EGR With CO2 Sequestration

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop
CO2 From Industrial Sources to Commercial Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery. October 1-2, 2003
Title: Enhanced Gas Recovery and

CO2 Storage in Dry Gas Pools
Presented by: Alex Turta, Alberta Research Council
Presenter Biography
Session Q & A
Table of Contents
Index

Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR)

and CO2 Storage in Dry Gas Pools
Alex Turta
Ashok Singhal
Steve Sim
CO2 from Industrial Sources to Commercial

EOR Recovery
PTAC Workshop
October 1-2, 2003, Calgary

Background
Outline
CO2 use in Enhanced Gas Recovery

(EGR) and CO2 storage
EGR field tests

Laboratory results (previous tests)
Further investigations

EGR and CO2 Storage for Different

Gas Production Mechanisms
Depletion gas reservoirs: EGR and storage

to be considered at an advanced stage of
depletion; with reservoir pressure increase
or at balanced injection/withdrawal
Water drive pools; dependency on stage of
exploitation is not so strong; balanced
injection/withdrawal can be an option

The Case for EGR and CO2 Storage
Natural gas displacement by CO2 is miscible at any

pressure
Mobility ratio CO2/ CH4 is always favorable, <0.5, so
that the harmful effect of some mild heterogeneities
can be cancelled
Density of CO2 is at least 2-6 times higher than that of
natural gas; so gravity stable displacement is feasible
Very high CO2 solubility in the connate water
(compared to solubility of methane) makes the
displacement even more smoother (delays the CO2
break-through)

Objectives of our Research

Project (under way)
To
evaluate soundness of concept of

simultaneous EGR and CO2 storage
and to identify the best strategy
To
identify major Alberta dry gas

reservoirs for EGR and CO2 storage

CO2 mixtures for EGR and

CO2 Storage
1) CO2 + CH4
2) CO2 + H2S / SO2 + N2 (acid gas)
3) CO2 + N2 (flue gas)
4) pure CO2

The results of this research project can be

useful in the following areas:
1.
2.
3.
EGR by flooding with CO2 + CH4, CO2 +

H2S/ SO2 and CO2 + N2 mixtures
Increased NGL recovery from gas
condensate reservoirs
Underground gas storage (base gas
replacement; cushion gas)

Why Mixtures of CO2 and

Methane
Some gas plants/industrial CO2 streams

contain 10%-30% CH4
In reservoir, a partial separation of the two
components would occur due to different
solubility in water
The produced original gas will be
contaminated with the CH4 from the
injected mixture. Hence, higher gas recovery

Why Acid Gases (AG)?
Mixture of CO2 with H2S (non-incinerated AG) or

with SO2 and N2 - incinerated AG)
Main characteristic: Injection into reservoir
producing sour gas; Gas inj rate <<< gas
production rate.
There are more than 42 AG injection operations in
Western Canada; mainly disposal projects; 6
projects in gas reservoirs; in 3 cases EGR is
intended.

Why Flue Gas (Mixtures of

CO2 and N2)
Large flue gas (FG) sources are located in the

vicinity of major gas pools
CO2 separation cost is very high; our target is to
use the flue gas, as is.
In principle, the recovery of one scf of natural gas
will require injection of one scf of flue gas
There are two solutions; either 1) use the FG
already available in the field/vicinity or 2)
deliberately produce FG using some of the gas
recovered.

Closed Loop Technology for EGR and CO2

Storage
To
market
8scf
Production
well
O2 (air)-2scf
N2 (air)-8scf
1scf CH4
Natural
Gas
Engine
Cooling
9scf
G
W
Scrubbing,
Dehydration
& Compression
9scf
GAS RESERVOIR
Flue gas
injection

Advantage of Closed Loop

Technology for EGR and CO2
Total autonomy; EGR process does not depend on any

external source of flue gas; suitable for any location. 8 scf of
each 9 scf gas recovered is sent to the market.
May be applied to water drive or depleted gas reservoirs

with a high remaining OGIP value
Mainly an EGR technique, but it can be considered a CO2

storage technique, when used in conjunction with heat cogeneration or generation of electricity; ZEPP.

