Helsinki Aug 1974.

20.

DJJKSAKA

( F

).

Measures

to minimire aqueous waste pollution from fertihzer


chemical complex. UNIDO Expert Group meeting
fertili,rer plants, Helsinki Aug 1974.

plants situated in an integrated


on minimizing
pollution
from

39

IS : 9841 - 1981
1jrr.1 r,z ( 13 K ).
ted in ,411 India
Ma> IOSO.

1~:.I. ;\. USA

30 ( 121 ) Jun
4t , 13X ) July

tIowI.
Iroc.

Removal
Symposium

of ammonia from

Fcdcral Kegistcr
72 ( I975 ) ; JI
Ih ( 1976 ).

or:

fertilizer
Treatment

Efllucnt

.?I ( 6X )
( I I ) Jan

plant effluents. Paper prcsenorganized


hv ICTI)
Bomha~.

April S ( 1974 )
I6 ( 1970 ) ; .II

: 30 ( 9 ) Jan
C9s ) $1~1~

I<olcr I< I ( It L ). On prc,cesac\ for removal of cj,2nldc


()I the 18th industrial waste conference.
Purdue UnlverGty,

II\.<;
( 4 ).
l%>llution
f-rtm
Group meeting on minimrling
JOIINSON

( W

denitrification.

iertllirer
pollution

1-l I 1975
IO ( 1970

frtjnr naste Mater.


4pril-MaylOh~.

plants
in Bangladesh.
UNIDO
1:xpcrt
from fertilizer plants Helsinki,
Aug. 1074.

) and S~III~~~IYIK
( G J ).
Nitrogen
removal
.1. IV~o/f,. I+,//. (;,,rff.
/;t,c/. 41 ; I971 ; 1x45.

by nitrificatlon

~.IIJTAK
BILA
( <i ).
Removal ofcyanidc
and chromium.
Environmental
Handbook
vol 1 Mater pollution.
Chilton
Book Co. US.4 p 1365 1782.

Pollution control In fertilizer


~ssrrc. of India, New Dclhl.
PROSAI)
Factory.
chemical

( Ii R ) and
~~hnol
3
industry.

industry

L)u.rr~
(
1966

:4 :

i:
1.

Part I. t~-\I

Report

Tech J.

Engineers

1079

!3 K ). A study of etlluents 01
; 65 Spl. issue. Seminar on wastes

and

t-crtlllzer

Sindri Fertillret
and dIlucnts
1n

Roy ( G S ), I~I-I,\~I~.I~ACC~AI~YA
( G S ) and Dutta ( B K ),
rreatment
and disposal
of effluents from fertilizer
industries.
Techr~ol 7; 3 ; 1970 ; 193.
Paper presented
in seminar
on Water
pollution and industrial
waste treatment
in Bangalore,
Dee
190q.
SRIVAS~AVA

( A c ) and
tries by an ion exchange
cual and coal chemicals.

The Water
bHALI.EY

UNIDO
Helsinki.

( Prevention
( L ).
Modern
Expert
Ciroup
Aug 1074.

L)UTTA

( I) K ). Ammonia
recovery from coke oven indusprocess, T~C/VIO/ 7 ; 4 ; 1070 ; 66 spl. Issue on seminar
on
Nov. 1968.

Xr Control

of Pollution

) Act.

1974 Govt.

of India.

technology for minimizing


pollution
from fertilizer
meeting on minimiz.ing
pollution
from Fertilizer

40

plants.
plants.

IS : 9841- 1981
( Continued from page 2 )
Members
SHRI R. M. SHAH

Representing

Tata Chemicals Ltd, Bombay

SHRIR. K. GANDHI ( Alternate )


Excel Industries Ltd. Bombay
SHRIP R. SHETH
SHRIS. P. IYER( Ahernafe )
Central Food Technological Research Institute
DR V. SREENIVASA
MURTHY
( CSIR ), Mysore
SHRI M. S. SUBBARAO ( Alternate )
Department of Environmental Hygiene ( Govt of
SHRI S. B. TAG~R~
Tamil Nadu ). Madras
Director of Heaith Services, Government
of
DR ( SMT ) S. M. VACHHA
Maharashtra, Bombay
Director General, ISI ( Ex-oficio
Member )
DR HARI BHAGWAN.
_.
Director ( Chem )
Secretary

