Carboxylic
Subject
Course
Name of lecturer
Name of Student
Student ID No
CHOI YU HUI
1402693
Y1S2
1402740
Y1S2
CONTRIBUTION:
1) Chemical Reaction (HENG ZENG WEI)
2) Industrial process being investigated (CHOI YU HUI)
3) Details on the specific operation/ process involved (CHOI YU HUI)
4) The uses and importance in term social economic value (HENG ZENG WEI)
5) References (CHOI YU HUI, HENG ZENG WEI)
WORDS : 1189 approximately
enhanced acidity.Direct reaction of reactive metals with carboxylic acids give salts and
hydrogen gas.The presence of carboxyl group can be tested when hydrogen gas is
released.Carboxylic acids react with sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate to form
water-soluble sodium salts and carbonic acid.This weaker acid then decomposes to form
carbon dioxide gas and water.
Acid chlorides can be prepared through the reaction of carboxylic acids with strong
acid catalyst such as thionyl chloride(SOCl2),phosphorus trichloride(PCl3) or phosphorus
pentachloride(PCl5)to enhance the reactivity of carboxylic acid.During nucleophillic acyl
substitution, the -OH poor leaving group is first protonated and converted to
a chlorosulfite intermediate which make it a better leaving group.It then reacts with a
nucleophilic chloride anion to give acyl chloride.
Carboxylic acid can be brominated in the alpha position by bromine and PBr3 as
catalyst in Hell-Volhard-Zelinskii reaction.It depends on the enol type character of the
carbonyl compound.The final product formed is an a-bromocarboxylic acid and hydrogen
bromide.
moderate heat.The immediate products are an enol and loss of CO2 from a carboxyl
group.
.
The alcohol is then oxidised by Acetobacter to generate acetic acid through oxidation in
dark condition and finally the process is follow by ageing process.The ageing process is
to prevent the destruction of acid by acetic bacteria.
In the food industry,there are three conventianal methods to produce vinegar which is
Orleans method,Generator method and Submerged fermentation method.As Orleans
method is time consuming,Generator method is considered as commercial method and
universally utilised in industry.Generally,the product of Generator method is distilled and
industrial vinegar.For generator method, the generator is dominantly consist of a upright
tank with beech wood shaving inside,mash product inlet at the top,heat exchanger,feed
line,pump,cooling coils,air inlet at the bottom which allows the air to suck in and flow
through generator for oxidation process by bacteria whereas an air outlet lovated at the
upper part.The Acetobaters are allowed to grow in shaving to oxidise alcohol.The alcohol
solution drips down to the bottom through the shaving by having the tank fixed with
devices.
Through Generator method,the Acetobaters are introduced into the shaving,a noncompacting material to grow to form a thick sludge coating.The alcohol is prepared from
alcoholic fermentation and allows it to flow from the top thoughout the fillings.The
oxygen is sucked into the tank through the air puzzles at the side and bottom with the aid
of air compressor by compressing air into the holes.The concentration of the oxygen
determines the rate of the reaction.After a few days or weeks, the alcohol oxidation
occurs and alcohol is completely converted into vinegar by reaching the bottom of the
tank.The Acetobaters oxidised the alcohol at highest rate at 30C.The vinegar containing
high concentration acetic acid(14%) is produced and 2/3of vinegar leave the bottom tank
to the storage.Fresh alcohol solution is added into the tank when initial
temperature(21.1C)is reached.The vinegar is distilled with water by mixing with the
diluted liquid in the boiler and boils the mixture until the its boiling point.A The liquid is
vaporised and condensed in a condenser.A lower ecetic acid content(5%-6%) vinegar is
obtained.The process is repeated until lowest acetitation.The maximum rate operation
temparature of generator is 30-32C.The generator must be operated under control to
prevent over oxidation by controlling oxygen supply and prevent the generator exceed
temperature range by checking the thermometer of the tank as the production of vinegar
liberates heat.
such as Germany, U.K, France and Italy. China as one of the worlds major producer and
consumer also contribute to the carboxylic market in food ,beverages and textile industry.
REFERENCE
Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu, (2013). Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids - Chemwiki. [online]
Available at:
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Kosherconsumer.org, (2015). KosherConsumer.org- Articles. [online] Available at:
http://www.kosherconsumer.org/vinegar.htm [Accessed 19 Nov. 2015].
Emire, S. (2012). Vinegar Production Technology An Overview. [online]
ResearchGate. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280722745_Vinegar_Production_Technology__
An_Overview [Accessed 19 Nov. 2015].
Madehow.com, (2015). How vinegar is made - making, history, used, product, machine,
Raw Materials, Design. [online] Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume7/Vinegar.html [Accessed 19 Nov. 2015].
ltd, R. (2015). Carboxylic Acids Market for Food & Beverages, Animal Feed,
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Consumer Goods, Lubricants, and Other
End-users - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2015 2023. [online] Researchandmarkets.com. Available at:
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pf6fw7/carboxylic_acids [Accessed 19
Nov. 2015].
Denniston, K. (2010). General, Organic and Biochemistry. London: McGraw Hill Higher
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McMurry, J. (2012). Quimica organica. Mexico: Cengage Learning