Summary of Previous Field Tests

Underground gas storage
Cushion gas (base gas) practice
(N2 routinely used in France
- reservoir Saint-Claire-Sur
Epte)
Gas condensate reservoirs

to minimize retrograde
condensation. Example:
N2 injection for pressure
maintenance
Flue Gas (FG) injection

Miscible FG injection in
Block 31, Texas starting in
1966. 24 injectors,
Pi=28,000 kPa
EGR by CO2 flooding in

Budafa Szinfeletti Field,
Hungary: natural gas
recovery by injecting a mixture
of CO2 and CH4

Budafa Szinfeletti Field: Injection of a

Mixture of 80%CO2 and 20% CH4
(Erdol,Erdgas, Kohle)
Weak water drive gas reservoir

Sandstone rock of 20% porosity and 5-40 mD
permeability; net pay thickness: 3 m
Initial reservoir pressure: 8850 kPa
EGR and CO2 storage started when gas recovery
was 67% OGIP; (33% gas - not recovered), at a
pressure of 4500 kPa
Incremental gas recovery: 11.6% OGIP (35%
recovery from the gas in place), in 8 years of
operation

Methane recovery by CO2

displacement. Laboratory tests
1) US:
(Mamora, D. & Seo, J.: EGR by CO2 Sequestration
in Depleted Gas Reservoirs SPE Annual Technical
Meeting, Houston, October, 2002)
Methane recovery at break-through (uncontaminated
methane recovery): 73-87%
2) Hungary:
Methane recovery at break-through: 70-90%

Hypothetical Case
Example: Depletion gas reservoir at the end of

exploitation, when gas recovery is 80% OGIP ;
remaining gas in place 20% OGIP
Assumption: 70% of remaining gas in place is

recovered by CO2 injection: 0.70 * 0.20 OGIP
=0.14 (14% OGIP)
However, due to reservoir heterogeneity, the

recovery by CO2 will be less than 14% OGIP
e.g. Hungarian field case: 11.6% OGIP

IDEAL EGR Candidate Gas Reservoir

1.
2.
3.
4.
Heterogeneity (H) should be relatively low (mild

H.), so that incremental gas recovery of uncontaminated natural gas is high
Gravity stable or quasi-stable displacement should
be possible (high dip, high pay thickness, etc)
The number of wells to be utilized in EGR
operations is relatively high (at least 4-5)
The storage effect is highest for certain
temperature and pressure conditions.

Determination of Gas Reservoir

Heterogeneity Crucial for the Success of
EGR and CO2 Storage
Permeability heterogeneity from cores, as given by

Dykstra-Parsons coefficient (DPC)
DPC assessment based on depositional environment
(PRIze procedure)
Tracer injection in the field (minimum two wells
necessary)
Modified Fall-off Analysis after a period of gas
injection (similar to CBM procedure)

Proof of Concept (laboratory work):

Mixtures of CO2
Displacement of natural gas (with water saturation present)

using mixtures of CO2 + CH4, CO2 + SO2/H2S (acid gas), CO2
+ N2 (flue gas) and pure N2 and CO2
Long cores; homogeneous and heterogeneous;

diffusion/dispersion coefficient evaluation
Horizontal, vertical and tilted core displacements
Different pressures and temperatures

Selection of Alberta Dry Gas

Pools for EGR and CO2 Storage
Preliminary screening criteria have been

formulated
15 major gas pools to be selected; the long
list of 30 pools already exists
5 pools belonging to the participating
companies will be analyzed, and guidelines
for CO2 EGR and CO2 storage will be
formulated for each pool.