SHRIN. K. SHARMA
Deputy Director ( Chem ), IS1
Waste Treatment

Methods

Subcommittee,

CDC 26 : 1

Convener

SHR~A. RAMAN

National Environmental
Engineering
Institute ( CSIR ), Nagpur

Research

Members

SHRIB. V. S. GURUNATH~O( Alternate to


Shri A. Raman)
Universal Enviroscience Pvt Ltd. New Delhi
DR R. N. CHAKRABARTY
Director of Public Health, Government of Tamil
CHIEFWATERANALYST,KING
Nadu, Madras
INSTITUTE,MADRAS
Haryana State Board for the Prevention & Control
SHRI L. M. CHOUDHRY
of Water Pollution, Chandigarh
SHRI M. L. PRABHAKAR
( Alternate )
Association,
Indian Chemical Manufacturers
DR D. CHOIJDHURY
Calcutta
SH~I V. K. DIKSHIT( Alternate )
Maharashtra Prevention of Water Pollution Board,
SIIIUB. D. DUHMUKH
Bombay
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DJRECTOR
( C. S. & M. R. S )
SHRI N. C. RAWAL( Alternate )
Fertilizer ( Planning & Development ) India Ltd,
SHRI B. K. DUTTA
Sindri
SHRIG. S.. RAY ( Alternate )
Uttar Pradesh Water Pollution Prevention
&
SHRIR. C. DWIVEDI
Control Board, Lucknow
SH~US. P. SAXENA( Alternate )
Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Ltd, Durgapur
DR A. K. GUPTA
SHRIT. P. CHA~~ERJ~~~
( Akernafe )
( Continued on page 42 )

41

IS : 9841- 1981

Representing

Members
SHKI S. GUPTA

Central Board for the Prevention


Water Pollution, New Delhi

DK H. S. MATHAK~~ ( Alfernate
)
SHRI R. V. KADAM
SHRI N. V. VASHI ( Alfernare )
SHRI K. R. KRISHNASWAMI
SHRI V. N. LAMRU
SHKI V. V. JOSHI ( Allenrate
)
SHRI A. K. MAJUMDAR
SHRI U. C. MANKAU (Alternate
)
SHRI S. V. MANI
SHRI S. R. LUTHRA ( Alfernate
)
SHRI V. S. MORE
SHKI PAKAMJW SINGH ( Alternate
SHIU D. V. S. MURTHY
DR G. K. KHARE ( Akmate
)
SHRI R. NATARAJAN
SHRI AMI.I. S. DESAI ( Alternute )
DR V. PACHAIYAPPAN
DK R. N. TRIVEDI ( Alternate
)
Jh R. PITCHAI
SIIRI

H.

S. PrJRI

SHRI QIMA.I. RAI ( Alternale


)
SHRI JOHN RAJU
SHRI A. P. SINHA ( Alternate
)
SHRI M. K. ROY
SHRI J. M. TULI
SHRI K. RUDRAPPA ( AJternate )
SHRI T. K. VEDARAMAN
DR S. R. SHUKLA ( AJternate )

Paramount

and Control

of

Pollution Control Pvt Ltd, Vadodara

Madras Fertilizers Ltd, Madras


Ion Exchange, ( India ) Ltd, Bombay
Geo Miller & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
Greaves Cotton & Co Ltd, Bombay
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd ( Refineries & Pipelines
Division ), New Delhi
M. P. State Prevention & Control
tion Board, Bhopal
Hindustan

Dorr-Oliver

of Water Pollu-

Ltd, Bombay

The Fertilizer Association

of India, New Delhi

College of Engineering, Madras


Punjab State Board for the Prevention
of Water Pollution, Patiala
Steel Authority

& Control

of India Ltd, New Delhi

Chief Inspectorate of Factories, Ranchi


Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
Ministry of Works & Housing

Panel for Fertilizer Industry Wastes. CDC 26 : 1 : 12


Convener
SIIRI B. K.

DUTTA

The Fertilizer ( Planning & Development


Ltd. Sindri

) India

Members
SHRI G. S, RAY ( Alternate

to
Shri B. K. Dutta )
DR R. N. CHAK~UBARTY
DR S. K. GUPTA ( Alternafe )
SHRI P. P. CHANDHNA
SHRI V. CHARANDAS
SHRI M. D. PATEL ( Affernate
SHRI L. M. CHOUDHRY
SHRI

M. L.

Universal Enviroscience

Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

National Fertilizers Ltd, New Delhi


Gujarat State Fertilizers Co Ltd, Vadodara
)

PRABHAKAR ( Alternate

Haryana State Board for the Prevention


of Water Pollution, Chandigarh

& Control

)
( Conrinued

42

on page

43 )