Main Parameters of the EGR

Design:
For the first set of EGR-CO2 storage gas
reservoirs selected, the following parameters
will be determined:
- Duration of the project
- Incremental gas recovery due to CO2/CH4 , CO2/ SO2
mixture injection, or due to FG injection
- Sales gas deliverability
- Cumulative CO2 injected/cumulative CO2 stored


Classification of Gas Reservoirs
Water drive gas reservoirs; either edge water drive

or bottom water drive; ultimate gas recovery=
50%-60% original gas in place (OGIP). At
abandonment, high pressure and high gas
saturation in water swept regions
Depletion gas reservoirs or closed pools; ultimate gas

recovery= 70%-85% OGIP. Relatively low pressure
at abandonment.

The Case for EGR and CO2

Storage
Present concept: just storage of CO2 is

considered after gas production reaches
economic limit; no EGR considerations
We could consider: either only CO2 storage
or EGR and CO2 storage

Industrial CO2 Mixture Sources
Sweet gas processing plants (CO2%: 5-40)

Sour gas processing plants (CO2%: 25-95 and
H2S%: 5-65)
Petrochemical plants (CO2%> 10)
Pulp mines (CO2%: 10-20)
H2 plants, ethylene oxide plants and
ammonia plants (CO2%> 90)

Better displacement efficiency when

using a CO2 mixture (with methane)
In reservoir, a partial separation of the two

components would occur due to very different
solubility in water
The produced original gas will be contaminated
with the CH4 from the injected mixture. Hence,
higher methane recovery
Other effects, such different diffusion/ dispersion
coefficients might have been important.
From Industrial Sources to Commercial Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery. October 1-2, 2003
COCO2 Compressibility
Factor; super-compressibility of CO2
2
1.2
1.1
Compressility Factor
1.0
0.9
>150
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
55 0C
0.2
0
10
20
710C
30
40
Pressure (MPa)
50
60
70
Presented at the PTAC Eco-efficient and GHG Technologies Conference, September 29-30, 2003
The Green Toolbox Reducing GHG and Water Emissions while Increasing Profitability in the Petroleum Industry
End of Presentation
Presenter Biography
Session Q & A
Table of Contents
Index

EGR With CO2 Sequestration

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Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Title: Enhanced Gas Recovery and

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR)

CO2 from Industrial Sources to Commercial

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

CO2 use in Enhanced Gas Recovery

EGR field tests

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

EGR and CO2 Storage for Different

Depletion gas reservoirs: EGR and storage

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

The Case for EGR and CO2 Storage

Natural gas displacement by CO2 is miscible at any

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Objectives of our Research

evaluate soundness of concept of

identify major Alberta dry gas

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

CO2 mixtures for EGR and

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

The results of this research project can be

EGR by flooding with CO2 + CH4, CO2 +

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Why Mixtures of CO2 and

Some gas plants/industrial CO2 streams

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Why Acid Gases (AG)?

Mixture of CO2 with H2S (non-incinerated AG) or

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Why Flue Gas (Mixtures of

Large flue gas (FG) sources are located in the

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Closed Loop Technology for EGR and CO2

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Advantage of Closed Loop

Total autonomy; EGR process does not depend on any

May be applied to water drive or depleted gas reservoirs

Mainly an EGR technique, but it can be considered a CO2

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Summary of Previous Field Tests

Gas condensate reservoirs

Flue Gas (FG) injection

EGR by CO2 flooding in

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Budafa Szinfeletti Field: Injection of a

Weak water drive gas reservoir

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Methane recovery by CO2

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Example: Depletion gas reservoir at the end of

Assumption: 70% of remaining gas in place is

However, due to reservoir heterogeneity, the

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

IDEAL EGR Candidate Gas Reservoir

Heterogeneity (H) should be relatively low (mild

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Determination of Gas Reservoir

Permeability heterogeneity from cores, as given by

Presented at the PTAC Forum & Workshop

Proof of Concept (laboratory work):

Displacement of natural gas (with water saturation present)

Long cores; homogeneous and heterogeneous;

Horizontal, vertical and tilted core displacements