IS:9841- 1981
( Continued from page 42 )
Members

Representing
Directorate General
New Delhi

SHRI K. P. DOHARE
SHRI K. V. SAMPPTH ( Ahvrate

SHRI A. N. DUTTA CHOUDHURY

SHRI B. K. CHOUDHURY( Alternate

of

Technical

Board for Prevention & Control


tion, Assam, Gauhati

of

Development,
Water

Pollu-

Ltd. Durgapur
SHRI T. P. CHATTERJEIZ
( Alternate )
Ion Exchange ( India ) Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. V. JOSHI
SHRI S. K. BHA~ACWARYY~ ( Alternate )
Indian Exolosives Ltd. Kanuur
SHRI S. MALLICK
_
33~1 T. N. MEI~ROTRA( Alternate )
Gujarat Water Pollution Control Board, GandhiPROFR. S. MEF~TA
nagar
Hindustan Dorr-Oliver Lid, Bombay
SHRI R. NATARAJAN
Shriram Chemical Industries, New Delhi
SHARIA. G. NCNE
Hindustan Lever Ltd, Bombay
DR R. K. NIYO~I
SHRI S. K. SU~BAR~~..I~X
( Alternate )
The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi
DR V. PACHAIYAPPAN
DK R. N. TKIVEDI( Alternare )
The Fertilizers Rr Chemicals,
Travancore
Ltd.
SIIRI D. PANIGRAHI
Udyogamandal
SHKI N. J. JOSLYH( Alternate I )

DR A. K.

GUPTA

Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation

SH~I K K. Jose: ( Alternafe II )

Madras Fertilizers Ltd, Madras


SHRI K. R. KRISHNASWAMI( Alternate )
Punjab State Board for the Prevention
SHRI H. S. PUKI
SHRI r. C. PITCHAPPAN

& Control

of Water Pollution, Patiala


SHHI QIMAT RAI ( Alrernaie )
E:ngineers India Ltd. New Delhi
SHRI K. RUDKAIPA
SHIU A. D. JALONKAR( Alrernotc )
National
Environmental
Engineering
DR K. L. SAXENA
Institute ( CSIR ), Nagpur
DR T. CHAKRABORTY( Ahnate
)

33

Research

BUREAU

OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI
Telephones:
323 0131,323
3375,323
9402
Fax : 91 11 3234062.91
11 3239399,
91 11 3239382

Regional

Site IV, Sahibabad

Industrial

Area,

Sahibabad

201010

8-77 00 32

Offices:

: Manak

Central

Telegrams
: Manaksanstha
(Common
to all Offices)
Telephone

Central Laboratory
Plot No. 20/9,

110002

Bhavan,

Eastern

: l/l

Northern

: SC0

Southern

: C.I.T.

9 Bahadur

4 CIT Scheme
335-336,

Sector

Campus,

tWestern
: Manakalaya,
MUMBAI 400093

Shah

VII M, V.I.P.
34-A,

IV Cross

Zafar

Road,

NEW DELHI

CHANDIGARH

Road,

E9, Behind

Marg,
Maniktola,

700054

160022

CHENNAI

Marol

110902

CALCUTTA

337 86 62
60 38 43

600113

Telephone

323 76 17

235 23 15

Exchange,

Andheri

(East),

832 92 95

Branch Offices::
Pushpak,

Nurmohamed

Shaikh

SPeenya Industrial
Area,
BANGALORE
560058
Gangotri

Complex,

Plot No. 62-63,


Kalaikathrr

5th Floor,

Plot No. 43, Sector


Savitri

Complex,

53/5 Ward
5-8-56C.
E-52,

R.G. Barua
Marg,

Marg,

Building,

Second

Estate,

Institution

of Engineers

tSales

Office

is at Novelty

$Sales Office is at F Block,


BANGALORE
560002

21 01 41

121001

8-28 88 01
8-71
781003

HYDERABAD

500001

201083
37 29 25
21 68 76

Cinema,

NAGP

Naval

Kishore

Road,

R 440010

52 51 71

Shivaji

Nagar,

PUNE

41 1005

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

Grant

Building,

23 89 23

26 23 05

1332

Approach,

Chambers,

1996

54 11 37

302001

Market,

55 40 21
40 36 27

641037

800013

P. 0. Palayam,

Unity

462003

208005
Leela

Building

*Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee


CALCUTTA
700072

BHOPAL

751001

GUWAHATI

Road,

JAIPUR

Gokulpat
PATNA

550 13 48
839 49 55

201001

Station

Behind

(India)

T.C. No. 1411421, University

FARIDABAD

KANPUR

Floor,

Industrial

T.T. Nagar,

5th By-lane,

C- Scheme,

380001

Road,

COIMBATORE

Road,

Nampally

2nd
Floor,
226001

Patliputra

Road,

GHAZIABAD

Road,

Nagar,

AHMEDABAD

BHUBANESHWAR

Road,

16 A, Mathura

B, Sarvodaya

Seth
Bhawan,
LUCKNOW
NIT

670 Avinashi

L.N. Gupta

Chitaranjan

1171418

Nagar,

116 G.T. Road,

No.29,

Khanpur,

Bangalore-Tumkur

Bhadbhada

Unit VI, Ganga

Buildings,

Marg,

1 st Stage,

P.O. Princep

Road,

MUMBAI

Narashimaraja

695034

Street,

621

17

271085

400007
Square,

Reprography

32 36 35

309 65 28
222 39 71

Unit,

BIS. New Delhi,

India

Anda mungkin juga menyukai